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Tootell - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/48231894/The_parahippocampal_place_area_responds_preferentially_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '640e319a5feb821ef61cccaf77c34b260ff56349'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732744504000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732744504000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Defining the exact mechanisms by which the brain processes visual objects and scenes remains an unresolved challenge. Valuable clues to this process have emerged from the demonstration that clusters of neurons (\u0026amp;amp;quot;modules\u0026amp;amp;quot;) in inferior temporal cortex apparently respond selectively to specific categories of visual stimuli, such as places/scenes. However, the higher-order \u0026amp;amp;quot;category-selective\u0026amp;amp;quot; response could also reflect specific lower-level spatial factors. Here we tested this idea in multiple functional MRI experiments, in humans and macaque monkeys, by systematically manipulating the spatial content of geometrical shapes and natural images. These tests revealed that visual spatial discontinuities (as reflected by an increased response to high spatial frequencies) selectively activate a well-known place-selective region of visual cortex (the \u0026amp;amp;quot;parahippocampal place area\u0026amp;amp;quot;) in humans. In macaques, we demonstrate a homologous cortical area, and show that it a...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"R. Tootell"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-05-04","dateModified":"2021-05-04","datePublished":"2011-01-01","headline":"The \"parahippocampal place area\" responds preferentially to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"PLoS biology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/48231894/The_parahippocampal_place_area_responds_preferentially_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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brain processes visual objects and scenes remains an unresolved challenge. Valuable clues to this process have emerged from the demonstration that clusters of neurons (\u0026quot;modules\u0026quot;) in inferior temporal cortex apparently respond selectively to specific categories of visual stimuli, such as places/scenes. However, the higher-order \u0026quot;category-selective\u0026quot; response could also reflect specific lower-level spatial factors. Here we tested this idea in multiple functional MRI experiments, in humans and macaque monkeys, by systematically manipulating the spatial content of geometrical shapes and natural images. These tests revealed that visual spatial discontinuities (as reflected by an increased response to high spatial frequencies) selectively activate a well-known place-selective region of visual cortex (the \u0026quot;parahippocampal place area\u0026quot;) in humans. In macaques, we demonstrate a homologous cortical area, and show that it a...","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"PLoS biology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The \"parahippocampal place area\" responds preferentially to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [36412689]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":66951953,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The "parahippocampal place area" responds preferentially to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/66951953/mini_magick20210504-2853-1nlas20.png?1620150024" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The "parahippocampal place area" responds preferentially to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36412689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RTootell"><img alt="Profile image of R. Tootell" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />R. Tootell</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, PLoS biology</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Defining the exact mechanisms by which the brain processes visual objects and scenes remains an unresolved challenge. Valuable clues to this process have emerged from the demonstration that clusters of neurons (&quot;modules&quot;) in inferior temporal cortex apparently respond selectively to specific categories of visual stimuli, such as places/scenes. However, the higher-order &quot;category-selective&quot; response could also reflect specific lower-level spatial factors. Here we tested this idea in multiple functional MRI experiments, in humans and macaque monkeys, by systematically manipulating the spatial content of geometrical shapes and natural images. These tests revealed that visual spatial discontinuities (as reflected by an increased response to high spatial frequencies) selectively activate a well-known place-selective region of visual cortex (the &quot;parahippocampal place area&quot;) in humans. In macaques, we demonstrate a homologous cortical area, and show that it a...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":66951953,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/48231894/The_parahippocampal_place_area_responds_preferentially_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":66951953,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/48231894/The_parahippocampal_place_area_responds_preferentially_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="66951953" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/48231894/The_parahippocampal_place_area_responds_preferentially_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="48232623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48232623/The_Parahippocampal_Place_Area_responds_selectively_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys">The 'Parahippocampal Place Area' responds selectively to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36412689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RTootell">R. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/48232623/The_Parahippocampal_Place_Area_responds_selectively_to_high_spatial_frequencies_in_humans_and_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1299446" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1299446/Disentangling_scene_content_from_spatial_boundary_complementary_roles_for_the_parahippocampal_place_area_and_lateral_occipital_complex_in_representing_real_world_">Disentangling scene content from spatial boundary: complementary roles for the parahippocampal place area and lateral occipital complex in representing real-world …</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm 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PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1299446/Disentangling_scene_content_from_spatial_boundary_complementary_roles_for_the_parahippocampal_place_area_and_lateral_occipital_complex_in_representing_real_world_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="87911405" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87911405/Spatial_frequency_processing_in_scene_selective_cortical_regions">Spatial frequency processing in scene-selective cortical regions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="134921561" href="https://univ-grenoble-alpes.academia.edu/NathalieGUYADER">Nathalie GUYADER</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NeuroImage, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial frequency processing in scene-selective cortical regions","attachmentId":92004854,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87911405/Spatial_frequency_processing_in_scene_selective_cortical_regions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87911405/Spatial_frequency_processing_in_scene_selective_cortical_regions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="18942117" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18942117/The_distribution_of_category_and_location_information_across_object_selective_regions_in_human_visual_cortex">The distribution of category and location information across object-selective regions in human visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39076152" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabinDang">Sabin Dang</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39672409" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RebeccaSchwarzlose">Rebecca Schwarzlose</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The distribution of category and location information across object-selective regions in human visual cortex","attachmentId":40342246,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18942117/The_distribution_of_category_and_location_information_across_object_selective_regions_in_human_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18942117/The_distribution_of_category_and_location_information_across_object_selective_regions_in_human_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3163984" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3163984/Spatial_coding_and_invariance_in_object_selective_cortex">Spatial coding and invariance in object-selective cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="646438" href="https://sydney.academia.edu/FransVerstraten">Frans Verstraten</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cortex, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present study examined the coding of spatial position in object selective cortex. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pattern classification analysis, we find that three areas in object selective cortex, the lateral occipital cortex area (LO), the fusiform face area (FFA), and the parahippocampal place area (PPA), robustly code the spatial position of objects. The analysis further revealed several anisotropies (e.g., horizontal/vertical asymmetry) in the representation of visual space in these areas. Finally, we show that the representation of information in these areas permits object category information to be extracted across varying locations in the visual field; a finding that suggests a potential neural solution to accomplishing translation invariance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial coding and invariance in object-selective cortex","attachmentId":50429615,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3163984/Spatial_coding_and_invariance_in_object_selective_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3163984/Spatial_coding_and_invariance_in_object_selective_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="48249226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48249226/Sulcal_depth_in_medial_ventral_temporal_cortex_predicts_the_location_of_a_place_selective_region_in_macaques_children_and_adults">Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="69998678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VaidehiNatu">Vaidehi Natu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The evolution and development of anatomical-functional relationships in the cerebral cortex is of major interest in neuroscience. Here, we leveraged the fact that a functional region selective for visual scenes is located within a sulcus in medial ventral temporal cortex (VTC) in both humans and macaques to examine the relationship between sulcal depth and place-selectivity in medial VTC across species and age groups. To do so, we acquired anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 9 macaques, 26 human children, and 28 human adults. Our results revealed a strong structural-functional coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity across age groups and species in which selectivity was strongest at the deepest sulcal point (the sulcal pit). Interestingly, this coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity strengthens from childhood to adulthood in humans. Morphological analyses suggest that the stabilization of sulcal-functional coupling in adulthood may ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults","attachmentId":66960218,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48249226/Sulcal_depth_in_medial_ventral_temporal_cortex_predicts_the_location_of_a_place_selective_region_in_macaques_children_and_adults","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48249226/Sulcal_depth_in_medial_ventral_temporal_cortex_predicts_the_location_of_a_place_selective_region_in_macaques_children_and_adults"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="111991027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111991027/Representation_of_the_Spatial_Relationship_Among_Object_Parts_by_Neurons_in_Macaque_Inferotemporal_Cortex">Representation of the Spatial Relationship Among Object Parts by Neurons in Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="273530758" href="https://independent.academia.edu/manabutanifuji">manabu tanifuji</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neurophysiology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We investigated object representation in area TE, the anterior part of monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex, with a combination of optical and extracellular recordings in anesthetized monkeys. We found neurons that respond to visual stimuli composed of naturally distinguishable parts. These neurons were sensitive to a particular spatial arrangement of parts but less sensitive to differences in local features within individual parts. Thus these neurons were activated when arbitrary local features were arranged in a particular spatial configuration, suggesting that they may be responsible for representing the spatial configuration of object images. Previously it has been reported that many neurons in area TE respond to visual features less complex than natural objects, but it has remained unclear whether these features are related to local features of object images or to more global features. These results indicate that TE neurons represent not only local features but also global feature...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Representation of the Spatial Relationship Among Object Parts by Neurons in Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex","attachmentId":109361839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111991027/Representation_of_the_Spatial_Relationship_Among_Object_Parts_by_Neurons_in_Macaque_Inferotemporal_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111991027/Representation_of_the_Spatial_Relationship_Among_Object_Parts_by_Neurons_in_Macaque_Inferotemporal_Cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="23905336" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23905336/Functional_MRI_Representational_Similarity_Analysis_Reveals_a_Dissociation_between_Discriminative_and_Relative_Location_Information_in_the_Human_Visual_System">Functional MRI Representational Similarity Analysis Reveals a Dissociation between Discriminative and Relative Location Information in the Human Visual System</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32986989" href="https://huji.academia.edu/ZviRoth">Zvi N Roth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neural responses in visual cortex are governed by a topographic mapping from retinal locations to cortical responses. Moreover, at the voxel population level early visual cortex (EVC) activity enables accurate decoding of stimuli locations. However, in many cases information enabling one to discriminate between locations (i.e., discriminative information) may be less relevant than information regarding the relative location of two objects (i.e., relative information). For example, when planning to grab a cup, determining whether the cup is located at the same retinal location as the hand is hardly relevant, whereas the location of the cup relative to the hand is crucial for performing the action. We have previously used multivariate pattern analysis techniques to measure discriminative location information, and found the highest levels in EVC, in line with other studies. Here we show, using representational similarity analysis, that availability of discriminative information in fMRI activation patterns does not entail availability of relative information. Specifically, we find that relative location information can be reliably extracted from activity patterns in posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS), but not from EVC, where we find the spatial representation to be warped. We further show that this variability in relative information levels between regions can be explained by a computational model based on an array of receptive fields. Moreover, when the model's receptive fields are extended to include inhibitory surround regions, the model can account for the spatial warping in EVC. These results demonstrate how size and shape properties of receptive fields in human visual cortex contribute to the transformation of discriminative spatial representations into relative spatial representations along the visual stream.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Functional MRI Representational Similarity Analysis Reveals a Dissociation between Discriminative and Relative Location Information in the Human Visual System","attachmentId":44294062,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23905336/Functional_MRI_Representational_Similarity_Analysis_Reveals_a_Dissociation_between_Discriminative_and_Relative_Location_Information_in_the_Human_Visual_System","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23905336/Functional_MRI_Representational_Similarity_Analysis_Reveals_a_Dissociation_between_Discriminative_and_Relative_Location_Information_in_the_Human_Visual_System"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="9585361" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9585361/Thinking_Outside_the_Box_Rectilinear_Shapes_Selectively_Activate_Scene_Selective_Cortex">Thinking Outside the Box: Rectilinear Shapes Selectively Activate Scene-Selective Cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209374" href="https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/CesarEchavarria">Cesar Echavarria</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fifteen years ago, an intriguing area was found in human visual cortex. This area (the parahippocampal place area [PPA]) was initially interpreted as responding selectively to images of places. However, subsequent studies reported that PPA also responds strongly to a much wider range of image categories, including inanimate objects, tools, spatial context, landmarks, objectively large objects, indoor scenes, and/or isolated buildings. Here, we hypothesized that PPA responds selectively to a lower-level stimulus property (rectilinear features), which are commonto many ofthe above higher-order categories. Using a novel wavelet image filter, we first demonstratedthat rectangular features are common inthese diverse stimulus categories. Then wetested whether PPA is selectively activated by rectangular features in six independent fMRI experiments using progressively simplified stimuli, from complex real-world images, through 3D/2D computer-generated shapes,through simple line stimuli.Wefoundthat PPA was consistently activated by rectilinearfeatures, compared with curved and nonrectangular features. This rectilinear preference was (1) comparable in amplitude and selectivity, relative to the preference for category (scenes vs faces), (2) independent of known biases for specific orientations and spatial frequency, and (3) not predictable from V1 activity. Two additional scene-responsive areas were sensitive to a subset of rectilinear features. Thus, rectilinear selectivity may serve as a crucial building block for category-selective responses in PPA and functionally related areas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thinking Outside the Box: Rectilinear Shapes Selectively Activate Scene-Selective Cortex","attachmentId":35797167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9585361/Thinking_Outside_the_Box_Rectilinear_Shapes_Selectively_Activate_Scene_Selective_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9585361/Thinking_Outside_the_Box_Rectilinear_Shapes_Selectively_Activate_Scene_Selective_Cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="888001" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/888001/Eye_centered_encoding_of_visual_space_in_scene_selective_regions">Eye-centered encoding of visual space in scene-selective regions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="709624" href="https://yale.academia.edu/EmilyWard">Emily Ward</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Vision, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Eye-centered encoding of visual space in scene-selective regions","attachmentId":5364576,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/888001/Eye_centered_encoding_of_visual_space_in_scene_selective_regions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/888001/Eye_centered_encoding_of_visual_space_in_scene_selective_regions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":66951953,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":66951953,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_66951953" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="888000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/888000/How_reliable_are_visual_context_effects_in_the_parahippocampal_place_area">How reliable are visual context effects in the parahippocampal place area?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="709624" href="https://yale.academia.edu/EmilyWard">Emily Ward</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cerebral Cortex, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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Physiology-Paris, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maps of space in human frontoparietal cortex","attachmentId":44730034,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24398294/Maps_of_space_in_human_frontoparietal_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24398294/Maps_of_space_in_human_frontoparietal_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="26104359" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26104359/Deconstructing_Visual_Scenes_in_Cortex_Gradients_of_Object_and_Spatial_Layout_Information">Deconstructing Visual Scenes in Cortex: Gradients of Object and Spatial Layout Information</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36952815" href="https://wright.academia.edu/AssafHarel">Assaf Harel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deconstructing Visual Scenes in Cortex: Gradients of Object and Spatial Layout 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ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54792410/Scene_Areas_in_Humans_and_Macaques">Scene Areas in Humans and Macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="192425432" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Joshuajulian3">Joshua julian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Scene Areas in Humans and Macaques","attachmentId":70984641,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54792410/Scene_Areas_in_Humans_and_Macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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href="https://www.academia.edu/25342534/Probing_principles_of_large_scale_object_representation_Category_preference_and_location_encoding">Probing principles of large-scale object representation: Category preference and location encoding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1771081" href="https://bccn-berlin.academia.edu/FernandoRamirez">Fernando Ramirez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Human Brain Mapping, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Probing principles of large-scale object representation: Category preference and location 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space</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20661" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/ChrisFrith">Chris Frith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Knowing where things are: Parahippocampal involvement in encoding object locations in virtual large-scale space","attachmentId":41180548,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20282791/Knowing_where_things_are_Parahippocampal_involvement_in_encoding_object_locations_in_virtual_large_scale_space","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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data-author-id="180405590" href="https://kg-sps.academia.edu/NobuyaSato">Nobuya Sato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cerebral Cortex, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Context-Dependent Place-Selective Responses of the Neurons in the Medial Parietal Region of Macaque Monkeys","attachmentId":66833895,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47987940/Context_Dependent_Place_Selective_Responses_of_the_Neurons_in_the_Medial_Parietal_Region_of_Macaque_Monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NeuroImage, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Multiple scales of organization for object selectivity in ventral visual cortex","attachmentId":37128935,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11679797/Multiple_scales_of_organization_for_object_selectivity_in_ventral_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11679797/Multiple_scales_of_organization_for_object_selectivity_in_ventral_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="115366422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115366422/Categorical_Yet_Graded_Single_Image_Activation_Profiles_of_Human_Category_Selective_Cortical_Regions">Categorical, Yet Graded - Single-Image Activation Profiles of Human Category-Selective Cortical Regions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121512943" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeWeerdP">Peter De Weerd</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neuroscience, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Categorical, Yet Graded - Single-Image Activation Profiles of Human 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class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19246841/Dissociation_of_object_and_spatial_visual_processing_pathways_in_human_extrastriate_cortex">Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39638735" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MortimerMishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39487957" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterHerscovitch">Peter Herscovitch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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