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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of ship refrigeration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_ship_refrigeration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of ship refrigeration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_ship_refrigeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Fruit_Company_reefer_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Fruit_Company_reefer_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United Fruit Company reefer ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Fruit_Company_reefer_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reefers_in_US_Navy_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reefers_in_US_Navy_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reefers in US Navy service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reefers_in_US_Navy_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reefers in US Navy service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reefers_in_US_Navy_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worldwide service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaixell_frigor%C3%ADfic" title="Vaixell frigorífic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaixell frigorífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8leskib" title="Køleskib – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Køleskib" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChlschiff_(Schiffstyp)" title="Kühlschiff (Schiffstyp) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kühlschiff (Schiffstyp)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%88%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Πλοίο ψυγείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλοίο ψυγείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barco_frigor%C3%ADfico" title="Barco frigorífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barco frigorífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvarmuja_%C5%9Dipo" title="Malvarmuja ŝipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malvarmuja ŝipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozkailu-ontzi" title="Hozkailu-ontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hozkailu-ontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navire_frigorifique" title="Navire frigorifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Navire frigorifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%83%89%EB%8F%99%EC%84%A0" title="냉동선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="냉동선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_muatan_berpendingin" title="Kapal muatan berpendingin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal muatan berpendingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_frigorifera" title="Nave frigorifera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nave frigorifera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אוניית קירור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניית קירור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refri%C5%BEerators" title="Refrižerators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Refrižerators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aldomasis_laivas" title="Šaldomasis laivas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaldomasis laivas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koelschip_(scheepstype)" title="Koelschip (scheepstype) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koelschip (scheepstype)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E8%88%B9" title="冷凍船 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷凍船" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8leskip" title="Kjøleskip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjøleskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviri_frigorific" title="Naviri frigorific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Naviri frigorific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%82odniowiec" title="Chłodniowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chłodniowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Рефрижераторное судно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рефрижераторное судно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reefer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:reefer"> reefer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Refrigerated shipping" redirects here. For the most commonly used modern form of refrigerated shipping, see <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">Refrigerated container</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/300px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/450px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/600px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Reefer <i>Salica Frigo</i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombok_Strait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lombok_Strait.jpg/300px-Lombok_Strait.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lombok_Strait.jpg/450px-Lombok_Strait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lombok_Strait.jpg/600px-Lombok_Strait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Reefer <i>Lombok Strait</i> of SeaTrade</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>reefer ship</b> is a refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> typically used to transport perishable cargo, which require <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">temperature-controlled</a> handling, such as fruits, meat, vegetables, dairy products, and similar items. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Types of reefers:</i> Reefer ships may be categorised into three types:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Side-door vessels</b> have water-tight ports on the ship's hull, which open into a cargo hold. Elevators or ramps leading from the <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">quay</a> serve as loading and discharging access for the <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklifts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyors</a>. Inside these access ports or side doors, pallet lifts or another series of <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyors</a> bring the cargo to the respective decks. This special design makes the vessels particularly well suited for inclement weather operations as the tops of the cargo holds are always closed against rain and sun.</li> <li><b>Conventional vessels</b> have a traditional cargo operation with top opening hatches and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Derrick_(lifting_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrick (lifting device)">derricks</a>. On such ships, when facing wet weather, the hatches need to be closed to prevent heavy rain from flooding the holds. Both above ship types are well suited for the handling of palletized and loose cargo.</li> <li><b>Refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a></b> are specifically designed to carry containerised unit loads where each container has its individual refrigerated unit. These containers are nearly always twenty-foot equivalent units (often called TEU) that are the size of "standard" cargo containers that are loaded and unloaded at container terminals and aboard <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>. These ships differ from conventional container ships in their design, power generation, and electrical distribution equipment. They need provisions made for powering each container's cooling system. Because of their ease of loading and unloading cargo many container ships are now being built or redesigned to carry <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">refrigerated containers</a>.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg/220px-Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg/330px-Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg/440px-Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Unloading frozen pork from the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Line" title="Clan Line">Clan Line</a> ship <i>Clan MacDougall</i> in the mid-20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A major use of refrigerated cargo hold type ships was for the transportation of bananas and frozen meat, but most of these ships have been partly replaced by refrigerated containers that have a refrigeration system attached to the rear end of the container. While on a ship these containers are plugged into an electrical outlet (typically 440 <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">VAC</a>) that ties into the ship's power generation. Refrigerated container ships are not limited by the number of refrigeration containers they can carry, unlike other container ships which may be limited in their number of refrigeration outlets or have insufficient generator capacity. Each reefer container unit is typically designed with a stand-alone electrical circuit and has its own breaker switch that allows it to be connected and disconnected as required. In principle each individual unit could be repaired while the ship was still underway. </p><p>Refrigerated cargo is a key part of the income for some shipping companies. On multi-purpose ships, refrigerated containers are mostly carried above deck, as they have to be checked for proper operation. Also, a major part of the refrigeration system (such as a compressor) may fail, which would have to be replaced or unplugged quickly in the event of a fire. Modern container vessels stow the reefer containers in cellguides with adjacent inspection walkways that enable reefer containers to be carried in the holds as well as on the deck. Modern refrigerated container vessels are designed to incorporate a water-cooling system for containers stowed under deck. This does not replace the refrigeration system but facilitates cooling down of the external machinery. Containers stowed on the exposed upper deck are air-cooled, while those under deck are water-cooled. The water cooling design allows additional refrigerated containers under deck, as water can be used to dissipate the high amount of heat they generate. This system draws fresh water from the ship's water supply, which in turn transfers the heat through heat exchangers to the abundantly available sea water. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg/220px-Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg/330px-Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg/440px-Dole_Honduras_in_San_Diego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The reefer ship <i>Dole Honduras</i> unloading bananas in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_San_Diego" title="Port of San Diego">Port of San Diego</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are also refrigeration systems that have two compressors for very precise and low-temperature operations, such as transporting a container of blood to a war zone. Cargoes of shrimp, asparagus, caviar and blood are considered among the most expensive refrigerated items. Bananas, fruit and meat have historically been the main cargo of refrigerated ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_ship_refrigeration">History of ship refrigeration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of ship refrigeration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1869, reefers were shipping beef carcasses frozen in a salt-ice mixture from <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Texas" title="Indianola, Texas">Indianola, Texas</a>, to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, to be served in hospitals, hotels, and restaurants. In 1874, shipping of frozen beef from America to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> had already begun, which developed into an annual tonnage of around 10,000 short tons (8,900 long tons; 9,100 t). The insulated cargo space was cooled by ice, which was loaded on departure. The success of this method was limited by insulation, loading techniques, ice block size, distance and climate. </p><p>The first attempt to ship refrigerated meat across the Pacific was made when the <i>Northam</i> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to the UK in 1876. The <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> machinery broke down en route and the cargo was lost. In 1877, the french steamer <i>Paraguay</i> equipped with a Carré compression machine completed the first successful travel with its shipment of 5500 frozen muttons from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> arriving to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in excellent condition despite a collision that delayed the delivery for several months, thus proving the concept of refrigerated ships, if not the economics. In 1879, <i>Strathleven</i>, equipped with compression refrigeration, sailed successfully from <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> to the UK with 40 tons of frozen beef and <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a> as a small part of her cargo. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG/220px-SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG/330px-SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG/440px-SS_Dunedin_by_Frederick_Tudgay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)"><i>Dunedin</i></a>, first refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a> ship to complete a successful shipment of refrigerated meat</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a> sailing ship <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)"><i>Dunedin</i></a>, owned by the New Zealand and Australian Land Company (NZALC), was refitted in 1881 with a Bell-Coleman compression refrigeration machine. This freezer unit worked by compressing air, then releasing it into the hold of the ship. The expanding air absorbed heat as it expanded, cooling the cargo in the hold. Burning three tons of coal a day in the steam engine that ran the compressor, it could lower the temperature of the hold by 40 °F (22 °C) compared to the surrounding air temperature, which froze the cargo in the temperate climate of southern <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and then maintained it below freezing (32 °F, 0 °C) through the tropics. <i>Dunedin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s most visible sign of being an unusual ship was the funnel for the refrigeration plant placed between her fore and main masts (sometimes leading her to be mistaken for a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> which had been common since the 1840s). In February 1882, <i>Dunedin</i> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Port_Chalmers" title="Port Chalmers">Port Chalmers</a> New Zealand with 4,331 mutton, 598 lamb and 22 pig carcasses, 246 kegs of butter, and hare, pheasant, turkey, chicken and 2,226 sheep tongues and arrived in London after sailing 98 days with its cargo still frozen. After meeting all costs, the NZALC company made a £4,700 profit from the voyage. </p><p>Soon after <i>Dunedin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s successful voyage, an extensive frozen meat trade from New Zealand and Australia to the UK was developed with over 16 different refrigerated and passenger refrigerated ships built or refitted by 1900 in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and Northern England shipyards for this trade.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 5 years, 172 shipments of frozen meat were sent from New Zealand to the United Kingdom. Refrigerated shipping also led to a broader meat and dairy boom in Australia, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Frozen meat and dairy exports continue to form the backbone of New Zealand's economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg/220px-Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg/330px-Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg/440px-Loading_%22Clan_McDougall%22_with_frozen_meat_for_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Loading <i>Clan McDougall</i> with frozen meat for England. Archives New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nelson brothers, butchers in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, started shipping extensive live beef shipments to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England. They successfully expanded their beef business until their imports from Ireland were insufficient to supply their rapidly growing business and Nelson decided to investigate the possibility of importing meat from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The first refrigerated ship they bought was <i>Spindrift</i> which they renamed in 1890 SS <i>Highland Scot</i>. A vessel of 3,060 gross tons bought by James Nelson and Sons in 1889 and fitted with a somewhat primitive refrigerating plant operating on the cold air system became one of the pioneer vessels in the trade of refrigerated meat and other perishable commodities. They hauled beef carcasses from Argentina to Britain. Their regularly scheduled shipments and ships developed into the Nelson Line that was formed in 1880 for the meat trade from Argentina to UK. Refrigeration made it possible to import meat from the United States, New Zealand, Argentina and Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1876, French engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tellier" title="Charles Tellier">Charles Tellier</a> bought the ex-Elder-Dempster 690 tons cargo ship <i>Eboe</i> and fitted a Methyl-ether refrigerating plant of his design. The ship was renamed <i>Le Frigorifique</i> and successfully imported a cargo of refrigerated meat from Argentina. However the machinery could be improved and in 1877 another refrigerated ship called <i>Paraguay</i> with a refrigerating plant improved by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Carr%C3%A9" title="Ferdinand Carré">Ferdinand Carré</a> was put into service on the South American run.</li> <li>In 1879, Henry Bell (1848–1931) and John Bell (1850–1929) of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_James_Coleman" title="Joseph James Coleman">Joseph James Coleman</a> <a href="/wiki/FRSE" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSE">FRSE</a> (1838–1888) of Scotland completed the Bell–Coleman dense-air machine on the Anchor liner <i>Circassia</i>, which successfully brought a cargo of chilled beef from the US to London.</li> <li>In 1880, <i>Strathleven</i>, equipped with a Bell–Coleman air machine and loaded with successfully shipped beef, mutton, butter and kegs, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia to London—a nine-week voyage of about 15,000 miles (24,000 km).</li> <li>In 1881, Alfred Seale Haslam (1844–1927) of England equipped the liner <i>Orient</i> with Haslam refrigeration compressors. He bought the Bell–Coleman dense-air patents in 1878 and eventually equipped four hundred plants and ships with Bell-Coleman machines.</li> <li>By 1899, refrigerated fruit ship traffic to the US reached 90,000 tons per year.</li> <li>By 1890, after acquiring the patent rights of Franz Windhausen's CO<sub>2</sub>-compression refrigeration system, the <a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall" title="J & E Hall">J & E Hall</a> company installed the first marine CO<sub>2</sub> refrigerator system on the Nelson Line ship <i>Highland Chief</i>.</li> <li>In 1900, a worldwide survey found 356 refrigerated ships, 37% of which had air machines, 37% ammonia compressors and 25% CO<sub>2</sub> compressors.</li> <li>In 1900, Great Britain <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Great Britain or UK? The former excludes Ireland, all of which was part of the UK in 1900 (February 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> imported over 360,000 metric tons of refrigerated meat: 220,000 tons from Argentina, 95,000 tons from New Zealand and 45,000 tons from Australia. There were weekly sailings on refrigerated "banana boats" from the UK to Central America by <a href="/wiki/Fyffes_Line" title="Fyffes Line">Elders and Fyffes Ltd</a>, which had been importing bananas since 1888 to the UK in their own ships. Round trips took 28 days.</li> <li>In 1901, the first refrigerated banana ship, <i>Port Morant</i>, was equipped with a CO<sub>2</sub> machine and carried 23,000 stems of bananas at a controlled temperature from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to the UK.</li> <li>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register</a> recorded 460 ships with refrigerating plants.</li> <li>By 1902, the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> started having refrigerated banana boats built in the UK to add to their fleet which hauled passengers and bananas between ports in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.</li> <li>By 1910, UK refrigerated meat imports rose to 760,000 tons per year.</li> <li>By 1910, the British company J & E Hall had installed 1800 CO<sub>2</sub> refrigeration machines in ships.</li> <li>By 1913, the UK fleet included 230 refrigerated ships with a total cargo capacity of 440,000 tons.</li> <li>By 1935, refrigerated imports into Britain totaled 1,000,000 metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of meat, 500,000 tons of butter, 130,000 tons of cheese, 430,000 tons of apples and pears, and 20 million stems of bananas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Fruit_Company_reefer_ships">United Fruit Company reefer ships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Fruit Company reefer ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> has used some type of reefers, often combined with cruise ship passenger accommodations, since about 1889. Because of their cargo was mostly <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, they were nicknamed the "Banana Fleet". Since bananas are relatively light and the normal shipping route was to Central America and then back to various US ports, these ships were often built as combination cargo ships and what are now called <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> to pay for more of their operating expenses. After about 1910, they called these combination cruise and cargo ships the "Great White Fleet" based on their heat-reducing white paint. To avoid US shipping regulations and taxes they are registered in about six other countries, with very few now maintaining US registry. European associates with their own ships were often employed to ship fruit to Europe. United Brands was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Chiquita_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquita Brands">Chiquita Brands</a> International in the 1980s and owns the largest fleet of banana boats in the world, but none of them now sails under the US flag.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SS <i>Pastores</i> and SS <i>Calamares</i> were built in Ireland in 1912 and 1913 for the United Fruit Company as a combination <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a> and refrigerated cargo ship. The United Fruit Company's fleet of about 85 ships was one of the largest civilian fleets in the world. These ships normally carried up to 95 cruise ship passengers and a crew to ports in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and then would return to the United States with passengers and a cargo of refrigerated bananas and miscellaneous cargo. </p><p>The renamed <a href="/wiki/USS_Pastores" title="USS Pastores">USS <i>Pastores</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Calamares" title="USS Calamares">USS <i>Calamares</i></a> were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in World War I and used to take troops and refrigerated supplies to and from Europe. After hostilities ceased they were returned to United Fruit Company in 1919. They were requisitioned again on 2 June 1941 from United Fruit for use in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After hostilities ceased they were then returned again to United Fruit Company in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reefers_in_US_Navy_service">Reefers in US Navy service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reefers in US Navy service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the US Navy contracted for 18 refrigerated ships for hauling provisions to the troops in Europe. They were launched 1918 and 1919 as the war was ending and were nearly all scrapped by 1933 in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> as an economy move. Most were built in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Dry_Dock_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Corporation">Baltimore Dry Dock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moore_Dry_Dock_Company" title="Moore Dry Dock Company">Moore Dry Dock Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, and Standard SB Co. in <a href="/wiki/Shooters_Island" title="Shooters Island">Shooters Island</a>, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-ShipbuildingHistory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingHistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Mizar_(AF-12)_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard,_California_(USA),_8_February_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg/250px-USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg/375px-USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg/500px-USS_Mizar_%28AF-12%29_departing_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard%2C_California_%28USA%29%2C_8_February_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Mizar_(AF-12)" title="USS Mizar (AF-12)">USS <i>Mizar</i></a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Co</a>'s SS <i>Quirigua</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mizar-class_stores_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizar-class stores ship"><i>Mizar</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Stores_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Stores ship">stores ships</a> were six United Fruit passenger and refrigerated cargo liners built in 1931–1933 that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission" title="United States Maritime Commission">United States Maritime Commission</a> requisitioned in 1941–1942. They were <a href="/wiki/SS_Antigua" title="SS Antigua">USS <i>Antigua</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Ariel_(AF-22)" title="USS Ariel (AF-22)">USS <i>Ariel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Merak_(AF-21)" title="USS Merak (AF-21)">USS <i>Merak</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mizar_(AF-12)" title="USS Mizar (AF-12)">USS <i>Mizar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Talamanca" title="USS Talamanca">USS <i>Talamanca</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Tarazed" title="USS Tarazed">USS <i>Tarazed</i></a>. <i>Antigua</i>, although requisitioned, was never commissioned into the Navy. United States Maritime Commission <a href="/wiki/Type_R_ship" title="Type R ship">Type R ship</a> were Reefer ships. </p><p>In April 1943, the Navy also requisitioned SS <i>Ulua</i> from the United Fruit Co. After US navy officers boarded the ship and took possession as it approached the Golden Gate Bridge, the ship became the <a href="/wiki/USS_Octans" title="USS Octans">USS <i>Octans</i></a>. It was the last of the UFC 'reefer' ships to be taken over.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reefers converted for US Navy use were the Danish ships <a href="/wiki/USS_Pontiac_(AF-20)" title="USS Pontiac (AF-20)">USS <i>Pontiac</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Roamer_(AF-19)" title="USS Roamer (AF-19)">USS <i>Roamer</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Uranus" title="USS Uranus">USS <i>Uranus</i></a>. </p><p>In addition, the US Maritime Commission ordered 41 new refrigerated ships for the Navy. Because of the difficulty of building refrigerated ships only two were delivered in 1944. 26 were delivered in 1945 and the remainder in 1946–1948.<sup id="cite_ref-ShipbuildingHistory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingHistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_service">Worldwide service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Worldwide service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg/250px-BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg/375px-BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg/500px-BALTIC_JASMINE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Reefer <i>Baltic Jasmine</i> at Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_marine_capacity_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of merchant marine capacity by country">List of merchant marine capacity by country</a></div> <p>According to the CIA's <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were about 38,000 registered merchant ships in the world in 2010, of which about 920 were designed as refrigerated cargo ships. Because of the proliferation of self-contained refrigerated container systems on <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>, there are many more ships than those designed for only refrigerated cargo that are also carrying some refrigerated cargo. As of 2010, the countries with the largest numbers of reefer ships in their registries are the world's two most prominent <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flags of convenience</a>: <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> with 212 and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> with 109. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKohli2000" class="citation web cs1">Kohli, Pawanexh (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090326013334/http://crosstree.info/Documents/reefer%20vessels.pdf">"Reefer Vessels – An Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CrossTree Techno-visors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosstree.info/Documents/reefer%20vessels.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reefer+Vessels+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction&rft.pub=CrossTree+Techno-visors&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Pawanexh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosstree.info%2FDocuments%2Freefer%2520vessels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealandshipping.co.nz/History/Vessels/index.htm">"New Zealand Shipping Co & Federal Steam Navigating Co"</a>. <i>New Zealand Shipping Vessels</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Shipping+Vessels&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+Shipping+Co+%26+Federal+Steam+Navigating+Co&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzealandshipping.co.nz%2FHistory%2FVessels%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwiggumKohli2006" class="citation web cs1">Swiggum, S; Kohli, M (23 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102151629/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/ufruit.htm">"United Fruit Company"</a>. <i>The Fleets</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/ufruit.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fleets&rft.atitle=United+Fruit+Company&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.aulast=Swiggum&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kohli%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theshipslist.com%2Fships%2Flines%2Fufruit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipscribe.com/usnaux/AF/AF16.html">"USS <i>Pastores</i> (AF-16) and USS <i>Calamares</i> (AF-18)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USS+Pastores+%28AF-16%29+and+USS+Calamares+%28AF-18%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shipscribe.com%2Fusnaux%2FAF%2FAF16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShipbuildingHistory-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShipbuildingHistory_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShipbuildingHistory_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509213500/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/rtypeships.htm">"R-Type Refrigerated Cargo Ships"</a>. <i>Merchant Ship Construction in U.S. Shipyards</i>. Shipbuilding History. 12 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/rtypeships.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merchant+Ship+Construction+in+U.S.+Shipyards&rft.atitle=R-Type+Refrigerated+Cargo+Ships&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshipbuildinghistory.com%2Fhistory%2Fmerchantships%2Fwwii%2Frtypeships.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1995" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Kenneth G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undersoutherncro0000oliv/page/20"><i>Under the Southern Cross: A Petty Officer's Chronicle of the USS Octans</i></a>. McFarland & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undersoutherncro0000oliv/page/20">20–21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899509990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899509990"><bdi>978-0899509990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Southern+Cross%3A+A+Petty+Officer%27s+Chronicle+of+the+USS+Octans&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0899509990&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundersoutherncro0000oliv%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2108rank.html">"Country Comparison :: Merchant Marine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2108rank.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Country+Comparison+%3A%3A+Merchant+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2108rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeightman2001" class="citation book cs1">Weightman, Gavin (2001). <i>The Frozen Ice Trade</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710285-3"><bdi>978-0-00-710285-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frozen+Ice+Trade&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-00-710285-3&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt0DAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA12">"Floating Island Ship to Make Ice in the Tropics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. January 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Floating+Island+Ship+to+Make+Ice+in+the+Tropics&rft.date=1935-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxt0DAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DPopular%2BScience%2B1935%2Bplane%2B%2522Popular%2BMechanics%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCQDAAAAMBAJ&q=popular+science+1949+%22U.S.S.+Tusk&pg=PA158">"Ship Keeps Cool When Heat Is On"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. June 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Ship+Keeps+Cool+When+Heat+Is+On&rft.date=1949-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCQDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dpopular%2Bscience%2B1949%2B%2522U.S.S.%2BTusk%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Under the Southern Cross: A Petty Officer's Chronicle of the USS Octans"; Author: Kenneth G. Oliver; McFarland & Co.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-999-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-999-1">0-89950-999-1</a>; (originally the SS Ulua)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolerton2008" class="citation book cs1">Tolerton, Nick (2008). <i>Reefer Ships: The Ocean Princesses</i>. Christchurch, NZ: Willsonscott Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781877427251" title="Special:BookSources/9781877427251"><bdi>9781877427251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reefer+Ships%3A+The+Ocean+Princesses&rft.place=Christchurch%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Willsonscott+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781877427251&rft.aulast=Tolerton&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reefer_ships" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reefer ships">Reefer ships</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli2007" class="citation web cs1">Kohli, Pawanexh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reefership.freehostia.com/">"Reefers"</a>. <i>Reefer Ships – Maritime Information</i>. Reefership Marine Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reefer+Ships+%E2%80%93+Maritime+Information&rft.atitle=Reefers&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Pawanexh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freefership.freehostia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reefertrends.com/">ReeferTrends</a> – a news and information service for the global refrigerated shipping trade</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1937" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/refrigerated_ships.html">"Refrigerated Ships"</a>, <i>Shipping Wonders of the World</i>, pp. 553–556</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Refrigerated+Ships&rft.btitle=Shipping+Wonders+of+the+World&rft.pages=553-556&rft.date=1937&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shippingwondersoftheworld.com%2Frefrigerated_ships.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReefer+ship" class="Z3988"></span> illustrated description and survey of refrigerated ships.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II_Maritime_Commission_ship_designs" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MARCOMships" title="Template:MARCOMships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MARCOMships" title="Template talk:MARCOMships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MARCOMships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MARCOMships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II_Maritime_Commission_ship_designs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World War II Maritime Commission ship designs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Cargo designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_C1_ship" title="Type C1 ship">Type C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C2_ship" title="Type C2 ship">Type C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C3-class_ship" title="Type C3-class ship">Type C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C4-class_ship" title="Type C4-class ship">Type C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C5_ship" title="Type C5 ship">Type C5</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Type_C6_ship" title="Type C6 ship">Type C6</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Type_C7_ship" title="Type C7 ship">Type C7</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Type_C8-class_ship" title="Type C8-class ship">Type C8</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Type_C9_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Type C9 ships">Type C9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_N3_ship" title="Type N3 ship">Type N3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Emergency cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> ("EC2-S-C1")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_ship" title="Victory ship">Victory ship</a> ("VC2-S-AP1")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Tanker</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T1_tanker" title="T1 tanker">T1 tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_tanker" title="T2 tanker">T2 tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T3_tanker" title="T3 tanker">T3 tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> ("Z-ET1-S-C3")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Special-purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Type S2 ("<a href="/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate" title="Tacoma-class frigate"><i>Tacoma</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>")</li> <li>Type S3-S2-BP ("<a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNS_Neptune_(ARC-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Neptune (ARC-2)">Type S3-S2-BP1</a> ("<a href="/wiki/USNS_Neptune_(ARC-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Neptune (ARC-2)"><i>Neptune</i>-class cable layer</a>")</li> <li>Type S4-S2-BB3 ("<a href="/wiki/Casablanca-class_escort_carrier" title="Casablanca-class escort carrier"><i>Casablanca</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carrier</a>")</li> <li>Type S4-SE2-BD1 ("<a href="/wiki/Gilliam-class_attack_transport" title="Gilliam-class attack transport"><i>Gilliam</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">attack transport</a>")</li> <li>Type S4-SE2-BE1 ("<a href="/wiki/Artemis-class_attack_cargo_ship" title="Artemis-class attack cargo ship"><i>Artemis</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack cargo ship">attack cargo ship</a>")</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Derrick" title="Derrick">Derrick</a> <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous-cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_L6_ship" title="Type L6 ship">Type L6</a> ("Lakers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_N3_ship" title="Type N3 ship">Type N</a> ("Coastal Cargo")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_P1_ship" title="Type P1 ship">Type P1</a> ("Passenger")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2_transport" title="P2 transport">Type P2</a> ("Passenger")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_R_ship" title="Type R ship">Type R</a> ("Refrigerated")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_ship" title="Type B ship">Type B</a> ("Barge")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Tugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_V_ship" title="Type V ship">Type V</a> ("Tugs")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>See also:- <a href="/wiki/Empire_ship" title="Empire ship">Empire ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_ship" title="Fort ship">Fort ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_ship" title="Park ship">Park ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_ship" title="Ocean ship">Ocean ship</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_naval_ship_classes_of_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_US_ships" title="Template:WWII US ships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_US_ships" title="Template talk:WWII US ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_US_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII US ships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_naval_ship_classes_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States naval ship classes of World War II</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexington-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Lexington-class aircraft carrier"><i>Lexington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ranger_(CV-4)" title="USS Ranger (CV-4)"><i>Ranger</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Yorktown-class aircraft carrier"><i>Yorktown</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)"><i>Wasp</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Essex-class aircraft carrier"><i>Essex</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Midway-class aircraft carrier"><i>Midway</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Independence-class aircraft carrier"><i>Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipan-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Saipan-class aircraft carrier"><i>Saipan</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island-class_escort_carrier" title="Long Island-class escort carrier"><i>Long Island</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charger-class_escort_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charger-class escort carrier"><i>Charger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogue-class_escort_carrier" title="Bogue-class escort carrier"><i>Bogue</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamon-class_escort_carrier" title="Sangamon-class escort carrier"><i>Sangamon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca-class_escort_carrier" title="Casablanca-class escort carrier"><i>Casablanca</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commencement_Bay-class_escort_carrier" title="Commencement Bay-class escort carrier"><i>Commencement Bay</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming-class_battleship" title="Wyoming-class battleship"><i>Wyoming</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York-class_battleship" title="New York-class battleship"><i>New York</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada-class_battleship" title="Nevada-class battleship"><i>Nevada</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania-class_battleship" title="Pennsylvania-class battleship"><i>Pennsylvania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico-class_battleship" title="New Mexico-class battleship"><i>New Mexico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship" title="Tennessee-class battleship"><i>Tennessee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado-class_battleship" title="Colorado-class battleship"><i>Colorado</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina-class_battleship" title="North Carolina-class battleship"><i>North Carolina</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1939)" title="South Dakota-class battleship (1939)"><i>South Dakota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship" title="Iowa-class battleship"><i>Iowa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana-class_battleship" title="Montana-class battleship"><i>Montana</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser#Large_cruisers" title="Battlecruiser">Large cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska-class_cruiser" title="Alaska-class cruiser"><i>Alaska</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola-class_cruiser" title="Pensacola-class cruiser"><i>Pensacola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton-class_cruiser" title="Northampton-class cruiser"><i>Northampton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland-class_cruiser" title="Portland-class cruiser"><i>Portland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans-class_cruiser" title="New Orleans-class cruiser"><i>New Orleans</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wichita_(CA-45)" title="USS Wichita (CA-45)"><i>Wichita</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore-class_cruiser" title="Baltimore-class cruiser"><i>Baltimore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City-class_cruiser" title="Oregon City-class cruiser"><i>Oregon City</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines-class_cruiser" title="Des Moines-class cruiser"><i>Des Moines</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-class_cruiser" title="Omaha-class cruiser"><i>Omaha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-class_cruiser" title="Brooklyn-class cruiser"><i>Brooklyn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta-class_cruiser" title="Atlanta-class cruiser"><i>Atlanta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland-class_cruiser" title="Cleveland-class cruiser"><i>Cleveland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo-class_cruiser" title="Fargo-class cruiser"><i>Fargo</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneau-class_cruiser" title="Juneau-class cruiser"><i>Juneau</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester-class_cruiser" title="Worcester-class cruiser"><i>Worcester</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CL-154-class_cruiser" title="CL-154-class cruiser">CL-154</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque-class_gunboat" title="Dubuque-class gunboat"><i>Dubuque</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sacramento_(PG-19)" title="USS Sacramento (PG-19)"><i>Sacramento</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville-class_gunboat_(1917)" title="Asheville-class gunboat (1917)"><i>Asheville</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(PG-57)" title="USS Plymouth (PG-57)"><i>Plymouth</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Williamsburg" title="USS Williamsburg"><i>Williamsburg</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Augustine" title="USS St. Augustine"><i>St. Augustine</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vixen_(PG-53)" title="USS Vixen (PG-53)"><i>Vixen</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie-class_gunboat" title="Erie-class gunboat"><i>Erie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-1-class_motor_gunboat" title="PGM-1-class motor gunboat"><i>PGM-1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-9-class_motor_gunboat" title="PGM-9-class motor gunboat"><i>PGM-9</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampson-class_destroyer" title="Sampson-class destroyer"><i>Sampson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell-class_destroyer" title="Caldwell-class destroyer"><i>Caldwell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickes-class_destroyer" title="Wickes-class destroyer"><i>Wickes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson-class_destroyer" title="Clemson-class destroyer"><i>Clemson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farragut-class_destroyer_(1934)" title="Farragut-class destroyer (1934)"><i>Farragut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter-class_destroyer" title="Porter-class destroyer"><i>Porter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan-class_destroyer" title="Mahan-class destroyer"><i>Mahan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridley-class_destroyer" title="Gridley-class destroyer"><i>Gridley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley-class_destroyer" title="Bagley-class destroyer"><i>Bagley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers-class_destroyer" title="Somers-class destroyer"><i>Somers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benham-class_destroyer" title="Benham-class destroyer"><i>Benham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims-class_destroyer" title="Sims-class destroyer"><i>Sims</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson-class_destroyer" title="Benson-class destroyer"><i>Benson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenson-class_destroyer" title="Stevenson-class destroyer"><i>Stevenson</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleaves-class_destroyer" title="Gleaves-class destroyer"><i>Gleaves</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer" title="Fletcher-class destroyer"><i>Fletcher</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_M._Sumner-class_destroyer" title="Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer"><i>Allen M. Sumner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Smith-class_destroyer" title="Robert H. Smith-class destroyer"><i>Robert H. Smith</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gearing-class_destroyer" title="Gearing-class destroyer"><i>Gearing</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escorts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evarts-class_destroyer_escort" title="Evarts-class destroyer escort"><i>Evarts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley-class_destroyer_escort" title="Buckley-class destroyer escort"><i>Buckley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon-class_destroyer_escort" title="Cannon-class destroyer escort"><i>Cannon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsall-class_destroyer_escort" title="Edsall-class destroyer escort"><i>Edsall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudderow-class_destroyer_escort" title="Rudderow-class destroyer escort"><i>Rudderow</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Butler-class_destroyer_escort" title="John C. Butler-class destroyer escort"><i>John C. Butler</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Patrol_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol frigate">Patrol frigates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/River-class_frigate" title="River-class frigate">Asheville</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate" title="Tacoma-class frigate"><i>Tacoma</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action-class_patrol_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Action-class patrol boat"><i>Action</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wassuc_(CMc-3)" title="USS Wassuc (CMc-3)"><i>Wassuc</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monadnock_(ACM-10)" title="USS Monadnock (ACM-10)"><i>Monadnock</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Miantonomah_(CMc-5)" title="USS Miantonomah (CMc-5)"><i>Miantonomah</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Terror_(CM-5)" title="USS Terror (CM-5)"><i>Terror</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Keokuk_(CMc-6)" title="USS Keokuk (CMc-6)"><i>Keokuk</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Salem_(CM-11)" title="USS Salem (CM-11)"><i>Salem</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Weehawken_(CM-12)" title="USS Weehawken (CM-12)"><i>Weehawken</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camanche-class_minelayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Camanche-class minelayer"><i>Camanche</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimo-class_minelayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimo-class minelayer"><i>Chimo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweepers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapwing-class_minesweeper" title="Lapwing-class minesweeper"><i>Lapwing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven-class_minesweeper" title="Raven-class minesweeper"><i>Raven</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auk-class_minesweeper" title="Auk-class minesweeper"><i>Auk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Captor" title="USS Captor"><i>Eagle</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk-class_minesweeper" title="Hawk-class minesweeper"><i>Hawk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admirable-class_minesweeper" title="Admirable-class minesweeper"><i>Admirable</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_O-class_submarine" title="United States O-class submarine">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_R-class_submarine" title="United States R-class submarine">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_S-class_submarine" title="United States S-class submarine">S</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V-boat#V-1_through_V-3—the_Barracudas" title="V-boat">Barracuda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Argonaut_(SM-1)" title="USS Argonaut (SM-1)"><i>Argonaut</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V-boat#V-5_and_V-6—Narwhal_and_Nautilus" title="V-boat">Narwhal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(SS-169)" title="USS Dolphin (SS-169)"><i>Dolphin</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachalot-class_submarine" title="Cachalot-class submarine"><i>Cachalot</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine" title="United States Porpoise-class submarine">Porpoise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine" title="Salmon-class submarine"><i>Salmon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargo-class_submarine" title="Sargo-class submarine"><i>Sargo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor-class_submarine" title="Tambor-class submarine"><i>Tambor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel-class_submarine" title="Mackerel-class submarine"><i>Mackerel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gato-class_submarine" title="Gato-class submarine"><i>Gato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balao-class_submarine" title="Balao-class submarine"><i>Balao</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench-class_submarine" title="Tench-class submarine"><i>Tench</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T1_tanker" title="T1 tanker">T1 tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_tanker" title="T2 tanker">T2 tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T3_Tanker" class="mw-redirect" title="T3 Tanker">T3 tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_ship" title="Victory ship">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell-class_attack_transport" title="Haskell-class attack transport"><i>Haskell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda-class_attack_cargo_ship" title="Andromeda-class attack cargo ship"><i>Andromeda</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcturus-class_attack_cargo_ship" title="Arcturus-class attack cargo ship"><i>Arcturus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis-class_attack_cargo_ship" title="Artemis-class attack cargo ship"><i>Artemis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolland-class_attack_cargo_ship" title="Tolland-class attack cargo ship"><i>Tolland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alstede" title="USS Alstede"><i>Alstede</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Aldebaran" title="USS Aldebaran"><i>Aldebaran</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adria" title="USS Adria"><i>Adria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Acubens" title="USS Acubens"><i>Acubens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arctic_(AF-7)" title="USS Arctic (AF-7)"><i>Arctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Denebola_(AF-56)" title="USS Denebola (AF-56)"><i>Denebola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hyades" title="USS Hyades"><i>Hyades</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Mizar_(AF-12)" title="USS Mizar (AF-12)"><i>Mizar</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_floating_drydock" title="Auxiliary floating drydock">Floating drydock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_transport" title="High-speed transport">High-speed transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_barge" title="Ice cream barge">Ice cream barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat_tender" title="Motor torpedo boat tender">Motor torpedo boat tender</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underway_replenishment" title="Underway replenishment">Underway replenishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>C</dt> <dd>Completed after the war</dd> <dt>S</dt> <dd>Single ship of class</dd> <dt>X</dt> <dd>Cancelled</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alstede-class_stores_ships" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alstede_class_stores_ship" title="Template:Alstede class stores ship"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alstede_class_stores_ship" title="Template talk:Alstede class stores ship"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alstede_class_stores_ship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alstede class stores ship"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alstede-class_stores_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Type_R_ship" title="Type R ship"><i>Alstede</i>-class stores ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alstede" title="USS Alstede"><i>Alstede</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Zelima" title="USS Zelima"><i>Zelima</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNS_Bald_Eagle" title="USNS Bald Eagle"><i>Bald Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNS_Blue_Jacket" title="USNS Blue Jacket"><i>Blue Jacket</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arcturus_(AF-52)" title="USS Arcturus (AF-52)"><i>Golden Eagle</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/USS_Arcturus_(AF-52)" title="USS Arcturus (AF-52)"><i>Arcturus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pictor_(AF-54)" title="USS Pictor (AF-54)"><i>Pictor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Aludra_(AF-55)" title="USS Aludra (AF-55)"><i>Aludra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sirius_(AF-60)" title="USS Sirius (AF-60)"><i>Sirius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Procyon_(AF-61)" title="USS Procyon (AF-61)"><i>Procyon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bellatrix_(AF-62)" title="USS Bellatrix (AF-62)"><i>Bellatrix</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adria-class_stores_ships" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adria_class_stores_ship" title="Template:Adria class stores ship"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adria_class_stores_ship" title="Template talk:Adria class stores ship"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adria_class_stores_ship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adria class stores ship"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adria-class_stores_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Type_R_ship" title="Type R ship"><i>Adria</i>-class stores ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adria" title="USS Adria"><i>Adria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arequipa" title="USS Arequipa"><i>Arequipa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Corduba" title="USS Corduba"><i>Corduba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Karin" title="USS Karin"><i>Karin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Kerstin" title="USS Kerstin"><i>Kerstin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Latona" title="USS Latona"><i>Latona</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lioba" title="USS Lioba"><i>Lioba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Malabar" title="USS Malabar"><i>Malabar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Merapi" title="USS Merapi"><i>Merapi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Palisana" title="USS Palisana"><i>Palisana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Athanasia" title="USS Athanasia"><i>Athanasia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bondia" title="USS Bondia"><i>Bondia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gordonia" title="USS Gordonia"><i>Gordonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Laurentia" title="USS Laurentia"><i>Laurentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lucidor" title="USS Lucidor"><i>Lucidor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Octavia" title="USS Octavia"><i>Octavia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Valentine" title="USS Valentine"><i>Valentine</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4288821-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Refrigerator ships"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112293">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Navires frigorifiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319287x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Navires frigorifiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319287x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529450405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&oldid=1244117262">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reefer_ship&oldid=1244117262</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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