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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hovudside" title="Gå til hovudsida [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hovudside</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbeidskontoret" title="Om prosjektet, kva du kan gjera, kvar du finn saker og ting"><span>Arbeidskontoret</span></a></li><li id="n-samfunnshuset" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset"><span>Samfunnshuset</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Siste_endringar" title="Liste over dei siste endringane som er gjorde på wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig_side" title="Vis ei tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Innhald" title="Hjelp til å bruke alle funksjonane."><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-query" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-query emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eksterne søk </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ainu" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101828" title="Lenkje til tilknytt element [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hovudside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fleire val" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlege verktøy" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlege verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nn.wikipedia.org&uselang=nn"><span>Gåver</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Ainoar" title="Me oppfordrar til at du oppretter ein konto og loggar inn, men det er ikkje påkravd."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Ainoar" title="Det er ikkje obligatorisk å logga inn, men medfører mange fordelar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sider for utlogga bidragsytarar <a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Introduksjon" aria-label="Lær meir om redigering"><span>lær meir</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bidraga_mine" title="Liste over endringar gjorde frå denne IP-adressa [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Diskusjonssida_mi" title="Diskusjon om endringar gjorde av denne ip-adressa [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettstad"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhald" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhald</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjinga</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kolonisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolonisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kolonisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolonisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Assimilering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_godtaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_godtaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Moderne godtaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_godtaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjelder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjelder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kjelder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kjelder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Kjelder</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kjelder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Referansar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referansar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Referansar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referansar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunnsstoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bakgrunnsstoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhald" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innhaldslista" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innhaldslista</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ainoar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til ein artikkel på eit anna språk. Tilgjengeleg på 91 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainoer" title="Ainoer – norsk bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ainoer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norsk bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainuere" title="Ainuere – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ainuere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureu%C3%ABng_Ainu" title="Ureuëng Ainu – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureuëng Ainu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainoe" title="Ainoe – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ainoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="آينو – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(etnia)" title="Ainu (etnia) – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ainu (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynular" title="Aynular – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aynular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آینو‌لار – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آینو‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80" title="আইনু জনগোষ্ঠী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইনু জনগোষ্ঠী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_L%C3%A2ng" title="Ainu Lâng – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ainu Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="betre artikkel"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Айны – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Айны – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Айны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Айни – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨའི་ནུ་མི། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨའི་ནུ་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainoued" title="Ainoued – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ainoued" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainus" title="Ainus – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ainus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainuov%C3%A9" title="Ainuové – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ainuové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainud" title="Ainud – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ainud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Αϊνού – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊνού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ainu people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnuoj" title="Ajnuoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajnuoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_(%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86)" title="قوم آینو (ژاپن) – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم آینو (ژاپن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFnous_(ethnie_du_Japon_et_de_Russie)" title="Aïnous (ethnie du Japon et de Russie) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aïnous (ethnie du Japon et de Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%C3%BB_(folk)" title="Ainû (folk) – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ainû (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidhni%C3%BAch" title="Aidhniúch – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aidhniúch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ainu" title="Pobo ainu – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ainu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%88%84" title="아이누 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이누" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Այնու – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այնու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="आइनू लोग – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइनू लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(narod)" title="Ainu (narod) – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ainu (narod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ainu" title="Orang Ainu – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Ainu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="איינו – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Ainu" title="Wong Ainu – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Ainu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%82" title="ಐನೂ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐನೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აინუს ტომი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აინუს ტომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айндар – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%C3%BB" title="Ainû – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ainû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айнулар – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айнулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(populus)" title="Ainu (populus) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ainu (populus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aini" title="Aini – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aini" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainai" title="Ainai – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ainai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainuk_(n%C3%A9p)" title="Ainuk (nép) – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ainuk (nép)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ајни – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahoaka_aino" title="Vahoaka aino – madagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vahoaka aino" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="madagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="آينو – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آينو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ainu" title="Orang Ainu – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Ainu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Айнү – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Айнү" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_(volk)" title="Aino (volk) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aino (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8C" title="アイヌ – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Айнаш – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Айнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_(p%C3%B2ble)" title="Aino (pòble) – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aino (pòble)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynlar" title="Aynlar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aynlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਇਨੂ ਲੋਕ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਨੂ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="آئینو لوک – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئینو لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="اينو – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اينو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – lågtysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnowie" title="Ajnowie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ajnowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainus" title="Ainus – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ainus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(popula%C8%9Bie)" title="Ainu (populație) – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ainu (populație)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynu_runa" title="Aynu runa – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aynu runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Айны – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E6%97%8F_Aynu_binacadan" title="阿伊努族 Aynu binacadan – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="阿伊努族 Aynu binacadan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(populu)" title="Ainu (populu) – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ainu (populu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ainu people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainuovia" title="Ainuovia – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ainuovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="ئاینو – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاینو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Аину (народ) – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аину (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ainu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Ainu" title="Urang Ainu – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Ainu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="tilrådd artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainut" title="Ainut – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ainut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taong_Ainu" title="Taong Ainu – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taong Ainu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="ஐனு இனக்குழு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐனு இனக்குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айнулар – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Айнулар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8" title="ชาวไอนุ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวไอนุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynular" title="Aynular – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aynular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Айни – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="اینو لوگ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینو لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%87_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئاينۇ مىللىتى – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاينۇ مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ainu" title="Người Ainu – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ainu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_(katawhan)" title="Ainu (katawhan) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ainu (katawhan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E6%97%8F" title="阿伊努族 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿伊努族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E6%97%8F" title="阿伊努族 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿伊努族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Ainu" title="Jolma Ainu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Ainu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101828#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Endra mellomspråklege lenkjer" class="wbc-editpage">Endra lenkjer</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="noprint">Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:AinuSan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AinuSan.jpg/220px-AinuSan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AinuSan.jpg/330px-AinuSan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AinuSan.jpg/440px-AinuSan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Ainoar i tradisjonelle klede ved ainomuseet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiraoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiraoi (sida finst ikkje)">Shiraoi</a> i Japan. <div style="font-size:85%">Foto: 2003</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png/220px-Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png/330px-Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png/440px-Historical_expanse_of_Ainu.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Den historiske utbreiinga til ainoar.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ainoar</b> er eit <a href="/wiki/Urfolk" title="Urfolk">urfolk</a> som stammar frå nordlege delar av <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> og område rundt. Dei har tradisjonelt halde til på <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, nordlege <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> og dei russiske områda <a href="/wiki/Kurilane" title="Kurilane">Kurilane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kamtsjatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamtsjatka">Kamtsjatka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det opphavlege språket deira er <a href="/wiki/Ainospr%C3%A5k" title="Ainospråk">aino</a>, eit <a href="/wiki/Isolert_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolert språk">isolert språk</a> som nesten er utdøydd.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter ei lang historie med erobring og marginalisering har talet på folk som identifiserer seg som ainoar, og det på offisielt registrerte ainoar, blitt særs lite. Lenge forventa både forskarar og politikarar at kulturen skulle døy ut. Ei aukande interesse frå 1980-talet og aukande godkjenning frå statleg hald frå 2000-talet av har ført til at framtida ser lysare ut for folkegruppa.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ordet «aino» tyder 'menneske'.<sup id="cite_ref-SNL_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ainoar livnærte seg opphavleg for det meste som jegerar, sankarar og fiskarar,<sup id="cite_ref-SNL_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan ein del dreiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flyttjordbruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flyttjordbruk (sida finst ikkje)">flyttjordbruk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Endre bolk: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg/220px-AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg/330px-AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg/440px-AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Måleri av ainoar som ofrar ein bjørn, frå rundt 1870.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ainoane er eit gammalt folkeferd som sannsynlegvis har opphav i fleire forskjellige kulturar frå same området nord i dagens <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, regionane <a href="/wiki/Tohoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku">Tohoku</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. Arkeologar har kalla desse kulturane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epi-jomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epi-jomon (sida finst ikkje)">Epi-jomon</a> (250 fvt.-700 evt), <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a> (600-1000-talet) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsumon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satsumon (sida finst ikkje)">Satsumon</a> (700-1200-talet). Okhotskkulturen var sentrert rundt <a href="/wiki/Okhotskhavet" title="Okhotskhavet">Okhotskhavet</a> og mange viktige element i ainokulturen, slik som deira berømte bjørnekult, har antakeleg sine røter tilbake i Okhotskkulturen. Satsumonkulturen utvikla seg ut av Epi-jomon, og blei den dominerande kulturen i Nord-Japan og seinare også i Okhotskregionen. </p><p>Dei første skrivne kjeldene til den kulturen som utvikla seg ut av desse tre, kjem frå det tidlege japanske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamato (sida finst ikkje)">Yamatokongeriket</a> i «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofun (sida finst ikkje)">Kofun</a>»-perioden. Kongeriket, kjent som kongeriket Wa hos kinesiske forfattarar, møtte ei eller moglegvis fleire folkegrupper som dei kalla emeshi, nokre gonger ebisu, og med dette meinte dei «ytre barbarar» frå nordaust. Rolla som «ytre barbarar» var ei rolle emeshiar ofte blei tildelt av japanske forfattarar som var inspirert av dei kinesiske konsepta om eit sivilisert midtrike omkransa av barbarar. Aukande kontakt kom utover på 700- og 800-talet då keisarane i <a href="/wiki/Heian" title="Heian">Heian</a> byrja å drive dette folket nordover og sakte leggje under seg meir og meir av dei japanske øyene. Det er faktisk frå desse kampane at tittelen <i>Seii Taishogun</i>, seinare berre <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a>, 'barbar-undertrykkande generalissimus', skriv seg. Det var også mykje fredeleg interaksjon mellom Emishi og japanarar i <a href="/wiki/Tohoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku">Tohoku</a> gjennom handel, og særleg hestar frå Dewa (dagens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akita (sida finst ikkje)">Akita</a>) var ei viktig vare som japanarane trakta etter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ettersom japanarane trengte nordover kom dei også i kontakt med ei folkegruppe dei kalla <i>watarishima emishi</i> eller «emishiar som kryssa over frå øya» som kom frå det som etter kvart fekk namnet Ezogashima og endå seinare <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. Etter at japanarane hadde trengt nord til Dewa (Akita) og <a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a> kom dei ikkje lenger, og denne grensa blei relativt stabil gjennom det ein kan kalla japansk mellomalder (<a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>- og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashikaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashikaga (sida finst ikkje)">Ashikagashogunata</a>). Sjølv om Ando-familien frå Dewa blei titulert som guvernør (<i>kanrei</i>) av Ezo (Hokkaido), var det ingen faktisk japansk kontroll over områda nord for Aomori. Ein utstrekt handel med pelsverk, fisk og så vidare bytta mot silke, sake og andre japanske varer utvikla seg og blei særs viktig for ainohøvdingar som ein maktbase for deira posisjon. Konfliktar mellom japanske handelsmenn og ainoane førekom også. Den best kjente kanskje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koshamains_krig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koshamains krig (sida finst ikkje)">Koshamains krig</a> (1456-1457) der Koshamain og hans menn øydela heile tolv japanske haldepunkt før dei endeleg blei slått av troppar sende av Andoklanen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolonisering">Kolonisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Endre bolk: Kolonisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kolonisering"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ainus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ainus.jpg/220px-Ainus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ainus.jpg/330px-Ainus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ainus.jpg/440px-Ainus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Ainoar ved ein grensepost. Måleri frå 1700-talet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stoda byrja forandra seg først på 1400- og 1500-talet i den ustabile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sengoku_Jidai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sengoku Jidai (sida finst ikkje)">Sengoku Jidai</a>-perioden. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toyotomi_Hideyoshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi (sida finst ikkje)">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> (1536/37-1598) gav Kakizakifamilien, ein samuraiklan frå nord-Japan, einerett på handel med ainoane, og dei sette seg fast heilt sør på Hokkaido. Den tredje store generalen i denne perioden, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokugawa_Ieyasu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu (sida finst ikkje)">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> (1543-1616), som grunnla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokugawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokugawa (sida finst ikkje)">Tokugawashogunatet</a>, stadfesta denne retten. Kakizakifamilien, under sitt nye namn Matsumae, blei i namnet daimyo over Ezogashima med sete i borga Fukuyama.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matsumae hadde handel og toll på denne som hovudinntekt og dei pressa derfor på for å intensivere den, noko som fekk uheldige konsekvensar for ainoane. For det første førte auka kontakt til ei eksplosiv spreiing av dødelege sjukdomar, særleg <a href="/wiki/Syfilis" title="Syfilis">syfilis</a> og <a href="/wiki/Koppar" title="Koppar">koppar</a>, som ainoane ikkje hadde noko <a href="/wiki/Immunforsvar" title="Immunforsvar">forsvar</a> mot. For det andre førte det auka presset og profitten frå handel til ei intensivering av jaktmønsteret til ainoane, noko som på sikt ikkje var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berekraftig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berekraftig (sida finst ikkje)">berekraftig</a>. Utover 1600- og 1700-talet var det såleis fleire episodar med <a href="/wiki/Hungersn%C3%B8d" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungersnød">hungersnød</a>. Dette presset på ainoane førte òg til fleire eksplosive konfliktar der den største var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakushains_krig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakushains krig (sida finst ikkje)">Shakushains krig</a> (1669-1672) som starta med kamp mellom to ainostammer, men utvikla seg til ei stor konflikt der fleire ainostammer under leiing av høvding Shakushain rykte langt inn i Matsumaes territorium og massakrerte fleire busettingar. Shakushain blei ikkje stoppa før Matsumae fekk forsterkingar frå sør, men då dei først kom var den japanske sigeren tilsvarande total. Stamma til Shakushain blei knust og leiarane for ainokrigarane alle avretta.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilering">Assimilering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Endre bolk: Assimilering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Assimilering"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg/220px-Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg/330px-Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg/440px-Ainu_men_and_their_wives_in_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Ainoar i japanske klede (<a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>) og vestleg <a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">dress</a> frå 1930-talet.</figcaption></figure> <p>På byrjinga av 1800-talet tok Tokugawa-regimet direkte kontroll over Hokkaido, og frå då av blei det gjort fleire forsøk på å betre tilhøva til ainoane og å integrere dei i det japanske samfunnet. Det nye regimet som tok makta etter <a href="/wiki/Meijirestaurasjonen" title="Meijirestaurasjonen">Meijirestaurasjonen</a> 1854, vidareførte også dette arbeidet og det blei laga fleire reglar meint for å skjerma ainoane. Det første som kom i gang, var eit forsøk på å nedkjempe sjukdomsbølgjene som herja blant ainoane, og allereie i 1857 blei vaksinasjonsprogram sett i gang. I 1869 fekk ainoane også fullt borgarskap i den nye japanske staten på lik linje med andre. I tillegg blei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omusha (sida finst ikkje)">omusha</a>, ein nedverdigande seremoni som ainoane på 1700- og 1800-talet måtte møte japanske handelsmenn med, forbodne i 1875 av Meijiregjeringa. Forordningar om at ainoane ikkje fekk bruke japanske klede eller drive jordbruk blei også oppheva. Denne politikken har gjerne blitt gitt namnet «baiku» som tyder å ta vare på eller passe på.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1877 blei det lovfesta at ainoland ikkje var ope for nyrydding slik resten av Hokkaido, og dei lokale styresmaktene blei instruerte i hjelpe ainoane å ikkje bli lurt av japanske handelsmenn. I 1899 kulminerte dette vernearbeidet i «Lova om vern av innfødde». Den sikra alle ainoar retten til fem hektar med jordbruksland som ikkje kunne bytast vekk eller seljast, sjølv om dette seinare skjedde ganske hyppig. Det blei også lagt til rette for skulegonge for ainoborn på eigne skular, sjølv om deltakinga fram til den første verdskrigen var særs låg.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politikken var innretta mot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assimilering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assimilering (sida finst ikkje)">assimilering</a>. Ainospråket blei forbode, og det blei påbode å bruka japanske namn.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ainoane blei klassifiserte som eit tidlegare urfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medan ainoar lenge hadde sett ned på etniske japanarar, blei tilhøvet omvend. Ainoidentiteten blei knytt til skam og diskriminering.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japansk raselære fokuserte på at ainoane hadde meir hårvekst enn japanarar - menn bar tradisjonelt heilskjegg - og det oppstod rykte om at ainoar var «hårete» fordi dei hadde blanda seg med dyr.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det blei vanleg å fornekta eller gøyma ainotilhøyrsla si. Mange ainoar gifta seg også med japanarar, og fleire folk blei derfor etter kvart registrerte som japanarar. Dette meiner Cornell forklarer korleis 51 prosent av folkesetnaden i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidaka (sida finst ikkje)">Hidaka</a> aust på Hokkaido i 1884 definerte seg som aino, men at i 1897 var det mindre enn 30 prosent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_godtaking">Moderne godtaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Endre bolk: Moderne godtaking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Moderne godtaking"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg/220px-Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg/330px-Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg/440px-Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ainomusikaren OKI og Oki Ainu Dub Band opptrer i Rudolstadt i 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanske styresmakter nekta lenge for at det fanst nokre minoritetar i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangel på rapportering og registrering har gjort at ein ikkje har sikre tal for kor mange ainoar som lever i Japan i dag. Tal som blir nemnde, varierer frå 15 000 til 150 000. I 1868 var det registrert rundt 15 000 ainoar på Hokkaido, 2000 på Sakhalin og rundt100 på Kurilane.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifølgje den russiske folketeljinga frå 1897 hadde 1 446 innbyggjarar aino som morsmål, 1 434 av dei var på Sakhalin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ainospr%C3%A5k" title="Ainospråk">Ainospråket</a> hadde berre 10 brukarar i 2007, alle gamle menneske. Det finst likevel ein del mindre flytande talarar som er yngre, og ein del barn lærer no aino på skulen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1994 blei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayano_Shigeru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayano Shigeru (sida finst ikkje)">Kayano Shigeru</a> den første ainoen som blei vald inn i <a href="/wiki/Den_japanske_nasjonalforsamlinga" title="Den japanske nasjonalforsamlinga">den japanske nasjonalforsamlinga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1997 vedgjekk for første gong ein japansk domstol at ainoar fanst som eit eige folk då ei rettsavgjerd i Sapporo sa at styresmaktene hadde teke ainoland ulovleg for å byggja ein demning utan å ta omsyn til kulturen til «den innfødde ainominoriteten.»<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6. juni 2008 blei ainoane anerkjende av det japanske parlamentet som eit japansk urfolk i <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> med eige språk, religion og kultur.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjelder">Kjelder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Endre bolk: Kjelder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kjelder"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referansar">Referansar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Endre bolk: Referansar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referansar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SNL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SNL_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SNL_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SNL_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWæhle,_Espen" class="citation">Wæhle, Espen (14. februar 2009), «Aino», <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/aino"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AAinoar&rft.atitle=Aino&rft.au=W%C3%A6hle%2C+Espen&rft.btitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Faino&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ain">Ethnologue-rapport</a>. Henta 1. mai 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-4">3,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Ainu"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">, henta 1. mai 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AAinoar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAinu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 2006 s.20-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 2006 s.26-27) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 2006 s.27-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 2006 s.48-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker 2001, s.225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell 1964, S.297-298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-2">10,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-3">10,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_10-4">10,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippa_Fogarty" class="citation">Philippa Fogarty (6. juni 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm">«Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu»</a>, <i>BBC News</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AAinoar&rft.atitle=Recognition+at+last+for+Japan%27s+Ainu&rft.au=Philippa+Fogarty&rft.chron=6.+juni+2008&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7437244.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell 1964 s.292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Howell. «The Meiji State and the Logic of Ainu 'Protection'», <i>New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan</i>, red. Helen Hardacre, 1997, s. 614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=o">Russian Empire Census of 1897: Totals</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=113">Russian Empire Census of 1897: Sakhalin</a> (russisk)</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Endre bolk: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cornell, John B. (1964): <i>Ainu Assimilation and Cultural Extinction</i> i <i>Ethnology</i> Volume 3, Number 3. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.</li> <li>Takakura, Shinichiro and Harrison, John A. (1960): <i>Ainu of Northern Japan: A study of Conquest and Acculturation</i> i <i>Transaction of American Philosophical Society</i>, New Series, Volume 50, Number 4. American Philosophical Society.</li> <li>Walker, Brett L. (2001): <i>The Conquest of Ainu Lands</i>. Los Angeles: University of Calefornia Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunnsstoff">Bakgrunnsstoff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Endre bolk: Bakgrunnsstoff" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunnsstoff"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainu-museum.or.jp/english/english.html">The Ainu Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050828185844/http://www.ainu-museum.or.jp/english/english.html">Arkivert</a> 2005-08-28 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/ainu/">Ainu-utstilling, Smithsonian Institution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218222922/http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/ainu/">Arkivert</a> 2007-12-18 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeolink.com/ainu_asian_people_social_studies.htm">Lenkesamling om ainoane (større oversikt)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-net.org/archive/nl/9406/0058.html">«Indigenous Japanese suffer from racism, discrimination»</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Daude_eksterne_lenkjer" title="Wikipedia:Daude eksterne lenkjer">daud lenkje</a></i>]</span></sup> (AP, 7.6.1994)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Henta frå «<a dir="ltr" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&oldid=3407189">https://nn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainoar&oldid=3407189</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategoriar" title="Kategori:Kategoriar">Kategoriar</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Urfolk" title="Kategori:Urfolk">Urfolk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Japan" title="Kategori:Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Gøymde kategoriar: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sider_med_Webarchive-mal_som_lenker_til_Wayback_Machine" title="Kategori:Sider med Webarchive-mal som lenker til Wayback Machine">Sider med Webarchive-mal som lenker til Wayback Machine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_med_d%C3%B8de_lenkjer" title="Kategori:Artiklar med døde lenkjer">Artiklar med døde lenkjer</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne sida vart sist endra den 7. oktober 2022 kl. 21:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">All tekst er tilgjengeleg under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no">Creative Commons-lisensen Namngjeving/Del på same vilkåra</a>. 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