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menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> Wys bronteks </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Duitsland (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duits</a>: Deutschland, [ˈdɔʏtʃlant], <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/De-Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Deutschland.ogg">luister</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lêer:De-Deutschland.ogg">inligting</a>)), amptelik die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> dikwels ook Federale Republiek Duitsland genoem; Duits: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, [ˈbundəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔjtʃlant], <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">luister</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lêer:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">inligting</a>)), is in die sentrum van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a> geleë en vervul in baie opsigte 'n brugfunksie tussen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europa</a> en die lande van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sentraal-Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sentraal-Europa">Sentraal</a>- en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oos-Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a>. <table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;"> Bondsrepubliek Duitsland Bundesrepublik Deutschland (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duits</a>) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Duitsland"><img alt="Wapen van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"></a></td> </tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlag_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlag van Duitsland">Vlag</a></td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Duitsland&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wapen van Duitsland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wapen</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_nasionale_leuses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van nasionale leuses">Nasionale leuse</a>: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutschlandlied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutschlandlied">Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duits</a> vir: "Eenheid én geregtigheid én vryheid")</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkslied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: Die derde strofe van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutschlandlied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a> <div class="center"> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=yue&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yue" label="粵語 ‪(yue)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:EU-Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Duitsland"><img alt="Ligging van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoofstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DDuitsland%26language%3Daf%26params%3D52_31_N_13_23_O_">52°31′N 13°23′O / 52.517°N 13.383°O / 52.517; 13.383</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Grootste stad</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amptelike_taal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duits</a>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a> <div style="text-align: left;"> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President van Duitsland">President</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eerste_minister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eerste minister">Kanselier</a> • President van die Bundestag • President van die Bundesrat </div></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federale_republiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federale republiek">Federale parlementêre grondwetlike republiek</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A4rbel_Bas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bärbel Bas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bärbel Bas</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tschentscher&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peter Tschentscher (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peter Tschentscher</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a> <div style="text-align: left;"> Stigting van • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Bond">Duitse Bond</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_van_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek van Weimar">Republiek van Weimar</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Duitsland">Bondsrepubliek Duitsland</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Demokratiese_Republiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek">Duitse Demokratiese Republiek</a> • <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Duitse_hereniging&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Duitse hereniging (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hereniging</a> </div></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_Februarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 Februarie">2 Februarie</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="962">962</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_Junie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 Junie">8 Junie</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_Januarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 Januarie">18 Januarie</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871">1871</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_November?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 November">9 November</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_Januarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 Januarie">30 Januarie</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_Mei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 Mei">23 Mei</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_Oktober?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 Oktober">7 Oktober</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_Oktober?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 Oktober">3 Oktober</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppervlakte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a>  - Totaal    - Water (%)</td> <td>  357 600<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> km2  (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">63ste</a>) 138 100 myl2 1,27 (2015)<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a>  - 2023-skatting  - 2011-sensus  - <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a></td> <td>  84 607 016<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">19de</a>) 80 219 695<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 236 / km2 (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">58ste</a>) 611,2 / myl2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koopkragpariteit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)  - Totaal  - Per capita</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting $5 715 miljard<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">5de</a>) $68 129<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF-7">[7]</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(18de)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a> (nominaal)  - Totaal  - Per capita</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting $4 701 miljard<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">3de</a>) $56 037<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF-7">[7]</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(19de)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></a> 0,942<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">9de</a>)  –  baie hoog</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022">2022</a>)</td> <td>29,0<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> –  laag</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">Euro</a> (EUR) (<code><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217">€</a></code>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tydsone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a>  - <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somertyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a></td> <td>MET (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B01:00?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+01:00">+1</a>) MEST (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B02:00?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+02:00">+2</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".de">.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.deutschland.de/">www.deutschland.de</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a></td> <td>+49</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">1. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deens">Deens</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederduits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederduits">Nederduits</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbies">Sorbies</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roma">Roma</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fries">Fries</a> word amptelik erken en as minderheidstale beskerm deur die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Europese_Verdrag_vir_Streek-_of_Minderheidstale&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Europese Verdrag vir Streek- of Minderheidstale (bladsy bestaan nie)">ECRML</a>.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="center"> Portaal <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"></a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portaal:Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portaal:Europa">Europa</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg/220px-Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg/330px-Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg/440px-Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280"></a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgse_Poort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgse Poort">Brandenburgse Poort</a> in die hoofstad <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>, simbool van die herenigde Duitsland </figcaption> </figure> Die land word in die noorde begrens deur die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noordsee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noordsee">Noordsee</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denemarke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oossee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oossee">Oossee</a>, in die ooste deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pole">Pole</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a>, in die suide deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oostenryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switserland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switserland">Switserland</a>, en in die weste deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="België">België</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>. Geen ander land in die Europese Unie het meer buurlande as Duitsland nie.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As 'n geografies uiteenlopende land het Duitsland 'n groot verskeidenheid landskappe wat van die kusgebiede langs die Noord- en Oossee en die uitgestrekte vlaktes van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Duitsland">Noord-Duitsland</a> oor die berglandskappe van Sentraal- en Suid-Duitsland tot die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpe">Alpe</a> in die uiterste suide strek. Vyf groot rivierstelsels – dié van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryn">Ryn</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donau">Donau</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main">Main</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weser">Weser</a> – kom in die land voor en word deur kanale met mekaar en die Europese netwerk van waterweë verbind. Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a> is as 'n nasiestaat verenig tydens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans-Duitse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog">Frans-Duitse Oorlog</a> in 1871. Die huidige Duitsland is 'n demokratiese, parlementêre en federale republiek wat uit 16 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">deelstate</a> bestaan. Die deelstate kan in sekere sfere, soos onderwys, onafhanklik van die federasie optree. Duitsland is, net soos baie ander Europese lande, 'n sosiale welvaartstaat, wat in sy binnelandse ekonomiese beleid die beginsels van 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosiale_markekonomie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosiale markekonomie">sosiale markekonomie</a> toepas, en ook een van die liberaalste lande ter wêreld waar groot waarde aan omgewingsbewaring en die bestryding van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xenofobie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xenofobie">xenofobie</a> geheg word. Nogtans weeg behoudende waardes steeds swaar in Duitsland wat vanweë sy ryk kulturele, filosofiese en literêre erfenis ook as die "land van digters en denkers" bekendstaan. Ou tradisies word met trots bewaar en gewaardeer, net soos harde werk, juistheid en fiskale verantwoordelikheid.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland is 'n lid van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAVO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NAVO">NAVO</a>, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groep_van_Agt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groep van Agt">G8</a>- en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=G4-nasies&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="G4-nasies (bladsy bestaan nie)">G4-nasies</a>, asook 'n stigterslid van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europese_Unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a>. Duitsland, wat sedert die 1990's meer as drie miljoen immigrante uit Oos-Europa ontvang het, het tans die grootste bevolking van enige EU-lidstaat. As een van die wêreld se voorste nywerheidslande, wat hom op meganiese ingenieurswese en masjienbou, voertuie, chemiese produkte en huishoudelike goedere toespits, is Duitsland die grootste ekonomie in Europa en die vierde grootste ter wêreld. Sy ekonomiese en politieke gewig stel die land in staat om sy beleid van fiskale soberheid ook op Europese vlak toe te pas. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhoud</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimologie">1 Etimologie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografie">2 Geografie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eilande">2.1 Eilande</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mere">2.2 Mere</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Riviere">2.3 Riviere</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klimaat">3 Klimaat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politiek">4 Politiek</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Staatsorganisasie">4.1 Staatsorganisasie</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Deelstate">5 Deelstate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geskiedenis">6 Geskiedenis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vroe%C3%AB_geskiedenis">6.1 Vroeë geskiedenis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Romeinse_tydperk">6.2 Romeinse tydperk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etnogenese:_die_ingewikkelde_proses_van_volkswording">6.3 Etnogenese: die ingewikkelde proses van volkswording</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Middeleeue">6.4 Middeleeue</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politieke_raamwerk">6.4.1 Politieke raamwerk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klimatologiese,_ekonomiese_en_demografiese_konteks">6.4.2 Klimatologiese, ekonomiese en demografiese konteks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reformasie_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog">6.5 Reformasie en Dertigjarige Oorlog</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tydperk_tot_die_Franse_Rewolusie">6.6 Tydperk tot die Franse Rewolusie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tydperk_tussen_1789_en_1871">6.7 Tydperk tussen 1789 en 1871</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duitse_Keiserryk_(1871%E2%80%931918)">6.8 Duitse Keiserryk (1871–1918)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republiek_van_Weimar_(1918%E2%80%931933)">6.9 Republiek van Weimar (1918–1933)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%22Derde_Ryk%22_(1933%E2%80%931945)">6.10 "Derde Ryk" (1933–1945)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naoorlogse_tydperk">6.11 Naoorlogse tydperk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Twee_Duitse_state">6.12 Twee Duitse state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Krisis_van_die_DDR_en_die_Duitse_hereniging">6.13 Krisis van die DDR en die Duitse hereniging</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomie">7 Ekonomie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Groeikoers_van_die_bruto_binnelandse_produk_2007%E2%80%932023_in_persent">7.1 Groeikoers van die bruto binnelandse produk 2007–2023 in persent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Konjunktuur_(2012)">7.2 Konjunktuur (2012)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomiese_struktuur_(2012)">7.3 Ekonomiese struktuur (2012)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Renaissance_van_die_nywerheidsektor">7.4 Renaissance van die nywerheidsektor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Landbou,_bosbou_en_vissery">7.5 Landbou, bosbou en vissery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inligtingstegnologie">7.6 Inligtingstegnologie</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografie">8 Demografie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bevolkingsdigtheid_en_verstedeliking">8.1 Bevolkingsdigtheid en verstedeliking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Huidige_demografiese_tendense">8.2 Huidige demografiese tendense</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Immigrasie_en_emigrasie">8.3 Immigrasie en emigrasie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inburgerings">8.4 Inburgerings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lewenstandaard">8.5 Lewenstandaard</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Taal">9 Taal</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Status">9.1 Status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duits_in_die_buiteland">9.2 Duits in die buiteland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Minderheids-_en_immigrantetale">9.3 Minderheids- en immigrantetale</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kuns_en_kultuur">10 Kuns en kultuur</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatuur">10.1 Literatuur</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Filosofie">10.2 Filosofie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musiek">10.3 Musiek</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Perswese">10.4 Perswese</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Argitektuur">11 Argitektuur</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">12 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Verwysings">13 Verwysings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bronne">14 Bronne</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eksterne_skakels">15 Eksterne skakels</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duitse</a> term Deutschland, oorspronklik diutisciu land ("die Duitse lande") is ontleen aan deutsch (vergelyk Dutch), afgelei van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ou_Hoogduits&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ou Hoogduits (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ou Hoogduitse</a> diutisc, "van die volk" (van diot of diota, "volk"), wat oorspronklik gebruik is om die taal van die gemeensame volk van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> en sy <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaanse_tale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romaanse tale">Romaanse nasate</a> te onderskei. Dit is op sy beurt ontleen aan die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Protogermaans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Protogermaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Protogermaanse</a> þiudiskaz, "van die volk" (sien ook die Latinisering Theodiscus), ontleen aan þeudō, met sy oorsprong in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Europees">Proto-Indo-Europese</a> *tewtéh₂- "volk", waarvan die woord <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teutone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teutone">Teutone</a> ook afgelei is.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png/220px-Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1942"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png/220px-Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png/330px-Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png/440px-Germany_Blue_Marble_May_2004.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-Satellietbeeld van Duitsland </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg/220px-Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg/220px-Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg/330px-Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg/440px-Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swartwoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swartwoud">Swartwoud</a> in die winter, met die Franse <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogese">Vogese</a>-bergreeks in die agtergrond </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:BrockenTopFromWest.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BrockenTopFromWest.jpg/220px-BrockenTopFromWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="1994"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BrockenTopFromWest.jpg/220px-BrockenTopFromWest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BrockenTopFromWest.jpg/330px-BrockenTopFromWest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BrockenTopFromWest.jpg/440px-BrockenTopFromWest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Harz-gebergte se hoogste bergpiek, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brocken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brocken">Brocken</a>, in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winter">winter</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutschland_topo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/220px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/220px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="290" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/330px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/440px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Topografiese kaart van Duitsland </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg/220px-Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg/220px-Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg/330px-Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg/440px-Hohentwiel-luftbild.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die kasteel Hohentwiel het op een van die gedoofde vulkaankeëls van Hegau ontstaan </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland strek van die kusgebiede langs die Noord- en Oossee tot by die Sentraal-Alpe in die suide (waarvan egter net 'n klein gedeelte op Duitse grondgebied lê). In noord-suidelike rigting strek die Duitse staatsgebied oor 'n afstand van 876 km, in wes-oostelike rigting oor 640 km. Die land word dikwels as die hartland van Europa beskryf en grens aan nege buurlande: Denemarke in die noorde; Nederland, België, Luxemburg en Frankryk in die weste; Oostenryk en Switserland in die suide; en Pole en Tsjeggië in die ooste. Duitsland se internasionale grense loop oor 'n totale afstand van 3 786 km. Die langste gemeenskaplike grens is dié met Oostenryk wat oor 'n afstand van 817 km strek (die Bodenmeer is hierby nie ingereken nie).<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Die Noord- en Oossee vorm 'n natuurlike grenslyn in die noorde. In noord-suidelike rigting is daar vier groot geografiese landskappe, wat veral volgens hulle hoogte van mekaar verskil. Die noorde van Duitsland word oorheers deur die Noord-Duitse Vlakte, wat tydens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ystydperk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ystydperk">ystydperke</a> gevorm is. Die sentrale gedeelte van die land is gekenmerk deur beboste bergreekse, die sogenaamde Mittelgebirge ("Middelgebergtes"). Daar is verskillende tipes van landskappe, onder andere: <ul> <li>die gebied van die Mecklenburgse Mere in die noordoostelike vlakte, wat deur gletserpuine gevorm is;</li> <li>die blokberge van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Harz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Harz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Harz</a>, wat nog voor die Alpe ontstaan het;</li> <li>die beboste bergreekse van die Schwarzwald (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swartwoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swartwoud">Swartwoud</a>) en Böhmerwald, wat net soos die Franse <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogese">Vogese</a> deur opwaartse geologiese bewegings gevorm is;</li> <li>bekkens van sedimentêre gesteentes soos in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swabiese_Alb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swabiese Alb">Swabiese Alb</a> (Schwäbische Alb), 'n hoogplato wat as gevolg van erosie gevorm is en nou bo-oor die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neckar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neckar">Neckarvallei</a> met 'n maksimale hoogte van 869 meter verrys;</li> <li>geologies jonge bekkens soos die vlaktes van die Ryn tussen die Switserse stad <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basel">Basel</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rynland-Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a>, wat in seismiese opsig nog baie aktief is; en</li> <li>vulkaniese bergreekse soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogelsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogelsberg">Vogelsberg</a> (773 meter) in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulkaan-Eifel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulkaan-Eifel">Vulkaan-Eifel</a> in Rynland-Palts en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hegau">Hegau</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiserstuhl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaiserstuhl">Kaiserstuhl</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> wat almal deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aardbeweging&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aardbeweging (bladsy bestaan nie)">aardbewegings</a>, vulkaniese aktiwiteite en uitbarstings gevorm is. Duitsland word lankal nie meer deur aktiewe vulkanisme geraak nie.</li> </ul> Aangesien Duitsland heeltemal op die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasiese_Plaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurasiese Plaat">Eurasiese Plaat</a> lê, kom sterk aardbewings normaalweg nie voor nie. Nogtans word die Rynbreuk in Noordryn-Wesfale, veral in die omgewing van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keulen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keulen">Keulen</a>, as 'n gebied beskou waar 'n groot aardbewing moontlik tot ernstige rampe en lewensverlies kan lei. Hierdie bergreekse gaan in die mees suidelike deelstate Baden-Württemberg en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beiere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beiere">Beiere</a> geleidelik oor na die Alpynse voetheuwels, 'n landskap wat ook hoofsaaklik teen die einde van die laaste ystydperk gevorm is en gekenmerk word deur gletserpuine, vlaktes en 'n aantal mere soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodenmeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodenmeer">Bodenmeer</a> met 'n oppervlakte van 538 vierkante kilometer. Die hoogste bergpiek in die Alpe van Suid-Beiere is die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugspitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> met 2 962 meter. Die Alpe is die enigste hooggebergte waaraan Duitsland 'n aandeel het. Nogtans is daar 'n aantal bergreekse met bergpieke wat hoogtes van meer as 1 000 meter bereik, soos die Swartwoud met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feldberg_(Swartwoud)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feldberg (Swartwoud)">Feldberg</a> (1 493 meter bo seevlak), die Beierse Woud met die Groot Arber (Großer Arber, 1 456 meter), die Ertsgebergte, die Fichtelgebergte, die Swabiese Gebergte en die Harzgebergte, wat danksy sy geïsoleerde noordelike ligging 'n uitsondering vorm. Die Harz bereik met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brocken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> 'n hoogte van 1 142 meter bo seevlak. Noord van die Middelgebergtes is daar net enkele formasies met 'n hoogte van meer as 100 meter, soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fl%C3%A4ming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fläming">Fläming</a> in die deelstaat <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (200 meter). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eilande">Eilande</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg/220px-Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg/220px-Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg/330px-Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg/440px-Keitum_Wattenmeer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waddesee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waddesee">Waddesee</a> naby Keitum op die eiland <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland beskik oor 'n relatief groot aantal eilande wat in die Noordsee meesal as eilandkettings net voor die kuslyn lê. Die twee groot eilandgroepe van die Noordsee is die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Friese_Eilande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Friese Eilande">Noord</a>- en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oos-Friese_Eilande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oos-Friese Eilande">Oos-Friese Eilande</a>. Die Noord-Friese Eilande, waaronder <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylt">Sylt</a>, Föhr, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amrum">Amrum</a> en Pellworm, asook die klein Halligen-eilandjies, maak deel uit van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sleeswyk-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sleeswyk-Holstein">Sleeswyk-Holstein</a>, die noordelikste deelstaat. Die eilande was oorspronklik deel van die vasteland, maar is as gevolg van geologiese aktiwiteite van die vasteland afgesny, nádat die gebiede daartussen gedaal het en oorvloed is. Die Noord-Friese Eilande lê langs die kuslyn van die deelstaat <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nedersakse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a> en is geleidelik uit sandbanke gevorm. Die eilande in die Oossee maak deel uit van die sogenaamde strandmeerkus. Hulle word deur groter oppervlaktes gekenmerk; die grootstes van hierdie eilande is <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BCgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rügen">Rügen</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Usedom&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Usedom (bladsy bestaan nie)">Usedom</a>. Die uiterste oostelike deel van Usedom behoort tot Pole. Die grootste eilande in die binneland is die "blomme-eiland" <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainau">Mainau</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lindau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lindau (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lindau</a> en die kloostereiland <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reichenau_(eiland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reichenau (eiland)">Reichenau</a> in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodenmeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodenmeer">Bodenmeer</a> en Herrenchiemsee in die Chiemmeer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mere">Mere</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg/220px-Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2308"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg/220px-Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg/330px-Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg/440px-Vereister_Koenigssee_Richtung_Sueden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die bevrore Koningmeer (Königssee) in Beiere </figcaption> </figure> Die mere in Duitsland is grotendeels as gevolg van die laaste ystydperk gevorm, toe voormalige gletservalleie met water opgevul is. Die meeste van die groter mere is dus in gebiede geleë wat vroeër deur binnelandse ysmassa's bedek was, of in die voorland van die gletsers, veral in Mecklenburg en die Alpevoorland. Die grootste meer waaraan Duitsland 'n aandeel het, is die Bodenmeer (Duits: Bodensee) naby die grens met Switserland en Oostenryk. Die grootste meer wat in sy geheel in Duitsland lê, is die Müritz met 'n oppervlak van 117 vierkante kilometer, wat deel uitmaak van die Mecklenburgse Mereplato. Die grootste mere na die Bodenmeer en Müritz is die Chiemmeer (Beiere, 80 vierkante kilometer), die Schwerinse Meer (Mecklenburg-Voorpommere, 61 vierkante kilometer), die Starnbergse Meer (Beiere, 56 vierkante kilometer), die Ammermeer (Beiere, 46,6 vierkante kilometer), die Plauer Meer (Mecklenburg-Voorpommere, 38,7 vierkante kilometer), die Kummerowse Meer (Mecklenburg-Voorpommere, 32 vierkante kilometer), die Steinhuder Meer (Nedersakse, 29,12 vierkante kilometer), en die Groot Plönse Meer (Sleeswyk-Holstein, 29 vierkante kilometer). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Riviere">Riviere</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg/220px-5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4287" data-file-height="2843"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg/220px-5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg/330px-5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg/440px-5_56_49_am_.....a_ship.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Mis hang oor die Saarschleife, 'n rivierkronkel in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </figcaption> </figure> Die ses groot rivierstelsels van Duitsland is Ryn, Donau, Elbe, Oder, Weser en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eems">Eems</a>. In hidrografiese opsig behoort die suide van Duitsland tot die Donau se dreineringsgebied – Europa se grootste rivier na die Russiese <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolga">Wolga</a> met 'n lengte van meer as 2 800 kilometer (waarvan 647 kilometer op Duitse staatsgebied) wat in die Swartsee uitmond. Groot dele van die Oos-Holsteinse Heuwel- en Mereland noord en noordoos van die Mecklenburgse Mereplato maak deel uit van die Oossee se hidrografiese gebied. Alle ander streke word deur die Ryn, Eems, Weser en Elbe gedreineer wat in die Noordsee uitmond. Met 'n lengte van 865 km is die Ryn die langste rivier in Duitsland. Die Europese Waterskeiding loop oos van die Rynvallei oor die hoofkam van die Swartwoud en volg daarna die Swabiese en Frankiese Gebergtes. Van die Ryn se totale lengte van 1 320 kilometer loop 865 kilometer deur Duitsland. Die rivier speel 'n belangrike rol in die kulturele geskiedenis van die land en sy mites en legendes, maar vervul daarnaas ook 'n ekonomiese funksie as een van die besigste waterweë in Europa. Die Elbe ontspring in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reusegebergte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reusegebergte">Reusegebergte</a>, digby die Pools-Tsjeggiese grens en mond na sowat 1 165 kilometer, waarvan 725 in Duitsland, naby die hawestad <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuxhaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> in die Noordsee. Sy belangrikste takriviere is die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saale">Saale</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Havel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Havel">Havel</a>. Die Oder vorm saam met die Neisse Duitsland se grensrivier met Pole, terwyl die Weser se stroomgebied heeltemal in Duitsland lê. Die Eemsrivier vloei deur die uiterste noordweste van Duitsland. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Funtensee.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Funtensee.jpg/220px-Funtensee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Funtensee.jpg/220px-Funtensee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Funtensee.jpg/330px-Funtensee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Funtensee.jpg/440px-Funtensee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Funtenmeer in Beiere. Hier is op 24 Desember 2001 'n temperatuur van -45,9 °C gemeet, wat toe die laagste temperatuur was wat ooit in Duitsland gemeet is </figcaption> </figure> Die grootste deel van Duitsland lê in die gematigde klimaatsone van Sentraal-Europa wat deur westelike winde oorheers en deur wisselvallige weerstoestande gekenmerk word. Die westelike winde, wat vanuit die Atlantiese Oseaan oor Duitsland waai, bring dwarsdeur die jaar reën. Die jaarlikse reënval beloop tussen minder as 500 tot 700 mm in die Noord-Duitse Vlakte, tussen 700 en meer as 1 500 mm in die Middelgebergtes en tot meer as 2 000 mm in die Alpe. Die klimaat word daarnaas ook deur die warm <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golfstroom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golfstroom">Golfstroom</a> beïnvloed. Die noordweste en noorde van Duitsland word deur 'n seeklimaat met reënval dwarsdeur die jaar gekenmerk. Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winter">winters</a> is relatief sag en matig, terwyl die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somer">somers</a> eerder koel is, alhoewel somertemperature ook in die noorde soms dae lank bo 28 °C kan styg. Die gemiddelde temperature is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>: Januarie – 0,3 °C / Julie – 17,1 °C; <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essen,_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essen, Duitsland">Essen</a>: Januarie – 1,5 °C / Julie – 17,5 °C. Oos-Duitsland is in klimatiese opsig 'n oorgangsgebied: weerstoestande het dikwels kenmerke van 'n vastelandsklimaat, met strawwe koue winters en baie warm somers. Gebiede soos die deelstaat Brandenburg en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a> kry soms baie min reën in die somer. Die gemiddelde temperature is: Berlyn: Januarie – -0,9 °C / Julie – 18,6 °C. Die sentrale en suidelike gebiede van Duitsland is 'n oorgangsgebied van 'n gematigde seeklimaat na 'n vastelandsklimaat. Die Rynvallei is egter een van die warmste gebiede in die land: die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur in die suidweste van Baden-Württemberg is 11 °C. Baie warm somers met temperature van meer as 30 °C tree gereeld op. Gemiddelde temperature: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a>: Januarie – -2,2 °C / Julie – 17,6 °C; <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a>: Januarie – 1,2 °C / Julie – 19,4 °C. Tot en met 1988 was die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur in Duitsland 8,8 °C. As gevolg van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aardverwarming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aardverwarming">aardverwarming</a> het dit in die volgende dekades merkbaar gestyg en in 2000 reeds 9,9 °C bereik. Veral die somers het warmer geword. Die hoogste temperatuur, wat sedert 1881 – die jaar waarin met landswye weerkundige metings begin is – aangeteken is, was 40,3 °C op 5 Julie 2015 in Kitzingen, Beiere.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Politiek_van_Duitsland&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Politiek van Duitsland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politiek van Duitsland</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Staatsorganisasie">Staatsorganisasie</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2398"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="233" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die huidige Bondspresident <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/220px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8347" data-file-height="3157"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 83px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/220px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="83" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/330px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/440px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Berlynse <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reichstag_(gebou)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reichstag (gebou)">Reichstags-gebou</a>, setel van die nasionale parlement, die Bundestag </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:JKH-19_Artikel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JKH-19_Artikel.jpg/220px-JKH-19_Artikel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JKH-19_Artikel.jpg/220px-JKH-19_Artikel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JKH-19_Artikel.jpg/330px-JKH-19_Artikel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/JKH-19_Artikel.jpg/440px-JKH-19_Artikel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die regtelike en politieke bedeling van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland is in die Grundgesetz ("grondwet") geformuleer. Die eerste 19 artikels, waarin fundamentele regte verskans is, is in glaspanele voor die Jakob-Kaiser-huis, 'n kantoorgebou van die Duitse parlement te Berlyn, ingegraveer </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg/170px-Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2157"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 229px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg/170px-Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="229" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg/255px-Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg/340px-Olaf_Scholz_2021_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die huidige Bondskanselier <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> </figcaption> </figure> Volgens die artikel 20 van die Duitse Grondwet (Grundgesetz) is die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demokrasie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demokrasie">demokratiese</a>, federale en sosiale regstaat. Sy <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoofstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> en regeringsetel is <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>. Duitsland is in administratiewe opsig verdeel in 16 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">deelstate</a> (Bundesländer), wat gedeeltelik selfregerend is. Vyf van die deelstate is verder verdeel in 22 administratiewe distrikte (Regierungsbezirke). Die Bondspresident (Bundespräsident) fungeer as die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staatshoof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staatshoof">staatshoof</a> en verteenwoordiger van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek">republiek</a> op internasionale vlak. Hy oefen egter geen politieke mag uit nie. Die president van die parlement (Bundestagspräsident), die Bondskanselier (Bundeskanzler) en die president van die Federale Raad van die deelstate (Bundesratspräsident, wat ook as visestaatshoof fungeer) volg as ampsdraers in die rangorde. Die Bondskanselier is die regeringshoof en bepaal die grondbeginsels van die regering se binne- en buitelandse beleid. In ooreenstemming met die federale staatsbestel beskik ook die deelstate oor hulle eie uitvoerende, wetgewende en regsprekende gesag. Die Bundesrat (Raad van die Deelstate, letterlik "Bondsraad") het net soos die Bundestag, die nasionale parlement, uitvoerende bevoegdhede. Besluite oor voorgestelde nasionale wetgewing word deur albei kamers gemeenskaplik geneem. Wetsontwerpe van die nasionale parlement wat die regte van die deelstate sou raak, moet deur die Bundesrat goedgekeur word. Die Duitse Grondwet mag, met die uitsondering van die artikels oor fundamentele <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menseregte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menseregte">menseregte</a>, met 'n tweederdes-meerderheid in albei kamers gewysig word. Die parlemente van die deelstate besluit oor die plaaslike wetgewing: die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onderwys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onderwys">onderwys</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polisie">polisie</a> en ander belangrike instellings word deur die deelstate beheer. Die politieke partye het 'n groot invloed op die wetgewing, en ofskoon die afgevaardigdes nie gedwing mag word om teen hulle gewetens op te tree nie, word die meeste wetsontwerpe deur die parlementslede van die meerderheidsparty gemeenskaplik goedgekeur om die doelwitte van dié party te verwesenlik. Op nasionale vlak vorm die federale regering onder die leiding van die Bondskanselier die uitvoerende gesag, terwyl die deelstate regerings onder die leiding van 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eerste_minister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eerste minister">eerste minister</a> het. Die stadstate Berlyn, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrye_Hansestad_Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrye Hansestad Bremen">Bremen</a> het Regerende Burgemeesters as hulle regeringshoofde. Die administrasies van die deelstate word deur ministers beheer. Die Konstitusionele Hof (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlsruhe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> het die hoogste gesag oor die grondwet. Die hoogste nasionale geregshowe is die Federale Geregshof (Bundesgerichtshof) in Karlsruhe en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, die Federale Administratiewe Gereg (Bundesverwaltungsgericht, wat regsake in verband met die administrasies hanteer) in Leipzig en die Geregshof van Finansies in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a>. Die meeste regsake word deur die deelstate beheer, terwyl die nasionale geregshowe as appélhowe dien. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Deelstate">Deelstate</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">Deelstate van Duitsland</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_(nummeriert).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/220px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/220px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/330px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/440px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die 16 deelstate van Duitsland </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikaans">In Afrikaans</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Auf Deutsch (In Duits)</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">Die deelstate van Duitsland</a></th> <th><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoofstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a></th> <th><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Deutschland)" class="extiw" title="de:Land (Deutschland)">Bundesland</a></th> <th>Hauptstadt</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td>Baden-Württemberg</td> <td>Stuttgart</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beiere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beiere">(Vrystaat) Beiere</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a></td> <td>(Freistaat) Bayern</td> <td>München</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a></td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>Berlin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td>Brandenburg</td> <td>Potsdam</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrye_Hansestad_Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrye Hansestad Bremen">(Vrye Hansestad) Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td>(Freie Hansestadt) Bremen</td> <td>Bremen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">(Vrye en Hansestad) Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>(Freie und Hansestadt) Hamburg</td> <td>Hamburg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiesbaden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td>Hessen</td> <td>Wiesbaden</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg-Voorpommere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg-Voorpommere">Mecklenburg- Voorpommere</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schwerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td>Mecklenburg- Vorpommern</td> <td>Schwerin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nedersakse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></td> <td>Niedersachsen</td> <td>Hannover</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td>Nordrhein-Westfalen</td> <td>Düsseldorf</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rynland-Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td>Rheinland-Pfalz</td> <td>Mainz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td>Saarland</td> <td>Saarbrücken</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakse">(Vrystaat) Sakse</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td>(Freistaat) Sachsen</td> <td>Dresden</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakse-Anhalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakse-Anhalt">Sakse-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maagdenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagdenburg">Maagdenburg</a></td> <td>Sachsen-Anhalt</td> <td>Magdeburg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sleeswyk-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sleeswyk-Holstein">Sleeswyk-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiel,_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiel, Duitsland">Kiel</a></td> <td>Schleswig-Holstein</td> <td>Kiel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thüringen">(Vrystaat) Thüringen</a></td> <td><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td>(Freistaat) Thüringen</td> <td>Erfurt</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vroeë_geskiedenis">Vroeë geskiedenis</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nebra_Scheibe.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/220px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1584"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/220px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/330px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/440px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Hemelskyf van Nebra </figcaption> </figure> Die oudste nedersettings in die gebied van die huidige Duitsland het 700 000 tot 500 000 jare gelede ontstaan. Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neanderdaller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neanderdaller">Homo sapiens neanderthalensis</a>, wat nou verwant is aan die huidige <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mens">mens</a>, is na die Neanderthal naby die stad Mettmann genoem. Die Neanderthal-mense is sowat 40 000 jare gelede deur die huidige mens, die Homo sapiens sapiens, verdring. Akkerbou, veeteelt en permanente nedersettings het in die Laat <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steentydperk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steentydperk">Steentydperk</a> ontwikkel. Belangrike argeologiese vondse uit hierdie periode, soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hemelskyf_van_Nebra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hemelskyf van Nebra (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hemelskyf van Nebra</a>, dui daarop dat die beskawings teen hierdie tyd kultureel al hoogs ontwikkel was en kennis van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sterrekunde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sterrekunde">sterrekunde</a> gehad het. Die eerste verwysings na die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelte">Keltiese</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germane">Germaanse</a> stamme in Duitsland is van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antieke Griekeland">Griekse</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antieke_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antieke Rome">Romeinse</a> oorsprong. Omtrent 500 v.C. het Keltiese stamme die suidelike Duitsland oorheers, terwyl die Germane hulle in die noorde gevestig het. Oor die eeue heen het die Germaanse stamme suidwaarts begin trek. In die 1ste eeu n.C. het die Germane al die Donau bereik, wat destyds die grenslyn tussen die Germaanse en Keltiese gebiede gevorm het. Keltiese leenwoorde en plekname is deur die Germane oorgeneem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Romeinse_tydperk">Romeinse tydperk</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Augusta_Treverorum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Augusta_Treverorum.jpg/220px-Augusta_Treverorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Augusta_Treverorum.jpg/220px-Augusta_Treverorum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Augusta_Treverorum.jpg/330px-Augusta_Treverorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Augusta_Treverorum.jpg/440px-Augusta_Treverorum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 'n Model van die keiserlike stad <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ancient_Germania_-_New_York,_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/220px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1619"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/220px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/330px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/440px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Germanië gedurende die Romeinse tyd (Foto van die kaart dateer uit die 19de eeu) </figcaption> </figure> Vanaf 50 v.C. het die Romeine na Germanië begin kom. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (100–44 v.C.) het met sy soldate die gebied wes van die Ryn verower. Vanaf hierdie punt in die geskiedenis is die gebied wat vandag Duitsland heet vir 400 jare in twee gedeel: die weste was deel van die magtige Romeinse Ryk, en die ander kant van die Ryn is deur die "Barbare" geregeer — soos die Romeine die destydse Germaanse stamme genoem het.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Germaanse krygers onder die bevel van die Cheruskiese stamhoof Arminius laat die Romeinse troepe van die legaat Publius Quinctilius Varus in 9 n.C. 'n verpletterende neerlaag in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_by_die_Teutoburgerwoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag by die Teutoburgerwoud">slag by die Teutoburgerwoud</a> (wat eintlik naby Kalkriese plaasgevind het) ly. Die Romeinse keiser <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus_Octavianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus Octavianus">Augustus Octavianus</a> sien van sy planne af om die noordoostelike grenslyn van die Romeinse Ryk vanuit die Ryn na die Elbe te verskuif. In die Romeinse gebiede van Germanië ontwikkel 'n bloeiende Germaans-Romaanse kultuur. Stede soos Keulen (wat destyds as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium bekend staan) ontwikkel tot ekonomiese sentrums met enkele tienduisend inwoners. Keulen self word die hoofkwartier van die Romeinse glasbedryf in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_Inferior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania Inferior">Laer-Germanië</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a>, die huidige <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>, word in 293 die keiserlike hoofkwartier van Constantius Chlorus, een van die vier keisers van die Romeinse tetrargie. Tot by die begin van die Germaanse volksverhuising bly Trier een van die belangrikste keiserlike stede in die Romeinse Ryk. Omtrent 400 bereik die volksverhuising die gebied van die huidige Duitsland. Keulen word in 455 deur die Franke verower en word later deel van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankiese_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankiese Ryk">Frankiese Ryk</a> van koning <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clovis_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>. Met sy doop volgens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolieke</a> ritus en die aanvaarding van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> as liturgiese <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taal">taal</a> van die kerk word Clovis in 499 een van die grondleggers van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christendom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christendom">Christelike</a> Westerse beskawing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Etnogenese:_die_ingewikkelde_proses_van_volkswording">Etnogenese: die ingewikkelde proses van volkswording</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg/220px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1227"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg/220px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg/330px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg/440px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-af.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die veranderende strekking van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankiese_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankiese Ryk">Frankiese Ryk</a> van 481 tot 814 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Treaty_of_Verdun.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Treaty_of_Verdun.svg/220px-Treaty_of_Verdun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="744"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Treaty_of_Verdun.svg/220px-Treaty_of_Verdun.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Treaty_of_Verdun.svg/330px-Treaty_of_Verdun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Treaty_of_Verdun.svg/440px-Treaty_of_Verdun.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Verdeling van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankiese_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankiese Ryk">Frankiese Ryk</a> in Wes-, Midde- en Oos-Frankeland volgens die Verdrag van Verdun in 843 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png/220px-DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 313px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png/220px-DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png" data-width="220" data-height="313" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png/330px-DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png/440px-DeutschesSprachgebiet962.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die verspreiding van Duitse dialekte in die Heilige Romeinse Ryk omstreeks 962. Soos sy naam reeds aandui, is hierdie ryk nie as 'n nasionale Duitse staat beskou nie </figcaption> </figure> Die 19de eeuse Duitse geskiedskrywing het 'n eensydige beeld van die vroeë Duitse volkswording voorgehou waarvolgens groot dele van die Romeinse Ryk deur Germaanse stamme verower is wat later die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankiese_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankiese Ryk">Frankiese Ryk</a> sou stig. In 843 is daardie ryk in 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans">Frans</a>- en 'n Duitssprekende deel (Frankryk en Duitsland) verdeel, en voortaan het die Duitse nasie as 'n volk van Germaanse afkoms bestaan. Min aandag is aan die feit geskenk dat 'n groot persentasie Duitssprekendes in werklikheid van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaanse_tale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romaanse tale">Romaanse</a>, Keltiese en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slawi%C3%ABrs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slawiërs">Slawiese</a> afkoms is.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Terwyl volgens genetiese ontledings sowat 50 persent van Duitsers aan moederskant van Germaanse herkoms is, het 45 persent van alle manlike Duitsers Keltiese voorvaders.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Dikwels is die oorspronklik Keltiese bevolking van Suid- en Wes-Duitsland, wat nou verwant aan die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galli%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallië">Galliërs</a> was en handels- en kulturele bande met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskers">Etruskers</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italië">Italië</a> gehandhaaf het, die Romaanse bevolking in die vroeëre Romeinse provinsies van Duitsland en die Slawiërs, wat gebiede oos van die Elberivier en in Bo- en Sentraal-Franke bewoon het, as deel van 'n gemeenskaplike "<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europese beskawing</a>" beskou. Die Britse rassis Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927), wat met sy werke ook aanklank by Duitse Nasionaalsosialiste gevind het, het na die "Slawokeltogermane" as die "oerstof" van die Europese geskiedenis verwys.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Die Nasionaalsosialistiese propaganda het 'n nuwe rassistiese mite geskep waarin "Germanedom" en "Duitsdom", die Germaanse en die Duitse volkskarakter as een en dieselfde ding beskryf is. Slawiese volke is as minderwaardig geag en hul bydrae tot die Duitse beskawing ontken. Sodoende het die Nasionaalsosialistiese bewindhebbers <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volksmoord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volksmoord">volksmoord</a> en die verowering van Slawiese lande in Oos-Europa probeer regverdig. Duitssprekendes in die ooste van Europa moes uiteindelik in 1945 duur betaal vir dié onmenslike rasse-ideologie en is self uit hul geboortelande verdryf. Geskiedkundiges en argeoloë het lankal die bewys gelewer dat die hipotese van 'n Germaans-Duitse kontinuïteit 'n moderne konstruksie is wat min ooreenstemming met historiese feite toon. Die vroeg-middeleeuse koninkryke, wat ná die val van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Romeinse_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Romeinse Ryk">Wes-Romeinse keiserdom</a> deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franke">Franke</a>, Oos- en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Gote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Gote">Wes-Gote</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanne">Alamanne</a>, Beiers en Thüringers gestig is, kan nòg volgens hul eie beskouing en waarneming nòg vanuit 'n historiese perspektief as "Duits" bestempel word nie. Hierdie verskillende stamme het hulself ook nie as deel van 'n groter volk beskou nie. Eers in die 19de eeu het <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> se <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bybel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bybel">Bybelvertaling</a> met sy verwysing na die "Twaalf stamme van die kinders van Israel" die aanleiding vir die herdefinisie van 'n stam as deel van 'n groter nasie gegee. As politieke term is die "Duitse volk" in analogie met die Franse konsep van 'n Peuple français ("Franse volk") en die Nation française ("Franse nasie") tydens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franse_Rewolusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franse Rewolusie">Franse Rewolusie</a> gebruik.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Die sambreelterm "<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a>" dateer nogtans uit 'n vroeë historiese periode. Die Oudhoogduitse diot as etimologiese wortel van "Duits" is in die betekenis van "volk" of "gewone mense" gebruik. Diet- of Diot-paaie was byvoorbeeld die roetes wat deur 'n plaaslike bevolking op pad na kerke, begraafplase of algemene vergaderings gebruik is. Die Keltiese teut het dieselfde etimologiese oorsprong en betekenis. Die Teutone, wat deur die Romeine in 113 v.C. as 'n skrikwekkende bedreiging ervaar is, is volgens die Gallies-Keltiese term vir 'n groter groep mense genoem. Vanaf die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middeleeue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middeleeue">middeleeue</a> is 'n onderskeiding tussen die volkstaal of lingua theodisca en die taal van geleerdes, Latyn, gemaak. Die oudste historiese dokument, waarin theodiscus voorkom, dateer van 786 en verwys na <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engels">Engelse taal</a>. In die Frankiese Ryk was die theodisca lingua die algemene verkeerstaal in Wes- en Bo-Franke wat onder meer vir onderhandelinge gebruik is. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_die_Grote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel die Grote">Karel die Grote</a> se kleinseuns, Lodewyk en Karel, het hul politieke alliansie teen hul broer Lothar in hul plegtige "Straatsburgse Ede" amptelik in albei tale gesluit – Romaans of Latyn (Romana lingua) en Duits (Teudisca lingua) – sodat ook die gewone soldate in hul leërs die inhoud en doelwit van die ooreenkoms kon verstaan. Ook in die 9de eeu was daar blykbaar nog geen sambreelterm vir die verskillende stamme nie. Biskop Frechulf van Lisieux († omstreeks 850) het in 'n dokument, wat omstreeks 830 geskryf is, na Franke en Gote as nationes Theodiscae verwys – stamme wat die (nie-Latynse) volkstaal gebesig het. Die Romeinse sambreelterm Germani, soos gebruik deur Caesar en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, is nie gebruik om na hierdie etniese groepe te verwys nie. Die eerste belangrike etniese onderskeiding was dié tussen bewoners aan die linker- en die regteroewer van die Ryn nadat die Frankiese Ryk in 843 in 'n westelike en 'n oostelike ryk verdeel is. Bewoners van die Oos-Frankiese Ryk is Transrhenenses genoem – "mense van anderkant die Ryn". In Italië is 'n onderskeiding gemaak tussen inheemses en Teutisci, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langobarde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobarde">Langobarde</a> wat 'n Germaanse dialek of theodisca lingua gepraat het. Vanaf die 10de eeu is in Italië na Germaanssprekendes naas Teutonici ook as Saxones of Saksers verwys – blykbaar omdat die Ottoniese konings en hul begeleiers uit Sakse afkomstig was. Opvallend genoeg was daar ook in die vroeë middeleeue nog geen gevoel van etniese samehorigheid nie en is etniese terme uit die buiteland, die Romaanse wêreld, oorgeneem. Die taalgrens tussen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nedersaksies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nedersaksies">Noord- of Platduitse</a> dialekte en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hoogduits&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hoogduits (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hoogduits</a> in die suide kon moontlik tot 'n kulturele en selfs nasionale grens ontwikkel het. Dit was Karel die Grote wat die verskillende onafhanklike Germaanse stamme in 'n gemeenskaplike ryk verenig het – dikwels met geweld, soos in die geval van die Saksers – en sodoende die politieke basis vir die 10de eeuse koninkryk geskep het waarin ses stamme – Alamanne, Beiers, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friese">Friese</a>, Franke, Saksers en Thüringers – saamgesluit het. 'n Nasionale identiteit het eers later gaandeweg ontwikkel. Die beginpunt van hierdie proses was die bedreiging deur <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hongare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hongare">Hongaarse</a> aanvalle wat net deur 'n gemeenskaplike poging van alle stamhertogdomme afgeweer kon word. So was die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italianers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italianers">Italianers</a> eeue lank die enigstes wat van "Duitsers" gepraat het. Dit is 'n bewys vir die destyds oorheersende kulturele invloed van die Romaanse wêreld dat die "Duitsers" uiteindelik hierdie Italiaanse term as leenwoord oorgeneem het om na hulself te verwys. Die werklike etnogenese van die Duitse volk, die volkswording, het egter nie voor die 19de eeu plaasgevind nie. In die eeue voor die ontwaking van 'n nasionale Duitse bewussyn het die bewoners van die oorspronklike stamhertogdomme gaandeweg hul eie streeksgebonde identiteit ontwikkel. So was ook die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a>, wat in 1871 formeel geproklameer is, volgens sy grondwet 'n federasie van Duitse koninkryke, hertogdomme en ander politieke entiteite onder die bewind van 'n gemeenskaplike keiser. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Politieke_raamwerk">Politieke raamwerk</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/220px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1037"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/220px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/330px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/440px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die keurvorste van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a>. Perkament uit die jaar 1341 </figcaption> </figure> Vir die grootste deel van sy geskiedenis was Duitsland geen eenheidstaat nie, maar 'n losse verbond van territoriale state binne die Heilige Romeinse Ryk van die Duitse Nasie. Die term "Duits" was eers vanaf die 8ste eeu gebruiklik en het na die volkstaal verwys wat in die oostelike deel van die Frankiese Ryk gebesig is – in teenstelling met Latyn, die taal van geleerdes. Ná die afsterwe van Karel die Grote in 814 langs die taalgrens tussen vroeë Middeleeuse Frans en Oudhoogduits uitmekaargebreek. 'n Gevoel van samehorigheid is in die oostelike gebiede langsamerhand geskep met taal as die verenigende band – na die gebied, waar Duits as omgangstaal gebesig is, is algemeen verwys as "Duitsland". Grense kon nie maklik vasgestel word nie. Terwyl die Romaans-Germaanse taalgrens in die weste al vroeg begin stabiliseer het, het die migrasie van Duitssprekende setlaars na gebiede in die ooste eers in die 14de eeu tot stilstand gekom. In baie streke het Duits- en Slawiessprekendes vermeng of eeue lank naas mekaar geleef. Retrospektief word die ampsaanvaarding van Konrad I as koning in 911 as die oorgangspunt van die Oos-Frankiese na 'n Duitse ryk of regnum Teutonicum beskou. Nogtans was Konrad se amptelike titel, analoog met sy herkoms, aanvanklik "Frankiese koning" en later "Romeinse koning". Die ryk is vanaf die 11de eeu "Romeinse Ryk" genoem, sedert die 13de eeu "Heilige Romeinse Ryk", en eers vanaf die 15de eeu was die verwysing na 'n "Duitse nasie" gebruiklik. Die koning in hierdie ryk is deur die hoë adel verkies. Met enkele uitsonderings was die meeste monarge verwant met hul voorgangers. 'n Verdere kenmerk was die mobiliteit van ryk en koning – in die Middeleeue was daar nog geen enkele Duitse hoofstad nie. 'n Algemene ryksbelasting was eweneens onbekend; in plaas daarvan het sogenaamde "Ryksgoedere" – landerye, geboue, finansiële regte en die politieke gesag wat daaraan verbonde was – 'n inkomste aan die koning verskaf. Die koning is deur sy onderdane beskou as 'n heerser wat gebonde was aan oorgelewerde volkswette en die toestemming van hoë adellikes. Sy bevoegdhede het wetgewing, belasting, regspraak, militêre opperbevel en kerklike gesag ingesluit. Daarnaas het die koning in hoogste instansie oor regtelike en politieke geskille beslis. Met die sogenaamde <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goue_Bul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goue Bul">Goue Bul</a> het keiser Karel IV in 1356 die belangrikste Duitse grondwet van die Middeleeue verkondig waarin die prosedures vir die verkiesing en bekroning van die keisers van die Heilige Romeinse Ryk vasgestel is en wat sy geldigheid eers met die ontbinding van die Ryk in 1806 verloor het. Koning Otto I het homself in 962 in Rome tot keiser laat kroon. Aan die keiserlike gesag, wat ook deur sy opvolgers uitgeoefen is, was volgens die destydse ideaal die hele <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Awendland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Awendland">Awendland</a> onderworpe. Die politieke werklikheid het anders gelyk. Omrede konings vir hul kroning as keisers na Rome moes reis, het hulle steeds pogings onderneem om oor Italië te heers. Hendrik IV was die eerste koning wat homself – ná 'n dispuut oor die benoeming van biskoppe (die sogenaamde Investituurstryd) – aan die pous in Rome se gesag moes onderwerp – met merkwaardige simboliek. In 1077 het Hendrik kaalvoet in die sneeu by Canossa voor <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pous_Gregorius_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pous Gregorius VII">pous Gregorius VII</a> boete gedoen. As politieke rolspelers is pous en koning vervolgens op dieselfde voet geplaas. Ondanks alle formele gesag het tydens die heerskappy van die volgende heerserdinastie, die Staufers, 'n proses van territoriale opsplitsing begin waartydens geestelike en wêreldlike vorste hul politieke status tot dié van half-outonome landshere kon verhef. Terwyl ander lande in Wes-Europa tot nasionale state met sentralistiese gesag begin ontwikkel het, was in Duitsland uiteenlopende politieke kragte werksaam. So kon 'n Duitse eenheidstaat eers eeue later, in 1871, tot stand kom.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Klimatologiese,_ekonomiese_en_demografiese_konteks">Klimatologiese, ekonomiese en demografiese konteks</h4> </div> Tegnologiese vooruitgang in die Europese landbousektor het gepaard gegaan met gunstige klimatiese invloedfaktore. Die Middeleeuse Warmperiode of Klimaatoptimum het danksy stygende temperature opbrengste verder vergroot en die gehalte van oeste verbeter. 'n Lang tydperk van bevolkingsgroei het die uitbreiding van bewoonde gebiede en die stigting van nuwe nedersettings noodsaaklik gemaak. Boerderybedrywighede rondom bestaande nedersettings is uitgebrei. So is bosgebiede in landbougrond omgeskep en moerasse drooggelê. Die grootskaalse kolonisasie van streke in Oos-Europa deur Duitse setlaars, waartydens nuwe nedersettings in Slawiese gebiede oos van die Elberivier gestig is, val in hierdie fase. Heersers het stede toenemend as 'n belangrike bron van inkomste beskou en vanaf die vroeë 12de eeu aktief bygedra tot die stigting van nuwe nedersettings waaraan besondere voorregte toegeken is.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Reformasie_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog">Reformasie en Dertigjarige Oorlog</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantse_Hervorming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantse Hervorming">Protestantse Hervorming</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Heilige Romeinse Ryk ná die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a> in 1648 </figcaption> </figure> Onder die heerskappy van Maximiliaan I, wat tussen 1509 en 1519 as keiser van die Heilige Romeinse Ryk regeer, begin die Huis <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> 'n oorheersende politieke rol in Europa speel. Alhoewel Maximiliaan dikwels "die laaste ridder" genoem word, stel die hoogs opgeleide keiser belang in wetenskap en kuns en staan onder die invloed van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanisme">humanisme</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a>. Nogtans bly die politieke strukture van die Ryk ingewikkeld. Die Augustynse monnik Martin Luther, wat sedert 1517 net die wantoestande in die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk wil keer, maak deur middel van nuwe media soos pamflette en gedrukte boeke sy oortuigings in die hele land bekend. Uiteindelik lui hy die reformasie in Duitsland in. Hy vertaal die Bybel in Duits en skep sodoende 'n Duitse standaardtaal op basis van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middelduits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middelduits">Middelduitse</a> dialekte. Die politieke en godsdienstige spannings in Duitsland ontvlam in 1618 in die Dertigjarige Oorlog. Duitsland word die slagveld van die Europese moondhede soos Frankryk en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swede?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swede">Swede</a>, wat aan die kant van die Duitse <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">Protestantse</a> heersers teen die keiserlike Katoliek-gesinde magte optree. Die oorlogshandelinge en daarmee gepaardgaande gruweldade en hongersnode lei tot 'n ongekende verlies aan menselewens. Meer as een derde van die Duitse bevolking sterf in die oorlog, wat eers in 1648 met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_M%C3%BCnster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Münster">Vredesluiting</a> van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Münster">Münster</a> tot 'n einde kom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tydperk_tot_die_Franse_Rewolusie">Tydperk tot die Franse Rewolusie</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:HRR_1789.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HRR_1789.png/220px-HRR_1789.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1928"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HRR_1789.png/220px-HRR_1789.png" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HRR_1789.png/330px-HRR_1789.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HRR_1789.png/440px-HRR_1789.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Heilige Romeinse Ryk voor die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franse_Rewolusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franse Rewolusie">Franse Rewolusie</a> in 1789 </figcaption> </figure> Die Franse koning <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lodewyk_XIV_van_Frankryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lodewyk XIV van Frankryk">Lodewyk XIV</a> maak in 1685 namens sy skoonsuster Elisabeth Charlotte van die Palts aanspraak op die gebied Palts, 'n welvarende streek langs die Ryn, met die stad <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heidelberg,_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heidelberg, Duitsland">Heidelberg</a> as een van sy sentrums. In die Negejarige Oorlog, wat as gevolg uitbreek, word die gebied, een van die welvarendste in Duitsland, verwoes. Ondanks die verwoestings, wat deur die Dertigjarige Oorlog, die Negejarige Oorlog en die Spaanse Opvolgingsoorlog in Duitsland aangerig is, herstel die ryk en belef 'n nuwe ekonomiese en kulturele bloeitydperk. Op politieke gebied kan daar egter geen sprake van vernuwing wees nie. Ook <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pruise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pruise">Pruise</a>, wat tot een van die belangrikste deelstate van die Heilige Romeinse Ryk ontwikkel, bly onder sy verligte, maar outeritêre koning <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_II_van_Pruise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik II van Pruise">Frederik die Grote</a> (1740 tot 1786) 'n absolutistiese monargie. Die magsstryd tussen Pruise en Oostenryk begin die Heilige Romeinse Ryk heeltemal verlam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tydperk_tussen_1789_en_1871">Tydperk tussen 1789 en 1871</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse,_Berlin_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/220px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="705"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/220px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/330px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/440px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die rewolusionêre onluste in Maart 1848: Straatversperrings in Berlyn </figcaption> </figure> Ná die Franse Rewolusie van 1789 begin Frankryk onder die heerskappy van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> sy magsgebied in Europa uitbrei. Onder die Franse invloed word die Heilige Romeinse Ryk in 1806 ontbind, terwyl Pruise danksy politieke hervormings tot 'n moderne staat ontwikkel. In die Duitse Bevrydingsoorloë ly Napoleon 'n nederlaag, maar die vereniging van die verskillende Duitse state misluk. Omtrent 1830 neem die industrialisering van Duitsland 'n aanvang. Die verarming van talle werkers as gevolg van die toenemende meganisering van verskillende bedrywe en herhaalde misoeste lei tot politieke onluste. Nadat die owerhede onder meer in Pruise nie instem tot hervormings nie, breek in Maart 1848 opstande uit wat talle menselewens eis. Die Duitse vorste verset hulle egter teen die burgerlike rewolusie en die konstitusionele grondwet wat deur liberale voorgestel word, kom nie tot stand nie. Gedurende die vyftigerjare emigreer baie Duitsers na oorsese lande, veral na die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verenigde_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">Verenigde State</a>. Desondanks ontwikkel die Duitstalige Sentraal-Europa danksy sy gevorderde ekonomie en tegnologieë tot een van die belangrikste gebiede ter wêreld. Onder die indruk van die maatskaplike ellende skryf <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> sy "Kritiek op die politieke ekonomie". In Pruise gebruik die kanselier <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> internasionale spannings om Pruise se politieke hegemonie in Duitsland te bevorder. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Duitse_Keiserryk_(1871–1918)">Duitse Keiserryk (1871–1918)</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unifikasie_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unifikasie van Duitsland">Unifikasie van Duitsland</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die stigting van die Duitse Keiserryk in die kasteel van Versailles </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-de.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/220px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="917"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 203px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/220px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="203" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/330px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg/440px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-de.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Duitse Keiserryk tussen 1871 en 1918 </figcaption> </figure> Franse provokasies gee die aanleiding tot die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans-Duitse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog">Frans-Duitse Oorlog</a> in 1870. Ná die Franse nederlaag gryp Bismarck die kans om 'n Duitse keiserryk onder die heerskappy van Pruise se koning <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_I_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm I van Duitsland">Wilhelm I</a> te stig. Die skadevergoeding wat Frankryk moet betaal, bevorder die ekonomiese oplewing in Duitsland. Die binnelandse beleid word deur die stryd teen die invloed van die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk en die Sosiaal-Demokratiese Party gekenmerk. In die magstryd met ander Europese lande besluit Duitsland om sy eie <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_koloniale_ryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse koloniale ryk">koloniale ryk</a> te stig, onder meer in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> en die Suidsee. Die Eerste Wêreldoorlog breek in 1914 as gevolg van die onrus in die Balkan en die ingewikkelde alliansies tussen die groot mondhede uit. Die Duitse planne, om eers Frankryk en daarna <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> neer te werp, misluk. Duitse troepe word in 'n langdurige oorlog aan twee fronte verwikkel. Die Duitse nederlaag maak in 1918 ook 'n einde aan die monargiese stelsel wat deur 'n republikeinse staatsvorm vervang word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republiek_van_Weimar_(1918–1933)">Republiek van Weimar (1918–1933)</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_van_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek van Weimar">Republiek van Weimar</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:German_losses_after_WWI.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/220px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/220px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/330px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/440px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Duitsland ná die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in 1918 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/220px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/220px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/330px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/440px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Duitse Ryk tussen 1919 en 1937 </figcaption> </figure> Volgens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verdrag_van_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verdrag van Versailles">Vredesverdrag van Versailles</a>, waarin die Duitsers alle skuld vir die Groot Oorlog moes aanvaar, was die Duitse Ryk verplig om oorlogsreparasies aan die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geallieerdes_van_die_Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geallieerdes van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog">geallieerde moondhede</a> te betaal – 'n klousule wat deur baie as 'n vernedering ervaar is en 'n swaar las op die na-oorlogse ekonomie geplaas het. Toe die Duitse Ryk sy skuld wanbetaal het, het Frankryk en België nie geskroom om dele van die land se vernaamste nywerheidsgebiede, veral die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhrgebied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruhrgebied">Ruhrgebied</a> met sy <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steenkool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a>-mynboubedryf en swaar nywerhede, te beset nie om betaling af te dwing. Uit ekonomiese nood – naas reparasies moes ook salarisse en lone in die openbare sektor betaal word – het die Duitse regering hom na die drukpers gewend om op groot skaal nuwe geld te skep. Die gevolg was 'n hiperinflasie wat ongekende afmetings aangeneem het. Toe in November 1923 'n nuwe geldeenheid, die Rentenmark, ingevoer is om die ou "Papiermark" te vervang, was die wisselkoers 1:1 biljoen. Die politieke situasie het eers ná jare se onluste en die invoering van die Rentenmark begin stabiliseer. Die kulturele lewe het 'n bloeitydperk tydens die sogenaamde "Goue twintigerjare" beleef, 'n periode van relatiewe politieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit wat in 1923 begin het en tot 'n groot mate deur buitelandse, veral Amerikaanse, lenings gefinansieer is. Ekonomiese en politieke toestande het met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groot_Depressie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groot Depressie">Groot Depressie</a> in 1929 weer dramaties begin versleg nadat Amerikaanse beleggers kredietlyne opgeskort en groot bedrae kapitaal aan die land onttrek het. Radikale groeperings soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moskou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>-gesinde Kommunistiese Party van Duitsland (KPD) en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fascisme">fascistiese</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasionaal-Sosialistiese_Duitse_Arbeidersparty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty">Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty</a> (NSDAP) het die demokratiese stelsel van die republiek ernstig begin ondermyn. Die deflasionêre ekonomiese beleid van die kanselier Brüning het die ekonomiese krisis vererger en die werkloosheidsyfer in Januarie 1932 tot meer as ses miljoen laat styg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id=""Derde_Ryk"_(1933–1945)">"Derde Ryk" (1933–1945)</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mussolini%26Hitler1.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Mussolini%26Hitler1.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="124"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Mussolini%26Hitler1.gif" data-width="160" data-height="124" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italië">Italiaanse</a> Duce ("leier") <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Mussolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutschesreich1939.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/220px-Deutschesreich1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/220px-Deutschesreich1939.png" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/330px-Deutschesreich1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/440px-Deutschesreich1939.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die "Derde Ryk" in 1939 </figcaption> </figure> Op 30 Januarie 1933 word die leier van die NSDAP, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, tot Rykskanselier van Duitsland benoem. Die verregse politici van die Duits-Nasionale Volksparty (DNVP) slaag nie daarin om Hitler en sy party in die gemeenskaplike koalisieregering "in bedwang te hou" nie, soos hulle oorspronklik beplan het. Binne enkele maande verseker Hitler sy ongedeelde mag, veral danksy die gewelddadige optrede van sy SA-groepering teen opposisiepartye. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jode">Joodse</a> burgers en teenstanders word vervolg en vermoor. Hitler en sy party oorheers Duitsland in 'n soort "populêre diktatuur" – die groot massa van die bevolking steun die bewind, terwyl andersdenkendes brutaal onderdruk word. Hitler forseer die bewapening en militarisering van Duitsland. Duitstalige gebiede soos Oostenryk ("<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anschluss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>") en die Sudete-gebied in Tsjeggië word by die Duitse Ryk ingelyf. Ná 'n geheime ooreenkoms met die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sowjetunie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetiese</a> diktator <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josef_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josef Stalin">Stalin</a> in die laat somer van 1939 beplan Hitler 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inval_van_Pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inval van Pole">aanvalsoorlog teen Pole</a>. Op 23 Augustus val Duitse troepe Pole aan. Ná sy oorwinning oor Frankryk in 1940 geniet Hitler die gewildheid van die massas. Nogtans is hy van voorneme om die Duitse ryksgebied in die ooste uit te brei en Stalin uit te skakel. Gevolglik beveel hy op 22 Junie 1941 om die Sowjetunie aan te val. Tog sedert die jaar 1942 word die Duitse ryksgebied in toenemende mate deur die oorlog geraak: Britse bomwerpers verwoes Duitse stede soos Keulen en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. 'n Poging van Duitse offisiere om Hitler deur middel van 'n sluipmoord uit te skakel misluk op 20 Julie 1944. Ná hierdie datum eis die oorlogshandelinge en bombardemente die lewens van meer Duitse soldate en burgerlikes as in die eerste vyf jare van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. Danksy die oormag van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geallieerdes_van_die_Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geallieerdes van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog">geallieerde</a> troepe ly Duitsland uiteindelik 'n verpletterende neerlaag. Hitler pleeg op 30 April 1945 selfmoord in Berlyn. Russiese, Amerikaanse, Britse en Franse troepe beset Duitsland en ook die Duitse hoofstad word in vier besettingsones opgedeel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Naoorlogse_tydperk">Naoorlogse tydperk</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koue_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koue Oorlog">Koue Oorlog</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map-Germany-1947.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map-Germany-1947.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2956"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map-Germany-1947.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1947.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map-Germany-1947.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1947.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map-Germany-1947.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1947.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Duitsland ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in 1947 </figcaption> </figure> In die Sowjetiese sone word die Sosiaaldemokratiese Party (SPD) in 1946 gedwing om met die Kommuniste (KPD) saam te smelt. Die gebied trek ook geen voordeel uit die Amerikaanse Marshall-plan nie, wat deur middel van krediete en ekonomiese hulp die heropbou van die oorlogsverwoeste Europa moontlik maak. Stalin reageer op die monetêre hervorming in die drie westelike besettingsones en die invoering van die Deutsche Mark (DM) as nuwe geldeenheid in 1948 met 'n blokkade van die westelike sones van Berlyn. Die geallieerde magte, waaronder ook die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_Lugmag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag">Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag</a>, vervoer tydens die sogenaamde <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlynse_Lugbrug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlynse Lugbrug">Berlynse Lugbrug</a> alle invoere vir <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a> met vliegtuie na die stad. Stalin ly 'n politieke nederlaag en staak die blokkade in die volgende jaar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Twee_Duitse_state">Twee Duitse state</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Demokratiese_Republiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek">Duitse Demokratiese Republiek</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wes-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wes-Duitsland">Wes-Duitsland</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlinermauer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/220px-Berlinermauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="913"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/220px-Berlinermauer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/330px-Berlinermauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/440px-Berlinermauer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Berlynse Muur in 1986 </figcaption> </figure> Alle politieke pogings om Duitsland te herenig, misluk, aangesien Stalin nie daarin slaag om 'n neutrale Duitse staat in die lewe te roep nie en in 1949 word twee Duitse state gestig: Die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (BRD) as 'n Westerse demokrasie en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Demokratiese_Republiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek">Duitse Demokratiese Republiek</a> (DDR) as 'n Sosialistiese staat. Die laaste Duitse krygsgevangenes word eers in 1956 deur die Sowjetunie vrygelaat. 'n Reusestroom vlugtelinge na Wes-Duitsland bedreig die politieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit van die DDR. In 1961 laat die DDR-regering die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlynse_Muur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlynse Muur">Berlynse Muur</a> oprig. Vanaf 1965 is die Duits-Duitse grenslyn met mynvelde en 'n grensdraad versterk. Vanaf 1966 vorm die Sosiaaldemokrate vir die eerste keer 'n koalisieregering met die Christelike Demokrate en vanaf 1969 met die liberale party FDP. 'n Beleid van vreedsame toenadering tussen Wes-Duitsland en die Oosbloklande en politieke hervormings in Wes-Duitsland kenmerk hierdie tydperk. In die DDR volg <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erich_Honecker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> in 1971 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> as staats- en partyleier op. Anders as verwag volg hy geen liberale beleid nie en die staat versnel die nasionalisering van die laaste vrye ondernemings. In die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland word die voorsitter van die Christelik-Demokratiese Unie, Helmut Kohl, ná 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosie_van_wantroue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosie van wantroue">mosie van wantroue</a> in 1982 bondskanselier as opvolger van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> (SPD). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Krisis_van_die_DDR_en_die_Duitse_hereniging">Krisis van die DDR en die Duitse hereniging</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die val van die Berlynse Muur in 1989 </figcaption> </figure> Sedert 1987 groei die invloed van die opposisie binne-in die DDR, na die opposisie deur die Sowjetiese <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestroika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>-beleid aangemoedig word om meer demokratiese regte op te eis. Twee jaar later ruk die situasie in die land onder die indruk van massabetogings hand uit. Die staatsparty SED raak ontslae van Erich Honecker, maar slaag nie daarin om sy magsposisie te bewaar nie. Op 9 November 1989 word die Berlynse Muur geopen en in 1990 vind die eerste vrye verkiesing in die DDR plaas. Die DDR-parlement, die Volkskammer, besluit om by die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland aan te sluit. Die twee Duitse state word op 3 Oktober 1990 herenig en Berlyn word ná 45 jaar weer die hoofstad van die hele Duitsland. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtansicht_von_der_Deutschherrnbruecke_am_fruehen_Abend-20110808.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> in die metropolitaanse gebied van Ryn-Main is die finansiële sentrum van Duitsland </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Conglomerado_BMW,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania_2012-04-28,_DD_02.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG/220px-Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="2247"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG/220px-Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG/330px-Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG/440px-Conglomerado_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die hoofkwartier van die motorvervaardiger <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a>, sy hoofaanleg en die BMW Wêreld-gebou in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg/220px-DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="670"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg/220px-DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg/330px-DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg/440px-DBP_1988_1378_Made_in_Germany.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ter geleentheid van die honderdjarige jubileum van die Made in Germany-etiket het die (Wes-Duitse) Federale Posdiens in 1988 'n spesiale <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Posse%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Posseël">posseël</a> uitgereik </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland is tans die grootste ekonomie in Europa en die vierde grootste ter wêreld ná die Verenigde State, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Die land is volgens amptelike statistieke tans ook die grootste uitvoerder ter wêreld voor die Volksrepubliek China en die Verenigde State. In 2016 is goedere ter waarde van €1,2 biljoen uit- en goedere ter waarde van €950 miljard ingevoer. Die handelsoorskot het op €250 miljard te staan gekom.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Duitsland se belangrikste handelsvennote is Frankryk, die Verenigde State, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> en Sjina. Duitsland word sedert die einde van die 19de eeu steeds as een van die leidende nywerheidslande beskou. Die belangrikste nywerhede is motorvervaardiging, elektrotegniese produkte, masjienbou en chemie. Nogtans het die aandeel werknemers in die nywerheidsektor tussen 1970 en 2004 van 46 tot 26 persent gedaal, terwyl die aandeel werknemers in die dienstesektor verdubbel het en nou 71 persent (of 27 miljoen) bedra. Die tersiêre sektor se bydrae tot die BGP beloop tans meer as 70 persent. Ondanks die sukses op die uitvoermarkte het Duitsland tydelik moeilike ekonomiese vraagstukke in die gesig gestaar. So was die besparingspeil in die verlede redelik hoog in vergelyking met ander ontwikkelde lande, terwyl die binnelandse verbruik relatief swak gebly het. As gevolg het die land teen die begin van die 21ste eeu gebuk gegaan onder 'n hoë werkloosheidsyfer van omtrent tien persent, die hoë koste van die sosiale welvaartstelsel, 'n baie hoë staatskuld en deflasionêre tendense op die goedere- en arbeidsmarkte. Lone en salarisse het ondanks die verhoogde produktiwiteit in die afgelope jare nouliks gestyg. Die ekonomiese situasie in Oos-Duitsland was besonder kommerwekkend; hier ontbreek ná die omverwerping van die sosialistiese stelsel die industriële en tersiêre infrastruktuur, wat tot grootskaalse binnelandse migrasie na die westelike deelstate gelei het. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Groeikoers_van_die_bruto_binnelandse_produk_2007–2023_in_persent">Groeikoers van die bruto binnelandse produk 2007–2023 in persent</h3> </div> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="margin-left:1em"> <tbody> <tr> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020</th> <th>2021</th> <th>2022</th> <th>2023</th> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <td>+3,3</td> <td>+1,1</td> <td>-5,6</td> <td>+4,1</td> <td>+3,7</td> <td>+0,5</td> <td>+0,5</td> <td>+2,2</td> <td>+1,7</td> <td>+2,2</td> <td>+2,2</td> <td>+1,5</td> <td>+0,6</td> <td>-3,8</td> <td>+1,8</td> <td>+3,2</td> <td>-0,3</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/2112/umfrage/veraenderung-des-bruttoinlandprodukts-im-vergleich-zum-vorjahr/">Statistisches Bundesamt: Veränderung des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) gegenüber dem Vorjahr. Besoek op 20 Julie 2020</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Konjunktuur_(2012)">Konjunktuur (2012)</h3> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Bruto binnelandse produk (BBP)</td> <td>€ 2 600 miljard</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BBP per capita</td> <td>€ 32 281</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bydraes tot BBP</td> <td>Dienste 52,5%, Nywerhede 30,5%, Handel 16,0%, Landbou 1,0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Groeikoers</td> <td>0,7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Inflasiekoers</td> <td>2,0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Uitvoere</td> <td>€ 1 097 miljard</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Invoere</td> <td>€ 909 miljard</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Business-location-germany/general-overview,t%3Dwirtschaftsstruktur--konjunktur,did%3D325410.html">Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI): Standort Deutschland – Kurzer Überblick</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214195718/http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Business-location-germany/general-overview,t%3Dwirtschaftsstruktur--konjunktur,did%3D325410.html">Geargiveer</a> 14 Desember 2015 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ekonomiese_struktuur_(2012)">Ekonomiese struktuur (2012)</h3> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Ondernemings</td> <td>3,9 miljoen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Persentasie klein en middelslagondernemings (KMO)</td> <td>99,6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Omset van alle ondernemings (2010)</td> <td>€ 5 440 miljard</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aandeel van KMO</td> <td>37,1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Werknemers (2011)</td> <td>27,0 miljoen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Persentasie werknemers in KMO</td> <td>79,2%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Business-location-germany/general-overview,t%3Dwirtschaftsstruktur--konjunktur,did%3D325410.html">Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI): Standort Deutschland – Kurzer Überblick</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214195718/http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Business-location-germany/general-overview,t%3Dwirtschaftsstruktur--konjunktur,did%3D325410.html">Geargiveer</a> 14 Desember 2015 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Renaissance_van_die_nywerheidsektor">Renaissance van die nywerheidsektor</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg/220px-Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="2394"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg/220px-Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg/330px-Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg/440px-Dresden-Glaeserner-Manu-nig.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Volkswagen se Gläserne Manufaktur, 'n deurskynende motorvervaardigingsaanleg, in Dresden </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg/220px-Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg/220px-Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg/330px-Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg/440px-Roboterarbeitsplatz_Fenstermontage_Gl%C3%A4serne_Manufaktur.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 'n Nywerheidsrobot monteer vensters vir Volkswagen se e-Golf </figcaption> </figure> Een van die mees noemenswaardige kenmerke van Duitsland se nuwe ekonomiese opswaai in die vroeë 21ste eeu is die oplewing van die nywerheidsektor. Sy aandeel aan die bruto geografiese produk van die land het tussen 2003 en 2007 van 24,4 tot 25,6 persent toegeneem.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Terwyl die nywerheidsektor in die meeste geïndustrialiseerde lande al dekades lank gekrimp het sodat hulle ekonomieë tot dienste-ekonomieë begin verander het, skep die sekondêre sektor, wat sonder die boubedryf slegs 14 persent van Duitsland se werknemers in diens het, tans 'n derde van alle nuwe werkgeleenthede. Die industriële sektor word in teenstelling met die dienstesektor deur relatief hoë lone en salarisse gekenmerk.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Die persentasie uitvoere het in die periode tussen 1994 en 2006 van 28,3 tot 42,3 persent gestyg. Veral Oos-Duitsland se nywerhede groei tans vinnig en lewer sowat elf persent van die totale nywerheidsproduksie op. In 2011 en 2012 was daar weer 'n merkwaardige toename in die getal werkgeleenthede in die nywerheidsektor wat einde September 2012 5,3 miljoen werknemers in diens gehad het. Die sterkste groei is in masjienbou (+3,6 persent) en by vervaardigers van metaalprodukte (+2,9 persent) aangeteken.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Ook in die volgende jare het die land sy status as nywerheidsreus met sukses verdedig. Die aantal ekonomies aktiewe persone het in 2015 met 43 miljoen die hoogste vlak ooit in die geskiedenis van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland bereik, terwyl ook alle ander ekonomiese aanwysers uiters belowend was. Vir 2016 en 2017 word met 1,5 persent weer 'n ekonomiese groeikoers bo die gemiddelde van alle EU-lidstate verwag. Lone en salarisse het aansienlik gestyg, terwyl werkloosheidsyfers in baie landsdele merkbaar gedaal en die privaat verbruik verder aangewakker het. Ontleders verwys na twee sentrale ekonomiese faktore by Duitsland se ekonomiese suksesverhaal. So het die land, wat tradisioneel een van die grootste uitvoerders is, sy aandeel op die wêreldmarkte ondanks die Volksrepubliek van Sjina se dinamiese groei sedert die middel van die 1990's feitlik gehandhaaf – dit het in 2015 byna elf persent van die globale uitvoere beloop, 'n daling van slegs twee persent sedert die massiewe toename van Chinese uitvoere omstreeks 1995. Die buitelandse handel het in 2014 en 2015 nuwe rekordvlakke bereik. In 2015 is goedere ter waarde van 1,196 biljoen € uitgevoer ('n styging van 6,4 persent teenoor die vorige jaar), terwyl invoere met 4,2 persent toegeneem het tot 948 miljard €. Die handelsoorskot was 247,8 miljard €.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Met 'n bydrae van 23 persent tot die bruto waardeskepping het Duitsland daarnaas 'n redelik sterk nywerheidsbasis wat ongeveer dubbel so groot is as dié van ander nywerheidslande soos die Verenigde Koninkryk, die Verenigde State of Frankryk. Dit is nou verweef met die inheemse dienstesektor en fungeer sodoende regstreeks en indirek as 'n aandrywer van ekonomiese groei.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Landbou,_bosbou_en_vissery">Landbou, bosbou en vissery</h3> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink boilerplate sienook"> Sien ook: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wynbou_in_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wynbou in Duitsland">Wynbou in Duitsland</a> </div> </dd> </dl> Die bydrae van die landbou, bosbou en vissery tot die bruto geografiese produk het in 2003 tot 1,1 persent gedaal. Nogtans is Duitsland ten opsigte van die voedselproduksie byna selfversorgend: Naastenby negentig persent van die benodigde agrariese produkte word plaaslik verbou. Duitsland is die derde grootste agrariese produsent in die Europese Unie ná Frankryk en Italië. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inligtingstegnologie">Inligtingstegnologie</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg/220px-SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg/220px-SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg/330px-SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg/440px-SAP_CeBit_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> SAP se stalletjie tydens die CeBIT-handelskou vir inligtingstegnologie in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Nedersakse </figcaption> </figure> Die inligtingstegnologiebedryf is een van die mees dinamiese en innovatiewe sektore in die Duitse ekonomie. Met 'n jaarlikse omset van 222 miljard € dra die bedryf 4,5 persent tot die bruto-waardeskepping (meer as masjienbou) en het met 843 000 werknemers meer personeel in diens as die motorbedryf.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Bekende inheemse ondernemings sluit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAP_(maatskappy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SAP (maatskappy)">SAP</a>, 'n globale rolspeler wat kommersiële sagteware betref, asook Software AG, Datev en IMC in. In 'n hoogs geïndustrialiseerde omgewing soos Duitsland spits plaaslike IT-ondernemings hulle veral op dienste en ingebedde stelsels toe wat in reële gebruiksgoedere soos motors en elektroniese toestelle benodig word. Die integrasie van nywerhede, energie en inligtingstegnologie tot intelligente netwerke word as 'n uitdaging vir die toekoms beskou wat groot potensiaal vir ekonomiese groei inhou. Duitsland is die grootste afsetmark vir sagteware in Europa met 'n aandeel van 24,5 persent (volgens waarde) – voor die Verenigde Koninkryk (17,3 persent) en Frankryk (15,6 persent). Duitsland se ekonomie en nywerheidsektor word deur klein en middelslagondernemings oorheers, waaronder baie hoogs gespesialiseerde en uitvoergerigte maatskappye (sogenaamde hidden champions) wat die vraag na gesofistikeerde sagteware-oplossings dryf en 'n belangrike klantesegment vir sagteware-vervaardigers verteenwoordig.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bevolkingsdigtheid_en_verstedeliking">Bevolkingsdigtheid en verstedeliking</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg/220px-Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="626"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg/220px-Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg/330px-Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg/440px-Karlsruher_Stadtansicht.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Karlsruhe is 'n tipiese voorbeeld van 'n stadsontwerp uit die Baroktydperk. Die strate beweeg vanaf die graaflike slot as sentrale punt radiaal uitwaarts. Kopergravure deur Heinrich Schwarz, 1721 </figcaption> </figure> Met 'n oppervlakte van 357 588 vierkante kilometer en meer as 83 miljoen inwoners behoort die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland tot die mees digsbevolkte lande ter wêreld. Sy bevolking is tans ook die grootste van alle lidstate van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europese_Unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a>. Dit is oneweredig oor die land versprei, en naas die stadstate <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> het die deelstaat Noordryn-Wesfale die grootste bevolkingsdigtheid. Die Oos-Duitse deelstate word – met uitsondering van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakse">Sakse</a> – deur 'n duidelik laer bevolkingsdigtheid gekenmerk. Die nywerheidstreke van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhrgebied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruhrgebied">Ruhrgebied</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halle,_Sakse-Anhalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halle, Sakse-Anhalt">Halle</a>-Leipzig en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>-<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwickau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> was die eerste gebiede waar groot bevolkingskonsentrasies ontstaan het. Later het streke soos die Ryn-Neckar- en Ryn-Main-gebied, die Saarland, en die metropolitaanse gebiede van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nedersakse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a>), <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurenberg">Neurenberg</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> 'n vinnige bevolkingsaanwas getoon. Die vyf grootste metropolitaanse gebiede is Ryn-Roer met 11,8 miljoen inwoners, Ryn-Main (5,8 miljoen), Berlyn (4,3 miljoen), Hamburg (3,3 miljoen) en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (2,3 miljoen). Tans is Berlyn die grootste stedelike nedersetting met meer as 3,4 miljoen inwoners. Daarnaas het drie ander stede, Hamburg, München en Keulen, 'n bevolking van meer as een miljoen. Daar is altesaam meer as 80 stede met meer as 100 000 inwoners wat in Duitse statistieke as sogenaamde Großstädte ("groot stede") geklassifiseer word. Die ontwikkeling van stede het reeds in die Romeinse tydperk 'n aanvang geneem. In hierdie periode het nedersettings soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keulen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keulen">Keulen</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> en ander ontstaan. Middeleeuse stede is dikwels naby die setels van biskoppe gestig, soos byvoorbeeld <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hildesheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maagdenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagdenburg">Maagdenburg</a>, of het rondom keiserlike <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palts">paltse</a> begin ontwikkel, soos byvoorbeeld Aachen (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aken">Aken</a>), Goslar en Quedlinburg. Vanaf die 11de eeu is nuwe stedelike nedersettings volgens doelgerig ontwerpte plattegronde veral in die suide van Duitsland gevestig. Daarnaas is ook nedersettings, wat gedurende die Duitse uitbreiding na die oostelike Sentraal-Europa gestig is, stelselmatig aangelê. In die Baroktydperk het heersers hul setels tot pragtige hoofstede uitgebou, waaronder Dresden, Karlsruhe en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mannheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>. Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog en die verwoestings, wat daarmee gepaard gegaan het, het net soos die verstedelikingsproses van metropolitaanse gebiede in die tweede helfte van die 20ste eeu die voorkoms van talle stede omvorm. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Huidige_demografiese_tendense">Huidige demografiese tendense</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="604"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/330px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/440px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Duitsland se bevolkingsgroei (1800–2000) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De_wanderung.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/De_wanderung.svg/220px-De_wanderung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/De_wanderung.svg/220px-De_wanderung.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/De_wanderung.svg/330px-De_wanderung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/De_wanderung.svg/440px-De_wanderung.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die jaarlikse immigrasiesyfers in die tydperk sedert 1991 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Population_Development_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Population_Development_Germany.svg/220px-Population_Development_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Population_Development_Germany.svg/220px-Population_Development_Germany.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Population_Development_Germany.svg/330px-Population_Development_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Population_Development_Germany.svg/440px-Population_Development_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Geboortes (groen) en sterfgevalle (blou) in Duitsland tussen 1950 en 2020 </figcaption> </figure> Van die 83 miljoen inwoners (soos op 31 Desember 2018) in 40,7 miljoen huishoudings is 42 miljoen vroulik en 41 miljoen manlik. Die persentasie buitelanders het 12,2 persent beloop. Die Duitse bevolking van 72,9 miljoen sluit sewe miljoen immigrante van Duitse afkoms in, wat veral uit die Russiese Federasie, Pole en ander Oos-Europese lande na Duitsland gekom het (altesaam 4,2 miljoen mense in die tydperk tussen 1950 en 2002), of immigrante van dwarsoor die wêreld wat ingeburger is. In 2012 is meer as 112 300 buitelanders ingeburger – 'n styging van 5,2 persent teenoor die vorige jaar. Van die inwoners was in 2010 24,6 miljoen (of 30,2 persent van die totale bevolking) Rooms-Katolieke, 24,2 miljoen Protestante (oorwegend <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheranisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lutheranisme">Lutherane</a>), 3,2 miljoen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Moslems</a> (waarvan 732 000 met Duitse burgerskap), 200 000 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boeddhisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddhiste</a> en 102 000 Jode. Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grieks-Ortodokse_Kerk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grieks-Ortodokse Kerk">Grieks-Ortodokse</a> Metropolie van Duitsland het sowat 500 000 lede. Die buitelandse bevolking het in 2014 gestyg tot 8,15 miljoen, van wie 6,4 miljoen uit Europa. Die grootste groepe buitelanders in 2014 was <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turke">Turke</a> (1,53 miljoen), burgers van ander lande van die Europese Unie (altesaam 3,7 miljoen, waarvan 0,7 miljoen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pole_(volk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pole (volk)">Pole</a>, 0,6 miljoen Italianers, 0,4 miljoen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roemene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roemene">Roemene</a>, 0,3 miljoen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grieke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grieke">Grieke</a> en 0,3 miljoen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroate">Kroate</a>) en immigrante uit die voormalige <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joego-Slawi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joego-Slawië">Joego-Slawië</a> en Rusland.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Die aantal Britse burgers is in 2015 op 106 000 beraam.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Die sowat 60 000 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbe">Sorbe</a> (of Wende) in die deelstate Brandenburg en Sakse, 10 000 Friese in Noordfriesland en op die eiland <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helgoland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>, 2 000 Friese in die Saterland-streek geniet net soos sowat 50 000 <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roma">Sinti en Roma</a> kulturele en politieke beskerming as nasionale minderhede. Die natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas bly negatief, met 682 000 geboortes teenoor 894 000 sterfgevalle in 2013. In 2011 het die aantal geboortes tot slegs 668 000 gedaal, die laagste ooit sedert die einde van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog en slegs die helfte van die geboortesyfer wat in 1964 aangeteken is toe daar in die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland en die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek altesaam 1,357 miljoen geboortes geregistreer is. Die geboortesyfer van net 8,5 per 1 000 inwoners is nou die laagste in Europa en vergelyk baie ongunstig met lande soos Frankryk (12,7) en die Verenigde Koninkryk (12,0). Vroue met kinders ervaar nog steeds baie nadele in die beroepslewe en baie egpare vrees dat hulle moontlik nie meer kinders kan bekostig nie. In 2006 is 124 830 buitelanders ingeburger.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Die aantal buitelanders wat 'n Duitse paspoort ontvang het, het vir die eerste keer in vyf jaar weer toegeneem. In 2005 is slegs 117 250 buitelanders ingeburger, in vergelyking met slegs 72 000 in 1995 en 'n rekordgetal van 186 700 in 2000. In 2006 is twee derdes van die aansoekers (83 390 mense) ingeburger nadat hulle aan die voorvereiste van ten minste agt jaar verblyf voldoen en oor 'n geldige permanente verblyfpermit beskik het. Buitelandse eggenote en kinders wat reeds in Duitsland woon word na 'n korter wagtyd ingeburger (16 570 in 2006). 'n Derde belangrike kategorie is buitelanders wat volgens 'n besluit van Duitse owerhede ingeburger word (6 440 in 2006) of as gevolg van skadeloosstelling Duitse burgerskap ontvang (5 140 in 2006). Van die buitelanders wat in 2006 ingeburger is, het sowat 33 000 of 26,8 persent uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> gekom, 12 600 uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serwi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serwië">Serwië</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> of die voormalige Joego-Slawië, 6 940 uit Pole en 4 690 uit die Russiese Federasie. Die aantal immigrante uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a> wat Duitse burgerskap ontvang het, het in 2006 met 50,2 persent die meeste toegeneem. Aangesien die laaste sensus in die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek in 1983 en in die vroeëre Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (Wes-Duitsland) in 1987 plaasgevind het, het presiese statistieke gegewens eers weer met die gesamentlike Europese sensus van die jaar 2010/11 beskikbaar geword. Volgens die sensus, wat op 31 Mei 2013 gepubliseer is, het Duitsland 'n amptelike bevolking van 80 327 900 op 31 Desember 2011 gehad.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Immigrasie_en_emigrasie">Immigrasie en emigrasie</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png/220px-Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3455"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png/220px-Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png/330px-Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png/440px-Map_foreign_nationals_germany_2016.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Herkoms van buitelandse burgers in Duitsland in 2016 </figcaption> </figure> In 2012 het volgens voorlopige amptelike statistieke 1 081 000 (2013: 1 226 500) immigrante na Duitsland gekom, 'n styging van 13 persent of 123 000 persone teenoor die vorige jaar. 712 000 (2013: 798 000) inwoners het geëmigreer, 'n styging van 5 persent of 33 000 persone.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Van die immigrante was 966 000 buitelanders (+15%) en 115 000 Duitsers wat uit die buiteland na Duitsland teruggekeer het. Die meeste immigrante was uit lidstate van die Europese Unie afkomstig. Opvallend was die sterk toename in immigrasie uit Suid-Europa, veral EU-lande wat deur die finansiële en skuldkrisis geraak word. So het die getal immigrante uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griekeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> met 10 000, dié uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> met 9 000 of 45 persent en dié uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> met 4 000 gestyg. Van die emigrante, wat in 2012 geregistreer is, was 579 000 buitelanders en 133 000 Duitsers. Die amptelike statistieke maak geen verskil tussen tydelike en permanente immigrante en emigrante. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Immigrasie en emigrasie in 2013 </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Land van herkoms</th> <th>Aantal immigrante</th> <th>Bestemming</th> <th>Aantal emigrante</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Pole</th> <td>197 000</td> <td>Pole</td> <td>125 000</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Roemenië</th> <td>135 000</td> <td>Roemenië</td> <td>86 000</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Italië</th> <td>61 000</td> <td>Bulgarye</td> <td>39 000</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Bulgarye</th> <td>59 000</td> <td>Hongarye</td> <td>35 000</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Hongarye</th> <td>59 000</td> <td>Turkye</td> <td>34 000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bron: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015 Tussen 1996 en 2013 het die meeste imigrante uit Pole gekom. In 2013 het sowat 189 000 Poolse burgers hulle in Duitsland gevestig, terwyl die getal inwoners met uitsluitlik Poolse burgerskap gestyg het tot 609 855.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Die gewildste bestemmings van Duitse emigrante in 2013 </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Bestemming</th> <th>Aantal emigrante</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Switserland</th> <td>21 435</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Verenigde State</th> <td>13 532</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Oostenryk</th> <td>11 222</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Verenigde Koninkryk</th> <td>8 155</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Pole</th> <td>6 616</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Frankryk</th> <td>6 327</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Turkye</th> <td>6 162</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Spanje</th> <td>5 975</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Australië</th> <td>3 319</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Nederland</th> <td>3 193</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bron: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015 Volgens amptelike statistieke het 1 071 Duitsers in 2014 na <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suid-Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> geëmigreer, terwyl 1 144 vanuit die Kaap na Duitsland teruggekeer het. Tussen 2005 en 2014 het 10 943 Duitsers hulle in Suid-Afrika gevestig, terwyl 10 337 na Duitsland teruggekeer het.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inburgerings">Inburgerings</h3> </div> Volgens die Statistisches Bundesamt is in 2016 met byna 110 400 persone 2,6% meer buitelanders Duitse burgerskap verwerf as in 2015. Hierdie groei – die eerste sedert 2014 – word toegeskryf aan die merkbaar groter getal Britse inwoners wat hulle permanent in die land gevestig het en – ná die Verenigde Koninkryk se besluit om sy lidmaatskap in die Europese Unie te beëindig – wettige verblyfstatus wil kry. Die aantal Turke, aan wie Duitse burgerskap toegeken is, het – net soos in die vorige jare – weer 'n noemenswaardige afname getoon. Die gemiddelde ouderdom van ingeburgerdes was 33 jaar, die gemiddelde verblyftydperk in Duitsland was 17 jaar. Die meeste ingeburgerde persone was afkomstig uit Europese lande (waaronder 29 persent uit EU-lidlande). <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Inburgerings volgens land van herkoms in 2016<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Land</th> <th>Getal ingeburgerde persone</th> <th>Verandering teenoor 2015</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Turkye</th> <td>16 290</td> <td>-17,3%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Pole</th> <td>6 632</td> <td>+11,3%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Oekraïne</th> <td>4 048</td> <td>-2,9%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Kosovo</th> <td>3 966</td> <td>+3,8%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Roemenië</th> <td>3 828</td> <td>+27,6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Italië</th> <td>3 597</td> <td>+5,6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irak</th> <td>3 553</td> <td>+3,0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Griekeland</th> <td>3 444</td> <td>+12,6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Kroasië</th> <td>2 985</td> <td>-10,3%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Verenigde Koninkryk</th> <td>2 865</td> <td>+360,6%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lewenstandaard">Lewenstandaard</h3> </div> In 2010 het die gemiddelde maandelikse besteebare inkomste van Duitse huishoudings 2 981 € (41 510 ZAR) beloop.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Tegelykertyd is in 2009 'n sesde van die bevolking deur armoede bedreig. Van die totale uitgawes van privaat huishoudings is in 2010 34 persent aan behuising en renovasie, 14 persent aan kos en tabak, 14 persent aan vervoer, 11 persent vir kultuur en vryetydaktiwiteite, vyf persent aan klerasie en skoene, en 22 persent aan ander uitgawes bestee. 77 persent van die huishoudings het in 2011 oor 'n motor, 96,2 persent oor 'n televisietoestel, 88,1 persent oor 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamera">kamera</a>, 82 persent oor 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rekenaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rekenaar">rekenaar</a>, 75,9 persent oor internettoegang, 90 persent oor 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selfoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selfoon">selfoon</a>, 99,1 persent oor 'n koelkas en 95 persent oor 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wasmasjien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wasmasjien">wasmasjien</a> beskik. 42 persent van die huishoudings het televisiekanale per satelliet ontvang, 46,4 persent per kabeltelevisie en 24,6 persent per <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digitale_terrestri%C3%ABle_televisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digitale terrestriële televisie">digitale terrestriële televisie</a>. In 2013 het 48 persent van alle Duitse huishoudings oor huiseiendom of grondbesit beskik.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Taal">Taal</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Status">Status</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="643"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 236px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="236" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, die Duitse reformator en hervormer van die Duitse taal, in 1529 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duits">Duits</a> is die amps- en mees gebruikte taal in Duitsland en word ook as standaardtaal in die media gebruik. In die noorde van Duitsland, veral in die gebied tussen Hannover en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kassel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, het die standaardskryftaal lankal die plaaslike <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederduits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederduits">Nederduitse</a> dialekte as omgangstaal vervang. Dialekte is egter veral in Suid-Duitsland nog steeds die mees gebruiklike omgangstale. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> se Bybelvertaling het in die 16de eeu 'n belangrike rol by die uitbreiding van die huidige Nieuhoogduitse standaardtaal gespeel. In 1781 het Johann Christoph Adelung die eerste groot woordeboek van die Duitse taal uitgegee. Die gebroeders Jacob en Wilhelm Grimm het in 1852 met die samestelling van die grootste Duitse woordeboek ooit begin wat eers in 1961 voltooi is en tans bewerk word. Die huidige Duitse spelling is tydens die 19de eeu vasgelê en steun veral op die Ortografiese Woordeboek van die Duitse Taal (Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) van Konrad Duden wat in 1880 verskyn het. Die laaste spellinghervorming in die Duitse taalgebied, wat ook <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oostenryk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a>, Alemanniese <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switserland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liechtenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> insluit, is in 1996 deurgevoer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Duits_in_die_buiteland">Duits in die buiteland</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg/220px-Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg/220px-Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg/330px-Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg/440px-Windhoek-Goethe_Institut.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Goethe-Zentrum in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windhoek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a> </figcaption> </figure> Duits was vroeër 'n verkeerstaal in Middel-Europa, Oos-Europa en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skandinawië">Skandinawië</a> en het ook 'n tyd lank 'n belangrike rol as internasionale wetenskapstaal gespeel. Dit is nog steeds die mees gesproke moedertaal in die Europese Unie en die tweede belangrikste vreemde taal in die Europese onderwysstelsels na Engels. Duits is ook wêreldwyd die derde belangrikste vreemde taal in die onderwys en die tweede belangrikste taal van die internet, waar sowat agt persent van alle bladsye in Duits verskyn (teenoor sowat vyftig persent in Engels). Naas diplomatieke betrekkinge met die buiteland val ook Duitse kultuur- en onderwysbeleid onder die Departement van Buitelandse Sake. Die bevordering van Duits op internasionale vlak staan sentraal in dié beleid. Tans is 15,4 miljoen mense besig om Duits aan te leer. Duitsonderwys in die buiteland word onder meer aangebied deur die Goethe-institute, 140 Duitse skole asook byna 2 000 ander skole wêreldwyd met intensiewe onderwys in Duits. Hierdie skole beskik oor hul eie kommunikasienetwerk, Schulen: Partner der Zukunft, kort PASCH genoem.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Die belangrikste buitelandse tale in die Duitse onderwysstelsel is Engels, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans">Frans</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russies">Russies</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaans">Spaans</a> en Latyn. In Noordryn-Wesfale word ook <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a> as tweede taal aangebied. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Minderheids-_en_immigrantetale">Minderheids- en immigrantetale</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_(2021).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/220px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/220px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/330px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/440px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tweetalige padteken in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bautzen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>. Bo is Duits en onder is <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opper-Sorbies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opper-Sorbies">Opper-Sorbies</a> </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland erken ook die tale van etniese minderhede soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deens">Deens</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fries">Fries</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbies">Sorbies</a> as amptelike tale, alhoewel geen van hierdie minderheidstale meer as 100 000 sprekers het nie. Ander plaaslike minderheidstale soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moeselromaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moeselromaans">Moeselromaans</a> (uitgestorwe in die 11de eeu), <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polabies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polabies">Polabies</a> (uitgestorwe in die 18de eeu) en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiddisj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiddisj">Jiddisj</a> word nie meer gepraat nie. Groot immigrantegroepe soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russe">Russe</a> (die aantal Russiessprekendes, onder wie <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruslandduitsers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruslandduitsers">Ruslandduitsers</a>, word op sowat vier miljoen beraam wat van Russies die tweede grootste taal na Duits maak) en Turke gebruik dikwels hulle eie tale: in groot stede soos Berlyn beskik hierdie immigrante oor hul eie infrastruktuur wat ook dagblaaie insluit. Die plaaslike advertensiebedryf gebruik dikwels die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turks">Turkse</a> taal en sekere amptelike kennisgewings verskyn ook in Turks. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Kuns_en_kultuur">Kuns en kultuur</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <dl> <dd> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultuur_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kultuur van Duitsland">Kultuur van Duitsland</a>. </div> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grimm.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/220px-Grimm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="799"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/220px-Grimm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/330px-Grimm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/440px-Grimm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dubbelportret van die broers Wilhelm Grimm (links) en Jacob Grimm deur Elisabeth Maria Anna Jerichau-Baumann, 1855 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/220px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="2914"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 313px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/220px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="313" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/330px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/440px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Standbeeld van <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> by die Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland het 'n baie groot bydrae tot die wêreld se kulturele erfenis gelewer en die land word dikwels ook die "land van digters en denkers" genoem. Reeds in die Oud- en Middelhoogduitse tydperk ontstaan 'n literatuur van eersterangse gehalte en Middeleeuse digters soos Walther von der Vogelweide en Wolfram von Eschenbach behoort tot die belangrikstes in Europa. Die Nibelungenlied, wat deur 'n onbekende outeur geskryf is, en die sprokies van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broers_Grimm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broers Grimm">Broers Grimm</a> is literêre werke van wêreldfaam. Die Bybelvertaling van Martin Luther staan aan die beginpunt van die moderne Nieuhoogduitse standaardtaal wat in die 16de eeu die verskillende Neder- en Hoogduitse dialekte as skryftaal begin vervang het. Bekende Duitse skrywers tot by die 19de en vroeë 20ste eeu sluit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Heine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (bladsy bestaan nie)">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodor_Fontane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> in. 20ste eeuse wenners van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Letterkunde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelprys vir Letterkunde">Nobelprys vir Letterkunde</a> is <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Mann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Hesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> oorheers tydens die vyftigerjare die Duitse toneelkuns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Filosofie">Filosofie</h3> </div> Die filosofie is deur Duitse wysgere soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (bydraes tot die filosofie van die romantiese literêre beweging), <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Husserl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eduard_von_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eduard von Hartmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eduard von Hartmann</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Jaspers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Heidegger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannah_Arendt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> verryk, terwyl <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ferdinand Tönnies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Georg Simmel</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Weber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Horkheimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a> groot bydraes op die gebied van die sosiologie gelewer het. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musiek">Musiek</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Semperoper_Dresden.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Semperoper_Dresden.jpg/220px-Semperoper_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Semperoper_Dresden.jpg/220px-Semperoper_Dresden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Semperoper_Dresden.jpg/330px-Semperoper_Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Semperoper_Dresden.jpg/440px-Semperoper_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Semperoper in Dresden </figcaption> </figure> Ten opsigte van die musiek het Duitse en Duitstalige komponiste en dirigente soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Georg_Philipp_Telemann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Georg Philipp Telemann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(komponis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (komponis)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Otto_Nicolai&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Otto Nicolai (bladsy bestaan nie)">Otto Nicolai</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Albert_Lortzing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gustav Albert Lortzing (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gustav Albert Lortzing</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Brahms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Schumann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Johann_Pachelbel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Johann Pachelbel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Johann Pachelbel</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Offenbach&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jacques Offenbach (bladsy bestaan nie)">Jacques Offenbach</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Eisler&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hanns Eisler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Reger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Johann_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Johann Strauss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Johann Strauss</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Hindemith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Orff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Karlheinz_Stockhausen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Henze&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Henze (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hans-Werner Henze</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lachenmann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Helmut Lachenmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Helmut Lachenmann</a> wêreldwye bekendheid verwerf. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Perswese">Perswese</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutsche_Welle.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8563" data-file-height="4663"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hoofkantoor van die internasionale televisie- en radiokanaal Deutsche Welle in Bonn </figcaption> </figure> Met sy groot verskeidenheid dag- en weekblaaie, wat as gedrukte media, aanlyn-uitgawes in die internet en as digitale uigawes vir e-boeklesers, tabletrekenaars en ander toestelle versprei word, is Duitsland die grootste mark vir dagblaaie in Europa en die vyfde grootste wêreldwyd. In 2016 is op elke verskyningsdag 16,08 miljoen dag- en byna 5 miljoen week- en Sondagblaaie verkoop. Die belangrikste nasionale koerante is die poniedagblad Bild, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>, die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, die Frankfurter Rundschau, Die Welt, Handelsblatt en die weekblad Die Zeit. Die belangrikste nuustydskrifte, wat weekliks uitgegee word, is Der Spiegel, Focus en Stern. Sowat 44,6 miljoen Duitsers lees volgens navorsing deur die media-analise-instituut Verbrauchs- und Medienanalyse (VuMA) meerdere kere per week in 'n dagblad. Nogtans bly die verkoopte sirkulasie daal. In 2016 is 15,3 miljoen eksemplare verkoop.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Saam met die drukoplae toon ook die totale inkomste van dagblaaie – sowat €7,65 miljard in 2015 – 'n afwaartse neiging. Veral die inkomste uit advertensies het merkbaar afgeneem. Om dié ontwikkeling teen te werk, word onder meer in digitale uitgawes belê en digitale aanlyn-inhoud agter betaalmure geplaas om inkomste uit digitale verspreidingskanale te genereer. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Argitektuur">Argitektuur</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/220px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/220px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/330px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/440px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porta_Nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a> in Trier </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/220px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/220px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/330px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/440px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die kasteel Katz langs die Middelryn </figcaption> </figure> Duitsland pronk met 'n ryk en veelvuldige argitektuurgeskiedenis wat nou verweef is met dié van sy Europese buurlande. Aan die beginpunt van die argitektoniese ontwikkeling het die boukuns van die Romeinse antieke oudheid gestaan waarvan baie bouwerke soos die stadspoort <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porta_Nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a> in Trier bewaar gebly het. Omtrent 1030 is die voor-Romaanse boustyle verder ontwikkel tot die Romaanse styl. Tweehonderd jaar later is die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotiese_argitektuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotiese argitektuur">Gotiese boustyl</a> vanuit Frankryk oorgeneem waarvan die katedraal van Keulen en die Liewe-Vroukerk in Trier pragtige voorbeelde is. Omtrent 1520 begin die Italiaanse Renaissance sy invloed op die Duitse argitektuur uitoefen, alhoewel daar min bouwerke in 'n suiwer Renaissance-styl ontwerp is. Die raadsaal van Augsburg (Beiere) is een van die bekendste voorbeelde. Ook die barok-boustyl is taamlik laat (omtrent 1650) in Duitsland ingevoer. Een van die leidende barok-argitekte was Balthasar Neumann wat onder meer die Wies-kerk en die slot van Ludwigsburg (tans Baden-Württemberg) ontwerp het. Die Klassisistiese styltydperk begin in Duitsland omtrent 1770 en lewer onder meer bekende bouwerke in die huidige hoofstad Berlyn soos die Altes Museum (Ou Museum), die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlottenburg-kasteel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlottenburg-kasteel">Charlottenburg-kasteel</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgse_Poort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgse Poort">Brandenburgse Poort</a> op. Ook tydens die Historisme, 'n styltydperk wat tussen 1840 en 1900 toonaangewend was, het bekende bouwerke soos die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuschwanstein-kasteel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuschwanstein-kasteel">kasteel Neuschwanstein</a> in Beiere en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlynse_Domkerk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlynse Domkerk">Berlynse Domkerk</a> ontstaan. In die vroeë 20ste eeu het Duitse argitekte 'n leidende rol by die ontwikkeling van die klassieke moderne boustyl gespeel. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Gropius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bauhaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dessau-Ro%C3%9Flau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dessau-Roßlau">Dessau-Roßlau</a> (Sakse) oefen nog steeds 'n belangrike invloed op die moderne internasionale argitektuur uit. Met die monumentale argitektuur van die Nasionaal-Sosialisme, waarvan die argitek <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Speer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> die belangrikste verteenwoordiger was, het die ontwikkeling van die boukuns tot stilstand gekom. Die grootheidswaan van Adolf Hitler en Albert Speer het onder meer die ombou van Berlyn tot 'n wêreldhoofstad met die naam Germania behels. Die jare van heropbou ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog is deur pragmatisme oorheers, en Duitse argitekte het net geleidelik begin om weer uitdrukking te gee aan kenmerkende nuwe style. Die stadion, wat vir die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1972">Olimpiese Somerspele 1972</a> in München opgerig is, was een van die indrukwekkendste projekte van die moderne Duitse argitektuur. In die laaste dekades het ook Duitse argitekte begin om projekte dwarsoor die wêreld aan te pak. Konstruksies en ontwerpe het opnuut wêreldgehalte bereik, alhoewel die argitektoniese ontwikkelings nie meer deur Duitse argitekte oorheers word nie. Nogtans is daar Duitse boorling-argitekte soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmut_Jahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmut Jahn">Helmut Jahn</a> (tans <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>) wat 'n leidende rol in die internasionale boukuns speel en ook projekte in Suid-Afrikaanse stede soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannesburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durban">Durban</a> ontwerp het. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2737"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/330px-Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/440px-Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_sokkerspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse nasionale sokkerspan">Duitse nasionale sokkerspan</a> ná hul oorwinning oor <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentynse_nasionale_sokkerspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentynse nasionale sokkerspan">Argentinië</a> in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014">2014-wêreldbekereindwedstryd</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a> (<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estádio do Maracanã">Maracanã-stadion</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg/220px-Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="661"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg/220px-Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg/330px-Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg/440px-Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die Olimpiese Stadion in München, opgerig vir die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1972">Olimpiese Somerspele 1972</a>, later ook tydens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974">Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974</a> ingespan </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/220px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/220px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/330px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/440px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby">Rugbywedstryd</a> tussen <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_rugbyspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse nasionale rugbyspan">Duitsland</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgiese_nasionale_rugbyspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgiese nasionale rugbyspan">België</a> op 29 April 2006 in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG/220px-Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG/220px-Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Deutsche_Cricket-Nationalmannschaft_in_%C3%96sterreich_2012.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_krieketspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse nasionale krieketspan">Duitse nasionale krieketspan</a> in Seebarn, Oostenryk, op 5 Mei 2012 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokker">Sokker</a> is die gewildste sportsoort in Duitsland. Sowat 170 000 sokkerspanne met meer as ses miljoen aktiewe lede is georganiseer in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_sokkerbond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse sokkerbond">Duitse sokkerbond</a> (Deutscher Fußball-Bund, DFB), wat ook twee keer as gasheer van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbeker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokker-Wêreldbeker">Sokker-Wêreldbeker</a> opgetree het (in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974">1974</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006">2006</a>). Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UEFA_Europa-beker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UEFA Europa-beker">UEFA Europa-beker</a> is ook twee keer in Duitsland beslis (in 1988 en 2024). Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_sokkerspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse nasionale sokkerspan">Duitse nasionale sokkerspan</a> kon tot dusver vier <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbeker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokker-Wêreldbeker">Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooie</a> wen (in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954">1954</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switserland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switserland">Switserland</a>, 1974 in Wes-Duitsland, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990">1990</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italië">Italië</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014">2014</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a>), asook drie keer die UEFA Europa-beker (in 1972, 1980 en 1996). Die Duitse topliga, die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>, het in die 2005/2006-seisoen die eerste sokkerliga ter wêreld geword wat 'n gemiddelde bywoningsyfer van meer as 40 000 mense per wedstryd kon trek. Benede die Bundesliga is die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2._Bundesliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>, gevolg deur die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3._Liga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a>, twee <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regionalliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regionalliga">Regionalligas</a> en plaaslike <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberliga">Oberligas</a>. Die DFB is die grootste en suksesvolste sportorganisasie ter wêreld en die 2006-Wêreldbekertoernooi in Duitsland is deur die destydse president van die FIFA, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sepp_Blatter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sepp Blatter">Sepp Blatter</a>, as die beste ooit beskryf. Die toernooi is geesdriftig deur die plaaslike bevolking gesteun en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlag_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlag van Duitsland">vlag van Duitsland</a> is wyd vertoon. In voorbereiding op dié toernooi het Duitsland die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-Konfederasiebeker_in_2005?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005">FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005</a> aangebied. Die nasionale sokkerspan het ook die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-Konfederasiebeker_in_2017?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2017">FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2017</a> in Rusland gewen, dit was egter die laaste toernooi van sy soort. Ander gewilde sportsoorte is <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handbal">handbal</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korfbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korfbal">korfbal</a>, alhoewel hulle nie dieselfde aandag in die media geniet as sokker en byvoorbeeld <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_Een?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule Een">Formule Een</a>-motorwedrenne, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yshokkie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yshokkie">yshokkie</a>, <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennis">tennis</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fietsry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fietsry">fietswedrenne</a> nie. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby">Rugby</a> word sedert 1850 in Duitsland gespeel en die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Rugbybond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Rugbybond">Duitse Rugbybond</a> is in 1900 gestig. Tydens die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1900?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1900">Olimpiese Somerspele 1900</a> in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parys">Parys</a> het die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_rugbyspan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse nasionale rugbyspan">Duitse nasionale rugbyspan</a> die silwermedalje gewen. Duitsland het tot dusver nog nie vir 'n <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugbyw%C3%AAreldbeker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugbywêreldbeker">rugbywêreldbekertoernooi</a> gekwalifiseer nie en hulle ding in die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europese_Rugbykampioenskap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europese Rugbykampioenskap">Europese Rugbykampioenskap</a> met ander opkomende rugbyspanne mee.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krieket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krieket">Krieket</a> word sedert 1858 in Duitsland gespeel, nadat emigrante uit <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> en die Verenigde State die eerste krieketklubs in Berlyn gestig het. Die Duitse Krieketbond is in 1988 gestig. Duitse krieket toon tans 'n sterk groei en opswaai, veral te danke aan asielsoekers uit krieketspelende lande soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, wat hul sport en ywer saambring.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Duitse stede het twee keer as gasheerland van die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele">Olimpiese Somerspele</a> opgetree: Berlyn in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1936">1936</a> en München in <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1972">1972</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> het die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Winterspele_1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Winterspele 1936">Olimpiese Winterspele 1936</a> aangebied.<a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Duitsland beskik ook oor talle bekende wintersportsterre wat gereeld medaljes by die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiese_Winterspele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olimpiese Winterspele">Olimpiese Winterspele</a>, asook Europese en Wêreldkampioenskappe wen. Duitsland is een van die leidende lande in motorwedrenne en behels bekende vervaardigers soos <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a> en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercedes-Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>. Die renjaer <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Schumacher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> het verskeie rekords opgestel en die Formule Een-wêreldkampioenskap sewe keer gewen, meer as enige ander renjaer. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Vettel">Sebastian Vettel</a> behoort ook tot die beste vyf renjaers ooit en <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nico_Rosberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nico Rosberg">Nico Rosberg</a> behoort ook tot die Formule Een-wenners. Die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Grand_Prix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Grand Prix">Duitse Grand Prix</a> word óf op die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hockenheimring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hockenheimring">Hockenheimring</a> óf op die <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nürburgring">Nürburgring</a> beslis. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundestag.de/services/glossar/glossar/B/bt_praes-245366">bundestag.de</a></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundesrat.de/DE/bundesrat/praesidium/praesident/praesident-node.html">bundesrat.de</a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> (de) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Branchen-Unternehmen/Landwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei/Flaechennutzung/_inhalt.html">"Flächennutzung"</a>. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 31 Desember 2020. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A4chennutzung&rft.pub=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FBranchen-Unternehmen%2FLandwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei%2FFlaechennutzung%2F_inhalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OESO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OESO">OESO</a>. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=OESO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (de) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html%23651186">"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht 2023"</a>. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 30 September 2023. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+2023&rft.pub=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsstand%2FTabellen%2Fliste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html%23651186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> (de) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">"Zensus 2011: Bevölkerung am 9. Mai 2011"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123064642/https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 November 2017. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zensus+2011%3A+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+am+9.+Mai+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressekonferenzen%2F2013%2FZensus2011%2Fbevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-7">↑ <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_7-0">7,0</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_7-1">7,1</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_7-2">7,2</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_7-3">7,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c%3D134,%26s%3DNGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1">"Germany"</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. Oktober 2023. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D134%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2021. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang%3Den">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. Eurostat. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Gesley2018" class="citation web cs1">Jenny Gesley (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/">"The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany"</a>. Library of Congress. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Protection+of+Minority+and+Regional+Languages+in+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.au=Jenny+Gesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2018%2F09%2Fthe-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/de/rubriken/auf-einen-blick/geografie-klima">Tatsachen über Deutschland: Geografie & Klima. Besoek op 29 Mei 2017</a>[dooie skakel]</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> (en) Fodor's Germany. Kindle-eBoek-uitgawe. New York: Fodor's Travel Publications 2014, pos. 109</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> (de) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLloydLührSpringer1998" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 699–704. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-525-20768-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-525-20768-0"><bdi>978-3-525-20768-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911012455/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&rft.pages=699-704&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-525-20768-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BChr%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Springer%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> (de) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLloydLührSpringer1998" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA516">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 685–686. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-525-20768-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-525-20768-0"><bdi>978-3-525-20768-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916000730/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA516">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&rft.pages=685-686&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-525-20768-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BChr%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Springer%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> (de) Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2016. Deutschland und Internationales. Wiesbaden 2016, bl. 20</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2015/07/06/heute-morgen-wissen_n_7733164.html?utm_hp_ref%3Dgermany%26ir%3DGermany">www.huffingtonpost.de, 6 Julie 2015</a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> (de) Christian Deick. Deutsche Geschichte — Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. 2005. Ravensburger Buchverlag.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> (de) Manfred Jehle, Erich Hafner, Lothar Kölm, Michael Schippan en Alfred S. Wunsch: Die Deutschen. Geschichte und Tradition. Keulen: Lingen 2012, bl. 138</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://naryore.eu/norico/45-prozent-der-deutschen-haben-genetisch-gesehen-keltische-wurzeln/">Norico – Norisches Kulturmagazin: 45 Prozent der Deutschen haben genetisch gesehen keltische Wurzeln. Besoek op 7 Desember 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218213737/http://naryore.eu/norico/45-prozent-der-deutschen-haben-genetisch-gesehen-keltische-wurzeln/">Geargiveer</a> 18 Desember 2017 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> (de) Manfred Jehle e.a. (2012), bl. 138</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> (de) Manfred Jehle e.a. (2012), bl. 140</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/de/rubriken/geschichte/die-weimarer-republik%23background-page-9">Tatsachen über Deutschland – Geschichte: Mittelalter. Besoek op 11 Julie 2017</a>[dooie skakel]</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bpb.de/apuz/260058/kleine-geschichte-der-europaeischen-stadt?p%3D0">Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) – Dieter Schott: Kleine Geschichte der europäischen Stadt. Besoek op 12 Augustus 2018</a></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.msn.com/de-de/finanzen/top-stories/der-r%25C3%25A4tselhafte-lauf-des-exportgiganten-deutschland/ar-BBzw0yZ?ocid%3Dspartanntp">Die Welt, 7 April 2017: Der rätselhafte Lauf des Exportgiganten Deutschland. Besoek op 13 April 2017</a></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> (de) Reiermann, Christian: Überraschende Renaissance. In: Der Spiegel, nommer 7, 11 Februarie 2008, bl. 67</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> (de) Reiermann (2008), bl. 67</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.handelsblatt.com/economy-business-und-finance-mehr-beschaeftigte-in-deutscher-industrie/7387084.html">Mehr Beschäftigte in deutscher Industrie. In: handelsblatt.com, 14 November 2012</a></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/exporte-in-deutschland-steigen-auf-rekordhoch-a-1076354.html">www.spiegel.de, 9 Februarie 2016: Stabile Konjunktur: Rekordjahr für Deutschlands Exporteure. Besoek op 9 Februarie 2016</a></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article151712908/Deutschland-steht-vor-seinem-letzten-goldenen-Jahrzehnt.html">www.welt.de, 1 Februarie 2016: Deutschland steht vor einem goldenen Jahrzehnt. Besoek op 2 Februarie 2016</a></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/wirtschaftundgesellschaft/1920954/">"Hohe Wachstumspotenziale" für deutsche IT-Branche. In: dradio.de, 13 November 2012</a></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Industries/Information-technologies/software.html">GTAI: Standort Deutschland – Industrien: Software-Branche. Besoek op 4 Julie 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802212132/http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Invest/Industries/Information-technologies/software.html">Geargiveer</a> 2 Augustus 2016 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Bevoelkerung.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113214052/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Bevoelkerung.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Geargiveer</a> 13 November 2015 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.boersennews.de/nachrichten/artikel/brexit--mehr-briten-wollen-deutsche-staatsbuergerschaft/488286265?utm_source%3Dnewsletter%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_campaign%3DAdRom_8_pri_2016-KW27-FaW_NLAktive%257CNew_09.07.2016">boersennews.de, 4 Julie 2016: BREXIT: Mehr Briten wollen deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft. Besoek op 10 Julie 2016</a>[dooie skakel]</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> (de) Statistisches Bundesamt, 23 Julie 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/VorlBevoelkerungsfortschreibung5124103119004.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Statistisches Bundesamt: Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115093023/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/VorlBevoelkerungsfortschreibung5124103119004.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Geargiveer</a> 15 November 2013 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, besoek op 3 Junie 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2013/05/PD13_156_12711.html">destatis – persmededelings: Weiterhin hohe Zuwanderung nach Deutschland im Jahr 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115193849/https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2013/05/PD13_156_12711.html">Geargiveer</a> 15 November 2013 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> (de) Zahl der Woche. In: Das Parlament, 11 Augustus 2014, bl. 1</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://auswandern-info.com/suedafrika.html">auswandern-info.com: Südafrika. Besoek op 27 Desember 2015</a></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article165477997/Deutsche-Bevoelkerung-erstmals-seit-1990-juenger-geworden.html">www.welt.de, 13 Junie 2017: Deutsche Bevölkerung erstmals seit 1990 jünger geworden. Besoek op 13 Junie 2017</a></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/StatistischesJahrbuch/GesellschaftundStaat/GesellschaftundStaat.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">destatis.de: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2012, bl.170. Besoek op 28 Augustus 2013. Wisselkoers €/ZAR soos op 27 Augustus 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115000109/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/StatistischesJahrbuch/GesellschaftundStaat/GesellschaftundStaat.pdf?__blob%3DpublicationFile">Geargiveer</a> 15 November 2012 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> (de) Statistisches Jahrbuch 2016, bl. 151</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/de/jugend/willkommen/deutsch-lernen-im-partnerschulnetzwerk">Tatsachen über Deutschland: Deutsch lernen im Partnerschaftsnetzwerk. Besoek op 29 Mei 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075012/https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/de/jugend/willkommen/deutsch-lernen-im-partnerschulnetzwerk">Geargiveer</a> 12 Mei 2020 op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.statista.com/themen/176/zeitung/">statista – Das Statistik-Portal: Statistiken zum Thema Zeitung. Besoek op 21 Junie 2017</a></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> (de) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rugby-verband.de/verband/geschichte/">"Geschichte"</a>. Rugby-Verband.de. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitse_Rugbybond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitse Rugbybond">Duitse Rugbybond</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613165942/https://www.rugby-verband.de/verband/geschichte/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Junie 2020. Besoek op 17 Junie 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby-Verband.de&rft.atitle=Geschichte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugby-verband.de%2Fverband%2Fgeschichte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Hill2016" class="citation web cs1">Jenny Hill (7 Junie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36461853">"Cricket-loving Asian migrants take game to Germany"</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cricket-loving+Asian+migrants+take+game+to+Germany&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.au=Jenny+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-36461853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Wigmore2016" class="citation web cs1">Tim Wigmore (27 Mei 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tim-wigmore-on-afghan-refugees-and-their-involvement-in-cricket-in-germany-1020047">"How Afghanistan is bringing cricket to Germany"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Afghanistan+is+bringing+cricket+to+Germany&rft.pub=ESPNcricinfo&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.au=Tim+Wigmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2Ftim-wigmore-on-afghan-refugees-and-their-involvement-in-cricket-in-germany-1020047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Clay_Large2007" class="citation book cs1">David Clay Large (2007). Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 136. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-393-05884-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-393-05884-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Games%3A+The+Olympics+of+1936.&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05884-0&rft.au=David+Clay+Large&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <dl> <dt> Algemeen </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany">"Germany"</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/">"Germany"</a>. <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Besoek op 7 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ADuitsland" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <dl> <dt> Wiki-webtuistes </dt> </dl> <hr> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Germany">Duitsland</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Duitsland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Duitsland">Duitsland</a> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li>(en) Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Germany">Duitsland</a> op <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikivoyage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Algemene inligting </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/">Germany at a glance – Feite oor Duitsland</a></li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.deutschland.de/">Deutschland.de – Your link to Germany</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Geskiedenis </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dhm.de/lemo/">Die virtuele aanlyn-museum van die Deutsches Historisches Museum en die Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Kultuur </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.goethe.de/en/index.html">Goethe-Institut</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Statistieke </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/">Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland: Amptelike statistieke</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Klimaat </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatendeutschland/klimadatendeutschland.html?nn%3D499004">DWD – Klimadaten Deutschland</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Grondwet en staatsorganisasie </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundestag.de/gg">Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland / Grondwet van die Bondsrepubliek van Duitsland</a></li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/se/index.php?sid%3D164ed98ccb88ac6b0af099234b42baf0%26navi%3D1%26subnavi%3D50%26anr%3D80201000"> Grondwet | Basic Law – Aflaaibare Engelse weergawe</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Nuusmedia </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dw-world.de/">Deutsche Welle – Internasionale nuus uit Duitsland, radio en TV-diens</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Duitse ambassades </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pretoria.diplo.de/">Duitse Ambassade in Suid-Afrika</a></li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://windhuk.diplo.de/na-en">Duitse Ambassade in Namibië</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Inligting vir buitelandse gekwalifiseerdes en voornemende studente </dt> </dl> <hr> <ul> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/">Make it in Germany – Working, studying, living in Germany</a></li> </ul> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"> <a href="https://af-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="জাৰ্মানী – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C3%25B1a" title="Alimaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%25C4%25ABt%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Vuokītėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Германія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A8tslan" title="Dètslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C9%25B2i" title="Alimaɲi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="འཇར་མན། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%258D%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%2591%25E1%25A8%2586%25E1%25A8%258A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A1ik-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25BE%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Лоьмсойн мохк – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн мохк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258F%25A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%2527ev%25C3%25A9%2527ho%2527%25C3%25A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmecko" title="Německo – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%25C3%25B4" title="Niemieckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Нѣмьци – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – Nedersorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2596%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2582%25DE%25AA%25DE%2588%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25A7%25DE%258C%25DE%25B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25BDskland" title="Týskland – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%25C3%25BCschl%25C3%25B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BAtsl%25C3%25A2n" title="Dútslân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%25C3%25A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2527_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580" title="જર્મની – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%25C4%2581nia" title="Kelemānia – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גרמניה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmska" title="Němska – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9metorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Németország – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9man%25E1%25BB%258B" title="Jémanị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Немций мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2594%25AE%25E1%2592%25AA%25E1%2593%2582" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584" title="ドイツ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%2527e" title="dotygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Джэрмэн – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%25CC%25B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%25C4%25A9r%25C4%25A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25BA%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC" title="독일 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Немечму – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جَرمَنی – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Dütschland – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A4itschland" title="Däitschland – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Liguries" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%25C3%25A9mani" title="Alémani – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581cija" title="Vācija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A8rman" title="Jèrman – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Дойчмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2587_%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Германија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Германия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Düütschland – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258A%25DF%259F%25DF%258F%25DF%25A1%25DF%258A%25DF%25B2%25DF%2598%25DF%258E%25DF%25AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9sh_Bich%25CA%25BCahii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A8%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2597%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Jakoeties" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoeties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A0nia" title="Germània – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="ජර්මනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C4%258Dija" title="Nemčija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Њемачка – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9rman" title="Jérman – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – Silesies" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25AB%25E1%25A5%2592%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2590%25E1%25A5%25A6%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2598%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2580" title="జర్మనీ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Олмон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – Tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%25C3%25BDa" title="Germaniýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%25C9%2599" title="Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – Tahities" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahities" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="گېرمانىيە – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Німеччина – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%25C3%25A0nia" title="Zermània – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Đức – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%25C3%25A4n" title="Deutän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%25C3%25B1" title="Almaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D3%2599_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="דייטשלאנד – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – Joroeba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Joroeba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan 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