Psychiatry.org - Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script src="/scripts/CookieProConsent.js"></script>  <script src="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="c2462ddb-f724-4b73-af65-ca67aa95fc09"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" property="stylesheet" href="/styles/main.css" type="text/css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,500,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d1azc1qln24ryf.cloudfront.net/96977/APA-Psychiatry/style-cf.css?u8bhcy"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes"> <script>window.MSInputMethodContext && document.documentMode && document.write('<script src="assets/scripts/ie11CustomProperties.js"><\x2fscript>');</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/images/favicon/favicon.ico"> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.8.3/modernizr.min.js"></script> <script> document.querySelector('html').classList.remove('no-js'); </script> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>(window.jQuery)||document.write('<script src="/bundles/jquery"><\/script>');</script> <script src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeMeuYeAAAAABrJWFEzaExBI5Ymn1brq4C5XzHm'></script> <title>Psychiatry.org - Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</title> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.psychiatry.org:443/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination" /> <meta name="description" content="Learn about Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"> <meta name="keywords" content="stigma, discrimination, prejudice, mental, illness, american, psychiatric, association, health"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.psychiatry.org:443/getmedia/5e63166d-1d62-4cad-bc68-b239beb9ac5b/Love-your-mind-logo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.psychiatry.org:443/getmedia/5e63166d-1d62-4cad-bc68-b239beb9ac5b/Love-your-mind-logo.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.psychiatry.org:443/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination"> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Learn about Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.psychiatry.org:443/getmedia/5e63166d-1d62-4cad-bc68-b239beb9ac5b/Love-your-mind-logo.jpg"> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@APAPsychiatric"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="44137769986" />  <script> var firstSession = ''; if (firstSession.length > 0) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'Authenticated', 'ProfessionalCategory': '', 'MemberStatus': '', 'MemberClass': '' }); } </script>   <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/46880868.js"></script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KD7VST');</script>  <link href="/kentico/bundles/pageComponents/styles?v=TYZczTfn9fAUdNjbh7M5mbP4mtJqB7Iq24yX4a7vbL81" rel="stylesheet"/> </head> <body> <div class="o-page"> <a class="skip-to-content-link" href="#main"> Skip to content </a> <header class="o-wrapper c-header u-p--0" id="header"> <div class="c-utility-menu-container"> <div class="o-container"> <nav aria-label="corporate menu"> <div class="c-site-dropdowns"> <div class="c-sites-dropdown"> <a href="/about-apa">About APA</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown-488"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="dropdown-488-label" class="sr-only">About APA submenu</span> </button> <div id="dropdown-488" role="region" aria-labelledby="dropdown-488-label" class="c-sites-dropdown-content"> <ul> <li><a href="/about-apa/vision-mission-values-goals">APA's Vision, Mission, Values, and Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/meet-our-organization">Meet Our Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/read-apa-organization-documents-and-policies">Read APA Organization Documents and Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/work-at-apa">Work At APA</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/apa-headquarters">About APA's Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/policy-finder">Policy Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-sites-dropdown"> <a href="/news-room">Newsroom</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown-937"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="dropdown-937-label" class="sr-only">Newsroom submenu</span> </button> <div id="dropdown-937" role="region" aria-labelledby="dropdown-937-label" class="c-sites-dropdown-content"> <ul> <li><a href="/news-room/news-releases">News Releases</a></li> <li><a href="https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/topic/news-president?sortBy=Ppub">Messages from the APA President</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/reporting-on-mental-health-conditions">Reporting on Mental Health Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/apa-blogs">APA Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/goldwater-rule">Goldwater Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/annual-meeting-press-registration-guidelines">Annual Meeting Press Registration + Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/apa-public-opinion-polls">APA Public Opinion Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/recommendations-on-covering-aapi-community">Reporter Toolkit: Recommendations on Covering the AAPI Community</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/comunicados-de-prensa-en-espanol">Comunicados de prensa en español</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-sites-dropdown"> <a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy">Advocacy & APAPAC</a> </div> <div class="c-sites-dropdown"> <a href="https://www.psychiatry.org">APA Sites</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dropdown-939"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="dropdown-939-label" class="sr-only">APA Sites submenu</span> </button> <div id="dropdown-939" role="region" aria-labelledby="dropdown-939-label" class="c-sites-dropdown-content"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">APA Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="http://community.psychiatry.org/">APA Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://apaf.org">APA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.psychiatry.org/">APA JobCentral</a></li> <li><a href="https://education.psychiatry.org">APA Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://appi.org">APA Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="https://workplacementalhealth.org/">Center for Workplace Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.apaf.org/library-archives/">Melvin Sabshin, M.D. Library & Archives </a></li> <li><a href="http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/">Psychiatric News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.psychiatryonline.org/">Psychiatry Online</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <ul class="c-utility-menu"> <li><a href="/Login"><span class="moon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span>Sign In</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="o-container c-header-top"> <a href="/" class="c-logo"><img src="/assets/images/logos/c-logo.svg" alt="American Psychiatric Association home" /></a> <div class="c-site-search c-site-search--main autocomplete"> <span id="predictiveDescription" class="sr-only">This search input has a predictive search function. When 3 letters or more are entered, a number of predictive results appear in a dropdown. Use arrow keys to navigate and use the enter key to go to the page highlighted.</span> <div class="c-label--float c-label--float--l"> <input type="text" id="search-box" name="SearchText" value="" placeholder="Search Psychiatry.org" aria-describedby="predictiveDescription" class="form-control ui-autocomplete-input" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="results" maxlength="1000" autocomplete="off" data-url="/search-results"> <label id="search-box-label" for="search-box">Search Psychiatry.org</label> </div> <button id="c-search-btn">Search</button> <div class="results-count sr-only" aria-live="assertive"></div> <ul id="results" class="results" role="listbox" aria-labelledby="search-box-label"></ul> </div> <div class="c-header--items"> <div class="c-cta-btns"> <a href="/membership/renew-your-membership" class="c-btn" target="_blank">RENEW</a> <a href="/membership/join-apa" class="c-btn c-btn--orange">JOIN</a> </div> </div> <div class="c-header-menu-wrapper"> <button class="c-btn--header c-search-btn"> <span class="moon-search" aria-hidden="true"><span class="sr-only">Open Search Modal</span></span> </button> <a href="/your-dashboard" class="c-btn--header c-myaccount-btn"> <span class="sr-only">Dashboard</span> <span class="moon-user" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <button class="c-menu-btn c-hamburger" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="mobile-menu-modal"> <span class="c-hamburger-box"> <span class="c-hamburger-inner"></span> </span> </button> </div> </div> <div id="mobile-search-modal" class="c-search--mobile autocomplete-mobile" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="mobile-search-title"> <h1 id="mobile-search-title" class="sr-only">Search</h1> <button class="c-btn--close__search first-focusable-element"> <span class="moon-cross" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="sr-only">Close search</span> </button> <div class="c-site-search c-search--secondary"> <div class="c-label--float c-label--float--l"> <input type="search" id="search-box-mob" name="SearchTextMobile" value="" placeholder="Search Psychiatry.org" aria-describedby="search-box-mob-label" class="form-control ui-autocomplete-input" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="results-mob" maxlength="1000" autocomplete="off" data-url="/search-results"> <label id="search-box-mob-label" for="search-box-mob">Search Psychiatry.org</label> </div> <button type="submit" class="last-focusable-element" id="c-search-btn-mob"> Search </button> </div> <div class="results-count-mob sr-only" aria-live="assertive"></div> <ul id="results-mob" class="results" role="listbox" aria-labelledby="search-box-mob-label"></ul> </div> <div class="c-main-nav--wrapper"> <div class="o-container"> <nav class="c-main-nav" aria-label="main"> <ul> <li class="mega-menu "> <a href="/psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mega-menu-935"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="935-label" class="sr-only">Psychiatrists submenu</span> </button> <div class="c-mega-menu" id="mega-menu-935" aria-labelledby="935-label"> <div class="o-container"> <ul class="sidenav"> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-907">Education</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-907"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/education">Education</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/apa-learning-center">APA Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/apa-on-demand">APA On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.appi.org/">Books and Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/certification-and-licensure">Certification and Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/education">Diversity and Health Equity Education Resources</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/meeting-submission-and-guidelines">Meeting Submission and Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/mental-health-innovation-zone">Mental Health Innovation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/meetings/the-mental-health-services-conference">The Mental Health Services Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/virtual-immersive-series">The Virtual Immersive</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/virtual-courses">Virtual Paid Courses</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-918">Practice</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-918"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/practice">Practice</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/clinical-practice-guidelines">Clinical Practice Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/covid-19-coronavirus">Covid-19 / Coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/digital-mental-health">Digital Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/dsm">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/helping-patients-access-care">Helping Patients Access Care</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/media-and-communications">Media and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/mental-health-apps">Mental Health Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/parity">Mental Health Parity</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/practice-management">Practice Management</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests">Professional Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/quality-improvement">Quality Improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/risk-management">Risk Management</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/social-media">Social Media</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/sunshine-act">Sunshine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/clozapine-rems-program">The Clozapine Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/transition-to-practice">Transition to Practice and Early Career Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/well-being-and-burnout">Well-being and Burnout</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-3417">Diversity & Health Equity</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-3417"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity">Diversity & Health Equity</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/federal-affairs/diversity-health-equity">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mental-health-and-faith-community-partnership">Mental Health and Faith Community Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mental-health-equity-fireside-chat">Mental Health Equity Looking Beyond Series</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mur-caucuses">Minority and Underrepresented (M/UR) Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/moore-equity-in-mental-health-initiative">Moore Equity in Mental Health Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/news-and-updates">News and Updates</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/striving-for-excellence-series">Striving for Excellence Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/samhsa-minority-fellowship-programs">SAMHSA Minority Fellowship Program</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-3164">Research & Registry</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-3164"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/research">Research & Registry</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/amnet">AMNet: Addiction Medicine Practice Based Research Network</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/dsm">DMS-5-TR</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/registry">PsychPRO: APA's Mental Health Registry</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/research-colloquium-for-junior-psychiatrist-invest">Research Colloquium for Junior Psychiatrist Investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests/women-s-mental-health/maternal-mental-health-toolkit">Perinatal Mental Health Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/psychiatric-bed-crisis-report">Psychiatric Bed Crisis Report</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-897">Advocacy & APAPAC</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-897"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy">Advocacy & APAPAC</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="https://votervoice.net/AmericanPsych/home">Advocacy Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/apapac">APAPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/congressional-advocacy-network">Congressional Advocacy Network</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/election-resource-center">Election Resource Center</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/federal-affairs">Federal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/state-affairs">State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/implementing-9-8-8">Implementing 9-8-8</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/advocacy-update-webinars">Advocacy Update Webinars</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-451">Meetings & Events</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-451"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings">Meetings & Events</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">2025 Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/the-mental-health-services-conference">The 2024 Mental Health Services Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/addressing-structural-racism-town-hall">Addressing Structural Racism Town Hall Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/apa-meetings-app">APA Meetings App</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/meet-our-organization/governance-meetings">Governance Meetings</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/mental-health-equity-fireside-chat">Mental Health Equity Fireside Chat Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/moore-equity-in-mental-health-5k">Moore Equity in Mental Health 5K</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/policy-practice-insights-webinar-series">Policy & Practice Insights Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/september-component-meetings">September Component Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/social-determinants-of-mental-health-town-hall">Social Determinants of Mental Health Town Hall Series</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-2166">Search Directories & Databases</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-2166"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases">Search Directories & Databases</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/amicus-briefs">Amicus Briefs</a></li> <li><a href="http://community.psychiatry.org/">APA Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membershipsites?dir=assembly">Assembly Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Component Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/conference-publications">Conference Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/library-and-archive">Library and Archive</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Member Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/member-obituaries">Member Obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/policy-finder">Policy Finder</a></li> <li><a href="http://psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.aspx">Practice Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/resource-documents">Resource Documents</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-2837">International</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-2837"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/psychiatrists/international">International</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-trainees">International Trainees</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-humanitarian-opportunities">International Humanitarian Opportunities</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/global-mental-health">Global Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-medical-graduates-resources">International Medical Graduates Resources</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mega-menu "> <a href="/residents-medical-students">Residents & Medical Students</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mega-menu-936"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="936-label" class="sr-only">Residents & Medical Students submenu</span> </button> <div class="c-mega-menu" id="mega-menu-936" aria-labelledby="936-label"> <div class="o-container"> <ul class="sidenav"> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-967">Residents</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-967"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents">Residents</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/100-club">100% Club</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/residents-journal">Residents' Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/featured-publications">Featured Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships">APA/APAF Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/external-fellowships-and-awards">External Fellowships and Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/helping-residents-cope-with-a-patient-suicide">Helping Residents Cope with a Patient Suicide</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-medical-graduates-resources">International Medical Graduates Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/mindgames">MindGames</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/vacant-resident-positions">Vacant Resident Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/leadership-positions">Leadership Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/set-for-success">SET for Success</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-968">Medical Students</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-968"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students">Medical Students</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/apply-for-psychiatric-residency">Apply for Psychiatric Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/choosing-a-career-in-psychiatry">Choosing a Career in Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/building-a-career-in-psychiatry">Building a Career in Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/medical-student-programs">Medical Student Programs</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/psychsign">PsychSIGN</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/resident-fellow-census">Resident-Fellow Census</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/transitioning-to-residency-during-covid-19">Transitioning to Residency During COVID-19</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mega-menu c-menu__item--active"> <a href="/patients-families" >Patients and Families</a> <button aria-controls="drop-menu-913" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="sr-only" id="913-label">Patients and Families submenu</span> </button> <div class="c-mega-menu" id="mega-menu-913" aria-labelledby="913-label"> <div class="o-container menu2padding"> <div class="c-ada-mega-menu--intro"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/patients-families">Patients and Families</a></h2> <a href="/patients-families" class="c-btn">View All Topics</a> </div> <div class="c-mega-menu--links"> <ul> <li> <a href="/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry" >What is Psychiatry?</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://finder.psychiatry.org/" >Find a Psychiatrist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders" >Addiction and Substance Use Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/alzheimers" >Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/alcohol-use-disorder" >Alcohol Use Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/anxiety-disorders" >Anxiety Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/adhd" >Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/autism" >Autism Spectrum Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/bipolar-disorders" >Bipolar Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/climate-change-and-mental-health-connections" >Climate Change and Mental Health Connections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/coping-after-disaster-trauma" >Coping After Disaster</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/depression" >Depression</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders" >Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/dissociative-disorders" >Dissociative Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/domestic-violence" >Domestic Violence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/eating-disorders" >Eating Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/e-cigarettes-vaping" >E-Cigarettes and Vaping</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/gambling-disorder" >Gambling Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/gender-dysphoria" >Gender Dysphoria</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/helping-a-loved-one-cope-with-mental-illness" >Helping a Loved One Cope with Mental Illness</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/hoarding-disorder" >Hoarding Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/integrated-behavioral-healthcare" >Integrated Behavioral Healthcare</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/intellectual-disability" >Intellectual Disability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/internet-gaming" >Internet Gaming</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" >Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/opioid-use-disorder" >Opioid Use Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/peripartum-depression" >Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/personality-disorders" >Personality Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/ptsd" >Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/prolonged-grief-disorder" >Prolonged Grief Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/schizophrenia" >Schizophrenia</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/seasonal-affective-disorder" >Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/sleep-disorders" >Sleep Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder" >Somatic Symptom Disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder" >Specific Learning Disorders</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination" >Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/suicide-prevention" >Suicide Prevention</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/technology-addictions-social-media-and-more" >Technology Addictions: Social Media, Online Gaming, and More</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness" >Warning Signs of Mental Illness</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/ect" >Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness" >What is Mental Illness?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/psychotherapy" >What is Psychotherapy?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/telepsychiatry" >What is Telepsychiatry? </a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental" >La Salud Mental</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/medication-guides-for-parents" >Childhood Disorders: Medication Guides for Parents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/patients-families/lifestyle-to-support-mental-health" >Lifestyle to Support Mental Health</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mega-menu "> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mega-menu-940"> <span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span id="940-label" class="sr-only">Membership submenu</span> </button> <div class="c-mega-menu" id="mega-menu-940" aria-labelledby="940-label"> <div class="o-container"> <ul class="sidenav"> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5057">Join APA</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5057"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/join-apa">Join APA</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/general-members">General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/early-career-psychiatrists">Early Career Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/residents-and-fellows">Residents and Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/medical-students">Medical Students</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international">International</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international-resident-fellows">International Resident-Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/semi-retired-and-retired">Semi-Retired and Retired</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org ">View Your Profile</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5800">Member Benefits</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5800"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/benefits">Member Benefits</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/general-members">General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/early-career-psychiatrists">Early Career Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/resident-fellow-members">Resident-Fellow Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/medical-students">Medical Students</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/international">International</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/international-resident-fellows">International Resident-Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/semi-retired-and-retired">Semi-Retired and Retired</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5809">Honorary Fellowship (FAPA & DFAPA)</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5809"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship">Honorary Fellowship (FAPA & DFAPA)</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/fapa">Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/dfapa">Distinguished Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/ifapa">International Fellow of the APA</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/idfapa">International Distinguished Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/newest-class-of-honorary-fellows">2024 Class of Honorary Fellows</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-925">Awards & Leadership Opportunities</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-925"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities">Awards & Leadership Opportunities</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/elections">2025 APA National Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/Councils">Councils, Committees and Components</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/leadership-positions">Resident-Fellow Leadership Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/volunteer-leadership-opportunities">Volunteer Leadership Opportunities</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5824">Get Involved</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5824"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/get-involved">Get Involved</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy">Advocacy and APAPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships">APA/APAF Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/apa-insider-sessions">APA Insider Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/join-a-caucus">APA Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships/additional-opportunities-for-fellows/lead-institute">Leadership, Equity and Diversity Institute</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/medical-student-programs">Medical Student Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships/additional-opportunities-for-fellows/mentorship-program/fellowship-mentorship-program">Mentorship Program for APA/APAF Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/mur-caucuses">Minority and Underrepresented (M/UR) Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/research-colloquium-for-junior-psychiatrist-invest">Research Colloquium</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/apa-communities">APA Communities</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5836">Directories, Contact Info & FAQs</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5836"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions">Directories, Contact Info & FAQs</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/contact-your-membership-specialist">Contact Your Membership Specialist</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/district-branches">Contact Your District Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/faqs">Membership FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/semi-retired-and-retired-faqs">Semi-Retired and Retired FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/lump-sum-dues">Lump Sum Dues</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/2025-apa-dues-rate-changes-faqs">2025 APA Dues Rate Changes FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Member Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membershipsites?dir=assembly">Assembly Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/Councils">Components</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-5838">District Branches</button> <div class="c-mega-menu--main" id="submenu-5838"> <div class="c-mega-menu--innerlinks"> <h2 class="title"><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/district-branches">District Branches</a></h2> <div class="c-innerlinks__hold"> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-resources">Resources for DB/SA Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-dues-for-general-members">District Branch Dues for General Members</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-dues-for-residents-and-fellows">District Branch Dues for Residents and Fellows</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <style> .c-standard-banner__logo { --banner-logo-max-width: 300px; } </style> <div class="c-standard-banner u-text-protection" style="background-image: url('/getmedia/9ed66b47-59b0-4fff-94e8-8339e1ce7274/blue-texture-banner.jpg?width=1254&height=837&ext=.jpg');"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-standard-content"> <h1 itemprop="name">Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</h1> </div> </div> </div> <section class="o-wrapper c-breadcrumb"> <div class="o-container"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <ul> <li><h2>You are here:</h2></li> <li> <a href="/patients-families">Patients and Families</a> </li> <li><span class="moon-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></li> <li class="c-page--current">Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination...</li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="c-toolbar"> <li class="c-share" role="presentation"> <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="ulSocialShare" type="button"> <span class="c-btn__text">Share</span> <span class="moon-share" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> <ul id="ulSocialShare"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination" title="Share page on Facebook" aria-label="Facebook Share" target="_blank"> <span class="moon-facebook" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination" title="Share page on Twitter" aria-label="Twitter Share" target="_blank"> <span class="moon-twitter" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination" aria-label="LinkedIn Share" title="Share page on LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <span class="moon-linkedin" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#fcc39e939885c19488888c8fc6d3d38b8b8bd28c8f859f94959d888e85d2938e9bd38c9d88959992888fd19a9d91959095998fd38f88959b919dd19d9298d198958f9f8e959195929d88959392" title="Share page via email" aria-label="Email Share" class="mailto-link"> <span class="moon-mail" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="c-print"> <button onclick="window.print();" type="button"> <span class="c-btn__text">Print</span> <span class="moon-print" aria-hidden="true" onclick="window.print();"></span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <main id="main" class="o-wrapper " itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/MedicalWebPage"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="row u-mb--0"> <article class="c-article--main col xs12 l8 xl9 u-mb--0"> <div class="sr-only" aria-hidden="true" itemprop="name">Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</div> <div class="sr-only" aria-hidden="true" itemprop="description">Learn about Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</div> <div class="c-article__body--h2 c-wysiwyg"> <p style="text-align: right;"><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/estigma">ver en espa帽ol <span aria-hidden="true" class="moon-chevron-right1"> </span></a></p> <p>More than <a href="https://mhanational.org/issues/2023/mental-health-america-access-care-data" target="_blank">half of people with mental illness</a> don't receive help for their disorders. Often, people avoid or delay seeking treatment due to concerns about being treated differently or fears of losing their jobs and livelihood. That's because stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness are still very much a problem.</p> <p>Stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness can be subtle or obvious—but no matter the magnitude, they can lead to harm. People with mental illness are marginalized and discriminated against in various ways, but understanding what that looks like and how to address and eradicate it can help.</p> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>The Facts on Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination</strong></span></h2> </div> <p>Stigma often comes from lack of understanding or fear. Inaccurate or misleading media representations of mental illness contribute to both those factors. A review of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26410341/" target="_blank">studies on stigma</a> shows that while the public may accept the medical or genetic nature of a mental health disorder and the need for treatment, many people still have a negative view of those with mental illness.</p> <p>Researchers identify different types of stigma: (See chart below.)</p> <ul> <li><strong>Public stigma</strong> involves the negative or discriminatory attitudes that others may have about mental illness.</li> <li><strong>Self-stigma</strong> refers to the negative attitudes, including internalized shame, that people with mental illness may have about their own condition.</li> <li><strong>Structural stigma</strong> is more systemic, involving policies of government and private organizations that intentionally or unintentionally limit opportunities for people with mental illness. Examples include lower funding for mental illness research or fewer mental health services relative to other health care.</li> </ul> <p>Stigma not only directly affects individuals with mental illness but also the loved ones who support them, often including their family members.</p> <p>Stigma around mental illness especially an issue in some diverse racial and ethnic communities and it can be a major barrier to people from those cultures accessing mental health services. For example, in some Asian cultures, seeking professional help for mental illness may be counter to cultural values of strong family, emotional restraint and avoiding shame. Among some groups, including the African American community's, distrust of the mental healthcare system can also be a barrier to seeking help. (See more on <a href="/psychiatrists/diversity">mental health in Diverse Populations</a>.)</p> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Types of Stigma</strong></span></h2> </div> <div class="c-table--responsive"> <table class="c-table"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Public</th> <th scope="col">Self</th> <th scope="col">Structural</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Stereotypes & Prejudices</th> <td>People with mental illness are dangerous, incompetent, to blame for their disorder, unpredictable</td> <td>I am dangerous, incompetent, to blame</td> <td>Stereotypes are embodied in laws and other institutions</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Discrimination</th> <td>Therefore, employers may not hire them, landlords may not rent to them, the health care system may offer a lower standard of care</td> <td>These thoughts may lead to lowered self-esteem and self-efficacy: "Why try? Someone like me is not worthy, or unable to work, live independently, or have good health."</td> <td>Leads to intended and unintended loss of opportunity</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="h-hardTop h-flushTop"><em>Source: Adapted from Corrigan, et al., 2014.</em></p> <p>Media representations of people with mental illness can influence perceptions and stigma, and they have often been negative, inaccurate or violent representations. A study published by Scarf, et. al. in 2020 looked at a recent example, the popular film <em>Joker</em> (2019), which portrays the lead character as a person with mental illness who becomes extremely violent. The study found that viewing the film "was associated with higher levels of prejudice toward those with mental illness." Additionally, the authors suggest, "<em>Joker</em> may exacerbate self-stigma for those with a mental illness, leading to delays in help seeking."</p> <p>The stigma of mental illness is universal. A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5007563/" target="_blank">2016 report on stigma</a> concluded "there is no country, society or culture where people with mental illness have the same societal value as people without mental illness."</p> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Harmful Effects of Stigma and Discrimination</strong></span></h2> </div> <p>Stigma and discrimination can contribute to worsening symptoms and reduced likelihood of getting treatment. A recent extensive <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178120301682?dgcid=raven_sd_via_email" target="_blank">review of research</a> found that self-stigma leads to negative effects on recovery among people diagnosed with severe mental illnesses. Effects can include:</p> <ul> <li>reduced hope</li> <li>lower self-esteem</li> <li>increased psychiatric symptoms</li> <li>difficulties with social relationships</li> <li>reduced likelihood of staying with treatment</li> <li>more difficulties at work</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188369/" target="_blank">A 2017 study by Oexle et al</a> involving more than 200 individuals with mental illness over a period of two years found that greater self-stigma was associated with poorer recovery from mental illness after one and two years.</p> <p>An<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00687-5/fulltext" target="_blank"> editorial in the <em>Lancet</em></a> notes that the impacts of stigma are pervasive, affecting political enthusiasm, charitable fundraising and availability, support for local services and underfunding of research for mental health relative to other health conditions.</p> <p>Some of the other harmful effects of stigma can include:</p> <ul> <li>Reluctance to seek help or treatment and reduced likelihood of staying with treatment.</li> <li>Social isolation.</li> <li>Lack of understanding by family, friends, coworkers, or others.</li> <li>Fewer opportunities for work, school or social activities or trouble finding housing.</li> <li>Bullying, physical violence or harassment.</li> <li>Health insurance that doesn't adequately cover your mental illness treatment.</li> <li>The belief that you'll never succeed at certain challenges or that you can't improve your situation.</li> </ul> <p><em>Source: Adapted from Mayo Clinic 2017</em></p> <h3 class="h-h4"><strong>Stigma Can Also Impact Family and Friends</strong></h3> <p>Family members and friends, who often provide essential help and support for people with mental illness, can also experience stigma. They may internalize stigma and blame themselves, or they may fear that people will blame them for causing a loved one’s illness or reject the family socially. This stigma can lead to reduced emotional support, social isolation, and reluctance to seek care for their relative. (Yanos, 2023; Mclean, 2023)</p> <p><strong>Stigma in Diverse Communities</strong></p> <p>Stigma around mental illness is especially an issue in some diverse racial and ethnic communities, and it can be a major barrier to people from those cultures accessing mental health services. For more information, please see <a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/mental-health-facts" target="_blank">Mental Health Disparities: Diverse Populations.</a></p> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Stigma in the Workplace</strong></span></h2> </div> <aside class="aside--right"> <p><strong>Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)</strong>, commonly available through employers, help employees deal with a variety of concerns such as work-life stressors, mental and emotional well-being issues, family and relationship issues, or financial or legal concerns. However, the services often go unused—only about 3-5% of employees use EAP services, according to the Center for Workplace Mental Health.</p> </aside> <p>A <a href="https://staging.psychiatry.org/News-room/News-Releases/APA-Poll-Employee-Mental-Health">2022 national poll</a> from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) found that mental health stigma is still a major challenge in the workplace. About half (48%) of workers say they can discuss mental health openly and honestly with their supervisor, down from 56% in 2021 and 62% in 2020. Half (52%) also say they feel comfortable using mental health services with their current employer, compared to 64% in 2021 and 67% in 2020. In a more positive trend, fewer adults are worried about retaliation if they take time off or seek care for their mental health. About one in three (36%) worried about retaliation if they took time off, compared to 48% in 2021 and 52% in 2020. Less than one-third (31%) were worried about retaliation for seeking care, compared to 43% in 2021 and 2020. (APA, 2022)</p> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Reducing Stigma</strong></span></h2> </div> <h3 class="h-h4">Public Health Approaches</h3> <p>Many years of research on anti-stigma interventions has found that successful interventions (Yanos, 2023):</p> <ul> <li>Include contact (in person, but video can also be a feature if done right).</li> <li>Focus on a range of disorders, not just depression or mental illness broadly.</li> <li>Involve participation of people with “lived experience.”</li> <li>Target groups that have the most interaction or where lack of help-seeking is most problematic (e.g., young people, undocumented communities, military communities).</li> <li>Are tailored to be credible to specific language and cultural signifiers of the target group.</li> <li>Last several years in order to be effective.</li> </ul> <p>Substantial research shows that knowing or having contact with someone with mental illness is one of the best ways to reduce stigma. Individuals speaking out and sharing their stories can have a positive impact. When we know someone with mental illness, it becomes less scary and more real and relatable.</p> <p>Teens are searching for health information online and mental health issues are among the top searches, according to a <a href="https://assets.hopelab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-coping-with-covid19-full-report.pdf" target="_blank">national survey from Hope Lab </a>(Hope Lab, 2021). About four in 10 teens said they have looked for people with similar health concerns. Many celebrities, such as Demi Lovato, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, Michael Phelps, Taraji P. Henson and Lady Gaga have publicly shared their stories of mental health challenges and brought the discussion much more into the general media and everyday conversation. Young people are looking for information and for these personal stories online.</p> <p>Recent studies have also shown the effectiveness of brief videos in reducing stigma. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38113809/" target="_blank">One study</a> tracked more than 700 students across two years in a randomized controlled trial and found that watching videos of people sharing their personal experiences and videos with information on mental health improved students' mental health care access (da Concei莽茫o, et al 2023). The researchers found that the intervention was particularly effective for those in need, enabling them to recognize their need for care and behave accordingly. <a href="https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.20230215" target="_blank">Another study</a> found that a video featuring an actor sharing a story was as effective as a person with lived experience. (Amsalem, et al 2023).</p> <p>Social marketing campaigns can also be effective. For example, a <a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305129" target="_blank">research study</a> looked at the effectiveness of an anti-stigma social marketing campaign in California and found that the campaign increased service use by helping people better understand symptoms of distress and increasing awareness that help is available. (Collins, et al 2019). The researchers suggest that widespread exposure to the mental health campaign could significantly increase access to treatment.</p> <h3 class="h-h4"><strong>Individual Actions to Reduce Stigma</strong></h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2017/9-Ways-to-Fight-Mental-Health-Stigma" target="_blank">National Alliance on Mental Illness</a> (NAMI) offers some suggestions about what we can do as individuals to help reduce the stigma of mental illness:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Talk openly</strong> about mental health, such as sharing on social media.</li> <li><strong>Educate yourself and others</strong> – respond to misperceptions or negative comments by sharing facts and experiences.</li> <li><strong>Be conscious of language</strong> – remind people that words matter.</li> <li><strong>Encourage equality</strong> between physical and mental illness – draw comparisons to how they would treat someone with cancer or diabetes.</li> <li><strong>Show compassion</strong> for those with mental illness.</li> <li><strong>Be honest about treatment</strong> – normalize mental health treatment, just like other health care treatment.</li> <li><strong>Let the media know</strong> when they are using stigmatizing language presenting stories of mental illness in a stigmatizing way.</li> <li><strong>Choose empowerment</strong> over shame – "I fight stigma by choosing to live an empowered life. To me, that means owning my life and my story and refusing to allow others to dictate how I view myself or how I feel about myself." – Val Fletcher.</li> </ul> Reducing Stigma in the Workplace While stigma and discrimination are still prevalent in the workplace, employers are increasingly addressing stigma against mental illness. The APA Foundation's Center for Workplace Mental Health emphasizes the importance of both robust healthcare services and specific efforts to break the silence that surrounds the topic of mental illness. The Center suggests organizations strive to "create a culture in which mention of depression, anxiety, post-trauma, and other common illnesses become as mentionable as diabetes, hypertension, and migraines." <h3 class="h-h4">Employers who are leading efforts to address stigma offer some suggestions (CWMH):</h3> <ul> <li><strong>Tailor programs/approaches</strong> to your company culture and existing strengths.</li> <li><strong>Mention your commitment</strong> to leading a behaviorally healthy workplace every time you mention the company's commitment to its overall culture of health, attracting and retaining the best talent, and valuing its employees, etc.</li> <li><strong>Train leaders</strong> to identify emotional distress and make referrals and to responding promptly and constructively to behavioral performance issues.</li> <li><strong>Be welcoming</strong> of the need for accommodations. Train managers to respond appropriately</li> </ul> <div class="islet" style="background-color: #2e5797;"> <h2 class="h-h4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Organizations and Campaigns</strong></span></h2> </div> <p>Across the country numerous organizations and campaigns focus on addressing the issue of mental health stigma and discrimination. A few examples are highlighted below:</p> <ul class="list--unstyled"> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="Love, your mind logo" src="/getmedia/5e63166d-1d62-4cad-bc68-b239beb9ac5b/Love-your-mind-logo.jpg" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8">The <a href="https://loveyourmindtoday.org/" target="_blank">“Love, Your Mind”</a>campaign, from the <a href="https://huntsmanmentalhealthfoundation.org/#HMHID&reserved=0" target="_blank">Huntsman Mental Health Institute </a>and the <a href="https://www.adcouncil.org/" target="_blank">Ad Council</a>, offers inspiration, community and educational resources to encourage people across the U.S. to be more open and proactive when it comes to their mental health.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="Stop Stigma together logo" src="/getmedia/124824e1-2509-4f4c-9005-73732be4f067/Stop-stigma-together-logo.jpg" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://stopstigmatogether.org/" target="_blank">Stop Stigma Together</a> is working to unite organizations to create resources, generate funding, bring clarifying awareness, and address the issues around mental health and substance use disorders. They will pose a grand challenge to our friends, family, employers, healthcare providers and governments to end the stigma around mental health and substance-use disorders to establish true well-being.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="This is my brave logo" src="/getmedia/bab57aaf-241f-4dfd-a87f-63fc308b47ac/this-is-my-brave.png" style="width: 200px;" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://thisismybrave.org/" target="_blank">This is My Brave</a> is a storytelling theatre show where individuals from the community share their stories of living a successful life despite mental illness. Since 2014, This Is My Brave has produced nearly 800 storytellers sharing true, personal stories on overcoming depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD and other illnesses. In spring 2020, the organizers developed BraveTV to bring stories of hope online during the COVID-19 pandemic.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="How are you really campaign logo" src="/getmedia/fbad59a5-cea8-45e3-80e3-1bee5f0244e7/how-are-you-really.jpeg" style="width: 200px;" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8">One recent effort is the <a href="https://www.thementalhealthcoalition.org/" target="_blank">Mental Health Coalition</a>, spearheaded by Kenneth Cole in partnership with handful of partners. Partner organizations and celebrities include Active Minds, NAMI, The JED Foundation, Anxiety and Depression Association of America, Kendall Jenner, Kesha, and others. The focus of the coalition is fighting stigma through the sharing of stories with the tag line "How are you really?"</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="" src="/getmedia/5e115e61-b6ad-4a61-8a4c-1d65f963fec1/Bring-change-logo.png" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://www.bringchange2mind.org/" target="_blank">Bring Change to Mind </a>is a nonprofit organization focused on encouraging dialogue about mental health and raising awareness, understanding, and empathy. Actress and activist Glenn Close co-founded Bring Change to Mind in 2010 after her sister and nephew were diagnosed with mental illnesses. It offers resources and tools to learn more and take action to reduce stigma.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="Stigma free campaign logo" src="/getmedia/5e75812b-ad59-4006-be1b-0f5834f30172/stigma-free-logo.png" style="width: 200px" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://www.nami.org/Get-Involved/Pledge-to-Be-StigmaFree" target="_blank">NAMI's StigmaFree</a> campaign is working to end stigma and create hope for those affected by mental illness: "Through powerful words and actions, we can shift the social and systemic barriers for those living with mental health conditions." As part of the campaign, people can take a stigma quiz at <a href="http://www.curestigma.org/" target="_blank">CureStigma.org</a> and learn more about becoming stigma free.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="Stamp out stigma logo" src="/getmedia/8b969c09-91b7-422f-8aa1-89ebd7f4d55a/stamp-out-stigma.png" style="width: 200px;" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://stampoutstigma.com/" target="_blank">Stamp Out Stigma </a>is an initiative spearheaded by the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness to reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness and substance use disorders. The campaign encourages people to start the conversation and to talk openly about mental illness and substance use.</div> </div> </li> <li class="h-pushBottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs4 sm4 m4 l4 xl4"><img alt="PBS Healthy Minds logo" src="/getmedia/498f449e-660e-402a-9562-150730dba3ed/healthy-minds-pbs-logo.jpg" style="width: 200px;" /></div> <div class="col xs8 sm8 m8 l8 xl8"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/show/healthy-minds-with-dr-jeffrey-borenstein/" target="_blank">Healthy Minds with Dr. Jeffrey Borenstein</a> aims to remove the stigma of mental illness and demonstrate that with help, there is hope. The series focuses on common psychiatric conditions through inspiring personal stories, as well as, experts sharing cutting edge information, including new approaches and next-generation therapies in diagnostics, treatment and research. Series is produced by the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation.</div> </div> </li> </ul> <h2>How So We Stop Stigma? <em>Conversation</em></h2> <p class="h-sizeXLg">Try these simple tips for talking.</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col xs6 sm6 m6 l6 xl6"> <h3>Do Say</h3> <ul> <li>"Thanks for opening up to me."</li> <li>"Is there anything I can do to help?"</li> <li>"I'm sorry to hear that. It must be tough."</li> <li>"I'm here for you when you need me."</li> <li>"I can't imagine what you're going through."</li> <li>"People do get better."</li> <li>"Oh man, that sucks."</li> <li>"Can I drive you to an appointment?"</li> <li>"How are you feeling today?"</li> <li>"I love you."</li> </ul> </div> <div class="col xs6 sm6 m6 l6 xl6"> <h3>Don't Say</h3> <ul> <li>"It could be worse."</li> <li>"Just deal with it."</li> <li>"Snap out of it."</li> <li>"Everyone feels that way sometimes."</li> <li>"You may have brought this on yourself."</li> <li>"We've all been there."</li> <li>"You've got to pull yourself together."</li> <li>"Maybe try thinking happier thoughts."</li> </ul> </div> <p class="h-hardTop h-flushTop"><em>Source: MakeItOK.org</em></p> </div> <p><button aria-controls="" aria-expanded="false" class="c-btn c-btn--small c-btn--outline toggleLink toggleLink--icons"><span aria-hidden="true" class="moon-plus-circle"> </span> References</button></p> <div class="toggleLinkTarget is-hidden" id=""> <ul> <li>Amsalem, D. et al. 2023. <a href="https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.20230215">Stigma Reduction Via Brief Video Interventions: Comparing Presentations by an Actor Versus a Person With Lived Experience.</a> Psychiatric Services. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20230215</li> <li>APA News Release: Employees Say Workplaces Are Offering Fewer Mental Health Services in 2022, According to APA Poll. May 22, 2022.</li> <li>Barnett, D. 2023. <a href="https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.12.12.35" target="_blank">‘Tis the Season: Opportune Time to Help Reduce Stigma of Substance Use Disorders</a> Psychiatric News. Nov. 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.12.12.35</li> <li>Center for Workplace Mental Health. <a href="https://workplacementalhealth.org/employer-resources/the-working-well-toolkit" target="_blank">Working Well Toolkit</a>. 2016.</li> <li>Collins, R.L., et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595511/" target="_blank">Social Marketing of Mental Health Treatment: California's Mental Illness Stigma Reduction Campaign</a>. <em>Am J Public Health</em>. 2019 June; 109(Suppl 3): S228–S235.</li> <li>Corrigan, Pw, Druss, BG, Perlick, DA. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/dDpyhM2zRi.Fg/full" target="_blank">The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care</a>. <em>Psychological Science in The Public Interest</em>. 2014, 15(2);37-70.</li> <li>da Concei莽茫o, V., Mesquita, E., & Gusm茫o, R. (2023). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38113809/" target="_blank">Effects of a stigma reduction intervention on help-seeking behaviors in university students: A 2019-2021 randomized controlled trial</a>. Psychiatry research, 331, 115673. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115673</li> <li>Forde, K. 2020. <a href="https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/by-sharing-their-own-struggles-celebs-help-teens-tear-down-mental-health-stigma/253556/" target="_blank">By Sharing Their Own Struggles, Celebs Help Teens Tear Down Mental Health Stigma</a>.</li> <li>Greenstein, L. <a href="https://www.nami.org/blogs/nami-blog/october-2017/9-ways-to-fight-mental-health-stigma" target="_blank">9 Ways To Fight Mental Health Stigma</a>. NAMI blog, Oct. 11, 2017.</li> <li>Hope Lab, Common Sense, and California HealthCare Foundation. 2021. <a href="https://assets.hopelab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-coping-with-covid19-full-report.pdf" target="_blank">Coping With Covid-19: How Young People Use Digital Media To Manage Their Mental Health.</a></li> <li>Mayo Clinic. <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/mental-health/art-20046477" target="_blank">Mental health: Overcoming the stigma of mental illness</a>. 2017.</li> <li>McLean/Mass General Brigham, 2023. <a href="https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/lets-face-it-no-one-wants-talk-about-mental-health" target="_blank">Let’s Face It, No One Wants To Talk About Mental Health</a></li> <li>Oexle N, M眉ller M, Kawohl W, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188369/" target="_blank">Self-stigma as a barrier to recovery: a longitudinal study</a>. <em>European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience</em>. October 2017. doi: 10.1007/s00406-017-0773-2.</li> <li>Pescosolido, BA. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23325423/" target="_blank">The public stigma of mental illness: what do we think; what do we know; what can we prove?</a> <em>J Health Soc Behav</em>. 2013 Mar;54(1):1-21. doi: 10.1177/0022146512471197.</li> <li>Scarf, D., et al. <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2764842" target="_blank">Association of Viewing the Films Joker or Terminator: Dark Fate With Prejudice Toward Individuals With Mental Illness</a>. <em>JAMA Network Open</em>. April 24, 2020.</li> <li>Yanos, P., Amsalem, D., Dixon, L. 2023. Brief video interventions to reduce self-, public, and affiliate stigma among/toward young individuals with psychosis. Presentation at APA 2023 Mental Health Services Conference</li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="h-h4 h-bottom h-overline">Physician Review</h2> <p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Nikhita Singhal, M.D.<br /> University of Toronto, Psychiatry Resident</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">March 2024</p> </div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </article> <aside class="o-sidebar--r col xs12 l4 xl3"> <div class="o-wrapper o-wrapper--widget c-card--01 u-margin-top-bottom-lg"> <div class="c-card c-card--image c-card--b--l c-card--b--l--tertiary--blue u-bg-color--white" role="group" aria-label="card"> <div class="c-card__media"> <img src="/getmedia/b7fbdea8-1eb8-4391-b3b7-3df7a17072e8/MHCW-Feature.png?width=799&height=540&ext=.png" alt="Mental Health Care Works" /> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div class="c-card__body c-wysiwyg"> <h2 class="h2">Mental Health Care Works</h2> <p>The APA Foundation’s public awareness campaign, "Mental Health Care Works," focuses on empowering those with mental health concerns to take the first step toward getting help.</p> </div> <div class="c-card__action"> <a href="https://mentalhealthcareworks.org/" target="_blank" class="c-btn"> Explore the campaign </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="row u-mb--0"><article class="c-article--main c-col--100 col xs12 u-mb--0"> <div> </div> </article></div> </div> </main> <div class="o-wrapper o-wrapper--minor u-background-dark-blue"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-cta-banner"> <h2>Medical leadership for mind, brain and body.</h2> <a href="/membership/join-apa" class="c-btn c-btn--orange">Join Today</a> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="c-footer"> <div class="o-wrapper"> <div class="o-container o-container--alt"> <div class="row c-footer--primary footer-menu u-mb--0"> <div class="col xs12 m6 l3 u-mb--2"> <h3>Explore APA <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-links-list-1"><span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">Toggle List</span></button></h3> <ul id="footer-links-list-1"> <li><a href="/psychiatrists" >Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents" >Residents & Medical Students</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families" >Patients & Families</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa" >About APA</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/work-at-apa" >Work At APA</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings" >Annual Meeting</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col xs12 m6 l3 u-mb--2"> <h3>Newsroom <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-links-list-2"><span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">Toggle List</span></button></h3> <ul id="footer-links-list-2"> <li><a href="/news-room/news-releases" >News Releases</a></li> <li><a href="http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/" >Psychiatric News</a></li> <li><a href="https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/topic/news-president?sortBy=Ppub&" target="_blank">Message from President</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/apa-blogs" >APA Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col xs12 m6 l3 u-mb--2"> <h3>Join APA <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-links-list-3"><span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">Toggle List</span></button></h3> <ul id="footer-links-list-3"> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/general-members" >General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/early-career-psychiatrists" >Early Career Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/residents-and-fellows" >Residents & Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/medical-students" >Medical Students</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international" >International</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international-resident-fellows" >International Resident-Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/semi-retired-and-retired" >Semi-Retired & Retired</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col xs12 m6 l3 u-mb--0"> <h3>APA Sites <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-links-list-4"><span class="moon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">Toggle List</span></button></h3> <ul id="footer-links-list-4"> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting" >APA Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="http://community.psychiatry.org/" target="_blank">APA Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.apaf.org/" target="_blank">APA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.psychiatry.org/" target="_blank">APA JobCentral</a></li> <li><a href="https://education.psychiatry.org/SSOLogin" target="_blank">APA Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.appi.org" target="_blank">APA Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="http://workplacementalhealth.org/" target="_blank">Center for Workplace Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.apaf.org/library-archives/" target="_blank">Melvin Sabshin, M.D. Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a href="http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/" target="_blank">Psychiatric News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.psychiatryonline.org/" target="_blank">Psychiatry Online</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="o-wrapper o-wrapper--minor--m u-bg--white"> <div class="o-container o-container--alt"> <div class="row c-footer--secondary u-pt--1 u-mb--2"> <div class="col xs12 ml6 u-mb--0--max--ml"> <nav aria-label="footer links"> <ul class="c-list c-list--inline-b u-mb--0--ml"> <li><a href="/terms-of-use-and-privacy-policy" >Terms of Use and Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/copyright" >Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/contact-us" >Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/conflict-of-interest-policy" >Conflict of Interest Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/accessibility" >Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="c-footer-social"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychiatricAssociation" aria-label="Link to Facebook" target="_blank"><span class="moon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/apapsychiatric/" aria-label="Link to Instagram" target="_blank"><span class="moon-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/APAPsychiatric" aria-label="Link to Twitter" target="_blank"><span class="moon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/AmericanPsychiatric" aria-label="Link to YouTube" target="_blank"><span class="moon-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-psychiatric-association?trk=vsrp_companies_res_name&trkinfo=" aria-label="Link to LinkedIn" target="_blank"><span class="moon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@apapsychiatric" aria-label="Link to TikTok" target="_blank"><span class="moon-tiktok" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col xs12 ml6 u-mb--0--max--ml"> <ul class="u-ta--r--ml u-mb--5--max--ml u-mb--2--ml"> <li class="u-mb--0">© 2024 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved</li> <li><span class="moon-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></span><a href="https://goo.gl/maps/BCds8kqQT2k9hdJ86" target="_blank">800 Maine Avenue, S.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20024</a></li> </ul> <ul class="c-contact c-list c-list--inline-b u-ta--r--ml"> <li><span class="moon-phone" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a href="tel:202-559-3900">202-559-3900</a></li> <li><span class="moon-mail" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#513021301121222832397f3e2336"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="721302133202010b111a5c1d0015">[email protected]</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="mobile-menu-modal" class="c-modal c-modal--menu c-modal--side c-modal--side--l" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="mobile-menu-title"> <h1 id="mobile-menu-title" class="sr-only">Mobile menu</h1> <button class="close-button first-focusable-element"> <span class="moon-cross" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="sr-only">Close menu</span> </button> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="menu-level-0">  <ul class="ada-menu"> <li><a href="/" alt="Home">Home</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="935-menu"> Psychiatrists <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="936-menu"> Residents & Medical Students <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="913-menu"> Patients and Families <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="940-menu"> Membership <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="488-menu"> About APA <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="937-menu"> Newsroom <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy">Advocacy & APAPAC</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="939-menu"> APA Sites <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li>  <li><a href="/membership/renew-your-membership" target="_blank">RENEW</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa">JOIN</a></li> <li><a href="/Login" class="last-focusable-element u-bg-color--tertiary--blue--light">Sign In <span class="moon-exit-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu-level-1"> <ul id="935-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists" ><strong>Psychiatrists</strong></a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="907-menu"> Education <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="918-menu"> Practice <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="3417-menu"> Diversity & Health Equity <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="3164-menu"> Research & Registry <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="897-menu"> Advocacy & APAPAC <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="451-menu"> Meetings & Events <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="2166-menu"> Search Directories & Databases <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="last-focusable-element" aria-controls="2837-menu"> International <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> </ul> <ul id="936-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students" ><strong>Residents & Medical Students</strong></a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="967-menu"> Residents <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="last-focusable-element" aria-controls="968-menu"> Medical Students <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> </ul> <ul id="913-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families" ><strong>Patients and Families</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry">What is Psychiatry?</a></li> <li><a href="http://finder.psychiatry.org/">Find a Psychiatrist</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="914-menu"> Addiction and Substance Use Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="915-menu"> Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/alcohol-use-disorder">Alcohol Use Disorder</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5244-menu"> Anxiety Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5246-menu"> Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5278-menu"> Autism Spectrum Disorder <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="4820-menu"> Bipolar Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="6142-menu"> Climate Change and Mental Health Connections <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/coping-after-disaster-trauma">Coping After Disaster</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="2604-menu"> Depression <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="4877-menu"> Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5293-menu"> Dissociative Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/domestic-violence">Domestic Violence</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5342-menu"> Eating Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/e-cigarettes-vaping">E-Cigarettes and Vaping</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="4942-menu"> Gambling Disorder <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5090-menu"> Gender Dysphoria <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/helping-a-loved-one-cope-with-mental-illness">Helping a Loved One Cope with Mental Illness</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5103-menu"> Hoarding Disorder <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/integrated-behavioral-healthcare">Integrated Behavioral Healthcare</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5215-menu"> Intellectual Disability <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/internet-gaming">Internet Gaming</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="4893-menu"> Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/opioid-use-disorder">Opioid Use Disorder</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5070-menu"> Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum) <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="4911-menu"> Personality Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5157-menu"> Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/prolonged-grief-disorder">Prolonged Grief Disorder</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5171-menu"> Schizophrenia <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/seasonal-affective-disorder">Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5131-menu"> Sleep Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5146-menu"> Somatic Symptom Disorder <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5089-menu"> Specific Learning Disorders <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination">Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/suicide-prevention">Suicide Prevention</a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="8429-menu"> Technology Addictions: Social Media, Online Gaming, and More <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness">Warning Signs of Mental Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/ect">Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness">What is Mental Illness?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/psychotherapy">What is Psychotherapy?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/telepsychiatry">What is Telepsychiatry? </a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="6880-menu"> La Salud Mental <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/medication-guides-for-parents">Childhood Disorders: Medication Guides for Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/lifestyle-to-support-mental-health" class="last-focusable-element">Lifestyle to Support Mental Health</a></li> </ul> <ul id="940-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership" ><strong>Membership</strong></a></li> <li> <button aria-controls="5057-menu"> Join APA <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5800-menu"> Member Benefits <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5809-menu"> Honorary Fellowship (FAPA & DFAPA) <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="925-menu"> Awards & Leadership Opportunities <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5824-menu"> Get Involved <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button aria-controls="5836-menu"> Directories, Contact Info & FAQs <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="last-focusable-element" aria-controls="5838-menu"> District Branches <span class="moon-chevron-right--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </li> </ul> <ul id="488-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/about-apa" ><strong>About APA</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/vision-mission-values-goals">APA's Vision, Mission, Values, and Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/meet-our-organization">Meet Our Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/read-apa-organization-documents-and-policies">Read APA Organization Documents and Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/work-at-apa">Work At APA</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/apa-headquarters">About APA's Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/policy-finder">Policy Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/contact-us" class="last-focusable-element">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <ul id="937-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/news-room" ><strong>Newsroom</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/news-releases">News Releases</a></li> <li><a href="https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/topic/news-president?sortBy=Ppub">Messages from the APA President</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/reporting-on-mental-health-conditions">Reporting on Mental Health Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/apa-blogs">APA Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/goldwater-rule">Goldwater Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/annual-meeting-press-registration-guidelines">Annual Meeting Press Registration + Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/apa-public-opinion-polls">APA Public Opinion Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/news-room/recommendations-on-covering-aapi-community">Reporter Toolkit: Recommendations on Covering the AAPI Community</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/comunicados-de-prensa-en-espanol" class="last-focusable-element">Comunicados de prensa en español</a></li> </ul> <ul id="939-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="https://www.psychiatry.org" ><strong>APA Sites</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">APA Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="http://community.psychiatry.org/">APA Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://apaf.org">APA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.psychiatry.org/">APA JobCentral</a></li> <li><a href="https://education.psychiatry.org">APA Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://appi.org">APA Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="https://workplacementalhealth.org/">Center for Workplace Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.apaf.org/library-archives/">Melvin Sabshin, M.D. Library & Archives </a></li> <li><a href="http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/">Psychiatric News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.psychiatryonline.org/" class="last-focusable-element">Psychiatry Online</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu-level-2"> <ul id="907-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education" ><strong>Education</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/apa-learning-center">APA Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/apa-on-demand">APA On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.appi.org/">Books and Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/certification-and-licensure">Certification and Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/education">Diversity and Health Equity Education Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/meeting-submission-and-guidelines">Meeting Submission and Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/mental-health-innovation-zone">Mental Health Innovation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/meetings/the-mental-health-services-conference">The Mental Health Services Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/virtual-immersive-series">The Virtual Immersive</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/education/virtual-courses" class="last-focusable-element">Virtual Paid Courses</a></li> </ul> <ul id="918-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice" ><strong>Practice</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/clinical-practice-guidelines">Clinical Practice Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/covid-19-coronavirus">Covid-19 / Coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/digital-mental-health">Digital Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/dsm">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/helping-patients-access-care">Helping Patients Access Care</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/media-and-communications">Media and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/mental-health-apps">Mental Health Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/parity">Mental Health Parity</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/practice-management">Practice Management</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests">Professional Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/quality-improvement">Quality Improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/risk-management">Risk Management</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/social-media">Social Media</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/sunshine-act">Sunshine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/clozapine-rems-program">The Clozapine Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/transition-to-practice">Transition to Practice and Early Career Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/well-being-and-burnout" class="last-focusable-element">Well-being and Burnout</a></li> </ul> <ul id="3417-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity" ><strong>Diversity & Health Equity</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/federal-affairs/diversity-health-equity">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mental-health-and-faith-community-partnership">Mental Health and Faith Community Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mental-health-equity-fireside-chat">Mental Health Equity Looking Beyond Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/mur-caucuses">Minority and Underrepresented (M/UR) Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/moore-equity-in-mental-health-initiative">Moore Equity in Mental Health Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/news-and-updates">News and Updates</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/striving-for-excellence-series">Striving for Excellence Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/diversity/samhsa-minority-fellowship-programs" class="last-focusable-element">SAMHSA Minority Fellowship Program</a></li> </ul> <ul id="3164-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research" ><strong>Research & Registry</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/amnet">AMNet: Addiction Medicine Practice Based Research Network</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/dsm">DMS-5-TR</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/registry">PsychPRO: APA's Mental Health Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/research-colloquium-for-junior-psychiatrist-invest">Research Colloquium for Junior Psychiatrist Investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests/women-s-mental-health/maternal-mental-health-toolkit">Perinatal Mental Health Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/psychiatric-bed-crisis-report" class="last-focusable-element">Psychiatric Bed Crisis Report</a></li> </ul> <ul id="897-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy" ><strong>Advocacy & APAPAC</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://votervoice.net/AmericanPsych/home">Advocacy Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/apapac">APAPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/congressional-advocacy-network">Congressional Advocacy Network</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/election-resource-center">Election Resource Center</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/federal-affairs">Federal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/state-affairs">State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/implementing-9-8-8">Implementing 9-8-8</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy/advocacy-update-webinars" class="last-focusable-element">Advocacy Update Webinars</a></li> </ul> <ul id="451-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings" ><strong>Meetings & Events</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/annual-meeting">2025 Annual Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/the-mental-health-services-conference">The 2024 Mental Health Services Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/addressing-structural-racism-town-hall">Addressing Structural Racism Town Hall Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/apa-meetings-app">APA Meetings App</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/meet-our-organization/governance-meetings">Governance Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/mental-health-equity-fireside-chat">Mental Health Equity Fireside Chat Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/moore-equity-in-mental-health-5k">Moore Equity in Mental Health 5K</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/policy-practice-insights-webinar-series">Policy & Practice Insights Series</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/september-component-meetings">September Component Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/meetings/social-determinants-of-mental-health-town-hall" class="last-focusable-element">Social Determinants of Mental Health Town Hall Series</a></li> </ul> <ul id="2166-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases" ><strong>Search Directories & Databases</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/amicus-briefs">Amicus Briefs</a></li> <li><a href="http://community.psychiatry.org/">APA Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membershipsites?dir=assembly">Assembly Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Component Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/conference-publications">Conference Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/library-and-archive">Library and Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Member Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/member-obituaries">Member Obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/policy-finder">Policy Finder</a></li> <li><a href="http://psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.aspx">Practice Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/search-directories-databases/resource-documents" class="last-focusable-element">Resource Documents</a></li> </ul> <ul id="2837-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="935-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international" ><strong>International</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-trainees">International Trainees</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-humanitarian-opportunities">International Humanitarian Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/global-mental-health">Global Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-medical-graduates-resources" class="last-focusable-element">International Medical Graduates Resources</a></li> </ul> <ul id="967-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="936-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents" ><strong>Residents</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/100-club">100% Club</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/residents-journal">Residents' Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/featured-publications">Featured Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships">APA/APAF Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/external-fellowships-and-awards">External Fellowships and Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/helping-residents-cope-with-a-patient-suicide">Helping Residents Cope with a Patient Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/international/international-medical-graduates-resources">International Medical Graduates Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/mindgames">MindGames</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/vacant-resident-positions">Vacant Resident Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/leadership-positions">Leadership Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/set-for-success" class="last-focusable-element">SET for Success</a></li> </ul> <ul id="968-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="936-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students" ><strong>Medical Students</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/apply-for-psychiatric-residency">Apply for Psychiatric Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/choosing-a-career-in-psychiatry">Choosing a Career in Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/building-a-career-in-psychiatry">Building a Career in Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/medical-student-programs">Medical Student Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/psychsign">PsychSIGN</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/resident-fellow-census">Resident-Fellow Census</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/transitioning-to-residency-during-covid-19" class="last-focusable-element">Transitioning to Residency During COVID-19</a></li> </ul> <ul id="914-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders" ><strong>Addiction and Substance Use Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/what-is-a-substance-use-disorder">What Is a Substance Use Disorder?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Addiction and Substance Use Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="915-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/alzheimers" ><strong>Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/alzheimers/what-is-alzheimers-disease">What Are Dementia and Alzheimer鈥檚 Disease?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/alzheimers/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5244-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/anxiety-disorders" ><strong>Anxiety Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders">What are Anxiety Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Anxiety Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5246-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/adhd" ><strong>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd">What is ADHD?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/adhd/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: ADHD</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5278-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/autism" ><strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder">What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/autism/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Autism Spectrum Disorder</a></li> </ul> <ul id="4820-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/bipolar-disorders" ><strong>Bipolar Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders">What Are Bipolar Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Bipolar Disorder</a></li> </ul> <ul id="6142-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/climate-change-and-mental-health-connections" ><strong>Climate Change and Mental Health Connections</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/climate-change-and-mental-health-connections/affects-on-mental-health">How Extreme Weather Events Affect Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/climate-change-and-mental-health-connections/who-is-affected-by-climate-change" class="last-focusable-element">Who Is Affected by Climate Change?</a></li> </ul> <ul id="2604-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/depression" ><strong>Depression</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression">What Is Depression?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/depression/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Depression</a></li> </ul> <ul id="4877-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders" ><strong>Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders/what-are-disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct">What are Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5293-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/dissociative-disorders" ><strong>Dissociative Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders">What Are Dissociative Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Dissociative Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5342-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/eating-disorders" ><strong>Eating Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/eating-disorders/what-are-eating-disorders">What are Eating Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/eating-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Eating Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="4942-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gambling-disorder" ><strong>Gambling Disorder</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder">What is Gambling Disorder?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gambling-disorder/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Gambling Disorder</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5090-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gender-dysphoria" ><strong>Gender Dysphoria</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria">What is Gender Dysphoria?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Gender Dysphoria</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5103-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/hoarding-disorder" ><strong>Hoarding Disorder</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder">What is Hoarding Disorder?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Hoarding Disorder</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5215-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/intellectual-disability" ><strong>Intellectual Disability</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/intellectual-disability/what-is-intellectual-disability">What is Intellectual Disability?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/intellectual-disability/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Intellectual Disability</a></li> </ul> <ul id="4893-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" ><strong>Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder">What Is are Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders? </a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5070-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/peripartum-depression" ><strong>Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression">What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/peripartum-depression/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Perinatal Depression</a></li> </ul> <ul id="4911-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/personality-disorders" ><strong>Personality Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders">What are Personality Disorders? </a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/personality-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Personality Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5157-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/ptsd" ><strong>Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd">What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/ptsd/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5171-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/schizophrenia" ><strong>Schizophrenia</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia">What is Schizophrenia? </a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/schizophrenia/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Schizophrenia</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5131-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/sleep-disorders" ><strong>Sleep Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders">What are Sleep Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/sleep-disorders/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Sleep Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5146-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder" ><strong>Somatic Symptom Disorder</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/what-is-somatic-symptom-disorder">What is Somatic Symptom Disorder? </a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Somatic Symptom Disorder</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5089-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder" ><strong>Specific Learning Disorders</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder/what-is-specific-learning-disorder">What Are Specific Learning Disorders?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder/expert-q-and-a" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Specific Learning Disorders</a></li> </ul> <ul id="8429-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/technology-addictions-social-media-and-more" ><strong>Technology Addictions: Social Media, Online Gaming, and More</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/technology-addictions-social-media-and-more/what-is-technology-addiction">What is Technology Addiction?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/technology-addictions-social-media-and-more/expert-q-a-technology-addiction" class="last-focusable-element">Expert Q&A: Technology Addiction</a></li> </ul> <ul id="6880-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="913-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental" ><strong>La Salud Mental</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/cigarrillos-electronicos-y-vapeo">Cigarrillos electrónicos y vapeo</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/trastorno-del-espectro-autista">Trastorno del espectro autista</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/trastorno-por-consumo-de-alcohol">Trastorno por consumo de alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/trastorno-por-consumo-de-opioides-1">Trastorno por consumo de opioides</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/trastorno-de-estres-postraumatico-tept">Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT)</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/comunicados-de-prensa-en-espanol">Comunicados de prensa en español</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/adiccion-a-la-tecnologia-redes-sociales-juegos-en">Adicción a la tecnología: redes sociales, juegos en línea, y más</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/¿que-es-la-psiquiatria">¿Qué es la psiquiatría?</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/conexiones-entre-el-cambio-climatico-y-la-salud-me">Conexiones entre el cambio climático y la salud mental</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/ansiedad">Ansiedad</a></li> <li><a href="/patients-families/la-salud-mental/mas-temas-de-salud-mental" class="last-focusable-element">Más temas de salud mental</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5057-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa" ><strong>Join APA</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/general-members">General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/early-career-psychiatrists">Early Career Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/residents-and-fellows">Residents and Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/medical-students">Medical Students</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international">International</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/international-resident-fellows">International Resident-Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-apa/semi-retired-and-retired">Semi-Retired and Retired</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org " class="last-focusable-element">View Your Profile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5800-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits" ><strong>Member Benefits</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/general-members">General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/early-career-psychiatrists">Early Career Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/resident-fellow-members">Resident-Fellow Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/medical-students">Medical Students</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/international">International</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/international-resident-fellows">International Resident-Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/benefits/semi-retired-and-retired" class="last-focusable-element">Semi-Retired and Retired</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5809-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship" ><strong>Honorary Fellowship (FAPA & DFAPA)</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/fapa">Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/dfapa">Distinguished Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/ifapa">International Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/idfapa">International Distinguished Fellow of the APA</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/honorary-fellowship/newest-class-of-honorary-fellows" class="last-focusable-element">2024 Class of Honorary Fellows</a></li> </ul> <ul id="925-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities" ><strong>Awards & Leadership Opportunities</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/elections">2025 APA National Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/Councils">Councils, Committees and Components</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/leadership-positions">Resident-Fellow Leadership Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/awards-leadership-opportunities/volunteer-leadership-opportunities" class="last-focusable-element">Volunteer Leadership Opportunities</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5824-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved" ><strong>Get Involved</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/advocacy">Advocacy and APAPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships">APA/APAF Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/apa-insider-sessions">APA Insider Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/join-a-caucus">APA Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships/additional-opportunities-for-fellows/lead-institute">Leadership, Equity and Diversity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/medical-students/medical-student-programs">Medical Student Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/residents-medical-students/residents/fellowships/additional-opportunities-for-fellows/mentorship-program/fellowship-mentorship-program">Mentorship Program for APA/APAF Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/mur-caucuses">Minority and Underrepresented (M/UR) Caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/psychiatrists/research/research-colloquium-for-junior-psychiatrist-invest">Research Colloquium</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/get-involved/apa-communities" class="last-focusable-element">APA Communities</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5836-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions" ><strong>Directories, Contact Info & FAQs</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/contact-your-membership-specialist">Contact Your Membership Specialist</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/district-branches">Contact Your District Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/faqs">Membership FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/semi-retired-and-retired-faqs">Semi-Retired and Retired FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/lump-sum-dues">Lump Sum Dues</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/contacts-and-frequently-asked-questions/2025-apa-dues-rate-changes-faqs">2025 APA Dues Rate Changes FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membersdirectory">Member Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://my.psychiatry.org/s/membershipsites?dir=assembly">Assembly Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/Councils" class="last-focusable-element">Components</a></li> </ul> <ul id="5838-menu" class="ada-menu"> <li> <button class="back-button" data-parentid="940-menu"> <span class="moon-chevron-left--light" aria-hidden="true"></span> Back </button> </li> <li><a href="/about-apa/Meet-Our-Organization/district-branches" ><strong>District Branches</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-resources">Resources for DB/SA Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-dues-for-general-members">District Branch Dues for General Members</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/district-branches/district-branch-dues-for-residents-and-fellows" class="last-focusable-element">District Branch Dues for Residents and Fellows</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="/bundles/app?v=5opUbqYSt863D-JHnLX1FtkyL3j69ZPbx_Slj8ts-xo1"></script> <script src="/bundles/jquery-unobtrusive-ajax?v=xrOBCOOAZ9Yz1_xnxbYeoUZg8LKWeWcJsFM3nIre0H41"></script> <script src="/bundles/jquery-validation?v=_2NARcHqgXjmcyzoEO-6dbbnH3elQxR0HYVvVd8_xNw1"></script> <script src="/bundles/jquery-ui?v=4wk3vpAM5e15eFhIIiHHawwKes2icINLp9J-NBqewGU1"></script> <script src="/kentico/bundles/forms/scripts?v=-bjGh-FOT6yDTxgrHwJwJf92VzWLPBz3wNicLVM1-v01"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Psychiatry.org - Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness