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href="#bodyContent">ข้ามไปเนื้อหา</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เมนูหลัก" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เมนูหลัก</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="เยี่ยมชมหน้าหลัก [z]" accesskey="z"><span>หน้าหลัก</span></a></li><li id="n-ask" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1"><span>ถามคำถาม</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ค้นหาข้อมูลเบื้องหลังในเหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน"><span>เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a 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1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="สารานุกรมเสรี" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-th.svg" width="100" height="18" style="width: 6.25em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ค้นหา</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">การแปรสัณฐานแผ่นธรณีภาค</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 110 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaattektoniek" title="Plaattektoniek – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plaattektoniek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattentektonik" title="Plattentektonik – เยอรมันสวิส" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plattentektonik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันสวิส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonica_de_placas" title="Tectonica de placas – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tectonica de placas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الصفائح التكتونية – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصفائح التكتونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83" title="بلات تكتونك – อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلات تكتونك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="টেক্‌ট'নিক প্লেট – อัสสัม" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টেক্‌ট'নিক প্লেট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="อัสสัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tect%C3%B3nica_de_plaques" title="Tectónica de plaques – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tectónica de plaques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_plit%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Tektonik plitələr – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tektonik plitələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="تکتونیک صفحه‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکتونیک صفحه‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Плиталар тектоникаһы – บัชคีร์" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Плиталар тектоникаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="บัชคีร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluok%C5%A1tiu_tektuon%C4%97ka" title="Pluokštiu tektuonėka – ซาโมจิเตียน" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pluokštiu tektuonėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="ซาโมจิเตียน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Тэктоніка пліт – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэктоніка пліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Тэктоніка пліт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэктоніка пліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Тектоника на плочите – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тектоника на плочите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लेट टेक्टॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ভূত্বকীয় পাত সংস্থান তত্ত্ব – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূত্বকীয় পাত সংস্থান তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_ar_plakenno%C3%B9" title="Tektonik ar plakennoù – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tektonik ar plakennoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tektonika ploča" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tect%C3%B2nica_de_plaques" title="Tectònica de plaques – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tectònica de plaques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تێکتۆنیکی پەڕەیی – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێکتۆنیکی پەڕەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deskov%C3%A1_tektonika" title="Desková tektonika – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Desková tektonika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Плитасен тектоники – ชูวัช" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плитасен тектоники" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ชูวัช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectoneg_platiau" title="Tectoneg platiau – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tectoneg platiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pladetektonik" title="Pladetektonik – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pladetektonik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattentektonik" title="Plattentektonik – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plattentektonik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdlerzo_tektonik" title="Erdlerzo tektonik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erdlerzo tektonik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τεκτονικές πλάκες – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεκτονικές πλάκες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plate tectonics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platotektoniko" title="Platotektoniko – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Platotektoniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tect%C3%B3nica_de_placas" title="Tectónica de placas – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tectónica de placas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laamtektoonika" title="Laamtektoonika – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laamtektoonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaken_tektonika" title="Plaken tektonika – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plaken tektonika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زمین‌ساخت صفحه‌ای – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌ساخت صفحه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laattatektoniikka" title="Laattatektoniikka – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laattatektoniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonique_des_plaques" title="Tectonique des plaques – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tectonique des plaques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teicteonaic_phl%C3%A1ta%C3%AD" title="Teicteonaic phlátaí – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teicteonaic phlátaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_di_s%C3%A9_plak" title="Tektonik di sé plak – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tektonik di sé plak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tect%C3%B3nica_de_placas" title="Tectónica de placas – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tectónica de placas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27ekuaar%C3%A3_yvy%27ape_retepy_rehegua" title="Mba'ekuaarã yvy'ape retepy rehegua – กัวรานี" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'ekuaarã yvy'ape retepy rehegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="กัวรานี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="טקטוניקת הלוחות – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקטוניקת הלוחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्लेट विवर्तनिकी – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लेट विवर्तनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics – ฮินดีฟิจิ" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Plate tectonics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ฮินดีฟิจิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tektonika ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_plak" title="Tektonik plak – เฮติครีโอล" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tektonik plak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="เฮติครีโอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemeztektonika" title="Lemeztektonika – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lemeztektonika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Սալերի տեկտոնիկա – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սալերի տեկտոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_lempeng" title="Tektonika lempeng – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tektonika lempeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plako-dinamiko" title="Plako-dinamiko – อีโด" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plako-dinamiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="อีโด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekakenningin" title="Flekakenningin – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flekakenningin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettonica_delle_placche" title="Tettonica delle placche – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tettonica delle placche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="プレートテクトニクス – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレートテクトニクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliet_tektanix" title="Pliet tektanix – อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pliet tektanix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8mp%C3%A8ng_t%C3%A8ktonik" title="Lèmpèng tèktonik – ชวา" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lèmpèng tèktonik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფილების ტექტონიკა – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილების ტექტონიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тақталар тектоникасы – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тақталар тектоникасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ಭೂಫಲಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ – กันนาดา" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಫಲಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="กันนาดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%A1%A0" title="판 구조론 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판 구조론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonieth_plattys" title="Tektonieth plattys – คอร์นิช" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tektonieth plattys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="คอร์นิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonica_laminarum" title="Tectonica laminarum – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tectonica laminarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaattektoniek" title="Plaattektoniek – ลิมเบิร์ก" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plaattektoniek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ลิมเบิร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plok%C5%A1%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tektonika" title="Plokščių tektonika – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plokščių tektonika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%81t%C5%86u_tektonika" title="Plātņu tektonika – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plātņu tektonika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_tektonik" title="Lempeng tektonik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lempeng tektonik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Тектоника на плочите – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тектоника на плочите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഫലകചലനസിദ്ധാന്തം – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫലകചലനസിദ്ധാന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тектоник хавтан – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тектоник хавтан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_plat" title="Tektonik plat – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tektonik plat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platentektonik" title="Platentektonik – เยอรมันต่ำ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Platentektonik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันต่ำ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="प्लेट टेक्टोनिक्स – เนวาร์" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्लेट टेक्टोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="เนวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platentektoniek" title="Platentektoniek – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platentektoniek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platetektonikk" title="Platetektonikk – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Platetektonikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platetektonikk" title="Platetektonikk – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Platetektonikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonica_de_las_placas" title="Tectonica de las placas – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tectonica de las placas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algata_Jaardachee" title="Algata Jaardachee – โอโรโม" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Algata Jaardachee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="โอโรโม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪੱਤਰੀ ਘਾੜਤ – ปัญจาบ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਰੀ ਘਾੜਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ปัญจาบ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_p%C5%82yt" title="Tektonika płyt – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tektonika płyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="پلیٹ ٹیکٹونکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلیٹ ٹیکٹونکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="د ځمکې د تختو جوړښت – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ځمکې د تختو جوړښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tect%C3%B3nica_de_placas" title="Tectónica de placas – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tectónica de placas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%27a_tiktunikukuna" title="Mast'a tiktunikukuna – เคชวา" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mast'a tiktunikukuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="เคชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonica_da_plattas" title="Tectonica da plattas – โรแมนซ์" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tectonica da plattas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="โรแมนซ์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonica_pl%C4%83cilor" title="Tectonica plăcilor – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tectonica plăcilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тектоника плит – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тектоника плит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics – สกอตส์" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plate tectonics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="สกอตส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tektonika ploča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="භූකාරක තැටි වාදය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූකාරක තැටි වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plate tectonics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C5%88ov%C3%A1_tektonika" title="Platňová tektonika – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Platňová tektonika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C5%A1%C4%8D" title="Tektonika plošč – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tektonika plošč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pllaka_tektonike" title="Pllaka tektonike – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pllaka tektonike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Тектоника плоча – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тектоника плоча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelat_tektonik" title="Pelat tektonik – ซุนดา" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pelat tektonik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ซุนดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความแนะนำ"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattektonik" title="Plattektonik – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plattektonik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandunia" title="Gandunia – สวาฮีลี" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gandunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="สวาฮีลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="தட்டுப் புவிப்பொறைக் கட்டமைப்பு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தட்டுப் புவிப்பொறைக் கட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="పలక విరూపణ సిద్ధాంతం – เตลูกู" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పలక విరూపణ సిద్ధాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="เตลูกู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonikong_plato" title="Tektonikong plato – ตากาล็อก" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tektonikong plato" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ตากาล็อก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levha_tektoni%C4%9Fi" title="Levha tektoniği – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Levha tektoniği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тектоніка плит – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тектоніка плит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ساختمانی تختیاں – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساختمانی تختیاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_global_tektonika" title="Yangi global tektonika – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi global tektonika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_t%E1%BA%A1o_m%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Kiến tạo mảng – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến tạo mảng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploatntektoniek" title="Ploatntektoniek – เฟลมิชตะวันตก" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ploatntektoniek" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="เฟลมิชตะวันตก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaka_tektonika" title="Plaka tektonika – วาเรย์" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plaka tektonika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="วาเรย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="板块构造论 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="板块构造论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="ערד פלאטעס – ยิดดิช" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד פלאטעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ยิดดิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjgaiq_goucauxlun" title="Banjgaiq goucauxlun – จ้วง" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Banjgaiq goucauxlun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="จ้วง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="板块构造论 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="板块构造论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1n-kho%C3%A0i_k%C3%B2%CD%98-ch%C5%8D" title="Pán-khoài kò͘-chō – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pán-khoài kò͘-chō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="板塊構造 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="板塊構造" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เครื่องมือ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&oldid=11870165" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&id=11870165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7950" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Plates_tect2_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plates_tect2_th.svg/300px-Plates_tect2_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plates_tect2_th.svg/450px-Plates_tect2_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plates_tect2_th.svg/600px-Plates_tect2_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>แผนที่แสดงแผ่นเปลือกโลก</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Tectonicplates_Serret.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tectonicplates_Serret.png/300px-Tectonicplates_Serret.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Tectonicplates_Serret.png 1.5x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>แผ่นเปลือกโลก</figcaption></figure> <p><b>การแปรสัณฐานแผ่นธรณีภาค</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">plate tectonics</span>; มาจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษากรีก">ภาษากรีก</a>: τέκτων, "tektōn" แปลว่า "ผู้สร้าง") เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5" title="ทฤษฎี">ทฤษฎี</a>เชิง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ธรณีวิทยา">ธรณีวิทยา</a>ที่ถูกพัฒนาขึ้นเพื่ออธิบายถึงหลักฐานจากการสังเกตการเคลื่อนตัวของแผ่นเปลือก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="โลก">โลก</a>ขนาดใหญ่ โดยทฤษฎีนี้ได้พัฒนาต่อยอดจากทฤษฎี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="การเลื่อนไหลของทวีป">การเลื่อนไหลของทวีป</a>เดิมที่ถูกเสนอขึ้นมาระหว่าง <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2443" title="พ.ศ. 2443">พ.ศ. 2443</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2493" title="พ.ศ. 2493">2493</a> ทฤษฎีธรณีแปรสัณฐานนี้ได้รับการยอมรับเป็นที่แพร่หลายหลังจากการเสนอแนวคิดที่เกี่ยวกับการกระจายของพื้นทะเลในคริสต์ทศวรรษที่ 1960 (ช่วงต้น พ.ศ. 2500) </p><p>โครงสร้างส่วนนอกของโลกนั้นแบ่งตามคุณสมบัติของชั้นหินต่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คลื่นไหวสะเทือน">คลื่นไหวสะเทือน</a>ได้สองชั้น ชั้นที่อยู่นอกสุดคือชั้น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="ธรณีภาค">ธรณีภาค</a> อันประกอบด้วย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="เปลือกโลก">เปลือกโลก</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="เนื้อโลก">เนื้อโลก</a> ชั้นบนซึ่งมีอุณหภูมิต่ำและแข็งเกร็ง ชั้นล่างลงไปคือชั้น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="ฐานธรณีภาค">ฐานธรณีภาค</a> (asthenosphere) ซึ่งมีสถานะเป็นของแข็งแต่มีความยืดหยุ่นค่อนข้างต่ำและขาดความแข็งแรง อีกทั้งยังสามารถเคลื่อนที่ได้คล้ายของเหลวเมื่อพิจารณาในช่วงระยะเวลาเชิงธรณีวิทยา ชั้นแมนเทิลที่อยู่ลึกลงไปภายใต้ชั้นดินอ่อนนั้นจะมีความแข็งมากขึ้นอีกครั้ง กระนั้นความแข็งดังกล่าวไม่ได้มาจากการเย็นลงของอุณหภูมิ แต่เนื่องมาจากความดันที่มีอยู่สูง </p><p>ธรณีภาคแบ่งเป็นแผ่นเปลือกโลกหลายแผ่นประกอบกัน ในกรณีของโลกสามารถแบ่งเป็นแผ่นขนาดใหญ่ได้เจ็ดแผ่น และแผ่นขนาดเล็กอีกจำนวนมาก แผ่นเปลือกโลกเหล่านี้เคลื่อนที่สัมพันธ์กับแผ่นเปลือกโลกอื่น ๆ ขอบของเปลือกโลกสามารถแบ่งได้เป็นสามประเภทตามลักษณะการเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกสัมพัทธ์ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกสองแผ่นนั้น คือ ขอบเปลือกโลกที่มีการชนกันหรือบรรจบกัน, ขอบเปลือกโลกที่มีการแยกตัวออกจากกันหรือกระจายจากกัน และขอบเขตที่มีการแปลงสภาพ ปรากฏการณ์ทางธรณีวิทยาต่าง ๆ ได้แก่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7" title="แผ่นดินไหว">แผ่นดินไหว</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ภูเขาไฟ">ภูเขาไฟ</a>ปะทุ, การก่อตัวของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูเขา">ภูเขา</a> และการเกิดขึ้นของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3" title="ร่องลึกก้นสมุทร">ร่องลึกก้นสมุทร</a>นั้นจะเกิดขึ้นพร้อมกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงของขอบเขตแผ่นดิน การเคลื่อนตัวด้านข้างของแผ่นดินนั้นมีอัตราเร็วอยู่ระหว่าง 0.66 ถึง 8.50 เซนติเมตรต่อปี </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9C.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.8D.E0.B9.88"></span>แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แผ่นเปลือกโลกขนาดใหญ่"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>แผ่นเปลือกโลกที่มีขนาดใหญ่ได้แก่ </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="แผ่นแอฟริกา">แผ่นแอฟริกา</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ทวีปแอฟริกา">ทวีปแอฟริกา</a> เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" title="เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป">เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แผ่นแอนตาร์กติก">แผ่นแอนตาร์กติก</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา">ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา</a> เป็นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นออสเตรเลีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นออสเตรเลีย</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ออสเตรเลีย">ออสเตรเลีย</a> (เคยเชื่อมกับ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นอินเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นอินเดีย</a>เมื่อประมาณ 50-55 ล้านปีก่อน) เป็นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แผ่นยูเรเชีย">แผ่นยูเรเชีย</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ทวีปเอเชีย">ทวีปเอเชีย</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ยุโรป">ยุโรป</a> เป็นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="แผ่นอเมริกาเหนือ">แผ่นอเมริกาเหนือ</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ">ทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ</a>และทางตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ไซบีเรีย">ไซบีเรีย</a> เป็นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="แผ่นอเมริกาใต้">แผ่นอเมริกาใต้</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ทวีปอเมริกาใต้">ทวีปอเมริกาใต้</a> เป็นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แผ่นแปซิฟิก">แผ่นแปซิฟิก</a>: ครอบคลุม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก">มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3" title="เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นสมุทร">เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นสมุทร</a></li></ul> <p>นอกจากนี้ยังมีแผ่นเปลือกโลกที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่า ได้แก่ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นอินเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นอินเดีย</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แผ่นอาระเบีย">แผ่นอาระเบีย</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นแคริบเบียน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นแคริบเบียน</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นฮวนเดฟูกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นฮวนเดฟูกา</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นนาสกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นนาสกา</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นทะเลฟิลิปปินส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นทะเลฟิลิปปินส์</a>, และ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แผ่นสโกเชีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผ่นสโกเชีย</a> </p><p>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกนั้นมีสาเหตุมาจากการรวมตัวและแตกออกของทวีปเมื่อผ่านช่วงเวลาหนึ่ง ๆ รวมถึงการรวมตัวของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" title="มหาทวีป">มหาทวีป</a>ในบางครั้ง ซึ่งได้รวมทุกทวีปเข้าด้วยกัน มหาทวีป<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="โรดิเนีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โรดิเนีย</a> (Rodinia) นั้นคาดว่าก่อตัวขึ้นเมื่อหนึ่งพันล้านปีที่ผ่านมา และได้ครอบคลุมผืนดินส่วนใหญ่บนโลก จากนั้นจึงเกิดการแตกตัวไปเป็นแปดทวีปเมื่อ 600 ล้านปีที่แล้ว ทวีปทั้งแปดนี้ต่อมาเข้ามาร่วมตัวกันเป็นมหาทวีปอีกครั้ง โดยมีชื่อว่า<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="แพนเจีย">แพนเจีย</a> (Pangaea) และในที่สุด แพนเจียก็แตกออกไปเป็นทวีป<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ลอเรเชีย">ลอเรเชีย</a> (Laurasia) ซึ่งกลายมาเป็นทวีปอเมริกาเหนือและยูเรเชีย และทวีป<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="กอนด์วานา">กอนด์วานา</a> (Gondwana) ซึ่งกลายมาเป็นทวีปอื่น ๆ นอกเหนือจากที่ได้กล่าวข้างต้น ดังที่เห็นกันอยู่ทุกวันนี้ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9C.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.81"></span>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/350px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/525px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/700px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</figcaption></figure> <p>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก (plate motion) คือลักษณะการเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก 2 แผ่นที่อยู่ติดกัน สามารถจำแนกได้ออกเป็น 3 รูปแบบ ตามลักษณะการเคลื่อนที่สัมพัทธ์กันระหว่างแผ่นเปลือกโลกทั้งสอง ได้ดังต่อไปนี้ </p> <ul><li>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกแบบเคลื่อนผ่านกัน</li> <li>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกแบบเคลื่อนแยกจากกัน</li> <li>การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลกแบบชนเข้าหากัน</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight_Tom2004" class="citation book cs1">McKnight Tom (2004). <i>Geographica: The complete illustrated Atlas of the world</i>. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/076075974X" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/076075974X"><bdi>076075974X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica%3A+The+complete+illustrated+Atlas+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=076075974X&rft.au=McKnight+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFOreskes,_Naomi_(ed)2003" class="citation book cs1">Oreskes, Naomi (ed) (2003). <i>Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth</i>. Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0813341329" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0813341329"><bdi>0813341329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plate+Tectonics%3A+An+Insider%27s+History+of+the+Modern+Theory+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0813341329&rft.au=Oreskes%2C+Naomi+%28ed%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:CS1_errors#generic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="วิธีใช้:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/052135367X" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/052135367X"><bdi>052135367X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mantle+Convection+in+the+Earth+and+Planets&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=052135367X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ <code class="cs1-code">|unused_data=</code> ถูกละเว้น (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="วิธีใช้:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Steven_M1999" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Steven M (1999). <i>Earth System History</i>. W.H. Freeman. pp. 211–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0716728826" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0716728826"><bdi>0716728826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+System+History&rft.pages=211-228&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0716728826&rft.au=Stanley+Steven+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTanimoto_Toshiro,_Lay_Thorne2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tanimoto Toshiro, Lay Thorne (2000). "Mantle dynamics and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_tomography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seismic tomography (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">seismic tomography</a>". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</i>. <b>97</b>: 12409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.210382197">10.1073/pnas.210382197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11035784">11035784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Mantle+dynamics+and+seismic+tomography&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=12409&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.210382197&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11035784&rft.au=Tanimoto+Toshiro%2C+Lay+Thorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFThompson_Graham_R,_Turk_Jonathan1991" class="citation book cs1">Thompson Graham R, Turk Jonathan (1991). <i>Modern Physical Geology</i>. Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0030253985" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0030253985"><bdi>0030253985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Physical+Geology&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0030253985&rft.au=Thompson+Graham+R%2C+Turk+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTurcotte_DL,_Schubert_G2002" class="citation book cs1">Turcotte DL, Schubert G (2002). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodynamics (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Geodynamics</a>: Second Edition</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0521666244" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0521666244"><bdi>0521666244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geodynamics%3A+Second+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521666244&rft.au=Turcotte+DL%2C+Schubert+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester,_Simon2003" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Simon (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a>: The Day the World Exploded: <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August 27 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">August 27</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1883 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">1883</a></i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0066212855" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0066212855"><bdi>0066212855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krakatoa%3A+The+Day+the+World+Exploded%3A+August+27%2C+1883&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0066212855&rft.au=Winchester%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson_L,_Sancetta_C1993" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson L, Sancetta C (1993). "Hail and farewell". <i>Oceanography</i>. <b>6</b> (34).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography&rft.atitle=Hail+and+farewell&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=34&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Atkinson+L%2C+Sancetta+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFLyman_J,_Fleming_RH1940" class="citation journal cs1">Lyman J, Fleming RH (1940). "Composition of Seawater". <i>J Mar Res</i>. <b>3</b>: 134–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mar+Res&rft.atitle=Composition+of+Seawater&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=134-146&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Lyman+J%2C+Fleming+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSverdrup_HU,_Johnson_MW,_Fleming_RH1942" class="citation book cs1">Sverdrup HU, Johnson MW, Fleming RH (1942). <i>The Oceans: Their physics, chemistry and general biology</i>. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. p. 1087.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceans%3A+Their+physics%2C+chemistry+and+general+biology&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs&rft.pages=1087&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Sverdrup+HU%2C+Johnson+MW%2C+Fleming+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">ลิงก์</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFVine_FJ,_Matthews_DH1963" class="citation journal cs1">Vine FJ, Matthews DH (1963). 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