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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobite_supporters_in_the_three_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobite_supporters_in_the_three_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jacobite supporters in the three kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jacobite_supporters_in_the_three_kingdoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jacobite supporters in the three kingdoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jacobite_supporters_in_the_three_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1745_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1745_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-1745 decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1745_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romantic_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Romantic revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Jacobite_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Jacobite_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Neo-Jacobite revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Jacobite_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literary legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_and_Lowland_Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_Lowland_Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>English and Lowland Scots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_Lowland_Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_language_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_language_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Irish language literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_language_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Gaelic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Gaelic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Scottish Gaelic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Gaelic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claimants_to_the_thrones_of_England,_Scotland,_Ireland_and_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claimants_to_the_thrones_of_England,_Scotland,_Ireland_and_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Claimants to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claimants_to_the_thrones_of_England,_Scotland,_Ireland_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacobitism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitisme" title="Jakobitisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jakobitisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiten" title="Jakobiten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jakobiten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="حركة اليعاقبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة اليعاقبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Якабіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якабіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Якобитизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Якобитизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitisme" title="Jacobitisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacobitisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobit%C3%A9_(hnut%C3%AD)" title="Jakobité (hnutí) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakobité (hnutí)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitiaeth" title="Jacobitiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jacobitiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitter" title="Jakobitter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakobitter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiten" title="Jakobiten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakobiten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiidid" title="Jakobiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jakobiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιακωβιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιακωβιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobismo" title="Jacobismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitismo" title="Jakobitismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobitismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitismo" title="Jakobitismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakobitismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="یعقوبی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یعقوبی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitisme" title="Jacobitisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacobitisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobisme" title="Jakobisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jakobisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacaib%C3%ADteachas" title="Seacaibíteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seacaibíteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamyssaght" title="Jamyssaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jamyssaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Seumasaich" title="Na Seumasaich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Seumasaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="자코바이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자코바이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जैकबवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैकबवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitisme" title="Jacobitisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jacobitisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%C3%ADtar" title="Jakobítar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jakobítar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacobitismo" title="Giacobitismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacobitismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יעקוביטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יעקוביטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitydh" title="Jakobitydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jakobitydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျက်ကိုဘိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျက်ကိုဘိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitisme_(Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB)" title="Jakobitisme (Groot-Brittannië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakobitisme (Groot-Brittannië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ジャコバイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャコバイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobittene" title="Jakobittene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakobittene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobittane" title="Jakobittane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakobittane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobici_(polityka)" title="Jakobici (polityka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakobici (polityka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitismo" title="Jacobitismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacobitismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Якобиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Якобиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jacobitism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jacobitism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiti" title="Jakobiti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakobiti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiitti_(puolue)" title="Jakobiitti (puolue) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jakobiitti (puolue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitism" title="Jakobitism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakobitism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แจกเคอไบต์ – Thai" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jacobite (disambiguation)">Jacobite</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin (politics)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Jacobitism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i>Na Seumasaich</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Seacaibíteachas, Na Séamusaigh</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg/150px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg/225px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg/300px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Louis_Gabriel_Blanchet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3195" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, Jacobite claimant between 1701 and 1766</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> (1688–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1701–1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1720–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a> (1725–1807)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military leaders</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chalmot_de_Saint-Ruhe" title="Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe">Saint-Ruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield,_1st_Earl_of_Lucan" title="Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forster" title="Thomas Forster">Thomas Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murray_(general)" title="George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1688–1780s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Restoration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></li> <li>Indefeasible <a href="/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-preference primogeniture">dynastic right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising of 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War (1689–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a>–16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">Jacobite rising of 1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>–46</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacobitism</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a political ideology advocating the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British throne</a>. When <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> chose exile after the November 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> ruled he had "abandoned" the English throne, which was given to his <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II of England</a>, and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2007271–272_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2007271–272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same basis, in April the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Estates_(1689)" title="Convention of Estates (1689)">Scottish Convention</a> awarded Mary and William the throne of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973310–312_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973310–312-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Revolution created the principle of a contract between monarch and people, which if violated meant the monarch could be removed. A key tenet of Jacobitism was that kings were appointed by God, making the post-1688 regime illegitimate. However, it also functioned as an outlet for popular discontent and thus was a complex mix of ideas, many opposed by the Stuarts themselves. Conflict between <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Prince Charles</a> and Scottish Jacobites over the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> seriously undermined the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">1745 rising</a>. </p><p>Jacobitism was strongest in Ireland, the Western <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooch199513_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch199513-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pockets of support were also present in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>, all areas strongly <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. In addition, the Stuarts received intermittent backing from countries like <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, usually dependent on their own strategic objectives. </p><p>In addition to the 1689–1691 <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising of 1689</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, there were serious revolts in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719</a> and 1745, French invasion attempts in <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a>, and numerous unsuccessful plots. While the 1745 Rising briefly seemed to threaten the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> monarchy, its defeat in 1746 ended Jacobitism as a serious political movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background">Political background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg/180px-True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>'The True Law of Free Monarchies;' <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>'s political tract formed the basis of Stuart ideology</figcaption></figure> <p>Jacobite ideology originated with <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, who in 1603 became the first monarch to rule all three kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Its basis was <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>, which claimed his authority came from God, and the crown's descent by indefeasible hereditary right: James and his supporters emphasised his right to the throne by blood to forestall controversy over his appointment by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> as her successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200178–79_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200178–79-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal rule by the monarch eliminated the need for Parliaments, and required political and religious union, concepts widely unpopular in all three kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201049_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201049-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divine right also clashed with Catholic allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and with Protestant <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>, since both argued there was an authority above the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1975122–124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1975122–124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17th-century belief that 'true religion' and 'good government' were one and the same meant disputes in one area fed into the other; <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> and belief in the imminence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> meant many <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> viewed such issues as urgent and real.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob1976335–341_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob1976335–341-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first step towards union, James began standardising religious practices between the churches of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Ireland</a>. After his death in 1625, this was continued by his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, who lacked his political sensitivity; by the late 1630s, instituting <a href="/wiki/Personal_Rule" title="Personal Rule">Personal Rule</a> in 1629, enforcing <a href="/wiki/Laudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudian">Laudian</a> reforms on the Church of England, and ruling without <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> led to a political crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199812_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199812-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar measures in Scotland caused the 1639–1640 <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a>, and installation of a <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199816_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199816-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organised by a small group of Catholic nobility, the October 1641 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> was the cumulative effect of land confiscation, loss of political control, anti-Catholic measures and economic decline. The Rebellion was intended as a bloodless coup, but its leaders quickly lost control, leading to atrocities on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001a20–23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001a20–23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, a Covenanter army landed in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> to support Scots settlers. Although Charles and Parliament both supported raising an army to suppress the Rebellion, neither trusted the other with its control; these tensions ultimately led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a> in August 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199831_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199831-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1642, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Catholic Confederacy</a> representing the Irish insurgents proclaimed allegiance to Charles, but the Stuarts were an unreliable ally, since concessions in Ireland cost them Protestant support in all three kingdoms. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Adventurers%27_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventurers' Act">Adventurers' Act</a>, approved by Charles in March 1642, funded suppression of the revolt by confiscating land from Irish Catholics, much of it owned by members of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello200410_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello200410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a three-way contest between the Confederacy, Royalist forces under the Protestant <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond">Duke of Ormond</a>, and a Covenanter-led army in Ulster. The latter were increasingly at odds with the English government; after Charles' execution in January 1649, Ormond combined these factions to resist the 1649-to-1652 <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001b11–14_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001b11–14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_(1600-49)_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_%281600-49%29_with_M._de_St_Antoine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="5238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, whose policies caused instability throughout his three kingdoms</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> repudiated his alliance with the Confederacy, in return for Scottish support in the <a href="/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third English Civil War">Third English Civil War</a>, and Ormond went into exile in 1650. Defeat in 1652 led to the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland#Cromwellian_land_confiscation_(1652)" title="Plantations of Ireland">mass confiscation</a> of Catholic and Royalist land, and its re-distribution among English Parliamentary soldiers and Protestant settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014140–142_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014140–142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three kingdoms were combined into the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, regaining their separate status when the monarchy was restored in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden201063–68_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden201063–68-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles's reign was dominated by the expansionist policies of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France, seen as a threat to Protestant Europe. When his brother and heir <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James</a> announced his conversion to Catholicism in 1677, an attempt was made to <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">bar him from the English throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993b581–590_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993b581–590-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he became king in February 1685 with widespread support in England and Scotland; a Catholic monarch was preferable to excluding the 'natural heir', and rebellions by Protestant dissidents quickly suppressed. It was also viewed as temporary; James was 52, his second marriage was childless after 11 years, and his Protestant daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> was heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His religion made James popular among Irish Catholics, whose position had not improved under his brother. By 1685, Catholic land ownership had fallen to 22%, from 90% in 1600, not least through Catholic landlords converting to the Anglican Church. After 1673, a series of proclamations deprived Catholic gentry of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to bear arms</a> or hold public office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199627–28_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199627–28-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a> in 1687, and began building a Catholic establishment that could survive James. Fearing a short reign, Tyrconnell moved at a speed that destabilised all three kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993123–127_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993123–127-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James dismissed the English and Scottish Parliaments when they refused to approve his measures of <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">religious tolerance</a>, which he enforced using the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prerogative" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Prerogative">Royal Prerogative</a>. Doing so threatened to re-open disputes over religion, reward those who rebelled in 1685 and undermine his own supporters. It also ignored the impact of the 1685 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a>, which revoked tolerance for <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">French Protestants</a> and created an estimated 400,000 refugees, 40,000 of whom settled in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two events turned discontent into rebellion, the first being the birth of <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James's son</a> on 10 June 1688, which created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty. The second was James' prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a>, which seemed to go beyond tolerance for Catholicism and actively attack the Church of England; their acquittal on 30 June caused widespread rejoicing throughout England and Scotland, and destroyed James's political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2007235–236_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2007235–236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1685, many feared civil war if James were bypassed; by 1688, even the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland">Earl of Sunderland</a>, his chief minister, felt only his removal could prevent it. Sunderland secretly co-ordinated an <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">Invitation to William</a>, assuring Mary and her husband, and James's nephew, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> of English support for armed intervention. William landed in <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> on 5 November with 14,000 men; as he advanced, James's army deserted and he went into exile on 23 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20073–5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20073–5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> appointed William and Mary joint monarchs of England, while the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scots</a> followed suit in March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1980460_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1980460-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_(1685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/180px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/270px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/360px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, 1685, dressed in military uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Ireland was still controlled by Tyrconnell, where James landed on 12 March 1689 with 6,000 French troops. The 1689-to-1691 <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> highlighted two recurring trends; for James and his successors, the main prize was England, with Ireland and Scotland secondary to that, while the primary French objective was to absorb British resources, not necessarily restore the Stuarts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections in May 1689 produced the first <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Irish Parliament</a> with a Catholic majority since 1613. It repealed the Cromwellian land seizures, confiscated land from Williamites, and proclaimed Ireland a 'distinct kingdom from England', measures annulled after defeat in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014174–179_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014174–179-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising</a> in Scotland achieved some initial success but was ultimately suppressed. Several days after the Irish Jacobites were defeated at <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Boyne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of the Boyne">The Battle of the Boyne</a> in July 1690, victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Beachy Head</a> gave the French temporary control of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. James returned to France to urge an immediate invasion of England, but the Anglo-Dutch fleet soon regained maritime supremacy, and the opportunity was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999215_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999215-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Jacobites and their French allies were finally defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">battle of Aughrim</a> in 1691, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> ended the war in Ireland; future risings on behalf of the exiled Stuarts were confined to England and Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> barred Catholics from the English throne, and when <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> became the last Stuart monarch in 1702, her heir was her Protestant cousin <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a>, not her Catholic half-brother James. Ireland retained a separate Parliament until 1800, but the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Union</a> combined England and Scotland into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. Anne viewed this as the unified Protestant kingdom which her predecessors had failed to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exiled Stuarts continued to agitate for a return to power, based on the support they retained within the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doing so required external help, most consistently supplied by France, while Spain backed the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719 Rising</a>. While talks were also held at different times with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, these never produced concrete results. Although the Stuarts were useful as a lever, their foreign backers generally had little interest in their restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200157–58_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200157–58-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">Frank McLynn</a> identifies seven primary drivers in Jacobitism, noting that while the movement contained "sincere men [..] who aimed solely to restore the Stuarts", it "provided a source of legitimacy for political dissent of all kinds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198299_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198299-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing the ideology of active participants is complicated by the fact that "by and large, those who wrote most did not act, and those who acted wrote little, if anything."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman198036_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman198036-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, historians have taken different views on its primary driving force. These include being an aristocratic rejection of an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a>, feudal opposition to capitalism, or Scots and Irish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198298–99_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198298–99-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacobitism drew on elements of a <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a> shared by <a href="/wiki/Non-juring_schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-juring schism">Non-juring</a>, Tory elements within the Church of England, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199492_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199492-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, their accountability to God, not man or Parliament; secondly, that monarchy was a divine institution; thirdly, <a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">legitimism</a>, the crown's descent by indefeasible dynastic right, which could not be overturned or annulled; and lastly the scriptural injunction of passive obedience and non-resistance, even towards monarchs of which the individual subject might disapprove.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200247_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200247-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark198589_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark198589-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander,_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo,_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg/180px-Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg/270px-Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg/360px-Alexander%2C_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo%2C_by_Alexis-Simon_Belle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Forbes,_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo" title="Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo">Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo</a>; his support of the doctrine of indefeasible hereditary right placed him in a minority of Jacobites by 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>Jacobite propagandists argued such divinely sanctioned authority was the main moral safeguard of society, while its absence led to <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> strife. They claimed the 1688 Revolution had enabled <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> and allowed selfish opportunists, such as Whigs, religious dissenters, and foreigners, to take control of the government and oppress the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod199392_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod199392-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, views on the 'correct' balance of rights and duties between monarch and subject varied, and Jacobites attempted to distinguish between 'arbitrary' and 'absolute' power. Non-juring <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_clergyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican clergyman">clergyman</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leslie_(nonjuror)" title="Charles Leslie (nonjuror)">Charles Leslie</a> was perhaps the most extreme divine right theorist, but even he argued the monarch was bound by "his oath to God, as well as his promise to his people" and "the laws of justice and honour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod199318_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod199318-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacobite pamphlets often suggested domestic issues were divine punishment on the British for rejecting their rightful king, although post 1710 this was blamed specifically on the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod199328_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod199328-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These views were not held by all Jacobites, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErskine-Hill198255_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErskine-Hill198255-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while many Whigs argued the post 1688 succession was also "divinely ordained".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200247_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200247-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson201212_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson201212-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1701 Act of Settlement, Jacobite propagandists deemphasised the purely legitimist elements in their writing and by 1745, active promotion of hereditary and indefeasible right was restricted largely to a few Scots Episcopalians such as Lords <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Forbes,_4th_Lord_Forbes_of_Pitsligo" title="Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo">Pitsligo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Elphinstone,_6th_Lord_Balmerino" title="Arthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerino">Balmerino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982109_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead they began to focus on populist themes such as opposition to a standing army, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, and social injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley198528_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley198528-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1750s, Charles himself promised triennial parliaments, disbanding the army and legal guarantees on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199438_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199438-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tactics broadened their appeal but also carried risks, since they could always be coopted by a government prepared to offer similar concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley198529_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley198529-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ongoing Stuart focus on England and regaining a united British throne led to tensions with their broader-based supporters in 1745, when the primary goal of most Scots Jacobites was ending the 1707 Union. This meant that following victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Prestonpans</a> in September, they preferred to negotiate, rather than invade England as Charles wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016199_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016199-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More generally, Jacobite theorists reflected a broader conservative current in <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought, appealing to those attracted to a monarchist solution to perceived modern decadence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod199381_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod199381-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populist songs and tracts presented the Stuarts as capable of correcting a wide range of ills and restoring social harmony, as well as contrasting Dutch and Hanoverian "foreigners" with a man who even in exile continued to consume English beef and beer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199436_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199436-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While particularly calculated to appeal to Tories, the wide range of themes adopted by Jacobite pamphleteers and agents periodically drew in disaffected Whigs and former radicals. Such "Whig-Jacobites" were highly valued by the exiled court, although many viewed James II as a potentially weak king from whom it would be easy to extract concessions in the event of a restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199460_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199460-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jacobite_supporters_in_the_three_kingdoms">Jacobite supporters in the three kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jacobite supporters in the three kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of Jacobitism in Irish political history is debated; some argue that it was a broad-based popular movement and the main driver of Irish Catholic nationalism between 1688 and 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200021,_30_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200021,_30-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see it as part of "a pan-British movement, rooted in confessional and dynastic loyalties", very different from 19th-century Irish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly201427–42_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201427–42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Vincent Morely describes Irish Jacobitism as a distinctive ideology within the broader movement that "emphasised the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesian</a> ancestry of the Stuarts, their loyalty to Catholicism, and Ireland's status as a kingdom with a Crown of its own."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorely2016333_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorely2016333-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 18th century, Jacobitism was "the primary allegiance of politically conscious Catholics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1992233–249_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1992233–249-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TyrconnellBrighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TyrconnellBrighter.jpg/180px-TyrconnellBrighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TyrconnellBrighter.jpg/270px-TyrconnellBrighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TyrconnellBrighter.jpg/360px-TyrconnellBrighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a>, Deputy Governor of Ireland; his appointment of Catholics to military and political positions built widespread support for the Jacobite regime</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish Catholic support for James was predicated on his religion and assumed willingness to deliver their demands. In 1685, Irish <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a> celebrated his accession as ensuring the revived supremacy of both the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. Tyrconnell's expansion of the army by the creation of Catholic regiments was welcomed by Diarmuid Mac Carthaigh, as enabling the native Irish 'Tadhg' to be armed and to assert his dominance over "John" the English Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200077–79_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200077–79-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, most Irish Protestants viewed his policies as designed to "utterly ruin the Protestant interest and the English interest in Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2008175_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2008175-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restricted Protestant Jacobitism to "doctrinaire clergymen, disgruntled Tory landowners and Catholic converts", who opposed Catholicism but still viewed James' removal as unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200089_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200089-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Church of Ireland ministers refused to swear allegiance to the new regime and became <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non-Jurors</a>, the most famous being propagandist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leslie_(nonjuror)" title="Charles Leslie (nonjuror)">Charles Leslie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle199729–30_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle199729–30-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since regaining England was his primary objective, James viewed Ireland as a strategic dead-end but <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France argued it was the best place to launch a <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> war, since the administration was controlled by Tyrconnell and his cause was popular among the majority Catholic population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1978220–221_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978220–221-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James landed at <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> in March 1689 and in May called the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> since 1666, primarily seeking taxes to fund the war effort. Tyrconnell ensured a predominantly Catholic electorate and candidates by issuing new <a href="/wiki/Borough#Ireland" title="Borough">borough</a> charters, admitting Catholics into city corporations, and removing "disloyal members".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillen201652_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillen201652-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since elections were not held in many northern areas, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> was 70 members short, and 224 out of 230 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MPs</a> were Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle199730_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle199730-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known to 19th-century Irish historians as the "<a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a>", it opened by proclaiming James as the rightful king and condemning the "treasonous subjects" who had ousted him. There were some divisions among Irish Jacobites on the issue of returning all Catholic lands confiscated <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">in 1652</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>. The majority of the Irish House of Commons wanted the <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">1652 Cromwellian Act of Settlement</a> repealed in its entirety, with ownership returned to that prevailing in 1641. This was opposed by a minority within the Catholic elite who had benefited from the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">1662 Act of Settlement</a>, a group that included James himself, Tyrconnell and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a>. Instead, they suggested those dispossessed in the 1650s should be restored to half their estates and paid compensation for the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2008178_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2008178-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the Commons overwhelmingly in favour of complete restoration, Tyrconnell persuaded the Lords to approve the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More serious were differences between Parliament and James, who resisted any measures that might "dissatisfy his Protestant subjects" in England and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conflicted with the demands of the Irish Parliament, which in addition to land restoration included toleration for Catholicism and Irish autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2007445_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2007445-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French diplomat observed James had 'a heart too English to do anything that might vex the English.' He therefore resisted measures that might "dissatisfy his Protestant subjects" in England and Scotland, complaining "he was fallen into the hands of a people who would ram many hard things down his throat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014136-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it became clear Parliament would only vote war taxes if he met their minimum demands, James reluctantly gave his assent to Tyrconnell's land bill and passed a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">Bill of attainder</a>, confiscating estates from 2,000 mostly Protestant "rebels".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014177_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014177-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he also approved Parliament's resolution that Ireland was a "distinct kingdom" and laws passed in England did not apply there, he refused to abolish <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a>, which required Irish legislation to be approved by the English Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009490_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009490-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his own Catholicism, James viewed the Protestant Church of Ireland as an important part of his support base; he insisted on retaining its legal pre-eminence, although agreeing landowners would only have to pay <a href="/wiki/Tithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tithes">tithes</a> to clergy of their own religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014177_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014177-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the price for these concessions was to largely remove the Anglican element from Irish Jacobitism, which thereafter became almost entirely a Catholic ideology. After 1690, Irish Jacobites were also split between Tyrconnell's 'Peace party' who continued to seek a negotiated solution, and a 'War party' led by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a> who favoured fighting on to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1952309–312_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1952309–312-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg/180px-Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg/270px-Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg/360px-Uniform_and_colonel%E2%80%99s_flag_of_the_Hibernia_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Hibernia" title="Regiment of Hibernia">Regiment of Hibernia</a>, ca 1740; foreign military service remained common for Irish Catholics until banned after 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>James left Ireland after defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">the Boyne</a> in 1690, telling his supporters to "shift for themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2008183_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2008183-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led some to depict him as (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">"Séamus an chaca"</i>, "James of the shit"), who had deserted his loyal followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200084_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200084-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gaelic scholar <a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Buachalla" title="Breandán Ó Buachalla">Breandán Ó Buachalla</a> claims his reputation subsequently recovered as "the rightful king...destined to return' and upper-class Irish Jacobite writers like <a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Kelly" title="Charles O'Kelly">Charles O'Kelly</a> and Nicholas Plunkett blamed "corrupt English and Scottish advisors" for his apparent desertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200085_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200085-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1691, measures passed by the 1689 Parliament were annulled, <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">penal laws</a> criminalized the practice of Catholicism and barred Catholics from public life, while the Act of Attainder was used to justify further land confiscations. 12,000 Jacobite soldiers went into exile in the diaspora known as the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Flight of the Wild Geese</a>, the majority of whom were later absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(French)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Brigade (French)">Irish Brigade</a>. About 1,000 men were recruited for the French and Spanish armies annually, many with a "tangible commitment to the Stuart cause".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014199_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014199-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of the French Irish Brigade participated in the Scottish Jacobite rising of 1745. </p><p>Irish-language poets, especially in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, continued to champion the cause after James' death; in 1715, Eoin O Callanain described his son Prince <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> as "<i>taoiseach na nGaoidheal</i>" or "chieftain of the Gaels".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2007194_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2007194-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in England, throughout the 1720s, Prince James' birthday on 10 June was marked by celebrations in Dublin, and towns like <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>. These were often accompanied by rioting, suggested as proof of popular pro-Jacobite sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014244_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014244-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue riots were common in 18th-century urban areas and see them as a "series of ritualised clashes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnham200281–82_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnham200281–82-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combined with Jacobite rhetoric and symbolism in the many works of <a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a> poetry composed in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> and widespread popular support for <a href="/wiki/Rapparees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapparees">rapparees</a>, or Jacobite <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrillas">guerrillas</a>, like <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_an_Chnoic" title="Éamonn an Chnoic">Éamonn an Chnoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hurley_(Jacobite)" title="John Hurley (Jacobite)">John Hurley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galloping_Hogan" title="Galloping Hogan">Galloping Hogan</a>, provides, some historians now claim, proof of popular support for a Stuart restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha2000144_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha2000144-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, argue that it is hard to discern "how far rhetorical Jacobitism reflected support for the Stuarts, as opposed to discontent with the status quo".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillen201659_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillen201659-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, fears of resurgent Catholic Jacobitism among the ruling Protestant minority meant anti-Catholic Penal Laws remained in place for most of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha2000374_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha2000374-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Penal Laws forbade Irish Catholics to have military training or even to own or carry arms, there were no Irish risings in either 1715 or 1745 to accompany those in England and Scotland; one suggestion is after 1691, for various reasons disarmed and disenfranchised Irish Jacobites looked to European allies or the return of the Wild Geese, rather than planning a domestic revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200084_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Ciardha200084-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1720s on, many upwardly mobile Catholics were willing to swear loyalty to the Hanoverian regime, but balked at the <a href="/wiki/English_post-Reformation_oaths#The_Irish_Oath_of_1774_to_Catholic_Emancipation,_1829" title="English post-Reformation oaths">Oath of Abjuration</a>, which required denouncing the authority of the Pope and the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> as "base and idolatrous".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly200364–65_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly200364–65-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the effective demise of the Jacobite cause in the 1750s and '60s, many Catholic gentry withdrew support from the Stuarts. Instead, they created organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Convention">Catholic Convention</a>, which worked within the existing state for redress of Catholic grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200251_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200251-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles</a> died in 1788, Irish nationalists looked for alternative liberators, among them the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2007198–201_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2007198–201-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacobite ideology has since influenced the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> and much of traditional <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In England and Wales, Jacobitism was often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>, many of whom supported James's right to the throne during the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a>. Tory ideology implied that neither "time nor statute law [...] could ameliorate the sin of usurpation",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199464_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199464-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while shared Tory and Jacobite themes of divine right and sacred kingship may have provided an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> concepts of "liberty and property".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200262_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200262-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of academics, including <a href="/wiki/Eveline_Cruickshanks" title="Eveline Cruickshanks">Eveline Cruickshanks</a>, have argued that until the late 1750s the Tories were a crypto-Jacobite party; others, that Jacobitism was a "limb of Toryism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198581_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198581-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the supremacy of the Church of England was also central to Tory ideology, and James lost their support when his policies seemed to threaten that primacy. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> excluding Catholics from the English throne was passed by a Tory administration; for the vast majority, Stuart Catholicism was an insuperable barrier to active support, while the Tory doctrine of non-resistance also discouraged them from supporting the exiles against a reigning monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198298_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198298-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_(1678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg/180px-Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg/270px-Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg/360px-Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke_%281678%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>Tory minister and Jacobite <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Lord Bolingbroke</a>; driven into exile in 1715 and pardoned in 1720</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of the period from 1690 to 1714, Parliament was either controlled by the Tories, or evenly split with the Whigs; when <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> succeeded Anne, most hoped to reconcile with the new regime. The <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a>, who led the 1715 rising, observed "Jacobitisme, which they used to brand the Tories with, is now I presum out of doors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley198526_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley198526-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, George blamed the 1710-to-1714 Tory government for the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>, which he viewed as damaging to his home state of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>. His isolation of former Tory ministers like <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Lord Bolingbroke</a> and the Earl of Mar drove them first into opposition, then exile. Their exclusion from power between 1714 and 1742 led many Tories to remain in contact with the Jacobite court, which they saw as a potential tool for changing or pressuring the existing government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982107_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982107-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1715, there were co-ordinated celebrations on 29 May, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Apple_Day" title="Oak Apple Day">Restoration Day</a>, and 10 June, James Stuart's birthday, especially in Tory-dominated towns like <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, although they remained quiet in the 1715 Rising. In the 1730s many 'Jacobite' demonstrations in Wales and elsewhere were driven by local tensions, especially hostility to <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, and featured attacks on Nonconformist chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers198270–88_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers198270–88-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most English participants in 1715 came from traditionally Catholic areas in the northwest, such as <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates201697–98_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates201697–98-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1720 there were fewer than 115,000 in England and Wales, and most remained loyal in 1745, including the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard,_9th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, head of the English Catholic community, sentenced to death for his role in 1715 but pardoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates201437–38_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates201437–38-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, sympathies were complex; Norfolk's agent Andrew Blood joined the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regiment_(Jacobite)" title="Manchester Regiment (Jacobite)">Manchester Regiment</a>, and he later employed another ex-officer, John Sanderson, as his master of horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod1993134_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod1993134-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English Catholics continued to provide the exiles with financial support well into the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199418–19_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199418–19-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1689, around 2% of clergy in the Church of England refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary; one list identifies a total of 584 clergy, schoolmasters and university dons as <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non Jurors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverton1902467–496_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverton1902467–496-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This almost certainly understates their numbers, for many sympathisers remained within the Church of England, but Non Jurors were disproportionately represented in Jacobite risings and riots, and provided many "martyrs". By the late 1720s arguments over doctrine and the death of its originators reduced the church to a handful of scattered congregations, but several of those executed in 1745 came from Manchester, the last significant assembly in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199419_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199419-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> leader <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> was a prominent non-conformist supporter of James, although this was based on their personal relationship and did not survive his deposition. Another element in English Jacobitism was a handful of disaffected radicals, for whom the exiled Stuarts provided a potential alternative to the Whig establishment. An example was John Matthews, a Jacobite printer executed in 1719; his pamphlet <i>Vox Populi vox Dei</i> emphasised the <a href="/wiki/Lockean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockean">Lockean</a> theory of the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, a doctrine very few Tories of the period would have supported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley198528_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley198528-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish Jacobitism had wider and more extensive roots than in England. 20,000 Scots fought for the Jacobites in 1715, compared to 11,000 who joined the government army, and were the majority of the 9,000 to 14,000 who served in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199477_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199477-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason was the persistence of feudalism in parts of rural Scotland, where tenants could be compelled to provide their landlords with military service. Many of the Highland <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish clans">clansmen</a> who were a feature of Jacobite armies were raised this way: in all three major risings, the bulk of the rank and file were supplied by a small number of north-western clans whose leaders joined the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCann196320_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCann196320-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_George_Murray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/180px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/270px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/360px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>Jacobite commander <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">George Murray</a>; a pro-Union, anti-Hanoverian Scot who fought in the 1715, 1719 and 1745 Risings but loathed Prince Charles, he encapsulated the many contradictions of Jacobite support</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite this, many Jacobites were Protestant Lowlanders, rather than the Catholic, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders of legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock1998135_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock1998135-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1745, fewer than 1% of Scots were Catholic, restricted to the far north-west and a few noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton19634_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19634-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the rank and file, as well as many Jacobite leaders, belonged to Protestant non-juring Episcopalian congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199467_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199467-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 17th century, the close connection between Scottish politics and religion meant <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime changes</a> were accompanied by the losers being expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland#Religious_settlement" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">1690</a>, over 200 clergymen lost their parishes, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banffshire" title="Banffshire">Banffshire</a>, a strongly Episcopalian area since the 1620s. In 1745, around 25% of Jacobite recruits came from this part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock199899_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock199899-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Episcopalianism was popular among social conservatives, as it emphasised indefeasible hereditary right, absolute obedience, and implied deposition of the senior Stuart line was a breach of natural order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacinnes2007235_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacinnes2007235-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church continued to offer prayers for the Stuarts until 1788, while many refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverians in 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong200215_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200215-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even in 1690, a substantial minority accommodated to the new regime, a number that increased significantly after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> in 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199419–20_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199419–20-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Episcopalian ministers, such as Professor James Garden of Aberdeen, presented the 1707 Union as one in a series of disasters to befall Scotland, provoked by "the sins [...] of rebellion, injustice, oppression, schism and perjury".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw199989_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw199989-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition was boosted by measures imposed by the post-1707 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1708" title="Treason Act 1708">Treason Act 1708</a>, the 1711 ruling that barred Scots peers with English or British peerages from their seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, and tax increases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199472_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199472-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their own preferences, the Stuarts tried to appeal to this group; in 1745, Charles issued declarations dissolving the "pretended Union", despite concerns this would alienate his English supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock199826_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock199826-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, opposition to post-Union legislation was not restricted to Jacobites. Many Presbyterians opposed the establishment of the Episcopal Church in 1712 and other measures of indulgence, while the worst <a href="/wiki/Malt_tax_riots" title="Malt tax riots">tax riots</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, a town noted for its antipathy to the Stuarts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016337_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016337-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in England, some objected less to the Union than the Hanoverian connection; <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a>, a senior Jacobite commander in 1745, was a Unionist who repeatedly disagreed with Charles, but opposed "wars [...] on account of the Electors of Hanover".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982109–110_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982109–110-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floramacdonald2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Floramacdonald2.jpg/150px-Floramacdonald2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Floramacdonald2.jpg/225px-Floramacdonald2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Floramacdonald2.jpg/300px-Floramacdonald2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a> c. 1749–1750; note white roses, a Jacobite symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>While Jacobite agents continued in their attempts to recruit the disaffected, the most committed Jacobites were often linked by relatively small family networks, particularly in Scotland; Jacobite activities in areas like <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a> centred on a limited number of influential families heavily involved in 1715 and 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200195–96_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200195–96-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the most powerful landowning families preserved their establishment loyalties, but maintained traditions of Stuart allegiance by permitting younger sons to become involved in active Jacobitism; in 1745, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gordon_(Jacobite)" title="Lewis Gordon (Jacobite)">Lewis Gordon</a> was widely believed to be a proxy for his brother, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_George_Gordon,_3rd_Duke_of_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmo George Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon">Duke of Gordon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman1980255_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman1980255-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jacobite leaders were closely linked to each other and the exile community by marriage or blood. This has led some historians, notably Bruce Lenman, to characterise the Jacobite risings as French-backed <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> attempts by a small network drawn from the elite, though this view is not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman1980256_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman1980256-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family traditions of Jacobite sympathy were reinforced through objects such as inscribed glassware or rings with hidden symbols, although many of those that survive are in fact 19th-century neo-Jacobite creations. Other family heirlooms contained reference to executed Jacobite martyrs, for which the movement preserved an unusual level of veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199436–37_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199436–37-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a> cloth, widely adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Army_(1745)" title="Jacobite Army (1745)">Jacobite army</a> in 1745, was used in portraiture as a symbol of Stuart sympathies, even before the Rising. Outside elite social circles, the Jacobite community circulated propaganda and symbolic objects through a network of clubs, print-sellers and pedlars, aimed at the provincial gentry and middling sort. In 1745, Prince Charles ordered commemorative medals and miniature pictures for clandestine distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod199381–82_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod199381–82-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Watkin_Williams,_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/150px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/225px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/300px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Welsh Tory <a href="/wiki/Sir_Watkin_Williams-Wynn,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet">Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn</a>; his blue coat was a colour often worn by Jacobite sympathisers</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the more visible elements of the Jacobite community were drinking clubs established in the early 18th century, such as the Scottish Bucks Club or the "Cycle of the White Rose", led by Welsh Tory <a href="/wiki/Sir_Watkin_Williams-Wynn,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet">Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord200440_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord200440-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others included the "Sea Serjeants", largely composed of South Wales gentry or the "Independent Electors of Westminster" led by the <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorganshire">Glamorganshire</a> lawyer <a href="/wiki/David_Morgan_(Jacobite)" title="David Morgan (Jacobite)">David Morgan</a>, executed for his role in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016378_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016378-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than Morgan, the vast majority of their members took no part in the 1745 Rising; Charles later said "I will do for the Welsh Jacobites what they did for me. I will drink their health".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock1997107_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock1997107-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oak_Apple_Day" title="Oak Apple Day">Oak Apple Day</a> on 29 May commemorated Charles II and was an occasion for displays of Stuart sympathy, as was "White Rose Day", <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">the Old Pretender's</a> birthday on 10 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod1993210_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod1993210-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols were commonly employed by Jacobites, given that they could not be prosecuted for their use; the most common of these was the <a href="/wiki/White_rose_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="White rose of York">White rose of York</a>, adopted after 1688 for reasons now unclear. Various origins have been suggested, including its use as an ancient Scottish royal device, its association with James II as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, or Charles I being styled as the "White King".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock199872–73_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock199872–73-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacobite military units often used plain white standards or <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockades</a>, while green ribbons were another recognised Stuart symbol despite their association with the Whig <a href="/wiki/Green_Ribbon_Club" title="Green Ribbon Club">Green Ribbon Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers198225_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers198225-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1745_decline">Post-1745 decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-1745 decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being greeted as a hero on his return to Paris, Charles' reception behind the scenes was more muted. <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Jean-Baptiste_de_Boyer,_Marquis_d%27%C3%89guilles" title="Alexandre Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Éguilles">D'Éguilles</a>, unofficial French envoy to the Jacobites, had a low opinion of him and other senior Jacobites, describing Lochgarry as "a bandit", and suggesting George Murray was a British spy. For their part, the Scots were disillusioned by lack of meaningful English or French support, despite constant assurances of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1985177–181_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1985177–181-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events also highlighted the reality that a low level, ongoing insurgency was far more cost-effective for the French than a restoration, a form of warfare potentially devastating to the local populace.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By exposing the divergence between Scottish, French and Stuart objectives, as well as the lack of support in England, the 1745 Rising ended Jacobitism as a viable political alternative in England and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley198528_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley198528-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British authorities enacted a series of measures designed to prevent the Scottish Highlands being used for another rising. New forts were built, the <a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">military road</a> network finally completed and <a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the power held by the Highland chiefs derived from their ability to require military service from their clansmen and even before 1745 the clan system had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions; the <a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act</a> removed such feudal controls by Highland chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampsie2017_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampsie2017-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was far more significant than the better-known <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Proscription">Act of Proscription</a> which outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service: its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampsie2017_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampsie2017-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Edward_Stuart_(1775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/180px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/270px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/360px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Charles Edward Stuart in old age; in 1759, he was dismissed by French ministers as "incapacitated by drink"</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1745, the French were struggling with the costs of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, and in June 1746, they began peace negotiations with Britain at <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Breda</a>. Victories in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in 1747 and 1748 actually worsened their position by drawing in the previously neutral <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, whose shipping they relied on to avoid the British naval blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199997–100_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199997–100-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1748, food shortages among the French population made peace a matter of urgency, but the British refused to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> while Charles remained in France. After he ignored requests to leave, the French lost patience; in December 1748, he was briefly jailed before being deported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, the Jacobite rising known as <i>The 'Forty-Five</i> began. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a>, son of the <i>Old Pretender</i>, often referred to as <i>Bonnie Prince Charlie</i> or the <i>Young Pretender</i>, landed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Eriskay" title="Eriskay">Eriskay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several clans unenthusiastically joined him. At the outset he was successful, taking Edinburgh<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then defeating the only government army in Scotland at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacobite army marched into England, took Carlisle and advanced as far as south as Derby. However, it became increasingly evident that England would not support a Roman Catholic Stuart monarch. The Jacobite leadership had a crisis of confidence and they retreated to Scotland as two English armies closed in and Hanoverian troops began to return from the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles' position in Scotland began to deteriorate as the Whig supporters rallied and regained control of Edinburgh. </p><p>After an unsuccessful attempt on Stirling, he retreated north towards Inverness. He was pursued by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> and gave battle with an exhausted army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a> on 16 April 1746, where the Jacobite cause was crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles hid in Scotland with the aid of Highlanders until September 1746, when he escaped back to France.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were bloody reprisals against his supporters and foreign powers abandoned the Jacobite cause, with the court in exile forced to leave France. The Old Pretender died in 1766 and the Young Pretender, without legitimate issue, in 1788. When his brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal of York</a>, died in 1807, the Jacobite cause was at an end.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1747, his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry</a> became a Catholic priest; given that Charles had no legitimate heir, this was seen as tacit acceptance by their father James that the Jacobite cause was finished. Charles continued to explore options for a rising in England, including his conversion to Anglicanism, a proposal that had outraged his father James when previously suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorp2011334_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorp2011334-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "secretly" visited London in 1750 to meet supporters, and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non Juror church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2013_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2013-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the decline of Jacobitism is demonstrated by the fact that King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> and his government were well aware of Charles's presence and did nothing to intervene. The English Jacobites made it clear they would do nothing without foreign backing, which despite Charles's overtures to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a> seemed unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock1998123_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock1998123-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plot to capture or assassinate George II, headed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Murray_of_Elibank" title="Alexander Murray of Elibank">Alexander Murray of Elibank</a>, was betrayed to the government by <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Ruadh_MacDonnell" title="Alastair Ruadh MacDonnell">Alastair Ruadh MacDonnell</a>, or "Pickle the Spy", but not before Charles had sent two exiles as agents. One was <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Archibald Cameron of Lochiel">Archibald Cameron</a>, responsible for recruiting the Cameron regiment in 1745, who was allegedly betrayed by his own clansmen and executed on 7 June 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman198027_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman198027-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1754 dispute with the English conspirators, a drunken and increasingly desperate Charles threatened to publish their names for having "betrayed" him; most remaining English sympathisers now left the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod1993345_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod1993345-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1759, Charles met <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Choiseul</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a> to discuss <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">another invasion</a>, but Choiseul dismissed him as "incapacitated by drink".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacobite cause was abandoned by the French, while British supporters stopped providing funds; Charles, who had returned to Catholicism, now relied on the Papacy to fund his lifestyle. However, with the death of Charles's father in 1766, the Hanoverians received the Pope's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton201557–58_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201557–58-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Henry's urgings, <a href="/wiki/Clement_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a> refused to recognise his brother as Charles III; Charles died of a stroke in Rome in January 1788, a disappointed and embittered man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2004_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2004-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG/220px-Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG/330px-Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG/440px-Monument_to_the_Stuarts_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the monument in the Vatican</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Charles's death, Scottish Catholics swore allegiance to the House of Hanover, and resolved two years later to pray for King George by name. The Stuart claim passed to Henry, now a Cardinal, who styled himself King Henry IX of England. After he fell into financial difficulty during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he was granted a stipend by <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. However, his refusal to renounce his claim to be 'Henry IX' prevented a full reconciliation with the House of Hanover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohns1998161_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns1998161-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> with French support, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> suggested making Henry <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">King of the Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hoped this would attract support from the Catholic Irish and lead to the creation of a stable pro-French client state. <a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone" title="Wolfe Tone">Wolfe Tone</a>, the Protestant republican leader, rejected the suggestion, and a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Irish Republic</a> was proclaimed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Henry in 1807, the Jacobite claim passed to those excluded by the 1701 Act of Settlement. From 1807 to 1840, it was held by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> until 1919, while the current Jacobite heir is <a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">Franz, Duke of Bavaria</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>. However, neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim. Henry, Charles and James are memorialised in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a> in the Vatican.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Whig_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig historiography">Whig historiography</a> viewed Jacobitism as a marginal threat to the progression towards present-day Parliamentary democracy, taking the view that as it was defeated, it could never have won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi19945_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi19945-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representing "pre-industrial paternalism" and "mystical loyalism" against forward-thinking individualism, this conception of Jacobitism was reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a>'s stereotype of the typical "Tory-Jacobite squire" as a "bigoted, ignorant, drunken philistine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi19945_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi19945-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent analyses, such as that of <a href="/wiki/J._C._D._Clark" title="J. C. D. Clark">J. C. D. Clark</a>, suggest that Jacobitism can instead be regarded as part of a "deep vein of social and political conservatism running throughout British history", arguing that the Whig settlement was not as stable as has been depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi19946_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi19946-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further interest in Jacobite studies has been prompted by a reassessment of the nationalist aspirations of Scots Jacobites in particular, emphasising their place as part of an ongoing political debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_revival">Romantic revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romantic revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the political danger of Jacobitism receded, the movement was increasingly viewed as a romantic symbol of the past, particularly the final rebellion. Relics and mementoes of 1745 were preserved, and Charles himself celebrated in "increasingly emotional language". This memorialising tendency was reinforced by the publication in the 1830s of selections from <i>The Lyon in Mourning</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Forbes_(bishop)" title="Robert Forbes (bishop)">Robert Forbes</a> (1708–1775), a collection of source material and interviews with Jacobite participants in the 1745 rising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock1998137_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock1998137-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>19th-century historiography often presented Scottish Jacobites as primarily driven by a romantic attachment to the Stuarts, rather than the reality of individuals with disparate motives. This suited the Victorian depiction of Highlanders as a "martial race", distinguished by a tradition of a "misplaced loyalism" since transferred to the British crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2009143_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2009143-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of the Lowland Scots and north-eastern gentry was less emphasised, while his Irish Jacobite advisors like Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_O%27Neille_y_O%27Neille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix O'Neille y O'Neille (page does not exist)">Félix O'Neille y O'Neille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_O%27Neille_y_O%27Neille" class="extiw" title="es:Félix O'Neille y O'Neille">es</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were, until very recently, inaccurately presented as worthless individuals who were solely a negative influence on Charles Stuart in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pettie_-_Jacobites,_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg/220px-Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg/330px-Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg/440px-Pettie_-_Jacobites%2C_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>"Jacobites" by <a href="/wiki/John_Pettie" title="John Pettie">John Pettie</a> (1874): romantic view of Jacobitism</figcaption></figure> <p>Walter Scott, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a></i>, a story of the 1745 rebellion, combined a romantic view of Jacobitism with a belief in what he says as the practical benefits of <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a>. In 1822 he arranged a pageantry of reinvented Scottish traditions for the <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">visit of King George IV to Scotland</a>. The displays of <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> proved immensely popular, and Highland clothing, previously associated with rebellion and regime change, became emblems of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a>. Some descendants of those attained for rebellion had their titles restored in 1824, while persecutory and discriminatory laws against Catholics were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">repealed</a> through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> in 1829. With political and military Jacobitism now safely confined to an "earlier era", the hitherto largely ignored site of their final defeat at Culloden began to be celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2009146_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2009146-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Jacobite_revival">Neo-Jacobite revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neo-Jacobite revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></div> <p>There was a brief revival of political Jacobitism in the late 1880s and into the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2014?_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2014?-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Jacobite clubs and societies were formed, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_(1886%E2%80%931915)" title="Order of the White Rose (1886–1915)">Order of the White Rose</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ashburnham,_5th_Earl_of_Ashburnham" title="Bertram Ashburnham, 5th Earl of Ashburnham">Bertram Ashburnham</a> in 1886.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1890, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vivian" title="Herbert Vivian">Herbert Vivian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruaraidh_Erskine" title="Ruaraidh Erskine">Ruaraidh Erskine</a> co-founded a weekly newspaper, <i>The Whirlwind</i>, that espoused a Jacobite political view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Vivian, Erskine and <a href="/wiki/Melville_Henry_Massue" title="Melville Henry Massue">Melville Henry Massue</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Legitimist_Jacobite_League_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Legitimist Jacobite League of Great Britain and Ireland">Legitimist Jacobite League of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in 1891, which lasted for several years. Vivian went on to stand for Parliament four times on a Jacobite platform – though he failed to be elected each time.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival largely came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and the various societies of the time are now represented by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_legacy">Literary legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literary legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_and_Lowland_Scots">English and Lowland Scots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: English and Lowland Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Jacobite folk songs emerged in Scotland in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a>; a number of examples were collected by Scott's colleague <a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">James Hogg</a> in his <i>Jacobite Reliques</i>, including several he likely composed himself. Scots poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Ann_Spottiswoode" title="Alicia Ann Spottiswoode">Alicia Ann Spottiswoode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Maxwell_MacLeod" title="Agnes Maxwell MacLeod">Agnes Maxwell MacLeod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Nairne,_Lady_Nairne" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne">Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne</a> (whose "<a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Charlie" title="Bonnie Charlie">Bonnie Charlie</a>" remains popular) added further examples. Many of these songs have seen a renewed popularity since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/British_folk_revival" title="British folk revival">British folk revival</a> in the 1950s. </p><p>Relatively few of the most famous surviving songs, except for those by <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(Jacobite_poet)" title="William Hamilton (Jacobite poet)">William Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Robson_(poet_and_songwriter)" title="James Robson (poet and songwriter)">James Robson</a>, actually date from the time of the risings and the majority of those that do are in other languages than English or Scots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_language_literature">Irish language literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Irish language literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As demonstrated in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Corkery_(author)" title="Daniel Corkery (author)">Daniel Corkery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a>, Jacobitism inspired the enormously influential <a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dream_vision" title="Dream vision">dream vision</a> genre of <a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Irish bardic poetry</a>. One of the most widely known is <i><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ghile_Mear" title="Mo Ghile Mear">Mo Ghile Mear</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cl%C3%A1rach_Mac_Domhnaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill">Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill</a>. Other important Jacobite poets who composed immortal verse in <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a> during the 18th-century included <a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_an_Chnoic" title="Éamonn an Chnoic">Éamonn an Chnoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin">Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Rua_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin">Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_Ruadh_Mac_Conmara" title="Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara">Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a> poetic genre has also remained a living tradition and has been adapted, by poets such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Bhu%C3%AD_N%C3%AD_Laoghaire" title="Máire Bhuí Ní Laoghaire">Máire Bhuidhe Ní Laoghaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Phiarais_C%C3%BAnd%C3%BAn" title="Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún">Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%A1n_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin (page does not exist)">Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin</a> to more recent causes and struggles by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>. Since 1976, an Aisling poem by Liam mac Uistín in honour of "those who gave their lives for Irish freedom" has been permanently displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Remembrance_(Dublin)" title="Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)">Garden of Remembrance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_Gaelic_literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scottish Gaelic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1933, <a href="/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell" title="John Lorne Campbell">John Lorne Campbell</a> published the groundbreaking book <i>Highland Songs of the Forty-Five</i>, consisting of 32 Gaelic song-poems, which were analyzed for political content, annotated, and published with facing translations into English <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, or unrhymed <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>; the real cultural, political, and religious reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> had been obscured by the novels of Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, who both depicted, "the Highlander as a <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">romantic hero</a> fighting for a lost cause."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Campbell set out to give, "a voice to the voiceless - ordinary men who had never been allowed to speak for themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Perman_2013_Page_26_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Perman_2013_Page_26-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Campbell's volume and his later published writings revealed to the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">English-speaking world</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a>, Jacobite ideology and the events of the risings inspired the immortal poetry of <a href="/wiki/Iain_Lom" title="Iain Lom">Iain Lom</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ACleas_na_Ceapaich" title="Sìleas na Ceapaich">Sìleas na Ceapaich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" class="mw-redirect" title="Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Mac_Fhearchair" title="Iain Mac Fhearchair">Iain Mac Fhearchair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catriona_Nic_Fhearghais" class="mw-redirect" title="Catriona Nic Fhearghais">Catriona Nic Fhearghais</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roy Stuart">Iain Ruadh Stùibhart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Ross_(poet)" title="William Ross (poet)">William Ross</a>. Despite also composing immortal poetry of his own about fighting for the government in the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_of_Argyll_Militia" title="Campbell of Argyll Militia">Campbell of Argyll Militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a> in 1746,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Ban_MacIntyre" title="Duncan Ban MacIntyre">Duncan Ban MacIntyre</a>, offers in his later poetry, according to Campbell, "an interesting testimony to the bitter disillusionment of the Highlanders who had come to the aid of the Government, to be in the end treated no better that those who had rebelled against it."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claimants_to_the_thrones_of_England,_Scotland,_Ireland_and_France"><span id="Claimants_to_the_thrones_of_England.2C_Scotland.2C_Ireland_and_France"></span>Claimants to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Claimants to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II and VII</a></b> (6 February 1685 – 16 September 1701).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James III and VIII</a></b> (16 September 1701 – 1 January 1766), James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as the <i>Chevalier de St. George</i>, the <i>King over the Water</i>, or the <i>Old Pretender</i>. (Son of James II)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles III</a></b> (1 January 1766 – 31 January 1788), Charles Edward Stuart, also known as <i>Bonnie Prince Charlie</i>, the <i>Young Chevalier</i>, or the <i>Young Pretender</i>. (Son of James III)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry IX and I</a></b> (31 January 1788 – 13 July 1807), Henry Benedict Stuart, also known as the <i>Cardinal King</i>. (Son of James III)</li></ul> <p>Since Henry's death, none of the Jacobite heirs have claimed the English or Scottish thrones. <a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">Franz, Duke of Bavaria</a> (born 1933), a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, is the current legitimate heir of the house of Stuart. It has been suggested that a repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> could allow him to claim the throne, although he has expressed no interest in doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleynede_Quetteville2008_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleynede_Quetteville2008-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movements_that_dispute_the_legitimacy_of_a_reigning_monarch" title="List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch">List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Old Pretender"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Young Pretender"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i>Seumasachas</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈʃeːməs̪əxəs̪]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Seacaibíteachas</i>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Séamusachas</i></span>; the term derives from <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_(name)" title="Jacobus (name)">Jacobus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version of first name of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>, which is rendered in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_(name)" title="Jacobus (name)">Jacobus</a></i> and it followers known as <b>Jacobites</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summarised in a British intelligence report of 1755: "...'tis not in the interest of France the House of Stuart shoud ever be restored, as it would only unite the three Kingdoms against Them; England would have no exterior [threat] to mind, and [...] prevent any of its Descendants (the Stuarts) attempting anything against the Libertys or Religion of the People."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2007271–272-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2007271–272_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2007">Harris 2007</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973310–312-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1973310–312_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes1973">Barnes 1973</a>, pp. 310–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch199513-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooch199513_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGooch1995">Gooch 1995</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200178–79-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200178–79_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2001">Goldsworthy 2001</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201049-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201049_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen2010">Stephen 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1975122–124-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1975122–124_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1975">Ryan 1975</a>, pp. 122–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob1976335–341-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob1976335–341_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob1976">Jacob 1976</a>, pp. 335–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199812-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199812_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenyonOhlmeyer1998">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199816-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199816_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenyonOhlmeyer1998">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001a20–23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001a20–23_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenihan2001a">Lenihan 2001a</a>, pp. 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199831-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonOhlmeyer199831_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenyonOhlmeyer1998">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello200410-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello200410_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManganiello2004">Manganiello 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001b11–14-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001b11–14_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenihan2001b">Lenihan 2001b</a>, pp. 11–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014140–142-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014140–142_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenihan2014">Lenihan 2014</a>, pp. 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden201063–68-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden201063–68_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorden2010">Worden 2010</a>, pp. 63–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993b581–590-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993b581–590_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1993b">Harris 1993b</a>, pp. 581–590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1978">Miller 1978</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199627–28-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199627–28_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1996">McGrath 1996</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993123–127-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993123–127_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1993">Harris 1993</a>, pp. 123–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpielvogel1980">Spielvogel 1980</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2007235–236-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2007235–236_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2007">Harris 2007</a>, pp. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20073–5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20073–5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2007">Harris 2007</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1980460-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1980460_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoward1980">Coward 1980</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1983">McKay 1983</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2014174–179-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2014174–179_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenihan2014">Lenihan 2014</a>, pp. 174–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999215-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999215_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn1999">Lynn 1999</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomerset2012">Somerset 2012</a>, pp. 532–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/union/features_union_jacobites.shtml">"Jacobites and the Union"</a>. <i>The Making of the Union</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627213939/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/union/features_union_jacobites.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFPittock2009">Pittock 2009</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/oneill-felix-a6922">Felix O'Neil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography" title="Dictionary of Irish Biography">Dictionary of Irish Biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John S. Gibson (1967), <i>Ships of the Forty-Five: The Rescue of the Young Pretender</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson & Co.">Hutchinson & Co.</a> London. With a <a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a> by Sir James Fergusson of Kilkerran, Bart., L.L.D. pp. 119-157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2009146-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2009146_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittock2009">Pittock 2009</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2014?-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2014?_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittock2014">Pittock 2014</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Stirling Burghs Vacancy". <i>Dundee Evening Telegraph</i>. 29 April 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dundee+Evening+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stirling+Burghs+Vacancy&rft.date=1908-04-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray Perman (2013), <i>The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell</i>, <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Birlinn Limited">Birlinn Limited</a>. 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Page 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John Lorne Campbell (1979), <i>Highland Songs of the Forty-Five</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Press" title="Arno Press">Arno Press</a>, New York City. pp. 193-225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John Lorne Campbell (1979), <i>Highland Songs of the Forty-Five</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Press" title="Arno Press">Arno Press</a>, New York City. pp. 194-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleynede_Quetteville2008-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleynede_Quetteville2008_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlleynede_Quetteville2008">Alleyne & de Quetteville 2008</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleynede_Quetteville2008" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard; de Quetteville, Harry (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584184/Act-repeal-could-make-Franz-Herzog-von-Bayern-new-King-of-England-and-Scotland.html">"Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623174252/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584184/Act-repeal-could-make-Franz-Herzog-von-Bayern-new-King-of-England-and-Scotland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Act+repeal+could+make+Franz+Herzog+von+Bayern+new+King+of+England+and+Scotland&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=de+Quetteville%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1584184%2FAct-repeal-could-make-Franz-Herzog-von-Bayern-new-King-of-England-and-Scotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston2002" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Nigel (2002). <i>Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521465922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521465922"><bdi>978-0521465922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Revolutionary+Europe%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521465922&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1973" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Robert P. (1973). "James VII's Forfeiture of the Scottish Throne". <i><a href="/wiki/Albion_(journal)" title="Albion (journal)">Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4): 299–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4048254">10.2307/4048254</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048254">4048254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=James+VII%27s+Forfeiture+of+the+Scottish+Throne&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-313&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4048254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4048254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1999" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1999). <i>From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857289343" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857289343"><bdi>978-1857289343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Louis+XIV+to+Napoleon%3A+The+Fate+of+a+Great+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1857289343&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Richard (2002). <i>Church and State in Modern Britain 1700–1850</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Modern+Britain+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell" title="John Lorne Campbell">John Lorne Campbell</a> (1979), <i>Highland Songs of the Forty-Five</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Press" title="Arno Press">Arno Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsie2017" class="citation news cs1">Campsie, Alison (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/myth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548">"Myth Buster: Was Tartan Really Banned After Culloden?"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121185531/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/myth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Myth+Buster%3A+Was+Tartan+Really+Banned+After+Culloden%3F&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmyth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2018" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Liam (2018). Binasco, Matteo (ed.). <i>Rome and The Irish Mission at home in Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908</i>. Palgrave Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319959740" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319959740"><bdi>978-3319959740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+The+Irish+Mission+at+home+in+Irish+Catholicism+in+the+Atlantic+World%2C+1622%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=Palgrave+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3319959740&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharteris1907" class="citation book cs1">Charteris, Evan (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028047748"><i>A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland</i></a>. Edinburgh: David Douglas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Account+of+the+Affairs+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=David+Douglas&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Charteris&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028047748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1985" class="citation book cs1">Clark, J.C.D. (1985). <i>English Society, 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure, and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521309220" title="Special:BookSources/0521309220"><bdi>0521309220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Society%2C+1688%E2%80%931832%3A+Ideology%2C+Social+Structure%2C+and+Political+Practice+During+the+Ancien+Regime&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0521309220&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.C.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley1985" class="citation book cs1">Colley, Linda (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indefianceofolig00lind"><i>In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714–60</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521313117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521313117"><bdi>978-0521313117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defiance+of+Oligarchy%3A+The+Tory+Party+1714%E2%80%9360&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0521313117&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findefianceofolig00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Sean (1992). <i>Religion, Law and Power: Making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198201182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198201182"><bdi>978-0198201182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law+and+Power%3A+Making+of+Protestant+Ireland%2C+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0198201182&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2014" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Sean (2014). <i>Patriotism and Nationalism in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199549344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199549344"><bdi>978-0199549344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotism+and+Nationalism+in+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+Irish+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199549344&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2003" class="citation journal cs1">Connolly, Sean (2003). "Jacobites, Whiteboys and Republicans: Varieties of Disaffection in Eighteenth-Century Ireland". <i><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth-Century_Ireland_(journal)" title="Eighteenth-Century Ireland (journal)">Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 63–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.2003.7">10.3828/eci.2003.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30070994">30070994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164907232">164907232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland+%2F+Iris+an+D%C3%A1+Chult%C3%BAr&rft.atitle=Jacobites%2C+Whiteboys+and+Republicans%3A+Varieties+of+Disaffection+in+Eighteenth-Century+Ireland&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-79&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164907232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30070994%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Feci.2003.7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorp2011" class="citation book cs1">Corp, Edward (2011). <i>The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuarts+in+Italy%2C+1719%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Corp&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1980" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Barry (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stuartagehistory0000cowa"><i>The Stuart Age 1603–1714</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582488335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582488335"><bdi>978-0582488335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Age+1603%E2%80%931714&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0582488335&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstuartagehistory0000cowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshanks2008" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander (2008). <i>The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?</i>. Wesleyan University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705142720">705142720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Act+of+Union%3A+Death+or+Reprieve+for+the+Highlands%3F&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705142720&rft.aulast=Cruikshanks&rft.aufirst=Lauchlin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1997" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle, Thomas (1997). "Jacobitism, Catholicism and the Irish Protestant Elite, 1700–1710". <i>Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 28–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1997.4">10.3828/eci.1997.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30071383">30071383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256147597">256147597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland+%2F+Iris+an+D%C3%A1+Chult%C3%BAr&rft.atitle=Jacobitism%2C+Catholicism+and+the+Irish+Protestant+Elite%2C+1700%E2%80%931710&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-59&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256147597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30071383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Feci.1997.4&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine-Hill1982" class="citation book cs1">Erskine-Hill, H. (1982). "Literature and the Jacobite Cause: Was There a Rhetoric of Jacobitism?". In Cruickshanks, E. (ed.). <i>Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759</i>. Edinburgh: J. Donald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+the+Jacobite+Cause%3A+Was+There+a+Rhetoric+of+Jacobitism%3F&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Conspiracy%3A+Aspects+of+Jacobitism%2C+1689%E2%80%931759&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=J.+Donald&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Erskine-Hill&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnham2002" class="citation book cs1">Garnham, Neal (2002). Clark, Peter (ed.). <i>Police & Public Order in 18th Century Dublin in Two Capitals: London and Dublin, 1500–1840</i>. British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197262474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197262474"><bdi>978-0197262474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+%26+Public+Order+in+18th+Century+Dublin+in+Two+Capitals%3A+London+and+Dublin%2C+1500%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0197262474&rft.aulast=Garnham&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, William (2012). <i>The Church of England 1688–1832: Unity and Accord</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+England+1688%E2%80%931832%3A+Unity+and+Accord&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillen2016" class="citation book cs1">Gillen, Ultan (2016). <i>Ascendency Ireland, 1660–1800 in Princeton History of Modern Ireland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691154060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691154060"><bdi>978-0691154060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascendency+Ireland%2C+1660%E2%80%931800+in+Princeton+History+of+Modern+Ireland&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691154060&rft.aulast=Gillen&rft.aufirst=Ultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2001" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Jeffrey (2001). <i>The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereignty+of+Parliament%3A+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch1995" class="citation book cs1">Gooch, Leo (1995). <i>The Desperate Faction?: The Jacobites of North-East England, 1688–1745</i>. University of Hull Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859586368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859586368"><bdi>978-0859586368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desperate+Faction%3F%3A+The+Jacobites+of+North-East+England%2C+1688%E2%80%931745&rft.pub=University+of+Hull+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0859586368&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2002" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Brian, ed. (2002). <i>In Search of Ireland: A Cultural Geography</i>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134749188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134749188"><bdi>978-1134749188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ireland%3A+A+Cultural+Geography&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1134749188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2015" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Douglas J. (2015). <i>Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680–1820</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317318194" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317318194"><bdi>978-1317318194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism%2C+Enlightenment+and+Empire%2C+1680%E2%80%931820&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317318194&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1963" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Henry (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo0000hami"><i>An economic history of Scotland in the Eighteenth century</i></a></span>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+economic+history+of+Scotland+in+the+Eighteenth+century&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomichistoryo0000hami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2007). <i>Revolution; the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141016528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141016528"><bdi>978-0141016528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3B+the+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0141016528&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (1993). <i>Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660–1715</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582040823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582040823"><bdi>978-0582040823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+under+the+Later+Stuarts%3A+Party+Conflict+in+a+Divided+Society%2C+1660%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0582040823&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993b" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Tim (1993b). "Party Turns? Or, Whigs and Tories Get Off Scott Free". <i>Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 581–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4051311">10.2307/4051311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4051311">4051311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Party+Turns%3F+Or%2C+Whigs+and+Tories+Get+Off+Scott+Free&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-590&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4051311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4051311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1949" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Richard (1949). 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"The Church of Ireland in the Early 18th Century". <i>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 433–451. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42973720">42973720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Magazine+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Ireland+in+the+Early+18th+Century&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=433-451&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42973720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Francis+Godwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1998" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Christopher M.S. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138140639" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138140639"><bdi>978-1138140639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidating+Conquest%3A+Ireland+1603%E2%80%931727&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1138140639&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2014" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2014). <i>The Last Cavalier: Richard Talbot (1631–91)</i>. University College Dublin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906359836" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906359836"><bdi>978-1906359836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Cavalier%3A+Richard+Talbot+%281631%E2%80%9391%29&rft.pub=University+College+Dublin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1906359836&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenman1980" class="citation book cs1">Lenman, Bruce (1980). <i>The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746</i>. <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413396501" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413396501"><bdi>978-0413396501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Risings+in+Britain+1689%E2%80%931746&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0413396501&rft.aulast=Lenman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2004" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Evelyn (2004). <i>The Stuart Secret Army: The Hidden History of the English Jacobites</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582772564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582772564"><bdi>978-0582772564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Secret+Army%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+the+English+Jacobites&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0582772564&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John (1999). <i>The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582056299" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582056299"><bdi>978-0582056299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1667%E2%80%931714+%28Modern+Wars+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0582056299&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacinnes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Macinnes, Allan (2007). "Jacobitism in Scotland: Episodic Cause or National Movement?". <i>Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>86</b> (222): 225–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.86.2.225">10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154561509">154561509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Jacobitism+in+Scotland%3A+Episodic+Cause+or+National+Movement%3F&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=222&rft.pages=225-252&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.2007.86.2.225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154561509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Macinnes&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Mackie" title="John Duncan Mackie">Mackie, John Duncan</a> (1978) [1964]. Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.). <i>A History of Scotland</i> (1991 reprint ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192756-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192756-5"><bdi>978-0-14-192756-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL38651664M">38651664M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1991+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL38651664M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192756-5&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganiello2004" class="citation book cs1">Manganiello, Stephen (2004). <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660</i>. Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Revolutions+and+Wars+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland%2C+1639%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Manganiello&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1963" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Jean E. (1963). <i>The Organisation of the Jacobite Army</i>. PHD thesis Edinburgh University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F9381">1842/9381</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646764870">646764870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organisation+of+the+Jacobite+Army&rft.pub=PHD+thesis+Edinburgh+University&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1842%2F9381&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646764870&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2014" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Ted (2014). <i>Restoration Ireland, 1660–1688; in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198768210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198768210"><bdi>978-0198768210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+Ireland%2C+1660%E2%80%931688%3B+in+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+Irish+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198768210&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1996" class="citation journal cs1">McGrath, Charles Ivar (1996). "Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (117): 25–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400012566">10.1017/S0021121400012566</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F9696">10197/9696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30008727">30008727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159743855">159743855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Securing+the+Protestant+Interest%3A+The+Origins+and+Purpose+of+the+Penal+Laws+of+1695&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=25-46&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F9696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159743855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30008727%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400012566&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1983" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Derek (1983). <i>The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582485549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582485549"><bdi>978-0582485549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Great+Powers+1648%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0582485549&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (1982). "Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745". <i>The Eighteenth Century</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 97–133. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41467263">41467263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eighteenth+Century&rft.atitle=Issues+and+Motives+in+the+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-133&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41467263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1985" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1985). <i>The Jacobites</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1978" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (1978). <i>James II; A study in kingship</i>. Menthuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413652904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413652904"><bdi>978-0413652904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II%3B+A+study+in+kingship&rft.pub=Menthuen&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0413652904&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1937" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Albert (1937). "The Non-Jurors; 1688–1805". <i>The Churchman</i>. <b>51</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Churchman&rft.atitle=The+Non-Jurors%3B+1688%E2%80%931805&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonod1993" class="citation book cs1">Monod, Paul (1993). <i>Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521447935" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521447935"><bdi>978-0521447935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism+and+the+English+People%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521447935&rft.aulast=Monod&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodyMartinByrne2009" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Tom; Martin, Frank; Byrne, F.J. (2009). <i>A New History of Ireland: Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198202424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198202424"><bdi>978-0198202424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%3A+Volume+III%3A+Early+Modern+Ireland+1534%E2%80%931691&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0198202424&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Martin%2C+Frank&rft.au=Byrne%2C+F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Morley, Vincent (2007). "The Continuity of Disaffection in Eighteenth-Century Ireland". <i>Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr</i>. <b>22</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland+%2F+Iris+an+D%C3%A1+Chult%C3%BAr&rft.atitle=The+Continuity+of+Disaffection+in+Eighteenth-Century+Ireland&rft.volume=22&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorely2016" class="citation book cs1">Morely, Vincent (2016). <i>The Irish Language in Princeton History of Modern Ireland</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691154060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691154060"><bdi>978-0691154060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Language+in+Princeton+History+of+Modern+Ireland&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691154060&rft.aulast=Morely&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Ciardha2000" class="citation book cs1">Ó Ciardha, Eamonn (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandjacobitec00eamo"><i>Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766: A Fatal Attachment</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851825349" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851825349"><bdi>978-1851825349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Jacobite+Cause%2C+1685%E2%80%931766%3A+A+Fatal+Attachment&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1851825349&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Ciardha&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandjacobitec00eamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2016" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Jonathan (2016). <i>The Last Battle on English Soil, Preston 1715</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Battle+on+English+Soil%2C+Preston+1715&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverton1902" class="citation book cs1">Overton, J.H. (1902). <i>The Nonjurors: Their Lives, Principles, and Writings</i> (2018 ed.). Wentworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0530237336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0530237336"><bdi>978-0530237336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonjurors%3A+Their+Lives%2C+Principles%2C+and+Writings&rft.edition=2018&rft.pub=Wentworth+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-0530237336&rft.aulast=Overton&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish2017" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, David (2017). <i>Jacobitism and Anti-Jacobitism in the British Atlantic World, 1688–1727</i>. Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861933419" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861933419"><bdi>978-0861933419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism+and+Anti-Jacobitism+in+the+British+Atlantic+World%2C+1688%E2%80%931727&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0861933419&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2002" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2002). <i>Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe</i> (2003 ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140297898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140297898"><bdi>978-0140297898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+War+and+Faith+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0140297898&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Pittock" title="Murray Pittock">Pittock, Murray</a> (1998). <i>Jacobitism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333667989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333667989"><bdi>978-0333667989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0333667989&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1997" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (1997). <i>Inventing and Resisting Britain</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+and+Resisting+Britain&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2004" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (2004). "Johnson, Boswell, and their circle". In Keymer, Thomas; Mee, Jon (eds.). <i>The Cambridge companion to English literature from 1740 to 1830</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521007573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521007573"><bdi>978-0521007573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johnson%2C+Boswell%2C+and+their+circle&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+English+literature+from+1740+to+1830&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=157-172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521007573&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2006" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (2006). <i>Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521030274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521030274"><bdi>978-0521030274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Jacobite+Politics+in+Eighteenth-Century+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521030274&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2009" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (2009). <i>The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748627561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748627561"><bdi>978-0748627561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Jacobite+Clans%3A+The+Jacobite+Army+in+1745&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0748627561&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2014" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (2014). <i>Spectrum of Decadence (Routledge Revivals): The Literature of the 1890s</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138799127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138799127"><bdi>978-1138799127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectrum+of+Decadence+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+The+Literature+of+the+1890s&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1138799127&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2005" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812238983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812238983"><bdi>978-0812238983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion+and+Savagery%3A+The+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0812238983&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2016" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Jacqueline (2016). <i>Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408819128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408819128"><bdi>978-1408819128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobites%3A+A+New+History+of+the+45+Rebellion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1408819128&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robb, Steven (2013). "Gordon, Robert (1703–1779)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105934">10.1093/ref:odnb/105934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gordon%2C+Robert+%281703%E2%80%931779%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105934&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Nicholas (1998). <i>Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowds%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics+in+Georgian+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1982" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Nicholas (1982). <i>Riot and Popular Jacobitism in Early Hanoverian England, in Ideology and conspiracy: aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759</i>. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859760843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859760843"><bdi>978-0859760843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riot+and+Popular+Jacobitism+in+Early+Hanoverian+England%2C+in+Ideology+and+conspiracy%3A+aspects+of+Jacobitism%2C+1689%E2%80%931759&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0859760843&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Conor (1975). "Religion and State in Seventeenth-Century Ireland". <i>Archivium Hibernicum</i>. <b>33</b>: 122–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25487416">10.2307/25487416</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25487416">25487416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivium+Hibernicum&rft.atitle=Religion+and+State+in+Seventeenth-Century+Ireland&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=122-132&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25487416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25487416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Conor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1980" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, W.A. (1980). <i>A History of the Ordnance Survey</i>. Dawson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712909792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712909792"><bdi>978-0712909792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ordnance+Survey&rft.pub=Dawson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0712909792&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1952" class="citation journal cs1">Simms, J.G. (1952). "Williamite Peace Tactics, 1690–1691". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (32): 303–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400027528">10.1017/S0021121400027528</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30006194">30006194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164073726">164073726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Williamite+Peace+Tactics%2C+1690%E2%80%931691&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=303-323&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164073726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30006194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400027528&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, John S. (1999). <i>The Political History of Eighteenth-Century Scotland</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+History+of+Eighteenth-Century+Scotland&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Hannah (2013). <i>Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–60</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521828765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521828765"><bdi>978-0521828765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgian+Monarchy%3A+Politics+and+Culture%2C+1714%E2%80%9360&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521828765&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerset2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Somerset" title="Lady Anne Somerset">Somerset, Anne</a> (2012). <i>Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007203765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007203765"><bdi>978-0007203765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Anne%3B+the+Politics+of+Passion&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0007203765&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel1980" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J (1980). <i>Western Civilization</i>. Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1285436407" title="Special:BookSources/1285436407"><bdi>1285436407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1285436407&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1, Scottish Special). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644534">10.1086/644534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144730991">144730991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+Stuart+Unionism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2C+Scottish+Special&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144730991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2002" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Rowan (2002). <i>Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopalianism+in+Nineteenth-Century+Scotland%3A+Religious+Responses+to+a+Modernizing+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Szechi" title="Daniel Szechi">Szechi, Daniel</a> (1994). <i>The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788</i> (first ed.). <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719037740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719037740"><bdi>978-0719037740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites%3A+Britain+and+Europe%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0719037740&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechiSankey2001" class="citation journal cs1">Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret (November 2001). "Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745". <i>Past & Present</i> (173): 90–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F173.1.90">10.1093/past/173.1.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600841">3600841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Elite+Culture+and+the+Decline+of+Scottish+Jacobitism+1716%E2%80%931745&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=90-128&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F173.1.90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Sankey%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2001" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Rebecca (2001). <i>The Jacobites and Russia, 1715–1750</i>. Tuckwell Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1862321427" title="Special:BookSources/978-1862321427"><bdi>978-1862321427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites+and+Russia%2C+1715%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1862321427&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden2010" class="citation journal cs1">Worden, Blair (2010). "Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>20</b> (6): 57–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440110000058">10.1017/S0080440110000058</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41432386">41432386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159710210">159710210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Oliver+Cromwell+and+the+Protectorate&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=57-83&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159710210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41432386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440110000058&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates2014" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Nigel (2014). <i>Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714–1815</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteenth+Century+Britain%3A+Religion+and+Politics+1714%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Doron (2003). <i>The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1749–1759</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403912916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403912916"><bdi>978-1403912916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Movement+in+Scotland+and+in+Exile%2C+1749%E2%80%931759&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403912916&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobitism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobitism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml">BBC – Interactive Timeline of British History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909012414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml">Archived</a> 9 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/genhist/index.html">General History of the Highlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512150942/https://www.electricscotland.com/history/genhist/index.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The University of Guelph Library, Archival and Special Collections, has more than 500 Jacobite pamphlets, histories, and literature in its rare books section introduced at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106050248/http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/resources/archival_%26_special_collections/the_collections/digital_collections/scottish/Jacobite_site_0.htm">UG Library: Archival and Special Collections – Jacobite Pamphlets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005348/http://www.yourphotocard.com/Ascanius/Home.htm">Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacobitism" title="Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacobitism" title="Template talk:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacobitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #f7f7f7;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Highland_Companies" title="Independent Highland Companies">Independent Highland Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">The Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising<br />(1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen<br />(1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen<br />(1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">The Forty-Five<br />(1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><br />a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences<br />and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union of 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union of 1801</a></li></ul></li> <li>External wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Jenkins Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-18th-century_Whig_plots" title="Early-18th-century Whig plots">Whig plots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral Badge of Great Britain"><img alt="Floral Badge of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/120px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/180px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/240px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Floral Badge of Great Britain</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_Great_Britain" title="List of parliaments of Great Britain">List of parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1707" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1708" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1709" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1709">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1710" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1710">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1711" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1711">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1712" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1712">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1713" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1713">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1714" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1714">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1715" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1716" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1716">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1717" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1717">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1718" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1719" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1720" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1720">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1721" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1721">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1722" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1723" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1723">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1724" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1724">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1725" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1725">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1726" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1726">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1727" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1727">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1728" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1728">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1729" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1729">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1730" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1730">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1731" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1731">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1732" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1732">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1733" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1734" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1734">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1735" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1735">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1736" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1736">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1737" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1737">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1738" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1738">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1739" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1739">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1740" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1740">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1741" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1741">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1742" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1742">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1743" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1743">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1744" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1745" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1746" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1746">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1747" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1747">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1748" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1748">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1749" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1749">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1750" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1750">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1751" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1751">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1753" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1753">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1754" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1754">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1755" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1755">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1756" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1756">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1757" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1757">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1758" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1758">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1759" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1759">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1760" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1760">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1761" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1761">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1762" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1762">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1763" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1763">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1764" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1764">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1765" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1765">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1766" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1766">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1767" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1767">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1768" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1768">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1769" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1769">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1770" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1770">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1771" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1771">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1772" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1772">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1773" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1773">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1774" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1775" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1775">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1776" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1776">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1777" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1777">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1778" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1779" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1780" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1780">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1781" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1781">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1782" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1783" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1784" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1784">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1785" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1785">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1786" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1786">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1787" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1787">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1788" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1788">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1789" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1789">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1790" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1790">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1791" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1791">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1792" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1793" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1793">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1794" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1794">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1795" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1795">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1796" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1797" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1797">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1798" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1799" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1799">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800">1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Great Britain">Elections:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1708_British_general_election" title="1708 British general election">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_British_general_election" title="1710 British general election">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_British_general_election" title="1713 British general election">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_British_general_election" title="1727 British general election">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_British_general_election" title="1790 British general election">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Whig Junto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 18th-century British periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romantic literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish literature in the eighteenth century">Scottish 18th-century literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_tax" title="Window tax">Window tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Royal arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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