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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pisa</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Pisa" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Pisa" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pisa" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the leaning tower, see <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pisa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pisa (disambiguation)">Pisa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Pisa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PEE</span>-zə</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈpiːza]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f5\/It-Pisa.ogg\/It-Pisa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Pisa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/It-Pisa.ogg/It-Pisa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Pisa.ogg" title="File:It-Pisa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈpiːsa]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a city and <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i> (municipality) in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, central Italy, straddling the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> just before it empties into the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>. It is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pisa" title="Province of Pisa">Province of Pisa</a>. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">leaning tower</a>, the city contains more than twenty other historic churches, several medieval palaces, and bridges across the Arno. Much of the city's architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a>. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pisa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Comune di Pisa</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_-_Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historic centre of Pisa on the Arno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Italy_-_Pisa.jpg/268px-Italy_-_Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Italy_-_Pisa.jpg/402px-Italy_-_Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Italy_-_Pisa.jpg/536px-Italy_-_Pisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="3357"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Historic centre of Pisa on the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leaning Tower of Pisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/82px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="82" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/123px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/164px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3875"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa.Duomo01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pisa Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pisa.Duomo01.jpg/182px-Pisa.Duomo01.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pisa.Duomo01.jpg/273px-Pisa.Duomo01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pisa.Duomo01.jpg/364px-Pisa.Duomo01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1329"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Baptistry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pisa Baptistery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/91px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/137px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/182px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="2517"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pisa Baptistery">Pisa Baptistery</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Campo Santo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG/173px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG/260px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG/346px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2492"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale_di_Pisa" title="Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa">Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scuola Normale Superiore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/268px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/402px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/536px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1732"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Cavalieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza dei Cavalieri">Piazza dei Cavalieri</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pisa"><img alt="Flag of Pisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pisa"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pisa-Stemma.svg/78px-Pisa-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pisa-Stemma.svg/117px-Pisa-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pisa-Stemma.svg/156px-Pisa-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="500"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Pisa</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_56699b56850a2fcc1eaac8c440483e695a08ddaf"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pisa&revid=1257572717&groups=_56699b56850a2fcc1eaac8c440483e695a08ddaf" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pisa&revid=1257572717&groups=_56699b56850a2fcc1eaac8c440483e695a08ddaf 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pisa is located in Italy"><img alt="Pisa is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.438%;left:32.813%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pisa"><img alt="Pisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pisa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Pisa in Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pisa is located in Tuscany"><img alt="Pisa is located in Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="822"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.792%;left:27.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pisa"><img alt="Pisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pisa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Pisa (Tuscany)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tuscany</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pisa&params=43_43_N_10_24_E_region:IT_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.717°N 10.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.717; 10.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pisa" title="Province of Pisa">Pisa</a> (PI)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/Calambrone" title="Calambrone">Calambrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coltano" title="Coltano">Coltano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marina_di_Pisa" title="Marina di Pisa">Marina di Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Piero_a_Grado,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="San Piero a Grado, Pisa">San Piero a Grado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirrenia" title="Tirrenia">Tirrenia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Conti_(politician)" title="Michele Conti (politician)">Michele Conti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">185 km<sup>2</sup> (71 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(July 31, 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">98,778<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pisano<br>Pisan (English)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">56121–56128</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">050</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/050/050026">050026 </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rainerius" title="Rainerius">San Ranieri</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th><td class="infobox-data">June 17</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.pisa.it">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, which has a history going back to the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a>, founded by Napoleon in 1810, and its offshoot, the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gradscuola/_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gradscuola/-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancient_times"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#11th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">11th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#12th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">12th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#13th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">13th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Decline"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Decline</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gioco_del_Ponte"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Gioco del Ponte</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Festivals_and_cultural_events"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals and cultural events</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Population"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Population</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Main_sights"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Main sights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Churches"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Churches</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Palaces,_towers_and_villas"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Palaces, towers and villas</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Football"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Shooting"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Shooting</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Airport"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Airport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Pisamover"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pisamover</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Buses"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Buses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Trains"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Trains</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Motorway"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Motorway</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sister cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pisa" title="Timeline of Pisa">Timeline of Pisa</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pisa" title="Special:EditPage/Pisa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pisa%22">"Pisa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pisa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pisa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pisa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pisa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pisa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Most believe the hypothesis that the origin of the name Pisa comes from <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> and means 'mouth', as Pisa is at the mouth of the Arno river.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although throughout history there have been several uncertainties about the origin of the city of Pisa, excavations made in the 1980s and 1990s found numerous archaeological remains, including the fifth century BC tomb of an Etruscan prince, proving the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> origin of the city, and its role as a maritime city, showing that it also maintained trade relations with other Mediterranean civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> authors referred to Pisa as an old city. <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, states that Pisa was already a great center by the times described; and gives the epithet of <i>Alphēae</i> to the city because it was said to have been founded by colonists from <a href="/wiki/Pisa,_Greece" title="Pisa, Greece">Pisa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elis" title="Elis">Elis</a>, near which the <a href="/wiki/Alfeios" title="Alfeios">Alpheius river</a> flowed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Virgilian commentator <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> wrote that the Teuti founded the town 13 centuries before the start of the common era. </p><p>The maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Ram_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram bow">naval ram</a>. Pisa took advantage of being the only port along the western coast between <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> (then a small village) and <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a>. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Liguri" class="mw-redirect" title="Liguri">Ligurians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>. In 180 BC, it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Portus Pisanus</i></span>. In 89 BC, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Portus Pisanus</i></span> became a <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia Iulia obsequens</i></span>. </p><p>Pisa supposedly was founded on the shore, but due to the alluvial sediments from the Arno and the Serchio, whose mouth lies about 11 km (7 mi) north of the Arno's, the shore moved west. Strabo states that the city was 4.0 km (2.5 mi) away from the coast. Currently, it is located 9.7 km (6 mi) from the coast. However, it was a maritime city, with ships sailing up the Arno.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 90s AD, a <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero_(Pisa)" title="Baths of Nero (Pisa)">baths complex</a> was built in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages">Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg/300px-Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg/300px-Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg/450px-Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg/600px-Pisa_Map_V_century_a.C..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hypothetical map of Pisa in the fifth century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, Pisa did not decline as much as the other cities of Italy, probably due to the complexity of its river system and its consequent ease of defence. In the seventh century, Pisa helped <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> by supplying numerous ships in his military expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (what "military expedition by Pope Gregory against the Byzantine Empire"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>): Pisa was the sole Byzantine centre of <a href="/wiki/Toscana" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana">Tuscia</a> to fall peacefully in <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> hands, through assimilation with the neighbouring region where their trading interests were prevalent. Pisa began in this way its rise to the role of main port of the Upper Tyrrhenian Sea and became the main trading centre between Tuscany and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and the southern coasts of France and Spain. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> had defeated the Lombards under the command of <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> in 774, Pisa went through a crisis, but soon recovered. Politically, it became part of the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. In 860, Pisa was captured by <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">vikings</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a>. In 930, Pisa became the county centre (status it maintained until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>) within the mark of <a href="/wiki/Tuscia" title="Tuscia">Tuscia</a>. Lucca was the capital but Pisa was the most important city, as in the middle of tenth century <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, called Pisa <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tusciae provinciae caput</i></span> ("capital of the province of Tuscia"), and a century later, the marquis of Tuscia was commonly referred to as "marquis of Pisa". In 1003, Pisa was the protagonist of the first <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communal</a> war in Italy, against Lucca. From the naval point of view, since the ninth century, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> pirates prompted the city to expand its fleet. In the following years, this fleet gave the town an opportunity for more expansion. In 828, Pisan ships assaulted the coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In 871, they took part in the defence of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> from the Saracens. In 970, they gave also strong support to <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I's</a> expedition, defeating a Byzantine fleet in front of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrese</a> coasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 11th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg/300px-Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="1710"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg/300px-Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg" data-width="300" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg/450px-Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg/600px-Pisa_Map_XI_century_b.C..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hypothetical map of Pisa in the 11th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The power of Pisa as a maritime nation began to grow and reached its apex in the 11th century, when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> of Italy (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Repubbliche_Marinare" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubbliche Marinare">Repubbliche Marinare</a></i></span>). </p><p>At that time, the city was a very important commercial centre and controlled a significant <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> merchant fleet and navy. It expanded its powers in 1005 through the sack of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></i></span> in the south of Italy. Pisa was in continuous conflict with some '<a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>' - a medieval term to refer to Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> - who had their bases in Corsica, for control of the Mediterranean. In 1017, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">Giudicati</a> were militarily supported by Pisa, in alliance with Genoa, to defeat the Saracen King Mugahid, who had settled a logistic base in the north of Sardinia the year before. This victory gave Pisa supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>. When the Pisans subsequently ousted the Genoese from Sardinia, a new conflict and rivalry was born between these major marine republics. Between 1030 and 1035, Pisa went on to defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In 1051–1052, the admiral Jacopo Ciurini conquered <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, provoking more resentment from the Genoese. In 1063, Admiral Giovanni Orlandi, coming to the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> from the Saracen pirates. The gold treasure taken from the Saracens in Palermo allowed the Pisans to start the building of their cathedral and the other monuments which constitute the famous <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza del Duomo, Pisa">Piazza del Duomo</a></i></span>. </p><p>In 1060, Pisa engaged in its first battle with <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The Pisan victory helped to consolidate its position in the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> recognised in 1077 the new "Laws and customs of the sea" instituted by the Pisans, and emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> granted them the right to name their own consuls, advised by a council of elders. This was simply a confirmation of the present situation, because in those years, the marquis had already been excluded from power. In 1092, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> awarded Pisa the supremacy over Corsica and Sardinia, and at the same time raising the town to the rank of archbishopric. </p><p>Pisa sacked the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in 1088. Four years later, Pisan and Genoese ships helped <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Castilla">Alfonso VI of Castilla</a> to push <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>. A Pisan fleet of 120 ships also took part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, and the Pisans were instrumental in the taking of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 1099. On their way to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, the ships did not miss the occasion to sack some Byzantine islands; the Pisan crusaders were led by their archbishop <a href="/wiki/Daibert" class="mw-redirect" title="Daibert">Daibert</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">patriarch of Jerusalem</a>. Pisa and the other <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Repubbliche Marinare</i></span> took advantage of the crusade to establish trading posts and colonies in the Eastern coastal cities of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. In particular, the Pisans founded colonies in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antiochia</a>, Acre, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, and Accone. They also had other possessions in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, plus smaller colonies (with lesser autonomy) in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and of course <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius I Comnenus">Alexius I Comnenus</a> granted them special mooring and trading rights. In all these cities, the Pisans were granted privileges and immunity from taxation, but had to contribute to the defence in case of attack. In the 12th century, the Pisan quarter in the eastern part of Constantinople had grown to 1,000 people. For some years of that century, Pisa was the most prominent commercial and military ally of the Byzantine Empire, overcoming <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century">12th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 12th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1113, Pisa and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> set up, together with the count of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and other contingents from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and Italy (Genoese excluded), <a href="/wiki/1113-1115_Balearic_Islands_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="1113-1115 Balearic Islands expedition">a war to free the Balearic Islands</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>; the queen and the king of <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> were brought in chains to Tuscany. Though the <a href="/wiki/Almoravides" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravides">Almoravides</a> soon reconquered the island, the booty taken helped the Pisans in their magnificent programme of buildings, especially the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza del Duomo, Pisa">cathedral</a>, and Pisa gained a role of pre-eminence in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">Western Mediterranean</a>. </p><p>In the following years, the powerful Pisan fleet, led by archbishop <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Moriconi" title="Pietro Moriconi">Pietro Moriconi</a>, drove away the Saracens after ferocious battles. Though short-lived, this Pisan success in Spain increased the rivalry with Genoa. Pisa's trade with <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noli" title="Noli">Noli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Fréjus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>) were an obstacle to Genoese interests in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fos-sur-Mer" title="Fos-sur-Mer">Fos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antibes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. </p><p>The war began in 1119 when the Genoese attacked several galleys on their way home to the motherland, and lasted until 1133. The two cities fought each other on land and at sea, but hostilities were limited to raids and pirate-like assaults. </p><p>In June 1135, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> took a leading part in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa_(1135)" title="Council of Pisa (1135)">Council of Pisa</a>, asserting the claims of Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent II">Innocent II</a> against those of Pope <a href="/wiki/Anacletus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anacletus II">Anacletus II</a>, who had been elected pope in 1130 with <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> support, but was not recognised outside Rome. Innocent II resolved the conflict with Genoa, establishing Pisan and Genoese spheres of influence. Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, one of the maritime republics (though already declining under Norman rule), was conquered on August 6, 1136; the Pisans destroyed the ships in the port, assaulted the castles in the surrounding areas, and drove back an army sent by Roger from <a href="/wiki/Aversa" title="Aversa">Aversa</a>. This victory brought Pisa to the peak of its power and to a standing equal to Venice. Two years later, its soldiers sacked <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg/220px-Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg/220px-Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg/330px-Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg/440px-Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>New city walls, erected in 1156 by Consul Cocco Griffi</figcaption></figure> <p>In the following years, Pisa was one of the staunchest supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> party. This was much appreciated by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a>. He issued in 1162 and 1165 two important documents, with these grants: Apart from the jurisdiction over the Pisan countryside, the Pisans were granted freedom of trade in the whole empire, the coast from <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portovenere" class="mw-redirect" title="Portovenere">Portovenere</a>, a half of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, the whole of <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Mazara del Vallo">Mazara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, and a street with houses for its merchants in every city of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. Some of these grants were later confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto IV">Otto IV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>. They marked the apex of Pisa's power, but also spurred the resentment of other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massa,_Tuscany" title="Massa, Tuscany">Massa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, thwarting their aim to expand towards the sea. The clash with Lucca also concerned the possession of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Montignoso" title="Montignoso">Montignoso</a> and mainly the control of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Via_Francigena" title="Via Francigena">Via Francigena</a></i></span>, the main trade route between Rome and France. Last, but not least, such a sudden and large increase of power by Pisa could only lead to another war with Genoa. </p><p>Genoa had acquired a dominant position in the markets of southern France. The war began in 1165 on the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, when an attack on a convoy, directed to some Pisan trade centres on the river, by the Genoese and their ally, the count of <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, failed. Pisa, though, was allied to Provence. The war continued until 1175 without significant victories. Another point of attrition was <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, where both the cities had privileges granted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>. In 1192, Pisa managed to conquer Messina. This episode was followed by a series of battles culminating in the Genoese conquest of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> in 1204. Later, the trading posts in Sicily were lost when the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, though removing the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> cast over Pisa by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a>, allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph League</a> of Tuscany, led by Florence. Soon, he stipulated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Wrong word? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a pact with Genoa, too, further weakening the Pisan presence in southern Italy. </p><p>To counter the Genoese predominance in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Pisa strengthened its relationship with its traditional Spanish and French bases (Marseille, <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, etc.) and tried to defy the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. In 1180, the two cities agreed to a nonaggression treaty in the Tyrrhenian and the Adriatic, but the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Comnenus">Manuel Comnenus</a> in Constantinople changed the situation. Soon, attacks on Venetian convoys were made. Pisa signed trade and political pacts with <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>; in 1195, a Pisan fleet reached Pola to defend its independence from Venice, but the Serenissima soon reconquered the rebel sea town. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:548px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Piazza dei Miracoli"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg/540px-Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="540" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 540px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg/540px-Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="540" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg/810px-Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg/1080px-Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_del_Duomo_Pisa_7.jpg" title="File:Piazza del Duomo Pisa 7.jpg"> </a></div><i>View of the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza dei Miracoli</a></i></div></div></div> <p>One year later, the two cities signed a peace treaty, which resulted in favourable conditions for Pisa, but in 1199, the Pisans violated it by blockading the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Brindisi" title="Port of Brindisi">port of Brindisi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>. In the following naval battle, they were defeated by the Venetians. The war that followed ended in 1206 with a treaty in which Pisa gave up all its hopes to expand in the Adriatic, though it maintained the trading posts it had established in the area. From that point on, the two cities were united against the rising power of Genoa and sometimes collaborated to increase the trading benefits in Constantinople. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 13th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1209 in <a href="/wiki/Lerici" title="Lerici">Lerici</a>, two councils for a final resolution of the rivalry with Genoa were held. A 20-year peace treaty was signed, but when in 1220, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> confirmed his supremacy over the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portovenere" class="mw-redirect" title="Portovenere">Portovenere</a>, the Genoese and Tuscan resentment against Pisa grew again. In the following years, Pisa clashed with Lucca in <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a> and was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentines</a> at Castel del Bosco. The strong <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> position of Pisa brought this town diametrically against the Pope, who was in a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and indeed the pope tried to deprive Pisa of its dominions in northern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. </p><p>In 1238, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against the empire, and consequently against Pisa, too. One year later, he excommunicated Frederick II and called for an anti-Empire council to be held in Rome in 1241. On May 3, 1241, a combined fleet of Pisan and Sicilian ships, led by the emperor's son <a href="/wiki/Enzio_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzio of Sardinia">Enzo</a>, attacked a Genoese convoy carrying prelates from northern Italy and France, next to the isle of <a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Giglio" title="Isola del Giglio">Giglio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giglio_(1241)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Giglio (1241)">Battle of Giglio</a>), in front of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>; the Genoese lost 25 ships, while about a thousand sailors, two cardinals, and one bishop were taken prisoner. After this major victory, the council in Rome failed, but Pisa was excommunicated. This extreme measure was only removed in 1257. Anyway, the Tuscan city tried to take advantage of the favourable situation to conquer the Corsican city of <a href="/wiki/Aleria,_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleria, Corsica">Aleria</a> and even lay siege to Genoa itself in 1243. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> republic of Genoa, however, recovered fast from this blow and won back <a href="/wiki/Lerici" title="Lerici">Lerici</a>, conquered by the Pisans some years earlier, in 1256. </p><p>The great expansion in the Mediterranean and the prominence of the merchant class urged a modification in the city's institutes. The system with consuls was abandoned, and in 1230, the new city rulers named a <i>capitano del popolo</i> ("people's chieftain") as civil and military leader. Despite these reforms, the conquered lands and the city itself were harassed by the rivalry between the two families of <a href="/wiki/Della_Gherardesca" class="mw-redirect" title="Della Gherardesca">Della Gherardesca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Visconti of Pisa">Visconti</a>. In 1237 the archbishop and the Emperor Frederick II intervened to reconcile the two rivals, but the strains continued. In 1254, the people rebelled and imposed 12 <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Anziani del Popolo</i></span> ("People's Elders") as their political representatives in the commune. They also supplemented the legislative councils, formed of noblemen, with new People's Councils, composed by the main guilds and by the chiefs of the People's Companies. These had the power to ratify the laws of the Major General Council and the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_45v_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Idealized depiction of Pisa from the 1493 <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decline is said to have begun on August 6, 1284, when the numerically superior fleet of Pisa, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Albertino_Morosini" title="Albertino Morosini">Albertino Morosini</a>, was defeated by the brilliant tactics of the Genoese fleet, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto Zaccaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberto_Doria" title="Oberto Doria">Oberto Doria</a>, in the dramatic naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria</a>. This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered; in 1290, the Genoese destroyed forever the Porto Pisano (Pisa's port), and <a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">covered the land with salt</a>. The region around Pisa did not permit the city to recover from the loss of thousands of sailors from the Meloria, while Liguria guaranteed enough sailors to Genoa. Goods, however, continued to be traded, albeit in reduced quantity, but the end came when the Arno started to change course, preventing the galleys from reaching the city's port up the river. The nearby area also likely became infested with <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. The true end came in 1324, when Sardinia was entirely lost to the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a>. </p><p>Always Ghibelline, Pisa tried to build up its power in the course of the 14th century, and even managed to defeat <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montecatini" title="Battle of Montecatini">Battle of Montecatini</a> (1315), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Uguccione_della_Faggiuola" title="Uguccione della Faggiuola">Uguccione della Faggiuola</a>. Eventually, however, after a long siege, Pisa was occupied by Florentines in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-bantam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bantam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florentines corrupted the <i>capitano del popolo</i> ("people's chieftain"), Giovanni Gambacorta, who at night opened the city gate of San Marco. Pisa was never conquered by an army. In 1409, Pisa was the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa" title="Council of Pisa">council</a> trying to set the question of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Great Schism</a>. In the 15th century, access to the sea became more difficult, as the port was silting up and was cut off from the sea. When in 1494, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> invaded the Italian states to claim the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bantam_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bantam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pisa reclaimed its independence as the Second Pisan Republic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg/220px-Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="2799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 333px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg/220px-Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="333" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg/330px-Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg/440px-Comune_di_Pisa_1875.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bonus certificate of Pisa, issued July 19, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>The new freedom did not last long; 15 years of battles and sieges by the Florentine troops led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_da_Filicaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio da Filicaja (page does not exist)">Antonio da Filicaja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Averardo_Salviati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averardo Salviati (page does not exist)">Averardo Salviati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Capponi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Capponi">Niccolò Capponi</a> were made, but they failed to conquer the city. <a href="/wiki/Vitellozzo_Vitelli" title="Vitellozzo Vitelli">Vitellozzo Vitelli</a> with his brother <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Vitelli_(condottiero)" title="Paolo Vitelli (condottiero)">Paolo</a> were the only ones who actually managed to break the strong defences of Pisa and make a breach in the Stampace bastion in the southern west part of the walls, but he did not enter the city. For that, they were suspected of treachery and Paolo was put to death. However, the resources of Pisa were getting low, and at the end, the city was sold to the Visconti family from Milan and eventually to Florence again. <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> took over the role of the main port of Tuscany. Pisa acquired a mainly cultural role spurred by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, created in 1343, and later reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a> (1810) and <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies</a> (1987). </p><p>Pisa was the birthplace of the important early physicist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. It is still the seat of an <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a>. Besides its educational institutions, it has become a light industrial centre and a railway hub. It suffered repeated destruction during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Since the early 1950s, the US Army has maintained <a href="/wiki/Camp_Darby" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Darby">Camp Darby</a> just outside Pisa, which is used by many US military personnel as a base for vacations in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pisa has a borderline <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Cfa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Csa</i>). The city is characterized by cool to mild winters and hot summers. This transitional climate allows Pisa to have summers with moderate <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>. Rainfall peaks in autumn. <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> is rare. The highest officially recorded temperature was 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) on 22 August 2011 and the lowest was −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) on 12 January 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pisa (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br>(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br>(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br>(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br>(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br>(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br>(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br>(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br>(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br>(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br>(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br>(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br>(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.5<br>(103.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br>(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br>(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br>(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br>(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br>(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br>(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br>(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br>(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br>(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br>(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br>(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br>(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.3<br>(68.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br>(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br>(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br>(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br>(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br>(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br>(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br>(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br>(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br>(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br>(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br>(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br>(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.0<br>(58.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br>(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br>(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br>(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br>(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br>(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br>(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br>(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br>(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br>(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br>(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br>(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br>(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0<br>(50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.8<br>(7.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br>(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br>(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br>(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br>(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br>(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br>(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br>(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br>(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br>(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br>(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br>(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.8<br>(7.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0<br>(2.68) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1<br>(2.48) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0<br>(2.36) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br>(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br>(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br>(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br>(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.6<br>(1.60) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.3<br>(3.95) </td> <td style="background: #3FFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.7<br>(5.07) </td> <td style="background: #35FF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.1<br>(5.16) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.7<br>(3.45) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">879.1<br>(34.62) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br>(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br>(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br>(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br>(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br>(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br>(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br>(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br>(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br>(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br>(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br>(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br>(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.2<br>(50.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.2 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">314.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">286.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.1 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.1 </td> <td style="background: #B5B563; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.0 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,285.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Sun for 1981-2010<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pisa" title="List of mayors of Pisa">List of mayors of Pisa</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gioco_del_Ponte"><i>Gioco del Ponte</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gioco del Ponte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Pisa there was a festival and game <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioco_del_Ponte" class="extiw" title="fr:Gioco del Ponte">fr:Gioco del Ponte</a></i> (Game of the Bridge) which was celebrated (in some form) in Pisa from perhaps the 1200s down to 1807. From the end of the 1400s the game took the form of a mock battle fought upon Pisa's central bridge (<i>Ponte di Mezzo</i>). The participants wore quilted armor and the only offensive weapon allowed was the <i>targone</i>, a shield-shaped, stout board with precisely specified dimensions. Hitting below the belt was not allowed. Two opposing teams started at opposite ends of the bridge. The object of the two opposing teams was to penetrate, drive back, and disperse the opponents' ranks and to thereby drive them backwards off the bridge. The struggle was limited to forty-five minutes. Victory or defeat was immensely important to the team players and their partisans, but sometimes the game was fought to a draw and both sides celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1677 the battle was witnessed by Dutch travelling artist <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a>. He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"While I stayed in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, I went to Pisa to witness the bridge fight there. The fighters arrived fully armored, wearing helmets, each carrying their banner, which was planted at both ends of the bridge, which is quite wide and long. The battle is fought with certain wooden implements made for this purpose, which they wear over their arms and are attached to them, with which they pummel each other so intensely that I saw several of them carried away with bloody and crushed heads. Victory consists of capturing the bridge, in the same way as the fistfights in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> between the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellani_e_Nicolotti" class="extiw" title="it:Castellani e Nicolotti">it:Castellani and the Nicolotti</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1927 the tradition was revived by college students as an elaborate costume parade. In 1935 <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Emanuele III">Vittorio Emanuele III</a> with the royal family witnessed the first revival of a modern version of the game, which has been pursued in the 20th and 21st centuries with some interruptions and varying degrees of enthusiasm by Pisans and their civic institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_cultural_events">Festivals and cultural events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Festivals and cultural events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Capodanno pisano (<a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, March 25)</li> <li>Gioco del Ponte (folklore)</li> <li>Luminara di San Ranieri (folklore, June 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> regata (folklore)</li> <li>Premio Nazionale Letterario Pisa</li> <li>Pisa Book Festival</li> <li>Metarock (<a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> festival)</li> <li>Internet Festival San Ranieri regata (folklore)</li> <li>Turn Off Festival (<a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> festival)</li> <li>Nessiáh (<a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> cultural Festival, November)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,835</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,810</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,620</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,326</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">64,575</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,237</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,468</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">77,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">90,928</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">103,415</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,509</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">98,928</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">85,858</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,002</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Main sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="4544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/330px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/440px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa-Camposanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisa-Camposanto.jpg/220px-Pisa-Camposanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisa-Camposanto.jpg/220px-Pisa-Camposanto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisa-Camposanto.jpg/330px-Pisa-Camposanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisa-Camposanto.jpg/440px-Pisa-Camposanto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Monumental <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Camposanto Monumentale">Campo Santo</a></i></span> in the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza del Duomo, Pisa">Piazza del Duomo</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">bell tower of the cathedral</a>, known as "the leaning Tower of Pisa", is the most famous image of the city, it is one of many works of art and architecture in the city's <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza del Duomo, Pisa">Piazza del Duomo</a></i></span>, also known, since the 20th century, as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Piazza dei Miracoli</i></span> (Square of Miracles), to the north of the old town center. The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Piazza del Duomo</i></span> also houses the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">Duomo</a></i></span> (the Cathedral), the <a href="/wiki/Baptistry_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry (Pisa)">Baptistry</a> and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Camposanto Monumentale">Campo Santo</a></i></span> (the monumental cemetery). The medieval complex includes the above-mentioned four sacred buildings, the hospital and few palaces. All the complex is kept by the <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_(fabrica_ecclesiae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera (fabrica ecclesiae)">Opera (fabrica ecclesiae)</a> della Primaziale Pisana</i>, an old non profit foundation that has operated since the building of the Cathedral in 1063 to maintain the sacred buildings. The area is framed by medieval walls kept by the municipal administration. </p><p>Other sights include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knights%27_Square_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights' Square (Pisa)">Knights' Square</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Piazza dei Cavalieri</i></span>), where the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Palazzo della Carovana</i></span>, with its façade designed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> may be seen. Sited on the square.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_dei_Cavalieri,_Pisa" title="Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa">Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri</a>, church sited on Piazza dei Cavalieri, and also designed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>. It had originally a single nave; two more were added in the 17th century. It houses a <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, and paintings by Vasari, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Fei_(painter)" title="Alessandro Fei (painter)">Alessandro Fei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Chimenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Chimenti">Pontormo</a>. It also contains spoils from the many naval battles between the Cavalieri (Knights of St. Stephan) and the Turks between the 16th and 18th centuries, including the Turkish battle pennant hoisted from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Ali Pacha</a>'s flagship at the 1571 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto,_Pisa" title="San Sisto, Pisa">St. Sixtus</a>. This small church, consecrated in 1133, is also close to the Piazza dei Cavalieri. It was used as a seat of the most important notarial deeds of the town, also hosting the Council of Elders. It is today one of the best preserved early <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> buildings in town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francesco,_Pisa" title="San Francesco, Pisa">St. Francis</a>. The church of San Francesco may have been designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_di_Simone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni di Simone (page does not exist)">Giovanni di Simone</a>, built after 1276. In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated. It has a single nave and a notable belfry, as well as a 15th-century cloister. It houses works by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Empoli" title="Jacopo da Empoli">Jacopo da Empoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Gaddi" title="Taddeo Gaddi">Taddeo Gaddi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santi_di_Tito" title="Santi di Tito">Santi di Tito</a>. In the Gherardesca Chapel are buried <a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a> and his sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Frediano,_Pisa" title="San Frediano, Pisa">San Frediano</a>. This church, built by 1061, has a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> interior with three aisles, with a crucifix from the 12th century. Paintings from the 16th century were added during a restoration, including works by <a href="/wiki/Ventura_Salimbeni" title="Ventura Salimbeni">Ventura Salimbeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Passignano" title="Domenico Passignano">Domenico Passignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Lomi" title="Aurelio Lomi">Aurelio Lomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rutilio_Manetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutilio Manetti">Rutilio Manetti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="San Nicola di Pisa">San Nicola</a>. This medieval church built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313 by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, perhaps by the design of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>. The octagonal belfry is from the second half of the 13th century. The paintings include the <i>Madonna with Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Traini" title="Francesco Traini">Francesco Traini</a> (14th century) and <i>St. Nicholas Saving Pisa from the Plague</i> (15th century). Noteworthy are also the wood sculptures by Giovanni and <a href="/wiki/Nino_Pisano" title="Nino Pisano">Nino Pisano</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Valdambrino" title="Francesco di Valdambrino">Francesco di Valdambrino</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Spina" title="Santa Maria della Spina">Santa Maria della Spina</a>. A small white marble church alongside the Arno, is attributed to Lupo di Francesco (1230), is another excellent Gothic building.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_a_Ripa_d%27Arno" title="San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno">San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno</a>. The church was founded around 952 and enlarged in the mid-12th century along lines similar to those of the cathedral. It is annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> Chapel of St. Agatha, with an unusual pyramidal cusp or peak.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vinculis_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa)">San Pietro in Vinculis</a>. Known as <i>San Pierino</i>, it is an 11th-century church with a crypt and a <a href="/wiki/Cosmatesque" title="Cosmatesque">cosmatesque</a> mosaic on the floor of the main nave. </p> <ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Borgo Stretto</i></span>. This medieval borgo or neighborhood contains strolling arcades and the <i>Lungarno</i>, the avenues along the river Arno. It includes the Gothic-Romanesque church of <i>San Michele in Borgo</i> (990). There are at least two other leaning towers in the city, one at the southern end of central <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Via Santa Maria</i></span>, the other halfway through the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Piagge</i></span> riverside promenade.</li> <li>Medici Palace. The palace was once a possession of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398. In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> sojourned here.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a></i></span>. The botanical garden of the University of Pisa is Europe's oldest university <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Palazzo Reale</i></span>. The ("Royal Palace"), once belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Caetani" title="Caetani">Caetani</a> patrician family. Here <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> showed to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> the planets he had discovered with his telescope. The edifice was erected in 1559 by <a href="/wiki/Baccio_Bandinelli" title="Baccio Bandinelli">Baccio Bandinelli</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de Medici">Cosimo I de Medici</a>, and was later enlarged including other palaces. The palace is now a museum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Gambacorti" title="Palazzo Gambacorti">Palazzo Gambacorti</a>: 14th-century Gothic palace, and now houses the offices of the municipality. The interior shows frescoes boasting Pisa's sea victories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Agostini,_Pisa" title="Palazzo Agostini, Pisa">Palazzo Agostini</a>. 15th-century Gothic palace that incoporates city walls predating 1155. It houses <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_dell%27Ussero" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè dell'Ussero">Caffè dell'Ussero</a>, a coffeeshop founded in 1775, and for during the 19th-century a meeting spot for patriots and intelligentsia.</li> <li>Mural <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Tuttomondo</i></span>. A modern mural, the last public work by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a>, on the rear wall of the convent of the Church of <i>Sant'Antonio</i>, painted in June 1989.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</i></span>: exhibiting among others the original sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>, the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a>, and the treasures of the cathedral.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Museo delle Sinopie</i></span>: showing the <a href="/wiki/Sinopia" title="Sinopia">sinopias</a> from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery. These are red ocher <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawings</a> for frescoes, made with reddish, greenish or brownish earth colour with water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_San_Matteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nazionale di San Matteo">Museo Nazionale di San Matteo</a>: exhibiting sculptures and paintings from the 12th to 15th centuries, among them the masterworks of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_San_Martino" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of San Martino">Master of San Martino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Martini" title="Simone Martini">Simone Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nino_Pisano" title="Nino Pisano">Nino Pisano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Reale</i></span>: exhibiting the belongings of the families that lived in the palace: paintings, statues, armors, etc.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Museo Nazionale degli Strumenti per il Calcolo</i></span>: exhibiting a collection of instruments used in science, between a pneumatic machine of <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Van Musschenbroek</a> and a compass which probably belonged to <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_the_University_of_Pisa" title="Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa">Museo di storia naturale dell'Università di Pisa</a></i> (Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa), located in the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Certosa di Pisa">Certosa di Calci</a>, outside the city. It houses one of the largest cetacean skeletons collection in Europe.</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Blu" title="Palazzo Blu">Palazzo Blu</a></i></span>: temporary exhibitions and cultural activities center, located in the Lungarno, in the heart of the old town, the palace is easy recognizable because it is the only blue building.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Cantiere delle Navi di Pisa</a> - The Pisa's Ancient Ships Archaeological Area: A museum of 10,650 square meters – 3,500 archaeological excavation, 1,700 laboratories and one restoration center – that visitors can visit with a guided tour.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Museum opened in June 2019<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been located inside to the 16th-century Medicean Arsenals in Lungarno Ranieri Simonelli, restored under the supervision of the Tuscany <a href="/wiki/Soprintendenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Soprintendenza">Soprintendenza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hosts a remarkable collection of ceramics and <a href="/wiki/Amphoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoras">amphoras</a> dated back from the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="8th century BCE">8th century BCE</a> to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd century BC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also 32 ships dated back from the second century BCE and the seventh century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of them are integrally preserved<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the best one is the so-called <i>Barca C</i>, also named <i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkedo (ship)">Alkedo</a></i> (written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">ancient Greek characters</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first boat was accidentally discovered in 1998 near the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_San_Rossore_railway_station" title="Pisa San Rossore railway station">Pisa San Rossore railway station</a> and the archeological excavations were completed 20 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa,_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_(45).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/220px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="4489"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 312px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/220px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="312" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/330px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg/440px-Pisa%2C_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_%2845%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a>, 1260, by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG/220px-Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG/220px-Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG/330px-Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG/440px-Santa_maria_della_spina_101.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Façade of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Spina" title="Santa Maria della Spina">Santa Maria della Spina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa-san_francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pisa-san_francesco.jpg/220px-Pisa-san_francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pisa-san_francesco.jpg/220px-Pisa-san_francesco.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pisa-san_francesco.jpg/330px-Pisa-san_francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pisa-san_francesco.jpg/440px-Pisa-san_francesco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>St. Francis' Church</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptistry_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry (Pisa)">Baptistry</a>, with the famous <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a> of 1260, by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francesco,_Pisa" title="San Francesco, Pisa">San Francesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Frediano,_Pisa" title="San Frediano, Pisa">San Frediano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_ai_Tedeschi" title="San Giorgio ai Tedeschi">San Giorgio ai Tedeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_in_Borgo" title="San Michele in Borgo">San Michele in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Nicola (Pisa)">San Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_a_Ripa_d%27Arno" title="San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno">San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_all%27Orto" title="San Paolo all'Orto">San Paolo all'Orto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Piero_a_Grado" title="San Piero a Grado">San Piero a Grado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vinculis_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa)">San Pietro in Vinculis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Sisto (Pisa)">San Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Tommaso_delle_Convertite,_Pisa" title="San Tommaso delle Convertite, Pisa">San Tommaso delle Convertite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Zeno_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Zeno (Pisa)">San Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Caterina_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Caterina (Pisa)">Santa Caterina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cristina_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cristina (Pisa)">Santa Cristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Spina" title="Santa Maria della Spina">Santa Maria della Spina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Sepolcro_(Pisa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Sepolcro (Pisa)">Santo Sepolcro</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces,_towers_and_villas"><span id="Palaces.2C_towers_and_villas"></span>Palaces, towers and villas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Palaces, towers and villas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg/220px-Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg/220px-Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg/330px-Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg/440px-Pisa.Palazzo_dei_Cavalieri01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a></i></span> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">dei Cavalieri</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG/220px-Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG/220px-Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG/330px-Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG/440px-Pisa_Cittadella_04.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Cittadella vecchia</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lungarno,_Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg/220px-Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg/220px-Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg/330px-Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg/440px-Lungarno%2C_Pisa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Lungarno di Pisa</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Pisa by Oldypak lp photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg/220px-Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg/220px-Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg" data-alt="Pisa by Oldypak lp photo" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg/330px-Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg/440px-Pisa_city_by_oldypak_lp_photo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Pisa</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Collegio_Puteano" title="Palazzo del Collegio Puteano">Palazzo del Collegio Puteano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Carovana" title="Palazzo della Carovana">Palazzo della Carovana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Vedove" title="Palazzo delle Vedove">Palazzo delle Vedove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Gualandi" title="Torre dei Gualandi">Torre dei Gualandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Corliano" title="Villa di Corliano">Villa di Corliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg/200px-Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg/200px-Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg/300px-Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg/400px-Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani_A.C._Pisa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A.C._Pisa_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Pisa 1909">A.C. Pisa 1909</a> play at the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani" title="Arena Garibaldi – Stadio Romeo Anconetani">Arena Garibaldi – Stadio Romeo Anconetani</a>, as seen from the Leaning Tower</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the main sport in Pisa; the local team, <a href="/wiki/A.C._Pisa_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Pisa 1909">A.C. Pisa</a>, currently<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Serie_B" title="Serie B">Serie B</a> (the second highest football division in Italy), and has had a top flight history throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, featuring several world-class players such as <a href="/wiki/Diego_Simeone" title="Diego Simeone">Diego Simeone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Vieri" title="Christian Vieri">Christian Vieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunga" title="Dunga">Dunga</a> during this time. The club play at the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Garibaldi_%E2%80%93_Stadio_Romeo_Anconetani" title="Arena Garibaldi – Stadio Romeo Anconetani">Arena Garibaldi – Stadio Romeo Anconetani</a>, opened in 1919 and with a capacity of 25,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting">Shooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shooting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> was one of the first sports to have their own association in Pisa. The <i>Società del Tiro a Segno</i> di Pisa was founded on July 9, 1862. In 1885, they acquired their own training field. The shooting range was almost completely destroyed during World War II. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pisa has an international airport known as <a href="/wiki/Pisa_International_Airport" title="Pisa International Airport">Pisa International Airport</a> or normally <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> located in San Giusto neighbourhood in Pisa. It is served by twenty-one airlines connecting eleven domestic and sixty-one international destinations (seasonal included). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pisamover">Pisamover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pisamover" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The airport is connected to <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Centrale_railway_station" title="Pisa Centrale railway station">Pisa Centrale railway station</a> by a <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people mover</a> system 2 km (1.2 mi) long, called <b>Pisamover</b><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inaugurated in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on a driverless "horizontal <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a>" that travels the distance in 5 minutes, with a 5-minute frequency, having an intermediate stop at parking station San Giusto/Aurelia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Consorzio Pisano Trasporti</b>, also known as <b>CPT</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_consortile_a_responsabilit%C3%A0_limitata" class="mw-redirect" title="Società consortile a responsabilità limitata">Società consortile a responsabilità limitata</a> (Scarl) that operated since 2005 the local public transport in Pisa and in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pisa" title="Province of Pisa">province</a>. Became subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Compagnia_Toscana_Trasporti_Nord" title="Compagnia Toscana Trasporti Nord">Compagnia Toscana Trasporti Nord</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2012 and was one the companies of the consortium <a href="/wiki/ONE_Scarl" class="mw-redirect" title="ONE Scarl">ONE Scarl</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accomplish the contract stipulated with the <a href="/wiki/Regione_Toscana" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione Toscana">Regione Toscana</a> for the public transport in the 2018-2019 period. The fleet consisted of 70 urban, 15 suburban and 260 intercity buses. </p><p>Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is managed by <a href="/wiki/Autolinee_Toscane" title="Autolinee Toscane">Autolinee Toscane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Urban routes</dt> <dd><sup id="cite_ref-cpt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><b><span style="color:red;">LAM Rossa</span></b>: Cisanello Hospital - Central Station – Duomo – Parking Pietrasantina</li> <li><b><span style="color:#008000;">LAM Verde</span></b>: San Giusto - Central Station - Pratale</li> <li><b>Shuttle E</b>: Lungarno Pacinotti – Park Brennero – La Fontina</li> <li><b>Night LAM</b>: Cisanello–Lungarni (night service)</li> <li><b>Night LAM</b>: Pietrasantina–Lungarni (night service)</li> <li><b>Shuttle Torre</b>: Park Pietrasantina – Largo Cocco Griffi (Duomo)</li> <li><b>Shuttle Cisanello Hospital</b>: Park Bocchette – Cisanello (Hospital)</li> <li><b>2</b>: San Giusto – Central Station – Porta a Lucca</li> <li><b>4</b>: Central Station – I Passi</li> <li><b>5</b>: Putignano – Central Station – C.E.P.</li> <li><b>6</b>: Central Station – C.E.P. – Barbaricina</li> <li><b>8</b>: Coltano – Vittorio Emanuele II square</li> <li><b>12</b>: Viale Gramsci – Ospedaletto (Expò) – Bus Depot CPT</li> <li><b>13</b>: Cisanello Hospital – Piagge – Central Station – Pisanova</li> <li><b>14</b>: Cisanello Hospital – Pisanova – Central Station – Piagge</li> <li><b>16</b>: Viale Gramsci – Ospedaletto – Industrial Zone (some to Località Montacchiello)</li> <li><b>21</b>: Airport – Central Station – C.E.P.–Duomo – I Passi (night service)</li> <li><b>22</b>: Central Station – Piagge–Pisanova–Cisanello–Pratale (night service)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Suburban routes to/from Pisa</dt> <dd><sup id="cite_ref-cpt_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><b>10</b>: Pisa–Tirrenia–Livorno (deviation to La Vettola - San Piero a Grado)</li> <li><b>50</b>: Pisa–Collesalvetti–Fauglia–Crespina</li> <li><b>51</b>: Collesalvetti–Lorenzana–Orciano</li> <li><b>70</b>: Pisa–Gello–Pontasserchio</li> <li><b>71</b>: Pisa – Sant'Andrea in Palazzi – Pontasserchio – San Martino Ulmiano: Pisa</li> <li><b>80</b>: Pisa–Migliarino–Vecchiano–Filettole</li> <li><b>81</b>: Pisa–Pontasserchio–Vecchiano</li> <li><b>110</b>: Pisa–Asciano–Agnano</li> <li><b>120</b>: Pisa–Calci–Montemagno</li> <li><b>140</b>: Pisa–Vicopisano–Pontedera</li> <li><b>150</b>: Pisa–Musigliano–Pettori</li> <li><b>160</b>: Pisa–Navacchio–Calci – Tre Colli</li> <li><b>190</b>: Pisa–Cascina–Pontedera</li> <li><b>875</b>: Pisa – Arena Metato</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trains">Trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Trains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The city is served by two railway stations available for passengers: <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Centrale_railway_station" title="Pisa Centrale railway station">Pisa Centrale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa_San_Rossore_railway_station" title="Pisa San Rossore railway station">Pisa San Rossore</a>. </p><p><i>Pisa Centrale</i> is the main railway station and is located along the <a href="/wiki/Pisa%E2%80%93Livorno%E2%80%93Rome_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa–Livorno–Rome railway">Tyrrhenic railway line</a>. It connects Pisa directly with several other important Italian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grosseto" title="Grosseto">Grosseto</a>. </p><p><i>Pisa San Rossore</i> links the city with Lucca (20 minutes north-east of Pisa) and <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a> and is also reachable from <i>Pisa Centrale</i>. It is a minor railway station located near the Leaning Tower zone. </p><p>There was another station called <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Aeroporto_railway_station" title="Pisa Aeroporto railway station">Pisa Aeroporto</a> situated next to the Airport with services to <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Centrale_railway_station" title="Pisa Centrale railway station">Pisa Centrale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. It was closed on December 15, 2013, for the realization of a <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people mover</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorway">Motorway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Motorway" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pisa is connected to <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A11_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A11 (Italy)">Autostrada A11</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A12_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A12 (Italy)">Autostrada A12</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rosignano_Marittimo" title="Rosignano Marittimo">Rosignano</a> with exit Pisa Nord and Pisa Centro – <a href="/wiki/Pisa_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa airport">Airport</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>Pisa hosts the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>, especially renowned in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a>. The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies">Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna</a></i></span> and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a></i></span>, the Italian academic élite institutions are noted mostly for research and the education of <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate students</a>. </p><p>Construction of a new leaning tower of glass and steel 57 meters tall, containing offices and apartments was scheduled to start in summer 2004 and take 4 years. It was designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dante_Oscar_Benini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante Oscar Benini (page does not exist)">Dante Oscar Benini</a> and raised criticism. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a> was founded in 1810, by Napoleonic decree, as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> of Paris. Recognized as a "national university" in 1862, one year after Italian unification, and named during that period as "Normal School of the Kingdom of Italy" (<a href="/wiki/Superior_Graduate_Schools_in_Italy" title="Superior Graduate Schools in Italy">Superior Graduate Schools in Italy</a> i.e. Scuola Superiore Universitaria).</li></ul> <p>Located at: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa – Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 – 56126 Pisa (Italia) </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies_of_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa">Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sssup.it/">Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna</a> is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, emerging from <i>Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</i> and operating in the field of applied sciences, (<a href="/wiki/Superior_Graduate_Schools_in_Italy" title="Superior Graduate Schools in Italy">Superior Graduate Schools in Italy</a> i.e. Scuola Superiore Universitaria).</li></ul> <p>Located at: Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P.zza Martiri della Libertà, 33 – 56127 – Pisa (Italia) </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206145631/https://www.unipi.it/">Università di Pisa</a>, is one of the oldest universities in Italy. It was formally founded on September 3, 1343, by an edict of Pope Clement VI, although there had been lectures on law in Pisa since the 11th century. The university has Europe's oldest academic botanical garden i.e. <a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a>, founded 1544. The medical school of the university is sight at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azienda_ospedaliero-universitaria_pisana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria pisana (page does not exist)">Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria pisana</a>.</li></ul> <p>Located at: Università di Pisa – Lungarno Pacinotti, 43 – 56126 Pisa (Italia) </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>For people born in Pisa, see <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Pisa" title="Category:People from the Province of Pisa">People from the Province of Pisa</a>; among notable non-natives long resident in the city: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a> (born 1938), politician, former Premier and Minister of Interior Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_d%27Ancona" title="Alessandro d'Ancona">Alessandro d'Ancona</a> (1835–1914), critic and writer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a> (1914–1981), psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bardini" title="Gaetano Bardini">Gaetano Bardini</a> (1926–2017), tenor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a> (born 1958), tenor and multi-instrumentalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> (1835–1907), poet and <a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> winner.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Carmassi" title="Massimo Carmassi">Massimo Carmassi</a> (born 1943), architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> (1920–2016), politician, former President of the Republic of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Cicci" title="Maria Luisa Cicci">Maria Luisa Cicci</a> (1760–1794), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Carlo_Maria_Clari" title="Giovanni Carlo Maria Clari">Giovanni Carlo Maria Clari</a> (1677–1754), a musical composer and <i><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">maestro di cappella</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessio_Corti" title="Alessio Corti">Alessio Corti</a> (born 1965), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a> (born 13th century), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Donati" title="Giovanni Battista Donati">Giovanni Battista Donati</a> (1826–1873), an Italian astronomer.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Leonardo Fibonacci</a> (1170–1250), mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (1564–1642), physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> (1875–1944), philosopher and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Gentileschi" title="Orazio Gentileschi">Orazio Gentileschi</a> (1563–1639), painter.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Count Ugolino della Gherardesca</a> (1214–1289), noble (see also <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a> (1887–1978), politician, former President of the Republic of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> (1798–1837), poet and philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Enrico Letta</a> (born 1966), politician, former Prime Minister of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Malvaldi" title="Marco Malvaldi">Marco Malvaldi</a> (born 1974), <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a> novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ortolani" title="Leonardo Ortolani">Leonardo Ortolani</a> (born 1967), comic writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a> (1841–1912), physicist, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a> (1290–1348), a sculptor and architect.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Poli" title="Afro Poli">Afro Poli</a> (1902–1988), an operatic baritone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Pontecorvo" title="Bruno Pontecorvo">Bruno Pontecorvo</a> (1913–1993), nuclear physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a> (1919–2006), filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" title="Ippolito Rosellini">Ippolito Rosellini</a> (1800–1843), an Egyptologist.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Savi" title="Paolo Savi">Paolo Savi</a> (1798–1871), geologist and ornithologist.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" title="Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a> (1943–2012), writer and academic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Jason Acuña">Jason Acuña</a> (born 1973), Stunt performer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Bertoni" title="Sergio Bertoni">Sergio Bertoni</a> (1915–1995), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini" title="Giorgio Chiellini">Giorgio Chiellini</a> (born 1984), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camila_Giorgi" title="Camila Giorgi">Camila Giorgi</a> (born 1991), tennis player</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_river_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Pisa by V. Smirnov Oldypak lp (life photography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pisa_river_view.jpg/220px-Pisa_river_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pisa_river_view.jpg/220px-Pisa_river_view.jpg" data-alt="Pisa by V. Smirnov Oldypak lp (life photography)" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pisa_river_view.jpg/330px-Pisa_river_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pisa_river_view.jpg/440px-Pisa_river_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Pisa river view</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> <p>Pisa is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><noscript><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="Israel" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, Israel (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akademgorodok" title="Akademgorodok">Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk)</a>, Russia (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, France (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China (2008)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iglesias,_Sardinia" title="Iglesias, Sardinia">Iglesias</a>, Italy (2009)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><noscript><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="State of Palestine" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, Palestine (2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><noscript><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Denmark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolding_Municipality" title="Kolding Municipality">Kolding</a>, Denmark (2007)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Niles,_Illinois" title="Niles, Illinois">Niles</a>, United States (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ocala,_Florida" title="Ocala, Florida">Ocala</a>, United States (2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a>, Greece (2009)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Spain (2009)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Unna" title="Unna">Unna</a>, Germany (1996)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/pop2022/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. <i>demo.istat.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demo.istat.it&rft.atitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fpop2022%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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May 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STORIA+DI+PISA+DALLA+NASCITA+AD+OGGI&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpisa.unicusano.it%2Fstudiare-a-pisa%2Fstoria-di-pisa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParibeni" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paribeni, Emanuela. <i>La necropoli villanoviana di Pisa, Porta a Lucca/via Marche, in Cavalieri etruschi dalle valli al Po. Tra Reno e Panaro, la valle del Samoggia nell'VIII e VII secolo a.C.</i> (in Italian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+1981-2010%3A+Pisa+S.+Giusto-16158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FItaly%2FWMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood,_William1905" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, William (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Palio and Ponte: An Account of the Sports of Central Italy from the Age of Dante to the XXth Century</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.navipisa.it&rft.atitle=Navi+Pisane+-+Le+Antiche+Navi+Romane+scoperte+a+Pisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navipisa.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507134906/http://www.torinomedica.org/torinomedica/apre-il-museo-delle-navi-antiche-di-pisa-ma-non-chiamatela-pompei-del-mare/">"Apre il Museo delle Navi Antiche di Pisa, ma non chiamatela Pompei del mare!"</a> (in Italian). June 19, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torinomedica.org/torinomedica/apre-il-museo-delle-navi-antiche-di-pisa-ma-non-chiamatela-pompei-del-mare/">the original</a> on May 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apre+il+Museo+delle+Navi+Antiche+di+Pisa%2C+ma+non+chiamatela+Pompei+del+mare%21&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torinomedica.org%2Ftorinomedica%2Fapre-il-museo-delle-navi-antiche-di-pisa-ma-non-chiamatela-pompei-del-mare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.professionearchitetto.it/news/notizie/26562/Pisa-negli-Arsenali-medicei-apre-il-museo-delle-navi-antiche">"Pisa, negli Arsenali medicei apre il museo delle navi antiche"</a> (in Italian). 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September 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507134607/https://www.ilcorriereapuano.it/2019/09/pisa-alkedo-la-star-nel-museo-delle-navi-antiche/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Pisa+%C3%A8+%22Alkedo%22+la+star+nel+Museo+delle+Navi+Antiche&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilcorriereapuano.it%2F2019%2F09%2Fpisa-alkedo-la-star-nel-museo-delle-navi-antiche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pisa-mover.com/en/">"Pisamover"</a>. <i>Pisamover</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Savi%2C+Paolo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=242&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216194010/https://www.comune.pisa.it/it/list-linked-item/id:2013">"Gemellaggi"</a> (in Italian). Pisa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.pisa.it/it/list-linked-item/id:2013">the original</a> on December 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemellaggi&rft.pub=Pisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.pisa.it%2Fit%2Flist-linked-item%2Fid%3A2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pisa#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Pisa">Timeline of Pisa § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenouard1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renouard, Yves (1969). <i>Les Villes d'Italie de la fin du Xe siècle au début du XIVe siècle</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Villes+d%27Italie+de+la+fin+du+Xe+si%C3%A8cle+au+d%C3%A9but+du+XIVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Renouard&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APisa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html">Official Abitants statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.pisa.it/pisa2015/index_2.htm">Pisa Metropolitan Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831234448/http://www.comune.pisa.it/pisa2015/index_2.htm">Archived</a> August 31, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pisa" class="extiw" title="commons:Pisa"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pisa</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pisa#Q13375" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pisa">Pisa</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portale.pisaonline.it/">Portal of Pisa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stilepisano.it/">Pisan history portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pisaunicaterra.it/en/">Official site of the Pisa Tourist Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.pisa.it">Official site of the Municipality of Pisa, including webcams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratsass.tv/pisa">Moving Postcards of Pisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523215158/http://www.ratsass.tv/pisa">Archived</a> May 23, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pisaweb.info">Pisa Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italyscapes.com/location/tuscany/pisa/">A comprehensive guide of Pisa</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <p>the centre of mass of the leaning tower of pisa is located in the 4th floor (not american system) </p>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisa&oldid=1257572717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisa&oldid=1257572717</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Pisa&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Kallerna" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731689235"> <span>Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 16:47</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%9B%E1%8D%A3_%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ፒዛ፣ ጣልያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፒዛ፣ ጣልያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="بيزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Փիզա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիզա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="پیزا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیزا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Піза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Піза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="पीसा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीसा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(Italia)" title="Pisa (Italia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pisa (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(dakbayan)" title="Pisa (dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pisa (dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Πίζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%9Ba" title="Piśa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Piśa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizo_(Italio)" title="Pizo (Italio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pizo (Italio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="پیزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(b%C3%BDur)" title="Pisa (býur) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pisa (býur)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pise" title="Pise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%82%AC" title="피사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Պիզա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիզա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="पीसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%C3%A6" title="Пизæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пизæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsa" title="Písa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Písa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="פיזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="პიზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ພິຊາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພິຊາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisae" title="Pisae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pisae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Pisa (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pisa (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8" title="പിസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="पिसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="პიზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="بيزا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(stad)" title="Pisa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pisa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B5" title="ピサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEse" title="Pîse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pîse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="پیسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="पीसा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीसा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Pisa" title="Lungsod ng Pisa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungsod ng Pisa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="பீசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пиза – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пиза" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ปิซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปิซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Піза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81)" title="پیسا (اطالیہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیسا (اطالیہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%90%A8" title="比萨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比萨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9" title="比薩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piza" title="Piza – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Piza" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%90%A8" title="比萨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比萨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 16:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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