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Declarations of Helsinki and Geneva, and the International Code of Medical Ethics provide a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation and clinical care.</p> <a class="button button-primary desktop-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.21972" id="declaration-desktop">Read the Declaration of Helsinki</a> <a class="button button-primary mobile-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.21972" id="declaration-mobile">Declaration of Helsinki</a> <a class="button button-primary desktop-button" href="https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf" id="code-desktop">Read the Nuremberg Code</a> <a class="button button-primary mobile-button" href="https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf" id="code-mobile">Nuremberg Code</a> <a class="button button-primary desktop-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2658261">Read the Geneva Declaration</a> <a class="button button-primary mobile-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2658261">Geneva Declaration</a> <a class="button button-primary desktop-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2797507">Read the International Code of Medical Ethics</a> <a class="button button-primary mobile-button" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2797507">International Code of Medical Ethics</a> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div id="float-div"> <div class="container"> <ul class="dropdown" > <li><a href="#top">Declaration of Helsinki</a> </li> <li><a href="#nuremberg">Nuremberg Code</a> </li> <li><a href="#geneva">Geneva Declaration</a> </li> <li><a href="#icme" class="lastNavItem"><span class="tablet-plus">International </span>Code <span class="tablet-plus">of Medical Ethics</span></a> </li> <li class="social laptop-plus"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://sites.jamanetwork.com/research-ethics/" target="_blank" ><span class="fa fa-facebook fa-lg"></span></a> </li> <li class="social laptop-plus"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Ethical%20Principles%20for%20Medical%20Research%20and%20Practice%3A%20Read%20The%20Nuremberg%20Code%2C%20the%20Declarations%20of%20Helsinki%20and%20Geneva%2C%20and%20the%20International%20Code%20of%20Medical%20Ethics%20at%20http%3A%2F%2Fsites.jamanetwork.com%2Fresearch-ethics" target="_blank" ><span class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter fa-lg"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="float-div-phone"> <div class="container"> <ul class="dropdown" > <li><a href="#helsinki">Helsinki</a> </li> <li><a href="#nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> </li> <li><a href="#geneva">Geneva</a> </li> <li><a href="#icme" class="lastNavItem">Code</a> </li>  </ul> </div> </div> <div><a class="anchor" id="helsinki"></a> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <div class="research-ethics-subhead"> <h2>The Declaration of Helsinki</h2> <p class="pull-quote pull-quote-secondary">The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki provides principles for medical researchers to guide the ethical conduct of research involving human participants.</p> </div> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal featured-article"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.21972" target="_blank">World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki</a></h5> <p class="authors">World Medical Association</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Special Communication, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <h3 class="ymal-head">Previous Versions</h3> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1760318" target="_blank">2013 Revision</a></h5> <p>JAMA | <em>Special Communication, November 27, 2013</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/193387" target="_blank">2000 Revision</a></h5> <p>JAMA | <em>Special Communication, December 20, 2000</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/414713" target="_blank">1997 Revision</a></h5> <p>JAMA | <em>March 19, 1997</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/661253" target="_blank">1966 Revision</a></h5> <p>JAMA | <em>September 12, 1966</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1164742" target="_blank">Original</a></h5> <p>JAMA | <em>Medical News, September 28, 1964</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <h3 class="ymal-head">Related Content</h3> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.21902" target="_blank">Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki on Its 60th Anniversary: A Modernized Set of Ethical Principles to Promote and Ensure Respect for Participants in a Rapidly Innovating Medical Research Ecosystem</a></h5> <p class="authors">Jack S. Resneck Jr</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22281" target="_blank">Declaration of Helsinki—Revisions for the 21st Century</a></h5> <p class="authors">Barbara E. Bierer</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22254" target="_blank">Future-Proofing Research Ethics—Key Revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki 2024</a></h5> <p class="authors">Andreas Alois Reis and Coauthors</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22077" target="_blank">Revisiting the Declaration of Helsinki—A Patient-Centered Perspective</a></h5> <p class="authors">Lara Bloom</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22270" target="_blank">The Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki Viewed From the Americas—Paving the Way to Better Research</a></h5> <p class="authors">Carla Saenz and Sarah Carracedo</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22074" target="_blank">The Revised Declaration of Helsinki—Considerations for the Future of Artificial Intelligence in Health and Medical Research</a></h5> <p class="authors">James A. Shaw</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22530" target="_blank">The 2024 Revision to the Declaration of Helsinki: Modern Ethics for Medical Research</a></h5> <p class="authors">Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo and Coauthors</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Editor's Note, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.0269" target="_blank">Making the Ethical Oversight of All Clinical Trials Fit for Purpose</a></h5> <p class="authors">Nancy E. Kass and Coauthors</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Special Communication, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2024.22126" target="_blank">Facilitating Efficient and Ethical Trials at the Intersection of Research and Clinical Care</a></h5> <p class="authors">Holly Fernandez Lynch and Daniel B. Kramer</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Editorial, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/audio-player/10.1001/jama.2024.19395" target="_blank">Declaration of Helsinki Addresses New Ethical Challenges</a></h5> <p class="authors">Jack S. Resneck Jr with Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Podcast, October 19, 2024</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div><a class="anchor" id="nuremberg"></a> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <div class="research-ethics-subhead"> <h2>The Nuremberg Code</h2> <p class="pull-quote pull-quote-secondary">The Nuremberg Code is a 10-point set of rules for the conduct of human experiments articulated in 1947 in the trials of Nazi doctors and bureaucrats convicted of crimes against humanity for their roles in concentration camp experiments.</p> </div> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal featured-article"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2649074" target="_blank">The Nuremberg Code 70 Years Later</a></h5> <p class="authors">Jonathan D. Moreno</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, August 17, 2017</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <h3 class="ymal-head">Related Material</h3> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/411046" target="_blank">Medicine Against Society: Lessons From the Third Reich</a></h5> <p class="authors">Jeremiah A. 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Phillips</p> <p>JAMA | <em>November 27, 1996</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/410923" target="_blank">Bioethics Advisory Commission Holds First Meeting to Define Governing Principles of Ethical Research</a></h5> <p class="authors">Charles Marwick</p> <p>JAMA | <em>November 27, 1996</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/410948" target="_blank">Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas</a></h5> <p class="authors">Howard A. Israel and William E. Seidelman</p> <p>JAMA | <em>November 27, 1996</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/410954" target="_blank">Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas</a></h5> <p class="authors">Richard S. Panush</p> <p>JAMA | <em>November 27, 1996</em></p> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/410959" target="_blank">Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas-Reply</a></h5> <p class="authors">Edward B. Hutton Jr</p> <p>JAMA | <em>November 27, 1996</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a class="anchor" id="geneva"></a> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <div class="research-ethics-subhead"> <h2>The Declaration of Geneva</h2> <p class="pull-quote pull-quote-secondary">The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva outlines the professional duties of physicians and affirms the ethical principles of the global medical profession.</p> </div> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal featured-article"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2658261" target="_blank">The Revised Declaration of Geneva: A Modern-Day Physician’s Pledge</a></h5> <p class="authors">Ramin Walter Parsa-Parsi</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Viewpoint, August 14, 2017</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <h3 class="ymal-head">Related Material</h3> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/0/JVP170158supp1_prod.pdf" target="_blank">WMA Declaration of Geneva Revisions</a></h5> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a class="anchor" id="icme"></a> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <div class="research-ethics-subhead"> <h2>The International Code of Medical Ethics</h2> <p class="pull-quote pull-quote-secondary">The World Medical Association’s International Code of Medical Ethics defines and elucidates the professional duties of physicians towards their patients, other physicians and health professionals, themselves, and society as a whole, in concordance with the WMA’s Declaration of Geneva: The Physician’s Pledge, and the WMA’s entire body of policies</p> </div> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal featured-article"> <h5><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2797507" target="_blank">The International Code of Medical Ethics of the World Medical Association</a></h5> <p class="authors">Ramin Walter Parsa-Parsi</p> <p>JAMA | <em>Editorial, October 13, 2022</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container flexible-rows"> <h3 class="ymal-head">External Links</h3> <div class="items-container simple-items"> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/" target="_blank">WMA</a></h5> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki" target="_blank">Wikipedia: Declaration of Helsinki</a></h5> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Code" target="_blank">Wikipedia: Nuremberg Code</a></h5> </div> <div class="item ymal"> <h5><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Geneva " target="_blank">Wikipedia: Declaration of Geneva</a></h5> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="section-background-even"> <div class="container footerMisc"> <div class="page-area"> <div id="footer-fixed"> <div class="row"> <div class="four columns"> <a title="" target="_blank" href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/reprints-and-permissions">Reprints & Permissions</a> </div> <div class="four columns"> <a title="" target="_blank" href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/about">About JAMA Network</a> </div> <div class="four columns"> <a title="" target="_blank" href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/conditions-of-use">Conditions of Use</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="four columns"> <a target="_blank" title="" href="https://media.jamanetwork.com/">For the Media</a> </div> <div class="four columns"> <a title="" target="_blank" href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> <a style="cursor:pointer;display:block;margin-top:3px;" onclick="OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()" target="_blank" >Cookie Settings</a> </div> <div class="four columns"> <a title="" href="mailto:products@jamanetwork.com">Comments & Questions</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="twelve columns" style="margin-top:1em;"> <p id="copyright">© 2024 American Medical Association. 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