Taxonomy II | Biology | Visionlearning

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The module gives examples of naming controversies and describes how they were resolved, including by bending the rules in regard to certain famous beasts."> <meta name="keywords" content="taxonomy, genus, species, taxonomic"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="D8E20F39AD48052260032E56DE409970"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://visionlearning.com/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89" }, "name": "Taxonomy II", "headline": "Taxonomy II: Nomenclature", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Alfred L. 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The module gives examples of naming controversies and describes how they were resolved, including by bending the rules in regard to certain famous beasts.", "keywords": "taxonomy, genus, species, taxonomic", "inLanguage": { "@type": "Language", "name": "English", "alternateName": "en" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc." }, "copyrightYear": "2003"} </script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://visionlearning.com/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89"> <meta property="og:title" content="Taxonomy II | Biology | Visionlearning" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Visionlearning"> <meta property="og:description" content="Carolus Linnaeus, the “father of taxonomy,” developed a uniform system for naming plants and animals to ensure that each species has a unique name. This module outlines rules of forming two-term taxonomic names according to genus and species. 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Control Earth's Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/earth-science/6/circulation-in-the-atmosphere/255">Circulation in the Atmosphere</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-hazards" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-hazards" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Hazards </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-hazards" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-hazards" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/earth-science/6/natural-hazards-and-risk/288">Natural Hazards and Risk</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-history" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-history" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth History </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-earth-history" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-earth-history" 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</span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ecology" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ecology" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-i/276">Biodiversity I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-ii/281">Biodiversity II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/ecosystem-services/279">Ecosystem Services</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/population-biology/287">Population Biology</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-cycles" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-cycles" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth Cycles </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-earth-cycles" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-earth-cycles" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-nitrogen-cycle/98">The Nitrogen Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-carbon-cycle/95">The Carbon Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-phosphorus-cycle/197">The Phosphorus Cycle</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-general-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-general-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> General Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-general-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-general-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-scientific-method/45">The Scientific Method</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-measurement" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-measurement" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Measurement </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-measurement" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-measurement" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-metric-system/47">The Metric System</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physical-properties" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physical-properties" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physical Properties </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physical-properties" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physical-properties" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/temperature/48">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/density-and-buoyancy/37">Density and Buoyancy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-math-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-math-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Math in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-math-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-math-in-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-equations" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-equations" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Equations </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-equations" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-equations" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/unit-conversion/144">Unit Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/linear-equations/194">Linear Equations</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-i/206">Exponential Equations I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-ii/210">Exponential Equations II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/scientific-notation/250">Scientific Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/measurement/257">Measurement</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-statistics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-statistics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Statistics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-statistics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-statistics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-descriptive-statistics/218">Introduction to Descriptive Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-inferential-statistics/224">Introduction to Inferential Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/statistical-techniques/239">Statistical Techniques</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Trigonometric Functions </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/wave-mathematics/131">Wave Mathematics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physics" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-light-and-optics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-light-and-optics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Light and Optics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-light-and-optics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-light-and-optics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/the-nature-of-light/132">The Nature of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/electromagnetism-and-light/138">Electromagnetism and Light</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-mechanics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-mechanics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Mechanics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-mechanics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-mechanics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/defining-energy/199">Defining Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/waves-and-wave-motion/102">Waves and Wave Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/gravity/118">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/thermodynamics-i/200">Thermodynamics I</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-process-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-process-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Process of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-process-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-process-of-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-introduction" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-introduction" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Introduction </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-introduction" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-introduction" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-process-of-science/176">The Process of Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> The Culture of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-nature-of-scientific-knowledge/185">The Nature of Scientific Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientists-and-the-scientific-community/172">Scientists and the Scientific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-ethics/161">Scientific Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-institutions-and-societies/162">Scientific Institutions and Societies</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ideas in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ideas-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/theories-hypotheses-and-laws/177">Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-controversy/181">Scientific Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/creativity-in-science/182">Creativity in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-research-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-research-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Research Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-research-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-research-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-practice-of-science/148">The Practice of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/experimentation-in-scientific-research/150">Experimentation in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/description-in-scientific-research/151">Description in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/comparison-in-scientific-research/152">Comparison in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/modeling-in-scientific-research/153">Modeling in Scientific Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-data" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-data" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Data </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-data" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-data" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/data-analysis-and-interpretation/154">Data Analysis and Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/uncertainty-error-and-confidence/157">Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/statistics-in-science/155">Statistics in Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/using-graphs-and-visual-data-in-science/156">Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-communication" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-communication" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Communication </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-communication" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-communication" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/understanding-scientific-journals-and-articles/158">Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/utilizing-the-scientific-literature/173">Utilizing the Scientific Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/peer-review-in-scientific-publishing/159">Peer Review in Scientific Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-how-and-why-of-scientific-meetings/186">The How and Why of Scientific Meetings</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientists and Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientists-and-research" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205">Ruth Benerito</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-díaz/219">Franklin Chang Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-córdova/230">France Anne-Dominic Córdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li>  <button class="button" data-toggle="dropdown">Biology </button> <div class="nav__dropdown box-shadow-1 padding-1"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary font-size-sm"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-biological-molecules" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-biological-molecules" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Biological Molecules </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-biological-molecules" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-biological-molecules" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/carbohydrates/61">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/fats-and-proteins/62">Fats and Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/biological-proteins/243">Biological Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/blood-biology-i/242">Blood Biology I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/lipids/207">Lipids</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-cell-biology" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-cell-biology" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Cell Biology </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-cell-biology" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-cell-biology" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/discovery-and-structure-of-cells/64">Discovery and Structure of Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/respiration/285">Respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/membranes-i/198">Membranes I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/membranes-ii/204">Membranes II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/cellular-organelles-i/195">Cellular Organelles I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/cell-division-i/196">Cell Division I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/cell-division-ii/212">Cell Division II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/membranes-and-chemical-transport/106">Membranes and Chemical Transport</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-energy-in-living-systems" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-energy-in-living-systems" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Energy in Living Systems </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-energy-in-living-systems" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-energy-in-living-systems" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/energy-metabolism-i/215">Energy Metabolism I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/energy-metabolism-ii/225">Energy Metabolism II</a></li> <li><a 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class="subcategory"> <strong><em>Evolutionary Biology</em></strong> </span> <h1>Taxonomy II: <sub><em>Nomenclature</em></sub></h1> <p class="byline">by Alfred L. Rosenberger, Ph.D.</p> </header> <nav class="module__tabs"> <ul class="tabs-nav tabs-nav--pill tabs-nav--horizontal--md library"> <li> <a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89/reading" class="is-active" aria-current="page" >Reading</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89/quiz" >Quiz</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89/resources" >Teach with this</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "AudioObject", "contentUrl": "https://www.visionlearning.com/img/library/moduleAudio/module_89.mp3", "description": "Recording of Taxonomy II : Carolus Linnaeus, the “father of taxonomy,” developed a uniform system for naming plants and animals to ensure that each species has a unique name. This module outlines rules of forming two-term taxonomic names according to genus and species. The module gives examples of naming controversies and describes how they were resolved, including by bending the rules in regard to certain famous beasts.", "encodingFormat": "mp3", "name": "module_89.mp3" } </script> <div class="module__audio"> <div class="audio-player border border-radius"> <audio id="audio"> <source src="https://www.visionlearning.com/img/library/moduleAudio/module_89.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio element. </audio> <div class="audio-player__title"> <p>Listen to this reading</p> <span class="audio-player__timestamp" id="timestamp"> 00:00 </span> </div> <div class="audio-player__controls" id="controls"> <button class="button button--icon-only" id="play-pause-button"> <span class="icon icon-play" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> <div class="audio-player__progress" id="progress-bar" tabindex="0" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" aria-valuenow="0" aria-label="Use arrow keys to forward or rewind the audio" role="slider"> <div class="audio-player__progress__fill"> <span class="audio-player__thumb"></span> </div> </div> <div class="audio-player__volume-container"> <button id="mute-button"> <span class="icon icon-volume"></span> </button> <div class="audio-player__volume" tabindex="0" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" aria-valuenow="100" aria-label="Use arrow keys to adjust volume" role="slider"> <div class="audio-player__volume__fill"> <span class="audio-player__thumb"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="module__divider" />  <div class="module__tools"> <aside class="module__tools__container border-radius box-shadow-1"> <div class="tabs tabs--toggle-mobile--lg" role="tablist"> <ul class="tab__buttons"> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-label="In this module" aria-controls="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-selected="true" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-list" aria-hidden="true"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Contents</span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-controls="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-selected="false" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-glossary-highlight"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Glossary Terms</span> </button> </li> </ul> <div class="tabs__panel shown" id="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-labelledby="tab-button-module__tools" role="tabpanel"> <div class="table-of-contents"> <p class="table-of-contents__title"> Table of Contents </p> <ul class="table-of-contents__nav"> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89#toc_1">Goals of the Linnaean naming system</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89#toc_2">Other rules for naming species</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89#toc_3">Examples of conflicts among scientific names</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/biology/2/taxonomy-ii/89#toc_4">Brontosaurus: A case of mistaken identity</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-terms" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="termsToggleSwitch" id="terms-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Highlight Glossary Terms </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate glossary term highlighting to easily identify key terms within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on these terms to view their definitions. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="glossary-container"></div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-ngss" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-ngss" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="ngssToggleSwitch" id="ngss-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Show NGSS Annotations </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate NGSS annotations to easily identify NGSS standards within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on them to view these standards. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="ngss-container"></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="margin-3"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="7634263342" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div>     <div class="module__main"> <div class="module__main__container"> <div class="accordion">  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-key-concepts" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-key-concepts" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> Did you know? </button> <div class="accordion__panel shown show" id="acc-panel-key-concepts" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-key-concepts" role="region"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <p>Did you know that <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> could have been called <em>Manospondylus gigas</em>? The rules of scientific nomenclature usually dictate that when more than one name for a species is discovered has been given, the older one prevails. Luckily, common sense won out in the case of <em>T. Rex</em>, and this most famous dinosaur was allowed to keep the newer name that both scientists and the general public had become familiar with.</p> </div> </div>  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-table-of-contents" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-table-of-contents" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Key concepts </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-table-of-contents" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-table-of-contents" role="region" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <ul class="bulleted"><li><p>The system of binomial nomenclature was Linnaeus' response to the need of a clear, distinct naming of species that would be recognized around the world and reduce the chance of one species being known by multiple names.</p></li> <li><p>Scientific names are always written in italics, with the genus capitalized and the species lowercase, and should sound as though they are Latin.</p></li></ul> </div> </div>  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Terms you should know </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" role="region" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <dl> <dt>generic </dt> <dd> related to a genus </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/nomenclature">nomenclature </a></dt> <dd> a formal naming system </dd> <dt>specific </dt> <dd> related to a species</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <section> <p>Henry Fairfield Osborn was the first curator of <mark class="term" data-term="vertebrate" data-term-def="Any organism with a backbone. Only ~5% of described animal species are vertebrates." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/vertebrate/5332">vertebrate</mark> paleontology at the American Museum of <mark class="term" data-term="natural history" data-term-def="The sciences dealing with the study of all objects in nature; used more commonly in the 18th and 19th centuries to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/natural+history/5271">Natural History</mark>, in New York, and its first scientist-president. He was hired in 1891, just 15 years after the museum opened. One of Osborn's most famous projects involved the naming and description of what was once only a modestly important dinosaur discovered in Montana, <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em>. It was gigantic, fierce looking, and extraordinarily popular as an exhibit skeleton mounted in the museum's halls, and Osborn helped make the shorthand label for this fascinating beast, <em>T. rex</em>, a household expression, fitting even to become the marquee of a British rock and roll supergroup of the early 1970s. </p> <p>More recently, however, after being part of our vocabulary for a century, that name was challenged. Paleontologists recently discovered that the <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> we know as <em>T. rex</em> had an earlier christening. <em>Manospondylus gigas</em> is its "real" name. The reason? <mark class="term" data-term="Edward Drinker Cope" data-term-def="American paleontologist, born near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1840-1897). Cope was a prolific writer and very successful fossil-hunter, publishing over 1200 papers during&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/Cope%2C+Edward+Drinker/4557">Edward Drinker Cope</mark>, a self-taught paleontologist, proposed and published that name in 1892, about a dozen years before Osborn announced <em>T. rex</em>. Since it was based on a single bone, Osborn could not have known that Cope's <em>M. gigas</em> was the same species as his. But with many more <mark class="term" data-term="fossil" data-term-def="The preserved impression or remains of an animal or plant whose living tissue has been replaced by minerals." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/fossil/8558">fossils</mark> that appear to be from the famous "tyrant lizard," what should be done with multiple names?</p> <p><section id="toc_1" class=""> <h2>Goals of the Linnaean naming system</h2></p> <p>Problems like this, the accidental duplication of names, were obvious to the father of <mark class="term" data-term="taxonomy" data-term-def="The basis, procedures, and rules for naming and classifying organisms." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/taxonomy/894">taxonomy</mark>, <mark class="term" data-term="Carolus Linnaeus" data-term-def="(also Carl Linnaeus or Karl von Linné) Swedish physician, naturalist, and taxonomist born in Stenbrohult (1707-1778). Inspired by the work of&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/Linnaeus%2C+Carolus/4511">Carolus Linnaeus</mark>. His response was to establish a logical, uniform approach to the naming <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark> in the hope that it would be recognized and accepted the world over (see our <a href="/library/module_viewer.php?mid=70">Taxonomy I: What's in a name?</a> module). Linnaeus knew that the creation of duplicate, different-sounding names for the same <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>, called taxonomic synonyms, was only one of many barriers relating to names that could impede accurate scientific exchange. Differences in language and culture, the idiosyncrasies of individual scientists, difficulty obtaining the writings of other scientists, unavoidable mistakes such as typographical errors – all can contribute to confusion and a host of problems when identifying and cataloging <mark class="term" data-term="organism" data-term-def="Any connected living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium. Organisms may be composed of a single cell or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organism/2171">organisms</mark>. Thus, the central idea behind the Linnaean taxonomic <mark class="term" data-term="system" data-term-def="A group of interacting, interrelated or interdependent components that form a complex whole. The size of the system is defined for&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/system/3904">system</mark> was to provide a stable, enduring list of names so that we can communicate effectively in all the fields of the life sciences, retrieve information efficiently, and be confident that each species name is one of a kind.</p><p>The <mark class="term" data-term="solution" data-term-def="A mixture of more than one substance with properties that do not vary within the sample. Commonly used to describe a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/solution/1571">solution</mark> that Linnaeus adopted was the consistent use of a two-name <mark class="term" data-term="system" data-term-def="A group of interacting, interrelated or interdependent components that form a complex whole. The size of the system is defined for&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/system/3904">system</mark> called <mark class="term" data-term="binomial" data-term-def="[<b>adjective</b>] A formal two-word name given to each species, based on the combination of a genus name and a species name." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/binomial/876">binomial</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="nomenclature" data-term-def="A formal naming system." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/nomenclature/8296">nomenclature</mark>. He recognized that by giving every <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> a fixed pair of names, analogous to our "family" and "given" names, each one could be designated uniquely. The titles for the two official names were those that <mark class="term" data-term="John Ray" data-term-def="English naturalist, philosopher and theologian, born in Black Notley, Essex (1625-1705). Ray developed a classification scheme for organisms based on physical&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/Ray%2C+John/4512">John Ray</mark>, a British naturalist, had proposed a century earlier, the <mark class="term" data-term="genus" data-term-def="(plural: <strong>genera</strong>) A taxonomic category one rank or step above species in the Linnaean system, and which may include one or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/genus/886">genus</mark> and species. In practice, these terms are tied together and used in combination. The combination is presented as a sequence, first the genus name (plural <em>genera</em>, related to the word <em>generic</em>) and then the species name (plural <em>species</em>, related to the word <em>specific</em>), as in the binomial <em>Homo sapiens</em>. </p> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="9090201191"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Taxonomists have also extended this reasoning to employ a three-name set, a trinomial, which applies to the subspecies of a <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>. <em>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</em> (Western Gorilla) and <em>Gorilla gorilla beringei</em> (Eastern Gorilla) are examples. That scientists still quibble over whether or not the Western and Eastern <mark class="term" data-term="population" data-term-def="In biology, the population is all individuals of a certain kind of plant or animal that live in a particular habitat.&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/population/8283">populations</mark> of gorillas ought to be interpreted as different species or merely different subspecies doesn't really matter. As species, they would be known as <em>G. gorilla</em> and <em>G. beringei</em>; as subspecies, we'd call them <em>G. gorilla gorilla</em> and <em>G. gorilla beringei</em>. Trinomials even apply to our own species, as shown by the recent naming of an <mark class="term" data-term="extinction" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/extinction" data-term-def="The complete and permanent loss of all individuals of a species of organism.">extinct</mark> subspecies from Ethiopia that was based on <mark class="term" data-term="fossil" data-term-def="The preserved impression or remains of an animal or plant whose living tissue has been replaced by minerals." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/fossil/8558">fossils</mark> that are about 160,000 years old. It is called <em>Homo sapiens idaltu</em> to contrast it with all of us modern people – <em>Homo sapiens sapiens</em>.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6396"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">Linnaeus devised a naming system</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6396-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6396" type="radio" value="to ensure that each species was given a unique name." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> to ensure that each species was given a unique name. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6396-0"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6396-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6396" type="radio" value="to ensure that each species could be identified by three names." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> to ensure that each species could be identified by three names. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6396-1"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_2"> <h2>Other rules for naming species</h2><p>For clarity and consistency, there are other rules governing the naming of <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>, among them:</p><ul class="bulleted"> <li>Generic and specific names are italicized when typewritten.</li> <li>The first letter of the <mark class="term" data-term="genus" data-term-def="(plural: <strong>genera</strong>) A taxonomic category one rank or step above species in the Linnaean system, and which may include one or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/genus/886">genus</mark> name is always capitalized, while the <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> name is entirely lowercase.</li> <li>Species names are constructed in the Latin form, in the tradition of the early European taxonomists.</li> <li>When more than one name is attributed to a single species, the oldest published synonym name takes precedence over others.</li> </ul> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="3321739899"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Of course, the rules of Linnaean <mark class="term" data-term="nomenclature" data-term-def="A formal naming system." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/nomenclature/8296">nomenclature</mark> apply only to official names, not to informal, everyday language, which is virtually impossible to track and enforce. Thus an informal reference to a <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> is simply written lowercase in plain text (e.g., gorilla) while a formal reference, for example to the <mark class="term" data-term="genus" data-term-def="(plural: <strong>genera</strong>) A taxonomic category one rank or step above species in the Linnaean system, and which may include one or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/genus/886">genus</mark>, would appear in italics (e.g., <em>Gorilla</em>). As you have probably noticed, our gorilla example is also an unusual case of taxonomic nomenclature, where the common name and the scientific name are one and the same. It is also unusual for its historical simplicity – the formal genus name, <em>Gorilla</em>, has a fairly straightforward history, much less complicated than the story of the name for chimpanzees, <em>Pan</em>, as you see from the table below. Gorillas have only been given two generic (i.e., genus) names, and the oldest is easily decided as the proper one for us to use. Chimpanzees, on the other hand, have been given at least 11 different generic names. Its first name, <em>Troglodytes</em> (also once used for gorillas), is not the one we use today because before it was applied to chimps, it was given to a very successful bird, the wren, <em>Troglodytes troglodytes</em>. The tiny wren trumps the chimp in this case, since the rules of zoological nomenclature apply equally to all animals.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6397"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">Species names are constructed to sound like</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6397-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6397" type="radio" value="Latin." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> Latin. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6397-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6397-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6397" type="radio" value="the language of the region in which the species was originally identified." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> the language of the region in which the species was originally identified. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6397-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_3"> <h2>Examples of conflicts among scientific names</h2><div class='"table-container"'><table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="taxonomy-header"> <p>Genus Gorilla (I. Geoffroy, 1853)<br><strong>Gorillas</strong></p> <img src="/images/figure-images/89-a.jpg" alt="placeholder"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1853</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Gorilla</em> I. Geoffroy, based on <em>Troglodytes gorilla</em> (Savage and Wyman, 1847)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1913</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Pseudogorilla</em> Elliot, based on <em>Gorilla mayema</em> (Alix and Bouvier, 1877)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table><div class='"table-container"'><table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="taxonomy-header"> <p>Genus Pan (Oken, 1816) <br><strong>Chimpanzees</strong></p> <img src="/images/figure-images/89-b.jpg" alt="placeholder"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1812</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Troglodytes</em> E. Geoffroy, based on <em>Troglodytes niger</em> (E. Geoffroy, 1812)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1816</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Pan</em> Oken, based on <em>Pan africanus</em> (Oken, 1816)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1828</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Theranthropus</em> Brookes, based on Troglodytes niger (E. Geoffroy, 1812)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1841</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Hylanthropus</em> Gloger, based on <em>Simia troglodytes</em> (Blumenbach, 1799)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1860</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Pseudoanthropus</em> Reichenbach, proposed as a replacement for <em>Troglodytes</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1866</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Engeco</em> Haeckel, based on <em>Simia troglodytes</em> (Blumenbach, 1799)</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1866</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Pongo</em> Haeckel, replacement for <em>Troglodytes</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1895</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Anthropithecus</em> Haeckel, correction for <em>Anthropopithecus</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong>1905</strong></td> <td width="80%"><em>Fsihego</em> de Pauw, based on <em>Fsihego iturensis</em>(de Pauw, 1905</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div></div><p>When we use formal taxonomic names in the literature, the names themselves are often accompanied by a compact citation that identifies its author and date of publication, like this: <em>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</em> (Savage, 1847). Which brings us back to <mark class="term" data-term="Henry Fairfield Osborn" data-term-def="American geologist and paleontologist, born in Fairfield, Connecticut (1857-1935). In 1900, Osborne joined the US Geological Survey, and became the senior&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/Osborn%2C+Henry+Fairfield/4556">Henry Fairfield Osborn</mark> and his unavoidable nomenclatural <em>faux pas</em>. <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> (Osborn, 1905) is a name that breaks one of the cardinal rules of <mark class="term" data-term="taxonomy" data-term-def="The basis, procedures, and rules for naming and classifying organisms." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/taxonomy/894">taxonomy</mark>, the <mark class="term" data-term="principle" data-term-def="In the sciences, a principle is a fundamental, primary, or general law or truth. For instance, one of the most basic&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/principle/5289">principle</mark> of priority, which requires that in cases where taxonomic synonyms are known to occur, the first name given to a <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> is recognized as the authentic one. The bottom line for <em>T. rex</em> is that it is not being replaced by its older synonym, <em>Manospondylus gigas</em> (Cope, 1892), for a more practical reason: It is so familiar to us all. Consider how much confusion a taxonomic change would bring to the world of science, where <em>T. rex</em> is an accepted name, and to the culture at large, where <em>T. rex</em> is one of the world's most famous dinosaurs.</p><p>One of the interesting lessons this situation highlights is the way scientists voluntarily abide by Linnaean practices. This is not simply to avoid the chaos that would occur if they did not. When scientists describe new <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>, they do so in a journal article or other form of publication, and that work is subject to review by their peers (see our Module on <a href="/library/module_viewer.php?mid=159">Peer Review in Scientific Publishing</a>. If scientists were to disregard a well-established procedure, their peers would likely not allow it to be published. Disputes and questions over Linnaean names can still arise, but most resolve themselves in the literature, where scientists present not only their <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> about species biology and <mark class="term" data-term="evolution" data-term-def="Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/evolution/5284">evolution</mark> but also historical information about taxonomic names – all in an effort to keep the names straight. In cases where confusion persists, or adhering to the rules might upset the stability of names, scientists may petition one of the decision-making bodies recognized by scientists around the world for an exception to the rules. These commissions also introduce changes to the taxonomic code from time to time.</p><p>On January 1, 2000, one such amendment written by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature came into effect. In the spirit of Linnaeus, always hoping to maintain the stability of taxonomic names, a new ruling upheld the common sense <mark class="term" data-term="solution" data-term-def="A mixture of more than one substance with properties that do not vary within the sample. Commonly used to describe a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/solution/1571">solution</mark> to the dilemma of <em>Tyrannosaurus</em> vs. <em>Manospondylus</em>. The Commission provided a clear, legal definition of what is meant by general acceptance, as opposed to rare usage, of a taxonomic name. If a name is in use for 50 years, it does not have to revert to a rarely used prior name that may be lurking in the shadows. Osborn's <em>T. rex</em> has been among us, called by that name, for a hundred years, almost as long as <em>Manospondylus gigas</em> lay quietly buried in the literature. So, wisely – or might it be expectedly? – the challenge to the reign of <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> has bitten the dust.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6410"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">Scientists voluntarily go by the Linnaean system to names species in order to</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6410-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6410" type="radio" value="avoid chaos." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> avoid chaos. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6410-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6410-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6410" type="radio" value="substitute new names for older ones." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> substitute new names for older ones. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6410-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_4"> <h2>Brontosaurus: A case of mistaken identity</h2><p>In contrast, the name of another giant, <em>Brontosaurus</em> (Marsh, 1879), has been sunk, as taxonomists are apt to say, when a replacement name wins out. It was changed to <em>Apatosaurus</em> (Marsh, 1877). Both terms were widely used for a long time but here, too, paleontologists learned recently that the bones bearing those names actually came from one <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>. The oldest name for that species is <em>Apatosaurus ajax</em>.</p><p> The consensus among paleontologists is that a name change in this case would not be too upsetting, and the giant herbivore's more familiar name "Brontosaurus" has been set out to pasture. As further insult to this case of mistaken identity, <em>Apatosaurus</em> is also suffering a required cosmetic makeover. For decades this gigantic animal, originally found headless, was displayed grandly and whole at the American Museum of <mark class="term" data-term="natural history" data-term-def="The sciences dealing with the study of all objects in nature; used more commonly in the 18th and 19th centuries to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/natural+history/5271">Natural History</mark> and elsewhere, but with the wrong face. During the 1970s, paleontologists finally were able to match up skulls and skeletons with certainty, only to prove what was long suspected. The tiny heads chosen long ago as a best fit to crown those gigantic bodies were accidental imposters: They belonged to another dinosaur called <em>Camarasaurus</em>. So, "Brontosaurus," who is actually <em>Apatosaurus</em>, got its head size fixed and a new name as well, because even giants have to follow the rules.</p></section> <footer class="module__main__footer"> <hr class="border-color-dark"> <p class="citation"> <em> Alfred L. 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