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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">3-D image display method</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork,_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif/310px-A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif/465px-A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif/620px-A_typical_Irish_street_in_Cork%2C_Ireland_LC-USZ62-123727_-_Edit_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>Example of wiggle stereoscopy, a street in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Ireland in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wiggle stereoscopy</b> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopy</a> in which left and right images of a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereogram</a> are <a href="/wiki/Animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated">animated</a>. This technique is also called <b>wiggle 3-D</b>, <b>wobble 3-D</b>, <b>wigglegram</b>, or sometimes <b>Piku-Piku</b> (Japanese for "twitching").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sense of depth from such images is due to <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> and to changes to the <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_culling" class="mw-redirect" title="Occlusion culling">occlusion</a> of background objects. In contrast to other stereo display techniques, the same image is presented to both eyes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wiggle stereoscopy offers the advantages that no glasses or special hardware is required; most people can perceive the effect more quickly than when using cross-eyed and parallel viewing techniques. Furthermore, it offers stereo-like depth to people with limited or no vision in one eye. </p><p>Disadvantages of wiggle stereoscopy are that it does not provide true <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular</a> <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a>; it is not suitable for print media, being limited to displays that can alternate between the two images, and it is difficult to appreciate details in images that are constantly in motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_and_timing_of_images">Number and timing of images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Number and timing of images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most wiggle images use only two images, yielding a jerky image. A smoother image can be composed by using several intermediate images and using the left and right images as end images of the image sequence. If intermediate images are not available, approximate images can be computed from the end images using techniques known as <i>view interpolation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two end images may be displayed for a longer time than the intermediate images to allow inspection of details in the left and right images. </p><p>Another option for reducing the impression of jerkiness is to reduce the time between the frames of a wiggle image.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3D_photos_from_a_single_image">3D photos from a single image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 3D photos from a single image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3d_monocular_heads.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An example of monocular portrait images of human faces that have been converted to create a moving 3D photo using depth estimation via Machine Learning using TensorFlow.js in the browser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/3d_monocular_heads.gif/220px-3d_monocular_heads.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/3d_monocular_heads.gif/330px-3d_monocular_heads.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/3d_monocular_heads.gif/440px-3d_monocular_heads.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>An example of monocular portrait images of human faces that have been converted to create a moving 3D photo using depth estimation via Machine Learning using TensorFlow.js<sup id="cite_ref-tensorflow_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tensorflow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the browser</figcaption></figure> <p>With advances in machine learning and computer vision,<sup id="cite_ref-tensorflow_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tensorflow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now also possible to recreate this effect using a single monocular image as an input.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this case one can use a segmentation model combined with a depth estimation model<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to estimate information relating to the distance of the surfaces of objects in the scene from a given viewpoint for every pixel in that image (known as a <a href="/wiki/Depth_map" title="Depth map">depth map</a>), and with that information you can then render that pixel data as if it were 3 dimensional to create a subtle 3D effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception">Perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sense of depth from wiggle 3-D images is due to <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> and to changes to the <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_culling" class="mw-redirect" title="Occlusion culling">occlusion</a> of background objects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although wiggle stereoscopy permits the perception of stereoscopic images, it is not a "true" three-dimensional stereoscopic display format in the sense that wiggle stereoscopy does not present the eyes with their own separate view each. The sense of depth may be enhanced by closing one eye, which removes the conflicting <a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">vergence</a> visual cue of both eyes looking at the flat image plane. </p><p>The apparent stereo effect results from syncing the timing of the wiggle and the amount of parallax to the processing done by the visual cortex. Three or five images with good parallax may produce a better effect than simple left and right images.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wiggling works for the same reason that a transitional <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">pan</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">tracking shot</a>) in a film provides good depth information: the visual cortex is able to infer distance information from <a href="/wiki/Motion_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion parallax">motion parallax</a>, the relative speed of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_flow" title="Optical flow">perceived motion</a> of different objects on the screen. Many small animals bob their heads to create motion parallax (wiggling) so they can better estimate distance prior to jumping.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of wiggle stereoscopy"><img alt="Example of wiggle stereoscopy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif/120px-Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif/180px-Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif/240px-Stereo_wiggle_3D.gif 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of wiggle stereoscopy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A wiggle stereogram of the Sun alternating between left and right eye images taken by the NASA's STEREO solar observation mission"><img alt="A wiggle stereogram of the Sun alternating between left and right eye images taken by the NASA's STEREO solar observation mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif/120px-BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif/180px-BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif/240px-BLUE_STEREO_3D_Time_for_Space_Wiggle.gif 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wiggle stereogram of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> alternating between left and right eye images taken by the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> solar observation mission</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_plate_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Layered rock at the Home Plate plateau on Mars"><img alt="Layered rock at the Home Plate plateau on Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Home_plate_anim.gif/120px-Home_plate_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Home_plate_anim.gif/180px-Home_plate_anim.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Home_plate_anim.gif/240px-Home_plate_anim.gif 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layered rock at the <a href="/wiki/Home_Plate_(Mars)" title="Home Plate (Mars)">Home Plate</a> plateau on Mars</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="World War I stereo view"><img alt="World War I stereo view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif/120px-WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif/180px-WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif/240px-WWIScottsEntrenched_3D.gif 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World War I stereo view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A jinrikisha in Japan, c. 1901"><img alt="A jinrikisha in Japan, c. 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif/118px-The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif/177px-The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif/236px-The_Jinriksha._The_chief_mode_of_travel_in_Japan_for_Centuries..gif 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="1794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">jinrikisha</a> in Japan, c. 1901</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A wiggle image of a model railroad using 4 frames repeating 1-2-3-4-3-2"><img alt="A wiggle image of a model railroad using 4 frames repeating 1-2-3-4-3-2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif/120px-Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif/180px-Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif/240px-Test_of_3-d_wiggle_for_FPC.gif 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wiggle image of a <a href="/wiki/Model_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railroad">model railroad</a> using 4 frames repeating 1-2-3-4-3-2</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shortcourses.com/stereo/stereo1-17.html">Simulated 3D—Wiggle 3D</a>, Shortcourses.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a recent overview of view interpolation techniques, see for example N. Martin, S. Roy: Fast view interpolation from stereo: Simpler can be better (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/conferences/3DPVT08/Program/Papers/paper213.pdf">PDF</a>), Proceedings of 3DPTV'08, <i>The Fourth International Symposium on 3-D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission</i>, June 18–20, 2008, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tensorflow-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tensorflow_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tensorflow_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tensorflow/tfjs-models/blob/master/depth-estimation/README.md">"Depth Estimation"</a>, <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/tfjs-models/demos/3dphoto/index.html">"Depth TensorFlow.js Demo"</a>, googleapis.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.tensorflow.org/2022/05/portrait-depth-api-turning-single-image.html">"Portrait Depth API: Turning a Single Image into a 3D Photo with TensorFlow.js"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portrait+Depth+API%3A+Turning+a+Single+Image+into+a+3D+Photo+with+TensorFlow.js&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.tensorflow.org%2F2022%2F05%2Fportrait-depth-api-turning-single-image.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiggle+stereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Altoft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA554566.pdf">Data visualization for ESM and ELINT. Visualizing 3-D and hyper-dimensional data</a>, Defense R&D Canada (DRDC) Ottawa, Contract Report 2011-084, June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_B._SteinmanBarbara_A._SteinmanRalph_Philip_Garzia2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott B. Steinman; Barbara A. Steinman; Ralph Philip Garzia (2000). <i>Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective</i>. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-2670-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8385-2670-5"><bdi>0-8385-2670-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Binocular+Vision%3A+A+Clinical+perspective&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8385-2670-5&rft.au=Scott+B.+Steinman&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Steinman&rft.au=Ralph+Philip+Garzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiggle+stereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggLambert1990" class="citation journal cs1">Legg, C. R.; Lambert, S. (December 1990). "Distance estimation in the hooded rat: Experimental evidence for the role of motion cues". <i><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_Brain_Research" title="Behavioural Brain Research">Behavioural Brain Research</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 11–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-4328%2890%2990049-K">10.1016/0166-4328(90)90049-K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2073352">2073352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45771715">45771715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Distance+estimation+in+the+hooded+rat%3A+Experimental+evidence+for+the+role+of+motion+cues&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-20&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45771715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2073352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0166-4328%2890%2990049-K&rft.aulast=Legg&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiggle+stereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllardGoodaleTimney1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ellard, Colin Godfrey; Goodale, Melvin A.; Timney, Brian (October 1984). "Distance estimation in the Mongolian gerbil: the role of dynamic depth cues". <i><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_Brain_Research" title="Behavioural Brain Research">Behavioural Brain Research</a></i>. <b>14</b> (1): 29–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-4328%2884%2990017-2">10.1016/0166-4328(84)90017-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6518079">6518079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15508633">15508633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Distance+estimation+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil%3A+the+role+of+dynamic+depth+cues&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-39&rft.date=1984-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15508633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6518079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0166-4328%2884%2990017-2&rft.aulast=Ellard&rft.aufirst=Colin+Godfrey&rft.au=Goodale%2C+Melvin+A.&rft.au=Timney%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWiggle+stereoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiggle_stereoscopy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">Stereo display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_HD3D" title="AMD HD3D">AMD HD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li> <li><a 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