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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Male motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_heterosexual_and_LGBT_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_heterosexual_and_LGBT_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In heterosexual and LGBT communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_heterosexual_and_LGBT_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In heterosexual and LGBT communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_heterosexual_and_LGBT_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_examples_of_erasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_examples_of_erasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical examples of erasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples_of_erasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In academia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In academia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretical_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Theoretical frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_academic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_academic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In academic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_academic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health_and_imposter_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health_and_imposter_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mental health and imposter syndrome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mental_health_and_imposter_syndrome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mental health and imposter syndrome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mental_health_and_imposter_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imposter_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imposter_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Imposter syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imposter_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bisexual erasure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="محو ازدواجية التوجه الجنسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محو ازدواجية التوجه الجنسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esborrament_bisexual" title="Esborrament bisexual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esborrament bisexual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsichtbarkeit_von_Bisexualit%C3%A4t" title="Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrado_bisexual" title="Borrado bisexual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Borrado bisexual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba%C5%ADseksema_vi%C5%9Dado" title="Ambaŭseksema viŝado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ambaŭseksema viŝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation_de_la_bisexualit%C3%A9" title="Occultation de la bisexualité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occultation de la bisexualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseksualno_brisanje" title="Biseksualno brisanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biseksualno brisanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghapusan_biseksual" title="Penghapusan biseksual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghapusan biseksual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasura_del_bisexualitate" title="Rasura del bisexualitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rasura del bisexualitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מחיקה ביסקסואלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחיקה ביסקסואלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E3%81%AE%E6%B6%88%E5%8E%BB" title="両性愛の消去 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="両性愛の消去" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseksualna_niewidzialno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Biseksualna niewidzialność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biseksualna niewidzialność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apagamento_bissexual" title="Apagamento bissexual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apagamento bissexual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бисексуальное стирание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бисексуальное стирание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Окултација бисексуалности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Окултација бисексуалности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseksuaalisuuden_h%C3%A4ivytt%C3%A4minen" title="Biseksuaalisuuden häivyttäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biseksuaalisuuden häivyttäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бісексуальне стирання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бісексуальне стирання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_tr%E1%BB%AB_song_t%C3%ADnh_luy%E1%BA%BFn_%C3%A1i" title="Bài trừ song tính luyến ái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bài trừ song tính luyến ái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4" title="双性恋擦除 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双性恋擦除" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2916372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dismissing or misrepresenting bisexuals in the public perception</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with North America and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bisexual_erasure" title="Talk:Bisexual erasure">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg/220px-Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:#D60270; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#D60270; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#9B4F96; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#9B4F96; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#0038A8; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:#0038A8; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible / Homoflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual / Omnisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexual">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexual / Multisexual</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fluidity" title="Sexual fluidity">Sexual fluidity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> Studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_theory" title="Bisexual theory">Bisexual theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality" title="Journal of Bisexuality">Journal of Bisexuality</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein grid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> Attitudes, slang and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect_(slang)" title="Bambi effect (slang)">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_chic" title="Bisexual chic">Bisexual chic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_until_graduation" title="Lesbian until graduation">Lesbian until graduation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimization_of_bisexual_women" title="Victimization of bisexual women">Victimization of bisexual women</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Community</a> and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BECAUSE_(conference)" title="BECAUSE (conference)">BECAUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi_Community_News" title="Bi Community News">Bi Community News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi_Women_Quarterly" title="Bi Women Quarterly">Bi Women Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCon_(UK)" title="BiCon (UK)">BiCon (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiNet_USA" title="BiNet USA">BiNet USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Book_Awards" title="Bisexual Book Awards">Bisexual Book Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_literature" title="Bisexual literature">Bisexual literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Resource_Center" title="Bisexual Resource Center">Bisexual Resource Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_Bisexuality_Day" title="Celebrate Bisexuality Day">Celebrate Bisexuality Day</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_bisexual_people" title="Lists of bisexual people">Bisexual people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ-related films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_bisexuality" title="Media portrayals of bisexuality">Media portrayals of bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexuality-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of bisexuality-related organizations and conferences">Organisations and conferences</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E6E6FA"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Bisexuality in the United States">Bisexuality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_lighting" title="Bisexual lighting">Bisexual lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">History of bisexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/15px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/23px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/30px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bisexuality_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Bisexuality topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bisexuality_topics_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Bisexuality topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bisexuality_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bisexuality topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bisexual erasure</b> (or <b>bi erasure</b>), also called <b>bisexual invisibility</b>, is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or re-explain evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a> in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stange_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dworkin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include the belief that bisexuality itself does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Stange_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexual erasure may include the assertion all bisexual individuals are in a phase and will soon "choose a side", either <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>. Another common variant of bisexual erasure involves accepting bisexuality in women while downplaying or rejecting the validity of bisexual identity in men.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One belief underlying bisexual erasure is that bisexual individuals are distinctively indecisive.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misrepresentations of bisexual individuals as <a href="/wiki/Hypersexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersexual">hypersexual</a> erases the sexual agency of bisexuals, effectively erasing their true identities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexual erasure is often a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">biphobia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stange_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dworkin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it does not necessarily involve overt antagonism. Erasure frequently results in bisexual-identifying individuals experiencing a variety of adverse social encounters, as they not only have to struggle with finding acceptance within general society but also within the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexual erasure is a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a> and leads to adverse mental health consequences for people who identify as bisexual, or similar, such as <a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">pansexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is increasing inclusion and visibility of bisexuals, particularly in the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-Queers_United_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queers_United-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_task_force_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_task_force-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag implies a comparison ("better", "advantages", "improvement") but does not specify what the comparison is with. (May 2023)">compared to?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Yoshino" title="Kenji Yoshino">Kenji Yoshino</a>, there are three main investments that motivate both self-identified <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexuals">heterosexuals</a> to erase bisexuality from LGBT culture. The first of these motivations is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> stabilization, which is argued to relieve people from the anxiety of possibly having their sexual orientation questioned. This motivation reinforces the belief that bisexuals are simply undecided about their bisexuality and are fundamentally either homosexual or heterosexual, and it isolates, marginalizes, and makes bisexuals invisible within the LGBT community.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second motivation is the maintenance of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, which is seen as erotically essential to homosexuals and heterosexuals whereas bisexuality appears to challenge this notion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third motivation is the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> since a pair or bond is preferred by mainstream culture. However, bisexuals are typically assumed by homosexuals and heterosexuals to be "intrinsically" non-monogamous.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshino_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshino-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juana_Mar%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juana María Rodríguez">Juana María Rodríguez</a> adds to Yoshino's argument and posits bisexuality breaks down traditional understandings of sexuality and the gender binary.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, individuals both in the dominant culture and in the queer community resist bisexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2010 article written for the 10th anniversary of Yoshino's piece, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heron_Greenesmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heron Greenesmith (page does not exist)">Heron Greenesmith</a> argues bisexuality is inherently invisible in the law, even beyond the reach of deliberate erasure. Firstly, she says it is because bisexuality is legally irrelevant to plaintiffs who are presumed to be heterosexual or homosexual unless <a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">outed</a>, and secondly when bisexuality is legally relevant, it is erased within the legal culture because it complicates legal arguments that depend on a <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a> nature of sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American psychologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_Firestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth Firestone (page does not exist)">Beth Firestone</a> writes that since she wrote her first book on bisexuality, in 1996, "bisexuality has gained visibility, although progress is uneven and awareness of bisexuality is still minimal or absent in many of the more remote regions of our country and internationally".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_motivations">Male motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Male motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Friedman" title="Richard C. Friedman">Richard C. Friedman</a>, an academic psychiatrist who specializes in the psychodynamics of homosexuality, writes in his essay "Denial in the Development of Homosexual Men" that many <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> have experienced <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual fantasies">sexual fantasies</a> about women or engaged in sex with women and that many straight men have experienced sexual fantasies about men or <a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">engaged in sex with men</a>. Despite being bisexual in fantasy and activity, these men identify as "gay" or "straight" rather than as bisexual. This erasure of bisexuality is sometimes caused by denying the significance of an erotic encounter to maintain a person's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual identity</a> and sense of community; a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a woman to maintain his identity as a "gay man" and his membership in the gay community, or a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a man to maintain his status as a heterosexual man in a <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for <a href="/wiki/Bisexual.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual.org">Bisexual.org</a>, author and columnist Zachary Zane cites a study showing 20.7% of straight-identified men watched <a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">gay pornography</a> and 7.5% reported having sex with a man in the past six months, while 55% of gay-identified men had watched heterosexual pornography and 0.7% reported having sex with a woman in the past six months. He argues some of the straight-identified men are actually gay or bisexual but are erasing their bisexuality due to internalized biphobia and denial to claim a straight identity label. Pointing out the majority of gay-identified men watched heterosexual pornography but few had recent heterosexual sex, he suggests many self-identified gay men have sexual fantasies about women and in an ideal world would be openly bisexual and freely explore sex with women, but society pressures gay men to "pick a side" so those men "subsequently have picked being gay".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexual author and activist <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Ochs" title="Robyn Ochs">Robyn Ochs</a> has argued gay men are less possessive of their "gay" label than <a href="/wiki/Lesbians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbians">lesbians</a> are of their label. She argues there is less hostility to bisexual men who identify as gay than bisexual women who identify as lesbian, there is a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fluidity" title="Sexual fluidity">sexual fluidity</a> between gay men and bisexual men, and that consequently more gay-identified men openly admit to being attracted to and having sex with women. However, Ochs also argues many bisexual men identify as gay to politically align themselves with the gay community. She says since coming out is so difficult for gay men, many do not want to come out a second time as bisexual; the existence of male bisexuality can be threatening to some gay men because it raises the possibility they themselves might be bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Gay male activist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wittman" title="Carl Wittman">Carl Wittman</a>, writing in his "Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto", argued gay men should identify as "gay" rather than as "bisexual", even if they sleep with women. Stating gay men should only become bisexual once society accepts homosexuality, he wrote that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bisexuality is good; it is the capacity to love people of either sex. The reason so few of us are bisexual is because society made such a big stink about homosexuality that we got forced into seeing ourselves as either straight or non-straight. Also, many gays go turned off to the ways men are supposed to act with women and vice-versa, which is pretty fucked-up. Gays will begin to turn on to women when 1) it's something that we do because we want to, and not because we should, and 2) when women's liberation changes the nature of heterosexual relationships. We continue to call ourselves homosexual, not bisexual, even if we do make it with the opposite sex also, because saying "Oh, I'm Bi" is a copout for a gay. We get told it's OK to sleep with guys as long as we sleep with women, too, and that's still putting homosexuality down. We'll be gay until everyone has forgotten that it's an issue. Then we'll begin to be complete.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto I.3<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_heterosexual_and_LGBT_communities">In heterosexual and LGBT communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In heterosexual and LGBT communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heterosexual and gay people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are either exclusively homosexual (gay/lesbian) or exclusively heterosexual,<sup id="cite_ref-Stange_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">closeted</a> gay or lesbian people who wish to appear heterosexual,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Stange_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshino_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshino-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bisexual_workers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisexual_workers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common manifestation of bisexual erasure is a tendency for bisexuals to be referred to as heterosexual when they are intimately involved with people of the opposite sex and to be labeled as homosexual when they are involved with people of the same sex.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that the <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">bisexual community</a> does not deserve equal status or inclusion within gay and lesbian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-BT_archaeology_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT_archaeology-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can take the form of omitting the word <i>bisexual</i> in the name of an organization or event that serves the whole <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>, including it as "bi-sexual", implying there are only two authentic sexual orientations,<sup id="cite_ref-Bisexuals_are_not_Bi-Sexuals_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisexuals_are_not_Bi-Sexuals-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or treating the subject of bisexuality in a derogatory way.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage_Biphobia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage_Biphobia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, bisexual women have had their sexuality labeled by lesbian feminist circles as an "apolitical cop-out".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexual women have been seen as "not radical enough" because of their attraction to <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> men.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodriguez asserts bisexuality was regarded as anti-feminist by many lesbians because of the implied "desires for penetration, sexual dominance, and submission", and similar lines of thinking about bisexual women continue to result in exclusion and erasure in the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality" title="Journal of Bisexuality">Journal of Bisexuality</a></i> surveyed thirty people who identified as part of the lesbian, gay, queer or bisexual communities and their individual experiences with coming out. Ten of these people reported they claimed the label of bisexuality first, and later came out again as lesbian, gay, or queer. The theory that emerged in this study introduced the concept of the "queer apologetic", in which one attempts to reconcile their same-gender attraction with the social norm of heterosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexuals have been overlooked in the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> debate: Where same-sex marriage is illegal, those campaigning for it have failed to highlight the inconsistencies of marriage laws concerning bisexuals, whose right to marry depends solely on the gender of their partner. Secondly, when same-sex marriage is available, a bisexual partner will generally be referred to as lesbian or gay. For example, one of the first people to take part in a same-sex marriage in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Ochs" title="Robyn Ochs">Robyn Ochs</a>, was widely referred to in the media as a lesbian, despite identifying herself in interviews as bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-bisexual_marriage_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisexual_marriage-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Awards" title="Lambda Literary Awards">Lambda Literary Awards</a> did not have a category for bisexual literary works, which was finally established in 2006 after lobbying by <a href="/wiki/BiNet_USA" title="BiNet USA">BiNet USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some bisexuality-related works, such as the anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Bi_Any_Other_Name:_Bisexual_People_Speak_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out">Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out</a></i>, were nominated for the awards before the creation of bisexual categories, they competed in gay or lesbian categories.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/June_Jordan" title="June Jordan">June Jordan</a>, who self-identified as bisexual in her writing,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was posthumously given a Lambda Award for lesbian poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_examples_of_erasure">Historical examples of erasure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical examples of erasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern biographers of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic poet">Romantic poet</a> and volunteer for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, generally agree that he was bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of him was, however, long suppressed by his publishing firm <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. In May 1824, one month after Byron's death, the publisher burned his memoirs to conceal evidence of his bisexuality, and continued to deny it into the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-real_byron_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-real_byron-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helena_Molony" title="Helena Molony">Helena Molony</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Irish feminist</a> and a participant in the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Uprising</a>, is considered to have been bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she had relationships with men throughout her life, from the 1930s until her death in 1967, she was in a relationship with a woman named Evelyn O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie Mulholland, author of the book <i>The Politics and Relationships of <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></i>, said that after O'Brien died, "her family ensured that all [of] her personal papers were destroyed, which is always an indication that something is being hidden."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_academia">In academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_frameworks">Theoretical frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theoretical frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative approaches to the concept of bisexuality have been developed that expand the definition of sexual identity outward from a "this <i>or</i> that" mentality to a "this <i>and</i> that" mentality. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jen%C3%A9e_Wilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenée Wilde (page does not exist)">Jenée Wilde</a> presents the idea of what she calls "dimensional sexuality" in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_Relationship_Therapy" title="Sexual and Relationship Therapy">Sexual and Relationship Therapy</a></i>, a theoretical framework in which gender is not the primary factor in sexual attraction, rather it is one of many axes. These other axes of attraction can include the desire for either monogamy or polyamory, and the fluidity of desire for the various gender(s) in a partner over time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilde uses her framework to broaden the scale of sexual identity from a simple binary spectrum from "mono-sexual" to "bisexual", and to establish relationships between these identities; these relationships would not alienate individuals without a single "fixed object" of attraction. </p><p>Viewpoints like Wilde's have been applied by scholars such as Laura Erickson-Schroth and Jennifer Mitchell<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to pieces of pop-culture and literature; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Angelides" title="Steven Angelides">Steven Angelides</a> also produced a book on the place of bisexuality in research and societal awareness throughout history, using a similar framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both pieces aim to achieve more inclusive readings of sexuality and allow for the re-designation of literary figures and real people as bisexual, rather than continuing with the assumption that any same-gender activity, explicit or implied, is homosexual, and any opposite-gender activity heterosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a viewpoint similar to Wilde's is D.S. Neff's reading of Lord Byron's <a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"><i>Childe</i> <i>Harold's Pilgrimage</i></a>, which finds the poem is ambiguous in its mentioning of "concubines and carnal companie" as well as later parts of the work; Neff finds these ambiguities to be implications that both male and female lovers were had by the protagonist. This bisexual portrayal is supported through Byron's real-world interactions with lovers of multiple genders, and the culture of his literary affiliates at Cambridge condoning those interactions in the midst of the 19th century's moral panic around same-gender desires.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erickson-Schroth and Mitchell's 2009 article in the <i>Journal of Bisexuality</i> performs a similar analysis of <i><a href="/wiki/Written_on_the_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Written on the Body">Written on the Body</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Loneliness" class="mw-redirect" title="Well of Loneliness">Well of Loneliness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Radclyffe_Hall" title="Radclyffe Hall">Radclyffe Hall</a>; the assertion behind these scholars' work is the bisexual experience has existed throughout the history of humanity, and while it has only recently been acknowledged even in queer and LGBT circles, it is in no way an exclusively modern phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also interpretations of literature that focus on the symbolic expressions of bisexuality rather than its explicit mention. <a href="/wiki/Linda_K._Hughes" title="Linda K. Hughes">Linda K. Hughes</a>' analysis of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smith_(poet)" title="Alexander Smith (poet)">Alexander Smith</a>'s <i>A Life-Drama</i> contends the atypical nature of the heterosexual courtship in the poem stands in place of the romance between the main character's "intimate friendship" with another man.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other analyses use the subtextual practices and common allusions of the Victorian period/19th century that referenced bisexuality or homosexuality<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to show the presence of bisexual themes in Bram Stoker's <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Henry James' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw" title="The Turn of the Screw">The Turn of the Screw</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_academic_literature">In academic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In academic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bisexual individuals have largely been overlooked in academic literature. Hemmings posits that bisexual erasure is essential in queer studies to keep lesbians and gay men as the main subjects of study.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexuals are often included under the umbrella of LGBT+ in academic studies. However, data specific to bisexuals is lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, academics began to study bisexuals in relation to HIV and AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies contributed to the mythology that bisexuals have a higher chance of transmitting HIV and AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_schools">In schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More schools teach about heterosexuality and homosexuality, not solely heterosexuality. Support for gay and lesbian people has come to public schools in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93straight_alliance" title="Gay–straight alliance">gay–straight alliances</a> (GSAs).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Elia, this can cause harm to students who do not identify with either of those sexualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some schools have adapted this acronym to include other LGBTQ+ groups. For instance, <a href="/wiki/West_Ranch_High_School" title="West Ranch High School">West Ranch High School</a> has the "gender-sexuality association" on their club list for the 2020–2021 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melissa Smith and Elizabethe Payne state there are several instances where faculty have been silent when it comes to bullying of LGBTQ students.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_depictions">Media depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_bisexuality" title="Media portrayals of bisexuality">Media portrayals of bisexuality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_2">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some media outlets have portrayed bisexual behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">ancient Greek pederasty</a> or Native American <a href="/wiki/Two-Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Spirit">Two-Spirits</a>, as proof that <a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">homosexuality</a> has been widely accepted in other times and cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_the_Great_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_the_Great-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it can also be seen as proof of the existence and acceptance of bisexuality. </p><p>In both the gay and mainstream media, individuals who have kept their sexual identity unknown have been portrayed as either gay (if male) or straight (if women) when they engaged in romantic or sexual relationships with both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same has occurred even with people who have openly identify themselves as bisexual. <a href="/wiki/Ani_DiFranco" title="Ani DiFranco">Ani DiFranco</a>'s 1998 marriage to Andrew Gilchrist was portrayed in both gay and mainstream media as renouncing lesbianism, even though she had been out as bisexual since the very beginning of her career.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a> has called herself bisexual in interviews and has frequently engaged in public acts of same-sex intimacy with other female celebrities, but is typically portrayed by media as a heterosexual woman who dabbles in lesbian imagery for pure <a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">shock value</a>, with any possibility she might be genuinely bisexual being discounted entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> is sometimes labeled as either "gay" or "straight" in the media even though she has publicly identified as bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Rise_of_Lady_GaGa_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_of_Lady_GaGa-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Admitting_bisexuality_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Admitting_bisexuality-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, who according to his obituary was a "self-confessed bisexual", is often depicted as gay by the mainstream media.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The media in both communities also often refers to the "gay and lesbian" community, ignoring bisexual and/or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Gay_and_Lesbian_CNN_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Lesbian_CNN-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been examples of media outlets referring to "lesbian, gay and transgender" issues while still excluding or ignoring bisexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexual women specifically are subject to both hyper-visibility and erasure.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexual women are over-represented in pornography, reality television, and music videos as part of the <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, representations of bisexual women as agents in their sexuality are lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The erasure of sexual agency for bisexual <a href="/wiki/Women_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Women of color">women of color</a> is prevalent within the media as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisexuality stereotypically implies a sense of uncontrolled sexual desire; this is then intensified for women of color who are already hypersexualized.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, British <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympian</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diver</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daley" title="Tom Daley">Tom Daley</a> came out as bisexual. Several media sources supported his decision to tell the world about his sexuality, but they labeled him as "gay" instead of bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 5, 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Paper_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper Magazine">Paper Magazine</a></i> published an interview with <a href="/wiki/ND_Stevenson" title="ND Stevenson">ND Stevenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Sugar" title="Rebecca Sugar">Rebecca Sugar</a>, to bring them in conversation with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar noted the recent increase of "LGBTQIA content in animated and children's media", with very little LGBTQ+ content over the history of animation, and called those who claim there are enough lesbians in animation to be completely wrong and a form of bisexual erasure. Later, Sugar pointed to the bisexual erasure in the <i>Steven Universe</i> fandom around 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexual_characters_in_television" title="List of bisexual characters in television">List of bisexual characters in television</a></div> <p>On December 30, 2009, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> premiered their 23rd season of the show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_World_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real World (TV series)">The Real World</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Real_World_DC_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real_World_DC-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring two bisexual participants,<sup id="cite_ref-Real_World_Bisexuals_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real_World_Bisexuals-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Show_me_your_bisexuals_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Show_me_your_bisexuals-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Schromm" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Schromm">Emily Schromm</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Schromm_talks_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Schromm_talks-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_C._Manning" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike C. Manning">Mike Manning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mike_Manning_Metro_Weekly_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mike_Manning_Metro_Weekly-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Manning himself identifies as bisexual,<sup id="cite_ref-Mike_Manning_Metro_Weekly_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mike_Manning_Metro_Weekly-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many bloggers and commenters on blogs claimed he was gay.<sup id="cite_ref-Mike_Manning_Bi_history_and_controversy_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mike_Manning_Bi_history_and_controversy-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bi_Now,_Gay_Later_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bi_Now,_Gay_Later-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while a behind-the-scenes MTV Aftershow and subsequent interview revealed that both Manning and Schromm had had encounters with both men and women while on the show, the show was edited to make it seem as though they had only been with men.<sup id="cite_ref-Emily_Schromm_AfterEllen_interview_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_Schromm_AfterEllen_interview-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftershow_Real_World_Episode_8_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftershow_Real_World_Episode_8-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, popular sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Place" title="The Good Place">The Good Place</a></i> aired on NBC starring <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Bell" title="Kristen Bell">Kristen Bell</a> as bisexual Eleanor Shellstrop. However, many were disappointed in the show's portrayal of Eleanor's sexuality as a joke which was never taken any further than occasional passing comments about her attractions to women, and therefore devaluing the validity of bisexuality on the television screen.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>, Oberyn Martell is a character who is presented as bisexual. However, the character's bisexuality is not a facet of his identity. Rather, it is used as a way of characterizing him as someone who is greedy. Pedro Pascal, who plays Oberyn, claims that his character "does not discriminate in his pleasures...to limit yourself in terms of experience doesn't make any sense to him."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, his bisexuality is erased and replaced with the stereotype that bisexual people are overly promiscuous. </p><p>Frank Underwood from <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Cards (U.S. TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> is similarly characterized. His philosophy is that "sex is power." He has sex with both men and women for the purpose of controlling them, using bisexuality as a ploy rather than an expression of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Grey's Anatomy</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callie Torres went through many relationships spanning her eleven seasons with both men and women. Callie faced moments of both prejudice and confusion from others and within herself, especially when her mother disapproved of her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Robbins" title="Arizona Robbins">Arizona Robbins</a>. Callie continuted to focus on affirming what she knew to be true about herself and challenged the "bi-erasure" stereotype by affirming her consistently diproving the narrative that <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a> is when someone is "one the road" to be gay. Her journey speaks to the struggle for acceptance and identity that many LGBTQ+ people face. Her understanding of relationships were forced to expand when she and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sloan_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)" title="Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)">Mark Sloan</a> concevied a baby together while she and Arizona were broken up. This led to a three-person <a href="/wiki/Co-parenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-parenting">co-parenting</a> style and accusations like this is Callie's “Bi-dream come true” because she has both a man and woman in her life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_law">In law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals identifying as bisexual have been absent from conversations surrounding LGBT-rights and litigation. Examples include the early use of the term "gay marriage" as opposed to "same-sex marriage" or "marriage equality", as well as the lack of recognition of bisexuality in briefs or opinions handed down by the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of relevant terminology in LGBT-rights cases found, excluding a brief period in U.S. Supreme Court history when bisexuals were mentioned alongside gays and lesbians,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bisexuality has not been mentioned in Supreme Court opinions or briefs in major LGBT rights cases, which often describe gays and lesbians as being exclusively affected by sexual orientation discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While courts have begun to increasingly use the term <i>same-sex</i> in litigation involving sexual minority groups, this term is still used interchangeably with <i>gay</i>, <i>lesbian</i>, and <i>homosexual</i>, therefore erasing the bisexual contingent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nancy Marcus uses the monumental <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> case that grants same-sex marriage rights as an example of nearly complete bisexuality erasure despite efforts, including an amicus brief to the Supreme Court and outreach to the plaintiffs' legal team, by legal organizations such as BiLaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is important in the U.S. legal system when the law is developed through case law, since failing to mention bisexual identities in legal decisions implies a "secondary" status of bisexuals within the LGBT community, with the judiciary appearing to give the imprimatur to the relegation of bisexuality to a lesser, or completely ignored, status. </p><p>Marcus states that misunderstanding and erasure of bisexuality within the US legal system results in tangible harm to bisexual litigants, including the increased likelihood of losing parental rights and the probability of being denied asylum from anti-LGBT countries. Custody issues arise due to the belief that bisexual people are too unstable to be parents, while bisexuals seeking asylum from countries hostile to LGBT individuals are viewed with suspicion, including not being "gay enough". This is due to a common assumption within the legal community a person can only be legitimately attracted to one gender; therefore, a bisexual asylum-seeker is more likely to be considered a fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In legal protection documents, such as the Canadian Human Rights Act, bisexual people are equally protected from discrimination as gay, lesbian, and transgender people are, but the term "bisexual" is not mentioned explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the labor market conducted in Canada in 2019 found that bisexual men and women do not fare as well as their peers in the workplace. Sean Waite, John Ecker, and Lori E. Ross discovered that "bisexual men earned less than both heterosexual and gay men," and "bisexual women were at the bottom of the gender and sexual orientation wage hierarchy." In the article it is also admitted that research on bisexual individuals is limited because of erasure in the census. The census does not allow an option for bisexuals, and thus they are reduced to heterosexual or homosexual depending on the sex of their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_health_and_imposter_syndrome">Mental health and imposter syndrome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mental health and imposter syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imposter_syndrome">Imposter syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Imposter syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2021, bisexual individuals make up 56.8% of the LGBTQ+ community.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though bisexual people make up over 50 percent of the LGBTQ+ community, it is very common for these individuals to feel invisible or that they do not belong. This idea can take form in feeling that they are just "confused" or "have not figured it out yet", a form of <a href="/wiki/Imposter_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposter syndrome">imposter syndrome</a>. The imposter syndrome can be defined as feeling like a fraud or not feeling a sense of belonging. There are a multitude of factors that contribute to these feelings, and though it can differ from person to person, research shows that the two most common reasons for these feelings are biphobia and bisexual erasure or invisibility. Biphobia is the backlash toward bisexual individuals from media and within the LGBTQ+ community, for example negative stereotypes of the bisexual individuals being hypersexual and unfaithful. Bisexual invisibility or erasure is the idea of ignoring, or removing the evidence of bisexuality. These biases combine with interpersonal and legal discrimination to create negative outcomes that are specific to the bisexual community. Commonly, this occurs through denying that bisexuality is a real sexual orientation, being LGBTQ+ inclusive but not offering bi-specific resources, mislabeling bisexual individuals as gay/lesbian, and more. Bisexual people face biases on many fronts: from the media, friends, family, service providers, employers, heterosexual people, but most commonly from people who identify with the LGBTQ+ community. One example of this is when a bisexual youth show higher incidents of risk and risky behavior due to the discrimination they face from family and friends. </p><p>Within the bisexual community, it is found that bisexual women are more likely to and feel safer to come out as bisexual than men, 33% vs. 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the LBGTQ+ population, it is perceived that bisexual women and lesbians are more accepted by society than gay men, bisexual men or transgender people. Within the bisexual community, perceived acceptance is 33% for women, about 8% for men and 3% for those who are transgender and non-binary.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, queer imposter syndrome can be largely influenced by the media and community. Research suggests that bisexual individuals have more mental health challenges than cisgender, heterosexual, lesbian, and gay individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (August 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that there are four ways to help reduce and eventually eliminate the imposter syndrome: 1) skepticism 2) humility 3) grounding 4) self-compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialogue" title="Bialogue">Bialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonegativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonegativity">Homonegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">Social invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Discrimination against asexual people</a> (aphobia)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stange-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stange_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stange_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stange_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stange_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stange_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bi.org&rft.atitle=Bi+Imposter+Syndrome+%28and+How+to+Fix+It%21%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbi.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fbi-imposter-syndrome-and-how-to-fix-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biresource.org/">"Bisexual Resource Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bisexual+Resource+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiresource.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron2017" class="citation web cs1">Aaron, Michael (May 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/standard-deviations/201705/beyond-binary-how-bisexuality-shifts-orientation-science">"Beyond Binary: How Bisexuality Shifts Orientation Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Beyond+Binary%3A+How+Bisexuality+Shifts+Orientation+Science&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fstandard-deviations%2F201705%2Fbeyond-binary-how-bisexuality-shifts-orientation-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkved2014" class="citation web cs1">Barkved, Kayti (November 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190632/https://thephoenixnews.com/2014/11/bisexuality-and-pansexuality-are-two-different-identities/">"Bisexuality and pansexuality are two different identities"</a>. <i>The Phoenix</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Okanagan" title="University of British Columbia Okanagan">University of British Columbia Okanagan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thephoenixnews.com/2014/11/bisexuality-and-pansexuality-are-two-different-identities/">the original</a> on December 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Bisexuality+and+pansexuality+are+two+different+identities&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.aulast=Barkved&rft.aufirst=Kayti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thephoenixnews.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fbisexuality-and-pansexuality-are-two-different-identities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2005" class="citation web cs1">Carey, Benedict (July 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html">"Straight, Gay or Lying? 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btchflcks.com/2016/09/bi-erasure-in-film-and-tv-the-difficulty-of-representing-bisexual-people-on-screen.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitch+Flicks&rft.atitle=Bi+Erasure+in+Film+and+TV%3A+The+Difficulty+of+Representing+Bisexual+People+On-Screen&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btchflcks.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fbi-erasure-in-film-and-tv-the-difficulty-of-representing-bisexual-people-on-screen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenizet-Lewis2014" class="citation web cs1">Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (March 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/magazine/the-scientific-quest-to-prove-bisexuality-exists.html">"The Scientific Quest to Prove Bisexuality Exists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Quest+to+Prove+Bisexuality+Exists&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Denizet-Lewis&rft.aufirst=Benoit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F23%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-scientific-quest-to-prove-bisexuality-exists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGender_and_Sexuality_Center2016" class="citation web cs1">Gender and Sexuality Center (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165352/https://diversity.utexas.edu/genderandsexuality/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/NonMonosexual-Identity-Definitions-2016.pdf">"Bisexuality, Pansexuality, Fluid Sexuality: Non-Monosexual Terms & Concepts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diversity.utexas.edu/genderandsexuality/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/NonMonosexual-Identity-Definitions-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bisexuality%2C+Pansexuality%2C+Fluid+Sexuality%3A+Non-Monosexual+Terms+%26+Concepts&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2016-03&rft.au=Gender+and+Sexuality+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiversity.utexas.edu%2Fgenderandsexuality%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FNonMonosexual-Identity-Definitions-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerdes2017" class="citation web cs1">Gerdes, Stefanie (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190632/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sara-ramirez-dustin-lance-black-bi-erasure/">"Grey's Anatomy star calls out Dustin Lance Black over bi erasure in When We Rise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Star_News" title="Gay Star News">Gay Star News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sara-ramirez-dustin-lance-black-bi-erasure/">the original</a> on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gay+Star+News&rft.atitle=Grey%27s+Anatomy+star+calls+out+Dustin+Lance+Black+over+bi+erasure+in+When+We+Rise&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Gerdes&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaystarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsara-ramirez-dustin-lance-black-bi-erasure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Riordan2014" class="citation web cs1">O'Riordan, Aoife (September 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-orbit.net/teacosy/2014/09/26/boundaries-thresholds-love-why-its-time-to-take-back-the-bi/">"Boundaries, thresholds and love: why it's time to take back 'bi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Orbit</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orbit&rft.atitle=Boundaries%2C+thresholds+and+love%3A+why+it%27s+time+to+take+back+%27bi%27&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=O%27Riordan&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-orbit.net%2Fteacosy%2F2014%2F09%2F26%2Fboundaries-thresholds-love-why-its-time-to-take-back-the-bi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2015" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Kim (February 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/20/among-lgbt-americans-bisexuals-stand-out-when-it-comes-to-identity-acceptance/">"Among LGBT Americans, bisexuals stand out when it comes to identity, acceptance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Among+LGBT+Americans%2C+bisexuals+stand+out+when+it+comes+to+identity%2C+acceptance&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F02%2F20%2Famong-lgbt-americans-bisexuals-stand-out-when-it-comes-to-identity-acceptance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinMortonBell2015" class="citation web cs1">Rankin, Sam; Morton, James; Bell, Matthew (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equality-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Complicated-Bisexual-Report.pdf">"Complicated? Bisexual people's experiences of and ideas for improving services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Equality_Network" title="Equality Network">Equality Network</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equality+Network&rft.atitle=Complicated%3F+Bisexual+people%27s+experiences+of+and+ideas+for+improving+services&rft.date=2015-05&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Morton%2C+James&rft.au=Bell%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equality-network.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F04%2FComplicated-Bisexual-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2006" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Mark (April 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marksimpson.com/blog/2006/04/26/curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-disappearance-of-male-bisexuality/">"Curiouser and Curiouser: the Strange 'Disappearance' of Male Bisexuality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">marksimpson.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marksimpson.com&rft.atitle=Curiouser+and+Curiouser%3A+the+Strange+%27Disappearance%27+of+Male+Bisexuality&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marksimpson.com%2Fblog%2F2006%2F04%2F26%2Fcuriouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-disappearance-of-male-bisexuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZane2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Zane, Zachary (June 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/whats-the-real-difference-between-bi-and-pansexual-667087/">"What's the Real Difference between Bi- and Pansexual?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Real+Difference+between+Bi-+and+Pansexual%3F&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Zane&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-features%2Fwhats-the-real-difference-between-bi-and-pansexual-667087%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1999" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Mariam (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identitywithouts00fras"><i>Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/identitywithouts00fras/page/n135">124</a>–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521623575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521623575"><bdi>978-0521623575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Without+Selfhood%3A+Simone+de+Beauvoir+and+Bisexuality&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=124-140&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521623575&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidentitywithouts00fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKa'ahumanuHutchins2015" class="citation book cs1">Ka'ahumanu, Lani; Hutchins, Loraine, eds. (2015). <i>Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out</i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Avenue_Books" title="Riverdale Avenue Books">Riverdale Avenue Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626011991" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626011991"><bdi>978-1626011991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bi+Any+Other+Name%3A+Bisexual+People+Speak+Out&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Riverdale+Avenue+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1626011991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABisexual+erasure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisexual_erasure&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106225852/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html">Bisexual Literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a> (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.org/resources/bisexual">Bisexuality</a> at <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px_Bisexuality_24px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bisexuality_topics" title="Template:Bisexuality topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bisexuality_topics" title="Template talk:Bisexuality topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bisexuality_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bisexuality topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px_Bisexuality_24px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg/24px-Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg/36px-Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg/48px-Male_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg/24px-Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg/36px-Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg/48px-Female_bisexuality_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bicurious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexible" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteroflexible">Heteroflexible / Homoflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Multisexual / Plurisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg/50px-Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg/75px-Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg/100px-Bisexual_Pride_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Bisexuality in the United States">In the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_bisexuality" title="Media portrayals of bisexuality">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_theory" title="Bisexual theory">Theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality" title="Journal of Bisexuality">Journal of Bisexuality</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Male sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attitudes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_chic" title="Bisexual chic">Chic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_until_graduation" title="Lesbian until graduation">Lesbian until graduation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anything_That_Moves" title="Anything That Moves">Anything That Moves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BECAUSE_(conference)" title="BECAUSE (conference)">BECAUSE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bi_Community_News" title="Bi Community News">Bi Community News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCon_(UK)" title="BiCon (UK)">BiCon (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Awareness_Week" title="Bisexual Awareness Week">Bisexual Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_Bisexuality_Day" title="Celebrate Bisexuality Day">Celebrate Bisexuality Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Bisexuality" title="International Conference on Bisexuality">International Conference on Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcending_Boundaries_Conference" title="Transcending Boundaries Conference">Transcending Boundaries Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexuality-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of bisexuality-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Bisexuality" title="American Institute of Bisexuality">American Institute of Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Bi%2B_%26_Pan_Network" title="Bay Area Bi+ & Pan Network">Bay Area Bi+ & Pan Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bialogue" title="Bialogue">Bialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiNet_USA" title="BiNet USA">BiNet USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Resource_Center" title="Bisexual Resource Center">Bisexual Resource Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bisexual_Liberation_Group" title="National Bisexual Liberation Group">National Bisexual Liberation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Area_Bisexual_Network" title="New York Area Bisexual Network">New York Area Bisexual Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_bisexual_people" title="Lists of bisexual people">Lists of bisexual people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Sexuality">Sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_history" title="Template talk:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Kenya" title="LGBTQ history in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Niger" title="LGBTQ history in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Sudan" title="LGBTQ history in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Uganda" title="LGBTQ history in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Bangladesh" title="LGBTQ history in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_China" title="LGBTQ history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_India" title="LGBTQ history in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iran" title="LGBTQ history in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ history in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Israel" title="LGBTQ history in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Pakistan" title="LGBTQ history in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Singapore" title="LGBTQ history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_South_Korea" title="LGBTQ history in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Taiwan" title="LGBTQ history in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Thailand" title="LGBTQ history in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Turkey" title="LGBTQ history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" title="LGBT history in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Finland" title="LGBT history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Greece" title="LGBTQ history in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hungary" title="LGBT history in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Ireland" title="LGBTQ history in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Latvia" title="LGBT history in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Norway" title="LGBT history in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Poland" title="LGBTQ history in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Romania" title="LGBT history in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ history in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_violence_against_homosexuals_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of violence against homosexuals in Russia (page does not exist)">violence</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:История преследования гомосексуалов в России">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ history in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" title="LGBT history in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ history in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Honduras" title="LGBT history in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Mexico" title="LGBTQ history in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">before Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_historic_places_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT historic places in the United States">places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_LGBT_history" title="Brigham Young University LGBT history">at Brigham Young University</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nauru" title="LGBT history in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Argentina" title="LGBT history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Chile" title="LGBT history in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Peru" title="LGBT history in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List of years in LGBTQ rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year">Firsts by year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year_(2010s)" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year (2010s)">2010s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history">South Asian and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history">Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history">African and diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" title="Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Manchester" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Jewish history">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_journalism" title="Timeline of LGBTQ journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_in_policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT in policing">Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Sexual orientation and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intersex_history" title="Timeline of intersex history">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_asexual_history" title="Timeline of asexual history">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conversion_therapy" title="History of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">Ancient Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece">in militaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes en France">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_immigrants_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian immigrants in France (page does not exist)">immigrants</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_de_l%27immigration_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes de l'immigration en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in the medieval Islamic world (page does not exist)">Medieval Islamic world</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbianisme_dans_le_monde_arabe_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbianisme dans le monde arabe médiéval">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Lesbians in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_pre-modern_Spain" title="Lesbians in pre-modern Spain">Pre-modern Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic" title="Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic">Spanish Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Lesbians in Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_democratic_transition_period" title="Lesbians in the Spanish democratic transition period">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of Felipe González">González government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="Lesbians during the government of José María Aznar">Aznar government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bisexuality in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery" title="History of intersex surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex history in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing" title="History of cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="History of drag">Drag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_in_Africa" title="Drag in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drag_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drag in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Drag en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queers_in_History" title="Queers in History">Queers in History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)" title="Transgender History (book)">Transgender History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Oral_History_Project" title="Transgender Oral History Project">Transgender Oral History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group_in_LGBT_history" title="Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history">Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">List of LGBTQ awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_LGBT_characters_in_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of LGBT characters in animation">History of LGBT animated characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ 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