CINXE.COM

維基教科書,自由的教學讀本

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>維基教科書,自由的教學讀本</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikibooksmwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"b29818a4-85a7-450b-a45b-6e4a906fd3e8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Project","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":4,"wgPageName":"Wikibooks:首页","wgTitle":"首页","wgCurRevisionId":172707,"wgRevisionId":172707,"wgArticleId":2,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["首页"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wikibooks:首页","wgRelevantArticleId":2,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["sysop"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgIsMainPage":true,"wgNoticeProject":"wikibooks","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":3000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgDiscussionToolsFeaturesEnabled":{"replytool":true,"newtopictool":true,"sourcemodetoolbar":true,"topicsubscription":false,"autotopicsub":false,"visualenhancements":false,"visualenhancements_reply":false,"visualenhancements_pageframe":false},"wgDiscussionToolsFallbackEditMode":"source","wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5296","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"]};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.discussionTools.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.IRC","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=ext.discussionTools.init.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="維基教科書,自由的教學讀本"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikibooks.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikibooks (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikibooks.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-hans/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-cn/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-sg/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-hant/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-hk/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/zh-tw/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikibooks的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-4 ns-subject page-Wikibooks_首页 page-Main_Page rootpage-Wikibooks_首页 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpagedisplay" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划,您可做的事,何处找到您所需"><span>社群首页</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="本wiki的最近更改列表[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机加载页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机页面</span></a></li><li id="n-wikilibrary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95"><span>图书馆</span></a></li><li id="n-wikijunior" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5"><span>维基儿童</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0"><span>上传文件</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="查找帮助的地方"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A3%A7"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82%E6%88%96%E5%80%99%E9%80%89"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-allpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2"><span>所有页面</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即時聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E"><span>关于维基教科书</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikibooks.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基教科书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-tagline-zh.svg" width="120" height="12" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索Wikibooks内容[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基教科书" aria-label="搜索维基教科书" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索Wikibooks内容[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_zh.wikibooks.org&amp;uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助我们</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=Wikibooks%3A%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=Wikibooks%3A%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="我们推荐您登录,但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_zh.wikibooks.org&amp;uselang=zh"><span>资助我们</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=Wikibooks%3A%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=Wikibooks%3A%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="我们推荐您登录,但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="有关本IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">维基教科书</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">首页</span></h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="查看计划页面[c]" accesskey="c"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_talk:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" rel="discussion" title="有关内容页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>港澳繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>马新简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=edit" title="本页面受到保护。&#10;您可以查看其源代码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>查看源代码</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=history" title="该页面过去的修订[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=edit"><span>查看源代码</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="所有链接至本页面的wiki页面列表[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" rel="nofollow" title="链自本页的页面的最近更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="所有特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;oldid=172707" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FWikibooks%3A%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%25A1%25B5"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FWikibooks%3A%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%25A1%25B5"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Wikibooks%3A%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-foundation mw-list-item"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Home" hreflang="en"><span>维基媒体基金会</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki" hreflang="en"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>元维基</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-outreach mw-list-item"><a href="https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>維基媒體拓展</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-sources mw-list-item"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>多语言维基文库</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>维基物种</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikidata mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>维基数据</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikimania badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania" hreflang="en"><span>维基媒体国际会议</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基新闻</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基百科</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基文库</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基学院</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基词典</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5296" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基教科书,自由的教学读本</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r134905">@media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}}</style> <table width="100%" style="background:#f9f9f9; box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; padding:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="300px" align="center"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="维基教科书"><img alt="维基教科书" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/180px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/240px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></span></div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div id="mf-head"> <div align="center" style="font-size:1.0em; color:gray; margin:0.2em;">自由世界,自由读本</div> <div align="center" style="font-size:2.2em; color:green; margin:0.3em">维基教科书</div> <div align="center" style="font-size:0.9em; color:gray; margin:0.2em;">人人可编辑的自由教学读本</div> <div align="center" style="font-size:0.9em; color:gray; margin:0.2em;">已有<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Special:统计"><span style="color: gray;"><b>3,718</b></span></a>本中文教科书</div> </div> </td> <td width="300px" align="center"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="维基儿童"><img alt="维基儿童" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wikijunior.svg/120px-Wikijunior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wikijunior.svg/180px-Wikijunior.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wikijunior.svg/240px-Wikijunior.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="135"/></a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="mf-navigation" align="center" style="margin:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-shadow:gray 0px 0px 3px; color:white;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E6%AC%A2%E8%BF%8E" title="Wikibooks:欢迎">欢迎</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="Wikibooks:关于">关于</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="Help:目录">帮助</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%B5" title="Wikibooks:社区主页">社区</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A3%A7" title="Wikibooks:互助客棧">互助客栈</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" title="Wikibooks:沙盒">沙盒</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="Category:首页">分类</a> <a href="/wiki/Subject:%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="Subject:索引">图书馆</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="Wikijunior:维基儿童">维基儿童</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="Wikibooks:小学">小学</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="Wikibooks:中学">中学</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="Wikibooks:大学">大学</a> </p> </div> <table width="100%" style="padding:0em; border:0em; margin:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <div id="mf-good" style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; padding:1em;"> <div style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">优良读本</div> <div style="margin:1em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Water_River.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="封面图片"><img alt="封面图片" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gold_Water_River.JPG/160px-Gold_Water_River.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gold_Water_River.JPG/240px-Gold_Water_River.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gold_Water_River.JPG/320px-Gold_Water_River.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="998"/></a><figcaption>封面图片</figcaption></figure> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="世界歷史">世界歷史</a>》是一份自由、內容開放的世界歷史教學書。它的目標是創建一份高質量的中學或以上水平的世界歷史教學資源。 </p><p>它从史前时代,记录至今。从古希腊到古罗马,新航路与殖民史,两次工业革命的车轮,世界大战的硝烟,和平时代的理想…… </p><p>历史是诗,可歌可叹;历史是镜,知古鉴今。 </p> </div> </div> <div id="mf-wikijunior" style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; padding:1em;"> <div style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">维基儿童</div> <div style="margin:1em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LynxInNumedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="封面图片"><img alt="封面图片" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/LynxInNumedal.jpg/160px-LynxInNumedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/LynxInNumedal.jpg/240px-LynxInNumedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/LynxInNumedal.jpg/320px-LynxInNumedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1988"/></a><figcaption>封面图片</figcaption></figure> <p>《<a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:%E5%A4%A7%E7%8C%AB" title="Wikijunior:大猫">维基儿童·大猫</a>》为对自然充满好奇的你讲述大猫的奇幻有趣的生活。 </p><p>想知道老虎生活在哪里,美洲狮是什么样子的,雪豹吃些什么,怎样获得食物,狞猫怎么哺育后代? </p><p>所有问题的答案,都在这本有趣的书里。让我们一起踏上通向大自然的旅程,走过密林,丘陵,沙漠,雪山,草原,寻找那些最可爱的生灵! </p> </div> </div> <div id="mf-choice" style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; padding:1em;"> <div style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">精选读本</div> <div style="margin:1em;"> <table class="mainpage-choiceness"> <tbody><tr> <td width="35px"><b><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Subject:自然科學">自然科学</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="高中物理">高中物理</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="基础力学">基础力学</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学">无机化学</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学">生物化学</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="动力气象学">动力气象学</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="Subject:數學">数学</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="小学数学">小学数学</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微积分学</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Subject:計算機科學">电脑</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/Solaris_10" title="Solaris 10">Solaris 10</a>》《<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>》《<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>》《<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>》《<a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>》《<a href="/wiki/BOO%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="BOO入門">BOO入門</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Subject:社會科學">社科</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="基督教會歷史">基督教会历史</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="世界歷史">世界历史</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Subject:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Subject:语言">语言</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">現代標準漢語</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80" title="文言">文言</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A6%E6%9E%B6" title="Template:工程学书架">工程学</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="工程材料">工程材料</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系统</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%9B%B8%E6%9E%B6" title="Template:藝術書架">艺术</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" title="劇本">剧本</a>》 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9D%82%E9%A1%B9%E4%B9%A6%E6%9E%B6" title="Template:杂项书架">杂项</a></b> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%B0%B1" title="食谱">食谱</a>》 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="35%"> <div style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em; padding:1em;"> <div align="center" style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">每日提示</div> <p><big><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E4%B9%A6%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88" title="Wikibooks:维基教科书是什么">维基教科书是什么</a></big> </p><p>维基教科书(Wikibooks)是一个国际性的内容开放的教科书协作计划,任何人——包括您,都能为维基教科书作出贡献。 </p> </div> <div style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em; padding:1em;"> <div align="center" style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">参与其中</div> <div align="center"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E6%96%B0%E5%BB%BA%E8%AF%BB%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikibooks:新建读本">创建读本</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E6%94%B9%E8%BF%9B%E8%AF%BB%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikibooks:改进读本">完善改进</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="Wikibooks:贡献多媒体资源">贡献图片</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%AF%BB%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikibooks:翻译读本">协助翻译</a> </p> </div> <div align="right" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E" title="Wikibooks:如何参与">更多参与方式</a></div> </div> <div style="box-shadow:gray 1px 1px 4px; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em; padding:1em;"> <div align="center" style="color:gray; font-size:1.5em;">姊妹计划</div> <table align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/36px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/72px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="m:首页">元维基</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">协调各维基计划</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/36px-Wikipedia-logo.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/54px-Wikipedia-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/72px-Wikipedia-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="w:Wikipedia:首页">维基百科</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的百科全书</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/54px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/72px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="c:首页">维基共享资源</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">共享的多媒体资料库</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/54px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/72px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="species:首页">维基物种</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的物种资料库</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/54px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/72px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="q:Wikiquote:首页">维基语录</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">名人名言的集锦</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/36px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/72px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:首页">维基词典</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">多语言字典和词典</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="s:Wikisource:首页"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/54px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/72px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="s:Wikisource:首页">维基文库</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的图书馆</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/36px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/72px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="n:Wikinews:首页">维基新闻</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的新闻资源</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/36px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/72px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="v:Wikiversity:首页">维基学院</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的研习社群</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/36px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/72px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:首页">维基数据</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的知识库</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="voy:首页"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/36px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/72px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="voy:首页">维基导游</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">自由的世界旅游指南</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/36px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/54px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/72px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki/zh" class="extiw" title="mw:MediaWiki/zh">MediaWiki</a><br/><span style="font-size:0.9em;">Wiki软件开发</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center; color:gray;"> <p>若您在维基教科书受益良多,請考慮<a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donate" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Donate">資助</a>基金會添購<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8" class="extiw" title="w:服务器">設備</a>。 </p><p>If you do not write Chinese but need to contact zh-wikibooks, you can leave your message <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Guestbook" title="Wikibooks:Guestbook">here</a>. </p> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6df7948d6c‐bxbp8 Cached time: 20241127160058 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [no‐toc] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.039 seconds CPU time usage: 0.117 seconds Real time usage: 0.152 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 104/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5452/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 368/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 21.466 1 -total 24.89% 5.343 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_TIPS 17.17% 3.686 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_SISTER_PROJECTS 14.98% 3.216 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_GOOD_BOOK 12.39% 2.659 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_CHOICENESS 10.87% 2.333 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_WIKIJUNIOR_BOOK 9.73% 2.089 1 Template:TIPS/3 8.80% 1.889 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_JOIN_US --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key zhwikibooks:pcache:2:|#|:idhash:canonical!zh and timestamp 20241127160058 and revision id 172707. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:首页&amp;oldid=172707">https://zh.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:首页&amp;oldid=172707</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>:​<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="Category:首页">首页</a></li></ul></div></div> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。83种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-aa mw-list-item"><a href="https://aa.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page – 阿法尔语" lang="aa" hreflang="aa" data-title="Main Page" data-language-autonym="Qafár af" data-language-local-name="阿法尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qafár af</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Tuisblad – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tuisblad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikibooks.org/wiki/H%C4%93afods%C4%ABde" title="Hēafodsīde – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hēafodsīde" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الصفحة الرئيسية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصفحة الرئيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikibooks.org/wiki/Portada" title="Portada – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Portada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ana_s%C9%99hif%C9%99" title="Ana səhifə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ana səhifə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Викидәреслек:Баш бит – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Викидәреслек:Баш бит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галоўная старонка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галоўная старонка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Начална страница – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Начална страница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রধান পাতা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রধান পাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikibooks.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana" title="Početna strana – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Početna strana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikibooks.org/wiki/Portada" title="Portada – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiknihy:Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" title="Wikiknihy:Hlavní strana – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikiknihy:Hlavní strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Тĕп страница – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕп страница" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hafan" title="Hafan – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hafan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikibooks.org/wiki/Forside" title="Forside – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forside" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hauptseite" title="Hauptseite – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hauptseite" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikibooks.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Κύρια Σελίδα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύρια Σελίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Main Page" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikibooks.org/wiki/%C4%88efpa%C4%9Do" title="Ĉefpaĝo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefpaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Portada" title="Portada – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikibooks.org/wiki/Esileht" title="Esileht – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esileht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikibooks.org/wiki/Azala" title="Azala – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صفحهٔ اصلی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحهٔ اصلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikikirjasto:Etusivu" title="Wikikirjasto:Etusivu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikikirjasto:Etusivu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Accueil" title="Accueil – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accueil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haadside" title="Haadside – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haadside" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Portada" title="Portada – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99" title="עמוד ראשי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד ראשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="मुखपृष्ठ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुखपृष्ठ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" title="Glavna stranica – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glavna stranica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kezd%C5%91lap" title="Kezdőlap – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kezdőlap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A7%D5%BB" title="Գլխավոր էջ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխավոր էջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagina_principal" title="Pagina principal – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pagina principal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Halaman Utama – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Halaman Utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine" title="Principal págine – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Principal págine" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fors%C3%AD%C3%B0a" title="Forsíða – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forsíða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Pagina principale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pagina principale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="メインページ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メインページ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მთავარი გვერდი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავარი გვერდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Басты бет – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Басты бет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%98" title="ទំព័រដើម – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទំព័រដើម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikibooks.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EC%B1%85:%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8" title="위키책:대문 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키책:대문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikibooks.org/wiki/Destp%C3%AAk" title="Destpêk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Destpêk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Башкы барак – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Башкы барак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagina_prima" title="Pagina prima – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pagina prima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikibooks.org/wiki/Veurblaad" title="Veurblaad – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veurblaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagrindinis_puslapis" title="Pagrindinis puslapis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pagrindinis puslapis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikibooks.org/wiki/S%C4%81kumlapa" title="Sākumlapa – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sākumlapa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fandraisana" title="Fandraisana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandraisana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Главна страница – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Главна страница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="പ്രധാന താൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രധാന താൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="मुखपृष्ठ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुखपृष्ठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" title="Laman Utama – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laman Utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="मुख्य पृष्ठ – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुख्य पृष्ठ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Hoofdpagina – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoofdpagina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hovedside" title="Hovedside – 挪威语" lang="no" hreflang="no" data-title="Hovedside" data-language-autonym="Norsk" data-language-local-name="挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikibooks.org/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh" title="Acuèlh – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acuèlh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Wikibooks:Strona główna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikibooks:Strona główna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikilivros:P%C3%A1gina_principal" title="Wikilivros:Página principal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikilivros:Página principal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" title="Pagina principală – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pagina principală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Заглавная страница – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заглавная страница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मुख्यपृष्ठम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुख्यपृष्ठम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikibooks.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ldosiidu" title="Váldosiidu – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Váldosiidu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ၼႃႈႁူဝ်ႁႅၵ်ႈ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼႃႈႁူဝ်ႁႅၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="මුල් පිටුව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුල් පිටුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiknihy:Hlavn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Wikiknihy:Hlavná stránka – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikiknihy:Hlavná stránka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Glavna stran – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glavna stran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikibooks.org/wiki/Faqja_Kryesore" title="Faqja Kryesore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Faqja Kryesore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Главна страна – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Главна страна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tepas" title="Tepas – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tepas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Huvudsida" title="Wikibooks:Huvudsida – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikibooks:Huvudsida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முதற் பக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதற் பக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="మొదటి పేజీ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొదటి పేజీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Саҳифаи аслӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саҳифаи аслӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="หน้าหลัก – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้าหลัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Unang Pahina – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang Pahina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anasayfa" title="Anasayfa – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anasayfa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Баш бит – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баш бит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Головна сторінка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головна сторінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%DB%82_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="صفحۂ اول – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صفحۂ اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Trang_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Trang Chính – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trang Chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5296#sitelinks-wikibooks" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 此页面最后编辑于2023年6月14日 (星期三) 02:25。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">創用CC 姓名標示-相同方式分享 4.0 協議</a>之條款下提供,附加條款亦可能應用(請參閱<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用條款</a>)。<br /> Wikibooks®和維基教科書標誌是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org">維基媒體基金會</a>的註冊商標;維基&#8482;是維基媒體基金會的商標。<br /> 維基媒體基金會是在美國佛羅里達州登記的501(c)(3)<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">免稅</a>、非營利的慈善機構。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基教科书</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikibooks.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-4s4kw","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.039"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.117","walltime":"0.152","ppvisitednodes":{"value":104,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":5452,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":368,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 21.466 1 -total"," 24.89% 5.343 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_TIPS"," 17.17% 3.686 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_SISTER_PROJECTS"," 14.98% 3.216 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_GOOD_BOOK"," 12.39% 2.659 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_CHOICENESS"," 10.87% 2.333 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_WIKIJUNIOR_BOOK"," 9.73% 2.089 1 Template:TIPS/3"," 8.80% 1.889 1 Template:MAIN_PAGE_JOIN_US"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-bxbp8","timestamp":"20241127160058","ttl":3600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10