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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_turnout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_turnout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Measuring turnout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_turnout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turnout_by_U.S._state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnout_by_U.S._state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Turnout by U.S. state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnout_by_U.S._state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_voter_turnout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_voter_turnout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of voter turnout</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_voter_turnout-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of voter turnout subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_voter_turnout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_19th_century:_Universal_white_male_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_19th_century:_Universal_white_male_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early 19th century: Universal white male suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_19th_century:_Universal_white_male_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1870s:_African_American_male_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870s:_African_American_male_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1870s: African American male suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1870s:_African_American_male_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1920s:_Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1920s:_Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early 1920s: Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of election history</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp/220px-Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp/330px-Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp/440px-Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_State.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>Presidential Elections Turnout by State 1976–2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Voter turnout in US elections is the total number of votes cast by the voting age population (VAP), or more recently, the voting eligible population (VEP), divided by the entire voting eligible population. It is usually displayed as a percentage, showing which percentage of eligible voters actually voted. </p><p>The historical trends in <b>voter turnout in the United States presidential elections</b> have been shaped by </p> <ul><li>the gradual expansion of <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">voting rights</a> from the initial restriction to white male property owners aged 21 or older in the early years of the country's independence to all citizens aged 18 or older in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>policies that have made it easier or harder for eligible people to register and vote</li> <li>the competitiveness of elections</li> <li>the mobilization efforts of parties, candidates and other organizations<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg/485px-Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg" decoding="async" width="485" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg/728px-Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg/970px-Voter_turnout_2020_Map_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption>A map of voter turnout during the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> by state (no data for <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 161 million people were registered to vote in the 2020 presidential election and roughly 96.3% ballots were submitted, totaling 158,427,986 votes. Roughly 81 million eligible voters did not cast a ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_turnout">Measuring turnout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measuring turnout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, voter turnout was reported as a percentage; the numerator being the total votes cast, or the votes cast for the highest office, and the denominator being the Voting Age Population (VAP), the Census Bureau's estimate of the number of persons 18 years old and older resident in the United States. The VAP, however, includes people who are not actually eligible to vote, either because they are not US citizens, or because a prior felony conviction bars them from voting under the laws in their state.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 2001 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._McDonald" title="Michael P. McDonald">Michael P. McDonald</a> and Samuel Popkin developed a measure they called the Voting Eligible Population (VEP). The VEP uses "government statistical series to adjust for ineligible but included groups, such as noncitizens and felons, and eligible but excluded groups, such as overseas citizens." They argue that voter turnout in the United States has not actually declined since 1972 when calculated as a percentage of the VEP instead of the VAP.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table shows the available data on turnout for the voting-age population (VAP) and the voting-eligible population (VEP) since 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Voting-age <br /> population (VAP)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Voting-eligible <br /> population (VEP)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Turnout<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Turnout as % <br /> of VAP<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Turnout as % <br /> of VEP<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></td> <td>75,768,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>39,816,522</td> <td>52.6%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></td> <td>80,174,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>45,646,817</td> <td>56.9%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></td> <td>84,728,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>49,815,312</td> <td>58.8%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></td> <td>85,654,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>48,025,684</td> <td>56.1%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></td> <td>95,573,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>48,833,680</td> <td>51.1%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></td> <td>99,929,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>61,551,919</td> <td>61.6%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></td> <td>104,515,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>62,027,040</td> <td>59.3%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></td> <td>109,672,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>68,836,385</td> <td>62.8%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></td> <td>114,090,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>70,097,935</td> <td>61.4%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></td> <td>120,285,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>73,026,831</td> <td>60.7%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></td> <td>140,777,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>77,625,152</td> <td>55.1%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></td> <td>152,308,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>81,603,346</td> <td>53.6%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></td> <td>163,945,000</td> <td>159,635,102</td> <td>86,496,851</td> <td>52.8%</td> <td>54.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></td> <td>173,995,000</td> <td>167,701,904</td> <td>92,654,861</td> <td>53.3%</td> <td>55.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></td> <td>181,956,000</td> <td>173,579,281</td> <td>91,586,725</td> <td>50.3%</td> <td>52.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></td> <td>189,493,000</td> <td>179,655,523</td> <td>104,600,366</td> <td>55.2%</td> <td>58.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></td> <td>196,789,000</td> <td>186,347,044</td> <td>96,389,818</td> <td>49.0%</td> <td>51.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></td> <td>209,130,000</td> <td>194,331,436</td> <td>105,594,024</td> <td>50.5%</td> <td>54.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></td> <td>219,508,000</td> <td>203,483,455</td> <td>122,349,480</td> <td>55.7%</td> <td>60.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></td> <td>229,989,000</td> <td>213,313,508</td> <td>131,406,895</td> <td>57.1%</td> <td>61.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></td> <td>240,177,000</td> <td>222,474,111</td> <td>129,139,997</td> <td>53.8%</td> <td>58.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></td> <td>249,422,000</td> <td>230,931,921</td> <td>136,787,187</td> <td>54.8%</td> <td>59.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></td> <td>252,274,000</td> <td>240,628,443</td> <td>158,427,986</td> <td>62.8%</td> <td>65.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>* (estimated)</td> <td>264,798,961</td> <td>244,666,890</td> <td>155,803,701</td> <td>58.83%</td> <td>63.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* 2024 numbers estimated by the Election Lab at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. This estimate will be revised as additional data becomes available.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turnout_by_U.S._state">Turnout by U.S. state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Turnout by U.S. state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution originally gave states the authority to decide who had the right to vote, and the power to decide the time place and manner of elections. Despite Constitutional amendments prohibiting restrictions of the franchise by race, sex, or against people over 18, and outlawing the poll tax, and other national legislation, states still administer voter registration and elections, in ways which can impact turnout, and variations in competitiveness between the states lead to variations in turnout. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption>2020 voter turnout by state<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Total ballots cast </th> <th>Voting eligible population </th> <th>2020 general election turnout<br />as a percentage of VEP </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>159,738,337 </td> <td>242,077,783 </td> <td>65.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama </td> <td>2,325,000 </td> <td>3,782,861 </td> <td>61.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaska </td> <td>361,400 </td> <td>529,649 </td> <td>68.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arizona </td> <td>3,420,585 </td> <td>5,133,804 </td> <td>66.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas </td> <td>1,223,675 </td> <td>2,178,328 </td> <td>56.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>California </td> <td>17,785,151 </td> <td>25,840,035 </td> <td>68.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado </td> <td>3,295,666 </td> <td>4,297,225 </td> <td>76.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Connecticut </td> <td>1,861,086 </td> <td>2,655,214 </td> <td>70.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delaware </td> <td>509,241 </td> <td>745,131 </td> <td>68.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>District of Columbia </td> <td>346,491 </td> <td>503,118 </td> <td>68.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida </td> <td>11,144,855 </td> <td>15,742,624 </td> <td>70.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia </td> <td>5,023,159 </td> <td>7,490,838 </td> <td>67.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii </td> <td>579,784 </td> <td>1,047,466 </td> <td>55.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idaho </td> <td>878,527 </td> <td>1,352,914 </td> <td>64.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois </td> <td>6,050,000 </td> <td>9,095,238 </td> <td>66.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana </td> <td>3,068,542 </td> <td>5,025,421 </td> <td>61.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa </td> <td>1,700,130 </td> <td>2,360,125 </td> <td>72.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kansas </td> <td>1,375,125 </td> <td>2,112,458 </td> <td>65.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky </td> <td>2,150,954 </td> <td>3,339,511 </td> <td>64.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana </td> <td>2,169,401 </td> <td>3,382,286 </td> <td>64.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maine </td> <td>828,305 </td> <td>1,106,276 </td> <td>74.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland </td> <td>3,066,945 </td> <td>4,416,326 </td> <td>69.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Massachusetts </td> <td>3,658,005 </td> <td>5,129,755 </td> <td>71.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan </td> <td>5,579,317 </td> <td>7,615,249 </td> <td>73.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota </td> <td>3,292,997 </td> <td>4,157,411 </td> <td>79.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi </td> <td>1,325,000 </td> <td>2,185,433 </td> <td>60.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri </td> <td>3,026,028 </td> <td>4,620,290 </td> <td>65.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana </td> <td>612,075 </td> <td>857,955 </td> <td>71.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nebraska </td> <td>966,920 </td> <td>1,400,069 </td> <td>69.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nevada </td> <td>1,407,754 </td> <td>2,191,188 </td> <td>64.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Hampshire </td> <td>814,499 </td> <td>1,101,294 </td> <td>73.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Jersey </td> <td>4,635,585 </td> <td>6,435,019 </td> <td>72.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Mexico </td> <td>928,230 </td> <td>1,534,600 </td> <td>60.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York </td> <td>8,690,139 </td> <td>14,081,957 </td> <td>61.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Carolina </td> <td>5,545,848 </td> <td>7,811,002 </td> <td>71.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota </td> <td>364,251 </td> <td>577,567 </td> <td>63.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio </td> <td>5,974,121 </td> <td>8,906,277 </td> <td>67.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma </td> <td>1,565,000 </td> <td>2,875,494 </td> <td>54.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oregon </td> <td>2,413,890 </td> <td>3,204,224 </td> <td>75.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania </td> <td>6,958,551 </td> <td>9,950,392 </td> <td>69.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhode Island </td> <td>522,488 </td> <td>828,194 </td> <td>63.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Carolina </td> <td>2,533,010 </td> <td>3,914,642 </td> <td>64.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota </td> <td>427,529 </td> <td>651,554 </td> <td>65.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee </td> <td>3,065,000 </td> <td>5,174,225 </td> <td>59.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas </td> <td>11,350,000 </td> <td>18,982,171 </td> <td>59.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utah </td> <td>1,515,845 </td> <td>2,255,175 </td> <td>67.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermont </td> <td>370,968 </td> <td>520,641 </td> <td>71.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virginia </td> <td>4,523,142 </td> <td>6,300,717 </td> <td>71.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Washington </td> <td>4,116,894 </td> <td>5,465,496 </td> <td>75.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia </td> <td>802,726 </td> <td>1,403,699 </td> <td>57.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin </td> <td>3,308,805 </td> <td>3,903,771 </td> <td>75.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wyoming </td> <td>278,503 </td> <td>430,161 </td> <td>64.74% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_voter_turnout">History of voter turnout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of voter turnout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png/500px-USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png/750px-USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png/1000px-USA_Presidential_Elections_Turnout_by_Share_of_Population.png 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. The black line is the total turnout, while colored lines reflect votes for major parties. This chart represents the number of votes cast as a percentage of the total population, and does not compare either of those quantities with the percentage of the population that was eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century:_Universal_white_male_suffrage">Early 19th century: Universal white male suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 19th century: Universal white male suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gradual expansion of the right to vote from only property-owning men to including all white men over 21 was an important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older states with property restrictions dropped them, namely all but <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> by the mid-1820s. No new states had property qualifications, although three had adopted tax-paying qualifications – <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long-lasting.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the <a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a> of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for any resident born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of the local parties. These parties systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult male population in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860 – Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input followed. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1832</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> conducted the nation's first <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">presidential nominating convention</a>. Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1870s:_African_American_male_suffrage">1870s: African American male suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1870s: African American male suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1870 gave African American men the right to vote. The first record of a black man voting after the amendment's adoption was when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mundy_Peterson" title="Thomas Mundy Peterson">Thomas Mundy Peterson</a> cast his vote on March 31, 1870 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey in a referendum election, adopting a revised city charter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Reconstruction (1865–1877), sixteen black men served in Congress, and 2,000 black men served in elected local state and federal positions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this historic expansion of rights resulted in significant increases in the eligible voting population and may have contributed to the increases in the proportion of votes cast for president as a percentage of the total population during the 1870s, there does not seem to have been a significant long-term increase in the percentage of eligible voters who turn out for the poll. <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States vs. Reese</a> (1876), the first supreme court decision interpreting the fifteenth amendment, may have set the cause of African American male suffrage back again. In United States vs. Reese (1876), the supreme court upheld limitations on suffrage, including <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> that exempted citizens from other voting requirements if their grandfathers had been registered voters. The Court also stated that the amendment "does not confer the right of suffrage to anyone," but it "invests citizens of the United States with the right of exemption from discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subtle distinction between suffrage and the right to be exempt from discrimination may have legitimized the disenfranchisement of blacks. The <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchisement of most African Americans and many poor whites</a> in the South during the years 1890–1910 likely contributed to the decline in overall voter turnout percentages during those years visible in the chart above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1920s:_Women's_suffrage"><span id="Early_1920s:_Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Early 1920s: Women's suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 1920s: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no systematic collection of voter turnout data by gender at a national level before 1964, but smaller local studies indicate a low turnout among female voters in the years following <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage in the United States</a>. For example, a 1924 study of voter turnout in Chicago found that "female Chicagoans were far less likely to have visited the polls on Election Day than were men in both the 1920 presidential election (46% vs. 75%) and the 1923 mayoral contest (35% vs. 63%)."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study compared reasons given by male and female non-voters and found that female non-voters were more likely to cite general indifference to politics and ignorance or timidity regarding elections than male non-voters, and that female voters were less likely to cite fear of loss of business or wages. Most significantly, however, 11% of female non-voters in the survey cited a "Disbelief in woman's voting" as the reason they did not vote. </p><p>With the exception of 1916, voter turnout declined in the decades preceding women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this decline, from the 1900s until 1920, several states passed laws supporting women's suffrage. Women were granted the right to vote in Wyoming in 1869, before the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Wyoming">territory</a> had become a full <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">union</a>. In 1889, when the Wyoming constitution was drafted in preparation for statehood, it included women's suffrage. Thus Wyoming was also the first full state to grant women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, Colorado was the first state to amend an existing constitution in order to grant women the right to vote, and several other states followed, including Utah and Idaho in 1896, Washington State in 1910, California in 1911, Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona in 1912, Alaska and Illinois in 1913, Montana and Nevada in 1914, New York in 1917; Michigan, South Dakota, and Oklahoma in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these suffrage laws expanded the body of eligible voters, and because women were less likely to vote than men, each of these expansions created a decline in voter turnout rates, culminating with the extremely low turnouts in the 1920 and 1924 elections after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of systematic data tracking voter turnout in presidential elections before 1964 makes speculation on the <a href="/wiki/Voting_gender_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting gender gap">voting gender gap</a> before 1964 challenging. The data from 1964 indicates that the gender gap waned from 1964 until 1976. From 1976 onward, women have consistently turned out in higher numbers than men for presidential elections.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age,_education,_and_income"><span id="Age.2C_education.2C_and_income"></span>Age, education, and income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age, education, and income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age,_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/400px-Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/600px-Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/800px-Voter_Turnout_by_Sex_and_Age%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Voter turnout by sex and age for the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election</figcaption></figure> <p>Age, income, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a> are significant factors affecting voter turnout. Educational attainment is perhaps the best predictor of voter turnout, and in the 2008 election, those holding advanced degrees were three times more likely to vote than those with less than high school education. Income correlated well with the likelihood of voting as well.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income correlation may be because of a correlation between income and educational attainment, rather than a direct effect of income.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The age difference is associated with youth voter turnout. Some argue that "age is an important factor in understanding voting blocs and differences" on various issues.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that young people are typically "plagued" by political apathy and thus do not have strong political opinions. As strong political opinions may be considered one of the reasons behind voting,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political apathy among young people is arguably a predictor for low voter turnout. One study found that potential young voters are more willing to commit to voting when they see pictures of younger candidates running for elections/office or voting for other candidates, surmising that young Americans are "voting at higher and similar rates to other Americans when there is a candidate under the age of 35 years running".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, since most candidates running for office are pervasively over the age of 35 years,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> youth may not be actively voting in these elections because of a lack of representation or visibility in the political process. </p><p>Recent decades have seen increasing concern over the fact that youth voter turnout is consistently lower than turnout among older generations. Several programs to increase the rates of voting among young people – such as MTV's "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Vote" title="Rock the Vote">Rock the Vote</a>" (founded in 1990) and the "<a href="/wiki/Citizen_Change" title="Citizen Change">Vote or Die</a>" initiative (starting in 2004) – may have marginally increased turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25 to vote. However, the <i>Stanford Social Innovation Review</i> found no evidence of a decline in youth voter turnout. In fact, they argue that "Millennials are turning out at similar rates to the previous two generations when they face their first elections."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment,_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/400px-Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/600px-Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/800px-Voter_Turnout_by_Educational_Attainment%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Rates in voting in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election by educational attainment</figcaption></figure> <p>Education is another factor considered to have a major impact on voter turnout rates. A study by Burman investigated the relationship between formal education levels and voter turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-The_dynamic_effects_of_education_on_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_dynamic_effects_of_education_on-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study demonstrated the effect of rising enrollment in college education circa 1980s, which resulted in an increase in voter turnout. However, "this was not true for political knowledge";<sup id="cite_ref-The_dynamic_effects_of_education_on_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_dynamic_effects_of_education_on-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rise in education levels did not have any impact in identifying those with political knowledge (a signifier of civic engagement) until the 1980s election, when college education became a distinguishing factor in identifying civic participation. This article poses a multifaceted perspective on the effect of education levels on voter turnout. Based on this article, one may surmise that education has become a more powerful predictor of civic participation, discriminating more between voters and non-voters. However, this was not true for political knowledge; education levels were not a signifier of political knowledge. Gallego (2010) also contends that voter turnout tends to be higher in localities where voting mechanisms have been established and are easy to operate – i.e. voter turnout and participation tends to be high in instances where registration has been initiated by the state and the number of electoral parties is small. </p><p>One may contend that ease of access – and not education level – may be an indicator of voting behavior. Presumably larger, more urban cities will have greater budgets/resources/infrastructure dedicated to elections, which is why youth may have higher turnout rates in those cities versus more rural areas. Though youth in larger (that is, urban) cities tend to be more educated than those in rural areas (Marcus & Krupnick, 2017), perhaps there is an external variable (i.e. election infrastructure) at play. Smith and Tolbert's (2005) research reiterates that the presence of ballot initiatives and portals within a state have a positive effect on voter turnout. Another correlated finding in his study (Snyder, 2011) was that education is less important as a predictor of voter turnout in states than tend to spend more on education. Moreover, Snyder's (2011) research suggests that students are more likely to vote than non-students. It may be surmised that an increase of state investment in electoral infrastructure facilitates and education policy and programs results in increase voter turnout among youth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voter_Turnout_by_Income,_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/400px-Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/600px-Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/800px-Voter_Turnout_by_Income%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Rates of voting in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election by income</figcaption></figure> <p>Wealthier people tend to vote at higher rates. Harder and Krosnick (2008) contend that some of the reasons for this may be due to "differences in motivation or ability (sometimes both)" (Harder and Krosnick, 2008), or that less wealthy people have less energy, time, or resources to allot towards voting. Another potential reason may be that more affluent people believe they have more at stake if they don't vote than those with less income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_gap">Gender gap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gender gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1980, the voting gender gap has completely reversed, with a higher proportion of women voting than men in each of the last nine presidential elections. The Center for American Women and Politics summarizes how this trend can be measured differently both in terms of proportion of voters to non-voters, and in terms of the bulk number of votes cast. "In every presidential election since 1980, the <i>proportion</i> of eligible female adults who voted has exceeded the <i>proportion</i> of eligible male adults who voted [...]. In all presidential elections prior to 1980, the voter turnout rate for women was lower than the rate for men. The <i>number</i> of female voters has exceeded the <i>number</i> of male voters in every presidential election since 1969..."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gender gap has been a determining factor in several recent presidential elections, as women have been consistently about 15% more likely to support the candidate of the Democratic Party than the Republican candidate in each election since 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity,_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/400px-Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/600px-Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png/800px-Voter_Turnout_by_Race-Ethnicity%2C_2008_US_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Voter turnout in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election by race/ethnicity</figcaption></figure> <p>Race and ethnicity has had an effect on voter turnout in recent years, with data from recent elections such as 2008 showing much lower turnout among people identifying as Hispanic or Asian ethnicity than other voters (see chart to the right). One factor impacting voter turnout of Black Americans is that, as of the 2000 election, 13% of Black American males are reportedly ineligible to vote nationwide because of a prior felony conviction; in certain states – Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi – disenfranchisement rates for Black American males in the 2000 election were around 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_eligibility_factors">Other eligibility factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other eligibility factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felony disenfranchisement in the United States</a></div> <p>Another factor influencing statistics on voter turnout is the percentage of the country's voting-age population<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who are ineligible to vote due to non-citizen status or prior felony convictions. In a 2001 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._McDonald" title="Michael P. McDonald">Michael P. McDonald</a> and Samuel Popkin argued, that at least in the United States, voter turnout since 1972 has not actually declined when calculated for those eligible to vote, what they term the voting-eligible population.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1972, noncitizens and ineligible felons (depending on state law) constituted about 2% of the voting-age population. By 2004, ineligible voters constituted nearly 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ineligible voters are not evenly distributed across the country. For example, roughly 15% of California's voting-age population is ineligible to vote, which confounds comparisons of states.<sup id="cite_ref-electproject_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electproject-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States">Voter registration in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeyssar2009" class="citation book cs1">Keyssar, Alexander (2009). <i>The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States</i> (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465005024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465005024"><bdi>978-0465005024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote%3A+the+Contested+History+of+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0465005024&rft.aulast=Keyssar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstoneHansen2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenstone, Steven J.; Hansen, John Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobilizationpart0000rose"><i>Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America</i></a>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-12186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-12186-8"><bdi>978-0-321-12186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilization%2C+participation%2C+and+democracy+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-321-12186-8&rft.aulast=Rosenstone&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+John+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobilizationpart0000rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/documents/4227/federalelections2020.pdf">"Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives in 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.fec.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fec.gov&rft.atitle=Election+Results+for+the+U.S.+President%2C+the+U.S.+Senate+and+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives+in+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fdocuments%2F4227%2Ffederalelections2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionlab.mit.edu/articles/medsl-explains-voter-turnout">"MEDSL Explains: Voter Turnout | MIT Election Lab"</a>. <i>electionlab.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=electionlab.mit.edu&rft.atitle=MEDSL+Explains%3A+Voter+Turnout+%7C+MIT+Election+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectionlab.mit.edu%2Farticles%2Fmedsl-explains-voter-turnout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldPopkin2001" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, Michael P.; Popkin, Samuel L. (December 2001). "The Myth of the Vanishing Voter". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>95</b> (4): 963–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055400400134">10.1017/S0003055400400134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117725">3117725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141727274">141727274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Vanishing+Voter&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=963-974&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141727274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3117725%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055400400134&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Popkin%2C+Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/faq/denominator">"Denominator – United States Elections Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denominator+%E2%80%93+United+States+Elections+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electproject.org%2Fhome%2Fvoter-turnout%2Ffaq%2Fdenominator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://election.lab.ufl.edu/voter-turnout/">https://election.lab.ufl.edu/voter-turnout/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/voter-turnout-in-presidential-elections">"Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>The American PresidencyProject</i>. October 15, 2024 [2004]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2024</span>. <q><i>Voting Age Population</i> is typically calculated based on census data ('resident population [21 or 18] years and older'). <i>Voting Eligible Population</i> is an attempt to more precisely determine the size of the U.S. electorate, by counting only those Americans who have a legal right to vote. The estimates of noncitizen residents and disenfranchised felons have been carried out mostly by Professor Michael McDonald.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+PresidencyProject&rft.atitle=Voter+Turnout+in+Presidential+Elections&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fstatistics%2Fdata%2Fvoter-turnout-in-presidential-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present">national-1789-present – United States Elections Project</a> <i>These numbers are taken from Vital Statistics of American Politics (CQ Press, Stanley and Niemi, eds.). Turnout rates from 1948–present are reported here and pre-1948 turnout rates are from Walter Dean Burnham [“The Turnout Problem” in Elections American Style ed., Reichley (Brookings: Washington D.C., 1987)], to whom I and many others are deeply indebted.</i> <br /> <i>Of course, historical turnout rates are calculated from data of dubious accuracy and are at times incomplete when statistics on a class of enfranchised population – such white male property owners who meet a religious test – must be estimated. However, these historical turnout rates are regarded as the most accurate available.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://election.lab.ufl.edu/2024-general-election-turnout/">"2024 General Election Turnout UF Election Lab"</a>. University of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+General+Election+Turnout+UF+Election+Lab&rft.pub=University+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felection.lab.ufl.edu%2F2024-general-election-turnout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald" class="citation web cs1">McDonald, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://election.lab.ufl.edu/dataset/1980-2022-general-election-turnout-rates/">"1980–2022 General Election Turnout Rates (v1.0) UF Election Lab"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980%E2%80%932022+General+Election+Turnout+Rates+%28v1.0%29+UF+Election+Lab&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felection.lab.ufl.edu%2Fdataset%2F1980-2022-general-election-turnout-rates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electproject.org/election-data/voter-turnout-data">"National Turnout Rates, 1787–2018" (United States Election Project)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyssar2000" class="citation book cs1">Keyssar, Alexander (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttovote00alex"><i>The right to vote : the contested history of democracy in the United States</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 26–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02969-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+vote+%3A+the+contested+history+of+democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-52&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02969-3&rft.aulast=Keyssar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighttovote00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refEngerman2005">Engerman</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2012" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSQOiy6uZUC&pg=PT337"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People</i></a> (6th ed.). 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"Age, ambition, and the local charter: a study in voting behavior". <i>The Social Science Journal</i>, 37(1), pp. 19–26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurden2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burden, Barry C. (2009). "The dynamic effects of education on voter turnout". <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 540–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2009.05.027">10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=The+dynamic+effects+of+education+on+voter+turnout&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-549&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2009.05.027&rft.aulast=Burden&rft.aufirst=Barry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gallego, A. (2010). "Understanding unequal turnout: Education and voting in comparative perspective". <i>Electoral Studies</i>, 29(2), pp. 239–248.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman,_C.2018" class="citation web cs1">Gershman, C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124145906/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/democracy-and-democracies-crisis">"Democracy and Democracies in Crisis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/democracy-and-democracies-crisis">the original</a> on November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Democracies+in+Crisis&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Gershman%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaffairsjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fdemocracy-and-democracies-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harder, J. and Krosnick, J. (2008). "Why Do People Vote? A Psychological Analysis of the Causes of Voter Turnout". '<i>Journal of Social Issues</i>, 64(3), pp. 525–549.</li> <li>Marcus, J., & Krupnick, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/09/the-rural-higher-education-crisis/541188/">"The Rural Higher-Education Crisis"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</li> <li>Maslow, A. (1943). "A theory of human motivation". <i>Psychological Review</i>, 50(4), pp. 370–396.</li> <li>McDonald, Michael, United States Elections Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electproject.org/home">US Elections Project</a></li> <li>Munsey, C. (2008). "Why do we vote?". American Psychological Association.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomanteSchraufnagel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pomante, Michael J.; Schraufnagel, Scot (2015). "Candidate Age and Youth Voter Turnout". <i>American Politics Research</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 479–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673x14554829">10.1177/1532673x14554829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156019567">156019567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Research&rft.atitle=Candidate+Age+and+Youth+Voter+Turnout&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=479-503&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673x14554829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156019567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pomante&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Schraufnagel%2C+Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Snyder, R. (2011). "The impact of age, education, political knowledge and political context on voter turnout". <i>UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, And Capstones</i>.</li> <li>Struyk, R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/10/politics/democrats-age-problem/index.html">"The Democratic Party has an age problem"</a>. CNN. [Accessed June 9, 2018].</li> <li><i>The Economist</i> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/10/29/why-young-people-dont-vote">"Why young people don't vote"</a>. [Accessed June 9, 2018].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolbertSmith2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tolbert, Caroline J.; Smith, Daniel A. (2005). "The Educative Effects of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout". <i>American Politics Research</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 283–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673x04271904">10.1177/1532673x04271904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154470262">154470262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Research&rft.atitle=The+Educative+Effects+of+Ballot+Initiatives+on+Voter+Turnout&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-309&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673x04271904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154470262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tolbert&rft.aufirst=Caroline+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoter+turnout+in+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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