CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "support.substack.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e6fdc95baae3fcc',cH: 'M8Exu7s6Cj_kfvXKevuCtvKjE.CDhZjczQTcCwhJWOE-1732351302-1.2.1.1-ALtKN5sJ5jth.ai4iIl.1GE8xY2deQzgEpYVenljtyZTeDhFIMY1svrdsLhxDeQy',cUPMDTk: "\/hc\/en-us?s=support%40substack.com&__cf_chl_tk=en4L0uHea7WWT7h_e7AE2KrA_lwiWrI.R4dVXjim820-1732351302-1.0.1.1-2RU0gAI3NUQJ6y7oNXwUQMZXe_MuwUNa.vw.CeKq0ww",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732351302',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hc\/en-us?s=support%40substack.com&__cf_chl_f_tk=en4L0uHea7WWT7h_e7AE2KrA_lwiWrI.R4dVXjim820-1732351302-1.0.1.1-2RU0gAI3NUQJ6y7oNXwUQMZXe_MuwUNa.vw.CeKq0ww",md: "ICwbuodcdjqIKQBEusux3XMgVbD8DGyGk6ktHu65UTs-1732351302-1.2.1.1-.mAO9Vyj0MrOyUcZ.pCA9MtfTj8Mfj1YDWlCWpYTcTmN_PT4Vdm_1im9PJtgofqRQAGQmXWAwu6OWqZDv7F32ciafZsk_D8RnPg_omWSkbEEMOmWSweuPj.I.pqbkpbVHSJT.I4SbyG1aARYt4qWpvc02QkAqfNBic6ztvWyiJh2AeTSbjX8HXg_LNIl8MTtxQI8q24YWQcOrOF096yTEWvOZhOx9HYYhyxatvKo5DSgBdO_EmpG8e0u224DXCTMOrAXwy7Y5Q0QHEsiDZw60Y6npxysA8rcmb2rvms54mwOwfjjCnVahzw8SgCfqU3SX_gPSpKW88NThJjDGGa0l1PKIJepB6azydGGV089wu2EHPjW9njlEokFIVY25CoWrNJYIP5vKQo8hKG.az0zeuSx19.QDJ9tbx7dyTbnLgWU7fvnQM8rn6hoCfwqzuZfFmUwN93c9ztTrwmnzTsiohlqtcLaukDBzKCO5nHfU.RSqMqLcvWfj5BSEGe6OpVbxEiCGXAgHveqz4AFN7z3GhX9c.cQp77KR67C9.GTRyXfhnYNTGBdofzxpN.mY8CgFrC4FwmdLfJnCeQfpoNPzweXNnfIHqTsZs3O3kuAOqX56uxh6DD9Y3o9P_Fr9H9MHKTlTxBQaDQrtGY0KedgC8bMSKmK.oEvFBs8o99oEKZYSqTU.P.w5qHk3J_QTAkvUKS953GhWU0x65ZFHIHS2jkE7gxSKf76urK4bMeeDFdQKPy2VZpUVbEw43MnkNl6f1zEcrGHP1MQyNwTxuBqoyWjMfRtIeZhe.ABMyPoUfjiqF2cAucT.uqxH3bcckkCcD3C9M8kWcQnBSAliXY_Lo7RzHQkERtYVHIVamxNEUY9c5YEipcEvpbg497bPVPNI.MBm85ZDQAcomIKEdYPTwfbwqJA7MNABACqTBdOzNeN4AMtKmysJSKVkasjSxd3m3xyQNLvFV8QF9pD3CUr55ih1CM0VgM4iGxmpR1o6L4eHoRCgX54AL2fqZ_9tXVL74Cnwd7aQiYXVWtHjcV1ehXkX1TknFHK1DL1tQ8eUmm71vFiKzF1.jz7DGLlpErfSmxTohY6HoBZV9ISLQZaXZKAk3OYUrS1jq.3Z260tJl16RB4oje0fFwAizfnpivG55kvGDCR90bn8RV7.WAu4nHaktnlAs8omDPo1KrvG7VTRjtjpzKc2IhBHo.Tv2mcyTEEmciz709oOzH.oJo36xIMdkkvYPCtE20GUuNGB5YcECD6dpSJfFTOo3YKCzqa0ajDVrgKT1Fc6wO1ZDSZxW0nZSh27EJ_RMgnA2DMIhlfTpww5MhGFqGmxxzAueUeocv89BkSlHqUAXo4ZlpGP8.UGo8CdBW6DGEaRjdEUtS8V4PnSuXlnw9oQF2pu3k.pw85yfKSnLVXUw3qCK7rcZwD76W7gOji1qUxT3NeNYF89ggPdRoL5Meyybi3gkK0jPIUuIDjvcrtK0mynFsP.Ky64p.nTQg0Cb_XByM8Y2hMdVkRQANwIo3SMSITGHh9HObtPFN5ySUAexafIjMhaDYV2vdzIAkKaghfwTQiGDa9MQQEhiyDeVl.sQCi2AalHnhd051HnQjBGZeZRieYFC.CugWUgg4EqxVnI6h62JkIG1lJ_0hXzpq1tWOdAQx6y0uFuhi16gS9B2IBcK4ooG4HhHDsO_iu8ebWNOQgZqKkkR8XBi5j0Gi3JWHeCn2XTcODaJdPMEt_Erx1aKNQFMoTVdiwhvh0b4sFW1e0KXOVBVx5FSyGdgTX8AesjoH0fh49u47aXcG0KbbXgwjba696ib2978AA70rmN8HixeHL3HISq49i5.Ly4THZCNjGLOEvNkiKYsT9XsSJZFFj1qe6P5rEnnsMgmH2q09DgcEN5T.BaynHnIh1SOuUvYt.R9m0LDMVIpKOGefY.0_T4I_uZrhCrQMsS8.5zB0mTtJFppZS._8A0pAp1AJRvEBXSOF38cm_vs8nDZiIxaNHqZ3BRUx32mc0yUfLGSbRhjgOTP7CpDTzJCZ5VQXOgZfBFBD7yiporGzCenm.exwXABul3hkJ3sNggdK2ZuntZjZ2adVvnJv.UrVinqx4WqZaOU9siqfjMcQq4GEZoPaJC5l.ITWYHgMc1bkcBSQF6F0O07NmOcmKDaBmz8miNd5FM0_4xUT8TmsfOjsR4b..48C0n75EHcrMwfuG.PhUoe8axAmfNkBlC_WcnRsFslXZ13.AoRarFeEBAb.dtwtiI5hraDSUrl4NKC4Xn4aJAMFkAJukRsHVyJJyjfaUMDIiKlyO5fz5yXnn0rKmkbBs7Wxh1YHR4lxF5Ity8NFLwholATrOtbmRgskC.sUigg0Eo_zdSMKheMIsiEkYQrnc4PrKl5SqQr1aGFnmVDSeB9vWybCTtJDCcMXcIbpwE37NtrdCsYPM7o3vEOqIQMRk_Q4VwDHaFY4.WBzwupsthl5e4cHYCkihe73q6UpVIEs19lV.B28wxcLQHuYflR8XixdIcukCJBrEWQAg.jVsoEmqXky6PWM_0XD1pvEo5XBmL.JhDq4.nvD7rztsqb4OxYpd6A8COQKZXQwGqYVHGU6fiv254CSGPuGYv3k1o5ZXJJ76ygJ03Xts_KjRZSNv.uBXg3jXgnI9K85xjwkzxaoz7fcZnqNgnUCCho8JN1M_vkassiqDT0flj7zsh1woRJHHJTezqU_VygmuhTp6jM79TicFcn2a_4Y2GLH3m0dvgxnweFSK.Y2G7.up8PFbyQqrjtsu5dcpHunifJehdZGaqcLfBiCqTs_F5gi6piC2P4YuiriQ3CHR60Da5bYoolVFOmX1vQluH4G871P.WQ2e52M4XAc9Qn84OCKVMrV_92t1x_qDJbd6daaKD2Pp7qbKTDriPenzEZR12ccPA29XsI7yPkKHNqSzHb_w1vXZog.GJvyeAhSl4KIynugqo2iH6NduYRcCbTCfmBaLAaI",mdrd: "4jJBk8H.duj8Rkb1fQ2XwNq865oOZ5q1N6KgGfqnMmo-1732351302-1.2.1.1-317sZbbknULkG7SN3iDO9VMgwJCj5vsRmANVQdgrZo4nixw8C.9cIiLowYerTUiYAAf9tDVslHjZgWKbi6gzvvY.Cy3z7tL7Vtp7nrJPOPDoY_JP.cKidsFzExGLPYMjEV7CNZy3osyEijSuzeFo_nvlGqDMBy9fdoRz8nghTEoYMSwNexpcWjlN2wshTxAdt29D3HfsVbaxdoW2gDblAoB2RZRnCaUdXM874OqHgJvyeww.VpJTPIWuFvZBHjwSwyxMRSRln463_UyxA4YwpQUwxClqPTr_GxoDU0cyAJzCG3Eb9T8r8H_cK.vd_s.48nW2nLPRjTFIyUk6okXZn6viUN1UU2VmtmRPDtbzekYiQBB16WRLi2dTzxaXtfBhBhqyoP4MsGE2fHP17wYl9gfxJzht3vS.qBXIbnCIL9_kFwF8YROi9vznS9VA3KvHdc9K_O5crWvvjYuzsnrkubPHqszSRog5noS.yhdg3XFXgI3bJJaR17dsj1Ke1jpuGyKagqIDhPCk5_JgMyolRWK8pVmCiHcaIZtVQ8h.iC_poPKFiR.Qmms1JW9knMlrzd8nBbEl1pVMMMvb2G9j6jqNRx6WSGkaHcqaTOkHMjcLRF6YHYGzd1wnSCDx1GJTmVPuuz60hZ.JUY0bUvTY2KpiP_gOUc_U1EAFyF7nPYe3fY_mB4qqAFxGskGVBy2dI_2.i0sGioMt9XyX.aCJawamrROzoLkHBey8k1wctEm8YYjKX5SP0QEe3ty1grhj5IpfN7lFmq5DAVTtJ68kW5YCaYiwvQGXPwGi31VQuvC8zM9xG7X4HamTb6NpTL2kEOxngrk02hsRbfSoVxjTnhTwFd6sr_RPbptE6Zb7YVy7TvgLOx.2gj6UOM4xjOVhtS1OL3OjC_i61s2qWXtDBfkdO.72i37UfrZhlCoSoDc3_GQV_j0qXwjodwS5jFhGheAxwM9BEgnZiQxhEuiRnVgQbbJgx065RoGdE27aGozzy1Pver6fIPgPJf9nN50qpSMEtSkUVNIF0e0PFL.1CnZ5TvZjDas3UyUMn3O96GKmtU1qLS7ftjk7luOcwVZMA86GsaLEKy.X5U22dqaHR6zO0vMDv.m1W897AIVOAEa.wXIC_LjpJHYfnAMGlQ3_B__K2h0sXVNQzINodoPOvVMHLFEYDGHUYgiNXRclxMDBhdGv0Lj0tm_lM9wiPMUxdwF.yH_GTjcW674iiaj7Xezyd1PzQ5T_PivOrU0IOcAGTQ4okbMTj4c7qG8L5RX5OBAC8gEziFus4mG9vL8zAi9U6YjI_bBeUJIoQVpcIPKuMWEspnL8XT4x8sZoejQO2b.2rhdfnd3jpyqOL0sYgCzg_HMkxyHbpCQ_6HylFeyL5IKmd.5tN.wG4a_iQNiqdov4GdP9k.HI0KfIP9lTQ8mbVHhUnd3UubuIlMxksoIP5o_aquWP2c_CBDN.H0dbkNptNZbYM5DIfdJLXikAp_AV3sjfkP1jkTAu.V7dMeibTFmVZbz57m3W0gwIMUtAKm8Kv7EgxFhHweiqD4MGcK98gkKDHvk5Al..8kcNU07cPlGQf6Tq_Gzh7pNDRPCAo06AB0Na4bvN.MASFzvfS_eyb_XFovdEdmQ0P086HFTy3b4tzCywLdPc2OuM6Y2eIXxyj01tlr43RTCXHZ6x8Bh.ENTH0.qwKhd4uA397OGgrez5.501KDZgwYNRTcCp4fsTW8BIesFXFEZSoZ0LiUSNvyBxy55uV3b1.JT_6kr10K7UDhQTRqn.YswX2xjKuXXKL0i3cBFueN.whD5ttpzCDwEriT9wikHFRMazF3P801q7X8ZkmjkwgdKSwBfpl_57RJFeIWopQ6GyyNcVHTMrBlPAB2HucAu2.2T2_u6mIsXIc5ZhLjyzi1RC0o_o_q1vqmPA5YkfmW6dv9KMIn7GWALIkueY6Zw3QYq0PPh4X1ToTQKlWcrFpGFszrYj"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e6fdc95baae3fcc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hc\/en-us?s=support%40substack.com&__cf_chl_rt_tk=en4L0uHea7WWT7h_e7AE2KrA_lwiWrI.R4dVXjim820-1732351302-1.0.1.1-2RU0gAI3NUQJ6y7oNXwUQMZXe_MuwUNa.vw.CeKq0ww" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>