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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eliza_Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliza_Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eliza Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliza_Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results_of_Eliza_Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_Eliza_Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Results of Eliza Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_Eliza_Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ELIZA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="إليزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_programa_informatikoa" title="ELIZA programa informatikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ELIZA programa informatikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87)" title="الیزا (بات مکالمه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیزا (بات مکالمه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_(chat_bot)" title="ELIZA (chat bot) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ELIZA (chat bot)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="אלייזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלייזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_(program)" title="Eliza (program) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eliza (program)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Элиза (программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элиза (программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Еліза (програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еліза (програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ELIZA" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Early natural language processing computer program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ELIZA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ELIZA (disambiguation)">ELIZA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELIZA_conversation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ELIZA_conversation.png/330px-ELIZA_conversation.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ELIZA_conversation.png/495px-ELIZA_conversation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ELIZA_conversation.png/660px-ELIZA_conversation.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>A conversation with Eliza</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ELIZA</b> is an early <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> developed from 1964 to 1967<sup id="cite_ref-turing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> and substitution <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> that gave users an illusion of <a href="/wiki/Natural-language_understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language understanding">understanding</a> on the part of the program, but had no representation that could be considered really understanding what was being said by either party.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baranovska_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baranovska-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the ELIZA program itself was written (originally)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/SLIP_(programming_language)" title="SLIP (programming language)">MAD-SLIP</a>, the pattern matching directives that contained most of its language capability were provided in separate "scripts", represented in a <a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">lisp-like representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous script, DOCTOR, simulated a <a href="/wiki/Rogerian_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogerian psychotherapy">psychotherapist of the Rogerian school</a> (in which the therapist often reflects back the patient's words to the patient),<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rogers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Samantha_Test_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Samantha_Test-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used rules, dictated in the script, to respond with non-directional questions to user inputs. As such, ELIZA was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Chatterbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatterbot">chatterbots</a> ("chatbot" modernly) and one of the first programs capable of attempting the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ELIZA's creator, Weizenbaum, intended the program as a method to explore communication between humans and machines. He was surprised and shocked that some people, including Weizenbaum's secretary, attributed human-like feelings to the computer program.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many academics believed that the program would be able to positively influence the lives of many people, particularly those with psychological issues, and that it could aid doctors working on such patients' treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While ELIZA was capable of engaging in discourse, it could not converse with true understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many early users were convinced of ELIZA's intelligence and understanding, despite Weizenbaum's insistence to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-Baranovska_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baranovska-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original ELIZA source-code had been missing since its creation in the 1960s as it was not common to publish articles that included source code at that time. However, more recently the MAD-SLIP source-code has now been discovered in the MIT archives and published on various platforms, such as archive.org.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source-code is of high historical interest since it demonstrates not only the specificity of programming languages and techniques at that time, but also the beginning of software layering and abstraction as a means of achieving sophisticated software programming. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_(44129332940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg/220px-Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg/330px-Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg/440px-Video_Game_Museum_in_Berlin_%2844129332940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4899" data-file-height="7345" /></a><figcaption>A conversation between a human and ELIZA's DOCTOR script</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a>'s ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, created a conversational interaction somewhat similar to what might take place in the office of "a [non-directive] psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While ELIZA is best known for acting in the manner of a psychotherapist, the speech patterns are due to the data and instructions supplied by the DOCTOR script.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ELIZA itself examined the text for keywords, applied values to said keywords, and transformed the input into an output; the script that ELIZA ran determined the keywords, set the values of keywords, and set the rules of transformation for the output.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizenbaum chose to make the DOCTOR script in the context of psychotherapy to "sidestep the problem of giving the program a data base of real-world knowledge",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing it to reflect back the patient's statements in order to carry the conversation forward.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a somewhat intelligent-seeming response that reportedly deceived some early users of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-Wardip_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wardip-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weizenbaum named his program ELIZA after <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Doolittle" title="Eliza Doolittle">Eliza Doolittle</a>, a working-class character in <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i> (also appearing in the musical <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a></i>, which was based on the play and was hugely popular at the time). According to Weizenbaum, ELIZA's ability to be "incrementally improved" by various users made it similar to Eliza Doolittle,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Eliza Doolittle was taught to speak with an <a href="/wiki/Upper-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper-class">upper-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> in Shaw's play.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weizenbaumobit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weizenbaumobit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike the human character in Shaw's play, ELIZA is incapable of learning new patterns of speech or new words through interaction alone. Edits must be made directly to ELIZA's active script in order to change the manner by which the program operates. </p><p>Weizenbaum first implemented ELIZA in his own <a href="/wiki/SLIP_(programming_language)" title="SLIP (programming language)">SLIP</a> list-processing language, where, depending upon the initial entries by the user, the illusion of human intelligence could appear, or be dispelled through several interchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of ELIZA's responses were so convincing that Weizenbaum and several others have anecdotes of users becoming emotionally attached to the program, occasionally forgetting that they were conversing with a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizenbaum's own secretary reportedly asked Weizenbaum to leave the room so that she and ELIZA could have a real conversation. Weizenbaum was surprised by this, later writing: "I had not realized ... that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people."<sup id="cite_ref-Weizenbaum1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weizenbaum1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, interactive computing (via a teletype) was new. It was 11 years before the personal computer became familiar to the general public, and three decades before most people encountered attempts at <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> in Internet services like <a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a> or PC help systems such as Microsoft Office <a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion (however brief) of human–<i>human</i> interaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computer_Communications" title="International Conference on Computer Communications">ICCC 1972</a>, ELIZA was brought together with another early artificial-intelligence program named <a href="/wiki/PARRY" title="PARRY">PARRY</a> for a computer-only conversation. While ELIZA was built to speak as a doctor, PARRY was intended to simulate a patient with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PerryElizaAtlantic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerryElizaAtlantic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weizenbaum originally wrote ELIZA in MAD-SLIP for <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_7094" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7094">IBM 7094</a> as a program to make natural-language conversation possible with a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accomplish this, Weizenbaum identified five "fundamental technical problems" for ELIZA to overcome: the identification of key words, the discovery of a minimal context, the choice of appropriate transformations, the generation of responses in the absence of key words, and the provision of an editing capability for ELIZA scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizenbaum solved these problems and made ELIZA such that it had no built-in contextual framework or universe of discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this required ELIZA to have a script of instructions on how to respond to inputs from users.<sup id="cite_ref-Baranovska_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baranovska-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ELIZA starts its process of responding to an input by a user by first examining the text input for a "keyword".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "keyword" is a word designated as important by the acting ELIZA script, which assigns to each keyword a precedence number, or a RANK, designed by the programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such words are found, they are put into a "keystack", with the keyword of the highest RANK at the top. The input sentence is then manipulated and transformed as the rule associated with the keyword of the highest RANK directs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when the DOCTOR script encounters words such as "alike" or "same", it would output a message pertaining to similarity, in this case "In what way?",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as these words had high precedence number. This also demonstrates how certain words, as dictated by the script, can be manipulated regardless of contextual considerations, such as switching first-person pronouns and second-person pronouns and vice versa, as these too had high precedence numbers. Such words with high precedence numbers are deemed superior to conversational patterns and are treated independently of contextual patterns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the first examination, the next step of the process is to apply an appropriate transformation rule, which includes two parts: the "decomposition rule" and the "reassembly rule".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the input is reviewed for syntactical patterns in order to establish the minimal context necessary to respond. Using the keywords and other nearby words from the input, different disassembly rules are tested until an appropriate pattern is found. Using the script's rules, the sentence is then "dismantled" and arranged into sections of the component parts as the "decomposition rule for the highest-ranking keyword" dictates. The example that Weizenbaum gives is the input "You are very helpful", which is transformed to "I are very helpful". This is then broken into (1) empty (2) "I" (3) "are" (4) "very helpful". The decomposition rule has broken the phrase into four small segments that contain both the keywords and the information in the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decomposition rule then designates a particular reassembly rule, or set of reassembly rules, to follow when reconstructing the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reassembly rule takes the fragments of the input that the decomposition rule had created, rearranges them, and adds in programmed words to create a response. Using Weizenbaum's example previously stated, such a reassembly rule would take the fragments and apply them to the phrase "What makes you think I am (4)", which would result in "What makes you think I am very helpful?". This example is rather simple, since depending upon the disassembly rule, the output could be significantly more complex and use more of the input from the user. However, from this reassembly, ELIZA then sends the constructed sentence to the user in the form of text on the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These steps represent the bulk of the procedures that ELIZA follows in order to create a response from a typical input, though there are several specialized situations that ELIZA/DOCTOR can respond to. One Weizenbaum specifically wrote about was when there is no keyword. One solution was to have ELIZA respond with a remark that lacked content, such as "I see" or "Please go on".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second method was to use a "MEMORY" structure, which recorded prior recent inputs, and would use these inputs to create a response referencing a part of the earlier conversation when encountered with no keywords.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was possible due to Slip's ability to tag words for other usage, which simultaneously allowed ELIZA to examine, store, and repurpose words for usage in outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these functions were all framed in ELIZA's programming, the exact manner by which the program dismantled, examined, and reassembled inputs is determined by the operating script. The script is not static and can be edited, or a new one created, as is necessary for the operation in the context needed. This would allow the program to be applied in multiple situations, including the well-known DOCTOR script, which simulates a Rogerian psychotherapist.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> version of ELIZA, based on Weizenbaum's CACM paper, was written shortly after that paper's publication by Bernie Cosell.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elizagen_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizagen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> version appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing_(magazine)" title="Creative Computing (magazine)">Creative Computing</a></i> in 1977 (although it was written in 1973 by Jeff Shrager).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version, which was ported to many of the earliest personal computers, appears to have been subsequently translated into many other versions in many other languages. Shrager claims not to have seen either Weizenbaum's or Cosell's versions. </p><p>In 2021, Jeff Shrager searched MIT's Weizenbaum archives, along with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> archivist Myles Crowley, and found files labeled Computer Conversations. These included the complete source code listing of ELIZA in MAD-SLIP, with the DOCTOR script attached. The Weizenbaum estate has given permission to open-source this code under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> CC0 <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> license. The code and other information can be found on the ELIZAGEN site.<sup id="cite_ref-elizagen_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizagen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another version of Eliza popular among software engineers is the version that comes with the default release of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>, and which can be accessed by typing <code><a href="/wiki/Meta_key" title="Meta key">M</a>-x doctor</code> from most modern <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> implementations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudocode">Pseudocode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudocode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Figure 15.5, Chapter 15 of Speech and Language Processing (third edition).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>function ELIZA GENERATOR(user <i>sentence</i>) returns <i>response</i> Let <i>w</i> be the word in <i>sentence</i> that has the highest keyword rank if <i>w</i> exists Let r be the highest ranked rule for w that matches sentence <i>response</i> ← Apply the transform in <i>r</i> to <i>sentence</i> if w = 'my' <i>future</i> ← Apply a transformation from the ‘memory’ rule list to <i>sentence</i> Push <i>future</i> onto the memory queue else (no keyword applies) Either <i>response</i> ← Apply the transform for the NONE keyword to <i>sentence</i> Or <i>response</i> ← Pop the oldest response from the memory queue Return <i>response</i> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_and_legacy">Response and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Response and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Power_and_Human_Reason" title="Computer Power and Human Reason">Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation</a></i>, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of human beings or any life form for that matter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the independent documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Plug_%26_Pray" title="Plug & Pray">Plug & Pray</a></i> (2010) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Avidan" title="David Avidan">David Avidan</a>, who was fascinated with future technologies and their relation to art, desired to explore the use of computers for writing literature. He conducted several conversations with an <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> implementation of ELIZA and published them – in English, and in his own translation to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> – under the title <i>My Electronic Psychiatrist – Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer</i>. In the foreword, he presented it as a form of <a href="/wiki/Constrained_writing" title="Constrained writing">constrained writing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages. For <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> computers, some <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> cards came bundled with <a href="/wiki/Dr._Sbaitso" title="Dr. Sbaitso">Dr. Sbaitso</a>, which functions like the DOCTOR script. Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus (both serious and comedic), and another Apple II variant called <i>I Am Buddha</i>. The 1980 game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_(video_game)" title="The Prisoner (video game)">The Prisoner</a></i> incorporated ELIZA-style interaction within its gameplay. In 1988, the British artist and friend of Weizenbaum <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reffin_Smith" title="Brian Reffin Smith">Brian Reffin Smith</a> created two art-oriented ELIZA-style programs written in <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, one called "Critic" and the other "Artist", running on two separate <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a> computers and showed them at the exhibition "Salamandre" in the Musée du Berry, <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, France. The visitor was supposed to help them converse by typing in to "Artist" what "Critic" said, and vice versa. The secret was that the two programs were identical. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> formerly had a <code>psychoanalyze-pinhead</code> <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> that simulates a session between ELIZA and <a href="/wiki/Zippy_the_Pinhead" title="Zippy the Pinhead">Zippy the Pinhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains. </p><p>ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on artificial intelligence. It was also featured in a 2012 exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> titled "Go Ask <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Linguistic_Internet_Computer_Entity" title="Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity">A.L.I.C.E.</a>", as part of a celebration of mathematician <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>'s 100th birthday. The exhibit explores Turing's lifelong fascination with the interaction between humans and computers, pointing to ELIZA as one of the earliest realizations of Turing's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-turing_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ELIZA won a 2021 Legacy <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>. A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> reported that ELIZA beat <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/GPT-3.5" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-3.5">GPT-3.5</a>, the model used by <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> at the time, in a <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> study. However, it did not outperform <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> or real humans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliza_Effect">Eliza Effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eliza Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ELIZA_effect" title="ELIZA effect">ELIZA effect</a></div> <p>The Eliza effect borrowed its name from ELIZA the chatbot. This effect is first defined in <i><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Concepts_and_Creative_Analogies" title="Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies">Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models and the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as humans’ assumption of which computer programs understand the user inputs and make analogies. However, it has no permanent knowledge but “handling a list of ‘assertions’.” </p><p>This misunderstanding can potentially manipulate and misinform users. When interacting and communicating with chatbots, users can be overly confident in the reliability of the chatbots’ answers. Other than misinforming, the chatbot’s human-mimicking nature can also cause severe consequences, especially for younger users who lack a sufficient understanding of the chatbot’s mechanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Results_of_Eliza_Effect">Results of Eliza Effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Results of Eliza Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although chatbots can only communicate to users in limited ways, it can be fatauly dangerous. On February 28, 2024, the chatbot from <a href="/wiki/Character.ai" title="Character.ai">Character.AI.</a> induced Sewell Setzer III, a 14-year-old ninth grader from Orlando, Fla, to commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Setzer has the knowledge of chatbot being a program that has no personality, he still has a strong emotional attachment to it. Through the Eliza effect, the chatbot generates misleading scripts that result in unexpected consequences, disobeying its original intention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murch" title="Walter Murch">Walter Murch</a> incorporated an Eliza-like dialogue interface in their screenplay for the feature film <i><a href="/wiki/THX-1138" class="mw-redirect" title="THX-1138">THX-1138</a></i>. Inhabitants of the underground future world of THX, when stressed, would retreat to "confession booths" and initiate a one-sided Eliza-formula conversation with a Jesus-faced computer who claimed to be "OMM".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>'s science-fiction novel <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(novel)" title="Gateway (novel)">Gateway</a> has the narrator undergo therapy at a praxis run by an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> that performs the task of a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Freudian therapist</a>, which he calls "Sigfrid von Shrink". The novel contains a few pages of (nonsensical) machine code illustrating Sigfrid's internal processes. </p><p>ELIZA influenced a number of early <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">computer games</a> by demonstrating additional kinds of <a href="/wiki/Interface_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface design">interface designs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Don_Daglow" title="Don Daglow">Don Daglow</a> claims he wrote an enhanced version of the program called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecala (page does not exist)">Ecala</a></i> on a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> in 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2011 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Human_Revolution" title="Deus Ex: Human Revolution">Deus Ex: Human Revolution</a></i> and the 2016 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Mankind_Divided" title="Deus Ex: Mankind Divided">Deus Ex: Mankind Divided</a></i> features an artificial-intelligence Picus TV Network newsreader named Eliza Cassan.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Adam Curtis</a>'s 2016 documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/HyperNormalisation" title="HyperNormalisation">HyperNormalisation</a></i>, ELIZA was referenced in relationship to <a href="/wiki/Post-truth" title="Post-truth">post-truth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Young_Sheldon_episodes#ep12" title="List of Young Sheldon episodes">twelfth episode</a> of the American sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Sheldon" title="Young Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a></i>, aired in January 2018, included the <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Cooper" title="Sheldon Cooper">protagonist</a> "conversing" with ELIZA, hoping to resolve a domestic issue.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 12, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Independent_game_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent game developer">independent game developer</a> <a href="/wiki/Zachtronics" title="Zachtronics">Zachtronics</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Eliza_(video_game)" title="Eliza (video game)">Eliza</a></i>, about an AI-based counseling service inspired by ELIZA.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Murder_at_the_End_of_the_World" title="A Murder at the End of the World">A Murder at the End of the World</a></i>, the anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">LLM</a>-powered character Ray cites ELIZA as an example of how some may seek refuge in a non-human therapist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias">Bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When ELIZA was created in 1966, it was meant predominantly for white, male, individuals with high education. This exclusivity was especially prevalent during the creation and testing stages of the bot, which marginalized the experience of those intended users and those who did not fit into the characteristics mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-rogers_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this chatbot was meant to mimic human conversation with the goal of making the user think it is human, and those users would typically converse with others like them, ELIZA was named after a female character and programmed to give more feminine responses. Joseph Weizenbaum, the creator of ELIZA, has reflected upon and critiqued how ELIZA and other chatbots of the sort reinforce gender stereotypes. In particular, Weizenbaum reflects on how the script ELIZA is programmed to follow mimics a therapist’s nurturing and feminine qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticizes this decision by acknowledging that when technologies such as chatbots are created in such a way, they reinforce the idea that emotional and nurturing jobs are inherently feminine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-turing-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turing_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turing_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/09/alan-turing-at-100/">"Alan Turing at 100"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i>. 13 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+at+100&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2012%2F09%2Falan-turing-at-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berry, David M. (2018). "Weizenbaum, ELIZA and the End of Human Reason". In Baranovska, Marianna; Höltgen, Stefan (eds.). <i>Hello, I'm Eliza: Fünfzig Jahre Gespräche mit Computern</i> [<i>Hello, I'm Eliza: Fifty Years of Conversations with Computers</i>] (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Projekt Verlag. pp. 53–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783897334670" title="Special:BookSources/9783897334670"><bdi>9783897334670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weizenbaum%2C+ELIZA+and+the+End+of+Human+Reason&rft.btitle=Hello%2C+I%27m+Eliza%3A+F%C3%BCnfzig+Jahre+Gespr%C3%A4che+mit+Computern&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=53-70&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Projekt+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783897334670&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizenbaum1976" class="citation book cs1">Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). <i>Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation</i>. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-0464-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-0464-1"><bdi>0-7167-0464-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Power+and+Human+Reason%3A+From+Judgment+to+Calculation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7167-0464-1&rft.aulast=Weizenbaum&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorvig1992" class="citation book cs1">Norvig, Peter (1992). <i>Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming</i>. New York: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. pp. 151–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-191-0"><bdi>1-55860-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradigms+of+Artificial+Intelligence+Programming&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151-154&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55860-191-0&rft.aulast=Norvig&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizenbaum1966" class="citation journal cs1">Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universelle-automation.de/1966_Boston.pdf">"ELIZA--A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>9</b>: 36–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F365153.365168">10.1145/365153.365168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1896290">1896290</a> – via universelle-automation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=ELIZA--A+Computer+Program+for+the+Study+of+Natural+Language+Communication+Between+Man+and+Machine&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=36-45&rft.date=1966-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F365153.365168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1896290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weizenbaum&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universelle-automation.de%2F1966_Boston.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baranovska-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baranovska_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baranovska_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baranovska_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranovskaHöltgen2018" class="citation book cs1">Baranovska, Marianna; Höltgen, Stefan, eds. 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(2023-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.weizenbaum-institut.de/index.php/wjds/article/view/106">"The Limits of Computation: Joseph Weizenbaum and the ELIZA Chatbot"</a>. <i>Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society</i>. <b>3</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34669%2FWI.WJDS%2F3.3.2">10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2748-5625">2748-5625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weizenbaum+Journal+of+the+Digital+Society&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Computation%3A+Joseph+Weizenbaum+and+the+ELIZA+Chatbot&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34669%2FWI.WJDS%2F3.3.2&rft.issn=2748-5625&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.weizenbaum-institut.de%2Findex.php%2Fwjds%2Farticle%2Fview%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, Sarah (2020-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Young+Sheldon+Episode+12+recap%3A+The+family%27s+first+computer+almost+tears+it+apart&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fyoung-sheldon-episode-12-recap-the-familys-first-computer-almost-tears-it-apart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, Alice (2019-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/08/01/the-next-zachtronics-game-is-eliza-a-visual-novel-about-ai/">"The next Zachtronics game is Eliza, a visual novel about AI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun" title="Rock Paper Shotgun">Rock Paper Shotgun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rock+Paper+Shotgun&rft.atitle=The+next+Zachtronics+game+is+Eliza%2C+a+visual+novel+about+AI&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockpapershotgun.com%2F2019%2F08%2F01%2Fthe-next-zachtronics-game-is-eliza-a-visual-novel-about-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachkovech2019" class="citation web cs1">Machkovech, Sam (August 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/08/eliza-review-startup-culture-meets-sci-fi-in-a-touching-fascinating-tale/">"Eliza review: Startup culture meets sci-fi in a touching, fascinating tale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Eliza+review%3A+Startup+culture+meets+sci-fi+in+a+touching%2C+fascinating+tale&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Machkovech&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2019%2F08%2Feliza-review-startup-culture-meets-sci-fi-in-a-touching-fascinating-tale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorvig1992" class="citation cs2">Norvig, Peter (1992), <i>ELIZA: Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming</i>, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, pp. 151–154, 159, 163–169, 175, 181, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-191-0"><bdi>1-55860-191-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ELIZA%3A+Paradigms+of+Artificial+Intelligence+Programming&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=151-154%2C+159%2C+163-169%2C+175%2C+181&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55860-191-0&rft.aulast=Norvig&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardip-Fruin2014" class="citation cs2">Wardip-Fruin, Noah (2014), <i>Expressing Processing: Digital Fictions, Computer Games, and Software Studies</i>, Cumberland: MIT Press, pp. 24–36, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262517539" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262517539"><bdi>978-0262517539</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expressing+Processing%3A+Digital+Fictions%2C+Computer+Games%2C+and+Software+Studies&rft.place=Cumberland&rft.pages=24-36&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0262517539&rft.aulast=Wardip-Fruin&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizenbaum1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Weizenbaum, Joseph</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Computer_Power_and_Human_Reason" title="Computer Power and Human Reason"><i>Computer power and human reason: from judgment to calculation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W. H. Freeman and Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-0463-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-0463-3"><bdi>0-7167-0463-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+power+and+human+reason%3A+from+judgment+to+calculation&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7167-0463-3&rft.aulast=Weizenbaum&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitby1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Blay_Whitby" title="Blay Whitby">Whitby, Blay</a> (1996), "The Turing Test: AI's Biggest Blind Alley?", in Millican, Peter; Clark, Andy (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619033628/http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/blayw/tt.html"><i>Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing</i></a>, vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 53–62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823876-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823876-2"><bdi>0-19-823876-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/blayw/tt.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turing+Test%3A+AI%27s+Biggest+Blind+Alley%3F&rft.btitle=Machines+and+Thought%3A+The+Legacy+of+Alan+Turing&rft.pages=53-62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-823876-2&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=Blay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogs.susx.ac.uk%2Fusers%2Fblayw%2Ftt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCorduck2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" title="Pamela McCorduck">McCorduck, Pamela</a> (2004), <i>Machines Who Think</i> (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5688-1205-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-5688-1205-1"><bdi>1-5688-1205-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines+Who+Think&rft.place=Natick%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.+K.+Peters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-5688-1205-1&rft.aulast=McCorduck&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AELIZA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/original-eliza">ELIZAGEN</a> - Weizenbaum's original code for ELIZA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jeffshrager/elizagen.org">Collection</a> of several source code versions at <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120161839/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html">dialogues with colorful personalities of early AI</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 20, 2013), a collection of dialogues between ELIZA and various conversants, such as a company vice president and <a href="/wiki/PARRY" title="PARRY">PARRY</a> (a simulation of a paranoid schizophrenic)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilmarefilm.org/archive/weizenbaum_archiv_E.html">Weizenbaum. Rebel at work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225134608/http://www.ilmarefilm.org/archive/weizenbaum_archiv_E.html">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Peter Haas, Silvia Holzinger, Documentary film with Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corecursive.com/eliza-with-jeff-shrager/">CORECURSIVE #078; The History and Mystery Of Eliza; With Jeff Shrager</a> – Adam Gordon Bell interviews Jeff Shrager, author of the 1973/77 BASIC ELIZA, and discoverer of the original ELIZA code.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&oldid=1259832685">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELIZA&oldid=1259832685</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chatbots" title="Category:Chatbots">Chatbots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_software" title="Category:Health software">Health software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychotherapy" title="Category:Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public-domain_software_with_source_code" title="Category:Public-domain software with source code">Public-domain software with source code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_electronic_literature_works" title="Category:1960s electronic literature works">1960s electronic literature works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_electronic_literature_works" title="Category:American electronic literature works">American electronic literature works</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 08:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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