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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_example_VDCs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_example_VDCs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of example VDCs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_example_VDCs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_a_VDC_chip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_a_VDC_chip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives to a VDC chip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_a_VDC_chip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Display_Controller" title="Video Display Controller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Video Display Controller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Display_Controller" title="Video Display Controller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Video Display Controller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کنترلر نمایش‌گر ویدئویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترلر نمایش‌گر ویدئویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%B4leur_d%27affichage_vid%C3%A9o" title="Contrôleur d'affichage vidéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contrôleur d'affichage vidéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EC%BB%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="비디오 디스플레이 컨트롤러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 디스플레이 컨트롤러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Display_Controller" title="Video Display Controller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Video Display Controller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бейнеконтроллер тақшасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейнеконтроллер тақшасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Display_Controller" title="Video Display Controller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Video Display Controller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremvisningskontroller" title="Fremvisningskontroller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fremvisningskontroller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controler_de_afi%C8%99are_video" title="Controler de afișare video – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Controler de afișare video" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Видеоконтроллер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видеоконтроллер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Відеоконтролер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відеоконтролер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1852898#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video+display+controller%22">"Video display controller"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video+display+controller%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video+display+controller%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video+display+controller%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video+display+controller%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Video+display+controller%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg/370px-NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg/555px-NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg/740px-NECuPD7220BlockDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of a <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a> graphics display controller</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>video display controller</b> (<b>VDC</b>), also called a <b>display engine</b> or <b>display interface</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> which is the main component in a <a href="/wiki/Video-signal_generator" title="Video-signal generator">video-signal generator</a>, a device responsible for the production of a <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">TV</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">video signal</a> in a computing or game system. Some VDCs also generate an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>, but that is not their main function. VDCs were used in the <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> of the 1980s and also in some early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_picture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video picture (page does not exist)">video picture</a> systems. </p><p>The VDC is the main component of the video signal generator logic, responsible for generating the timing of video signals such as the horizontal and vertical <a href="/wiki/Component_video_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Component video sync">synchronization signals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Video_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Video formats">blanking interval</a> signal. Sometimes other supporting chips were necessary to build a complete system, such as <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> to hold <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> to hold <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">character fonts</a>, or some <a href="/wiki/Discrete_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete logic">discrete logic</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift registers</a>. </p><p>Most often the VDC chip is completely integrated in the logic of the main computer system, (its <a href="/wiki/Dual-ported_video_RAM" title="Dual-ported video RAM">video RAM</a> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">memory map</a> of the main CPU), but sometimes it functions as a <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessor</a> that can manipulate the video RAM contents independently. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_display_controller_vs._graphics_processing_unit">Video display controller vs. graphics processing unit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Video display controller vs. graphics processing unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difference between a display controller, a graphics accelerator, and a video compression/decompression IC is huge, but, since all of this logic is usually found on the chip of a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> and is usually not available separately to the end-customer, there is often much confusion about these very different functional blocks. </p><p>GPUs with hardware acceleration became popular during the 1990s, including the <a href="/wiki/S3_ViRGE" title="S3 ViRGE">S3 ViRGE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matrox_Mystique" title="Matrox Mystique">Matrox Mystique</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/3dfx#Product_development_history" title="3dfx">Voodoo Graphics</a>; though earlier examples such as the <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a> had already existed for some time. VDCs often had special hardware for the creation of "<a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>", a function that in more modern VDP chips is done with the "<a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Bit Blitter</a>" using the "<a href="/wiki/Bit_blit" title="Bit blit">Bit blit</a>" function. </p><p>One example of a typical video display processor is the "<a href="/wiki/VDP2_32-bit_background_and_scroll_plane_video_display_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="VDP2 32-bit background and scroll plane video display processor">VDP2 32-bit background and scroll plane video display processor</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a>. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">Lisa</a> (AGA) chip that was used for the improved graphics of the later generation <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> computers. </p><p>That said, it is not completely clear when a "video chip" is a "video display controller" and when it is a "video display processor". For example, the TMS9918 is sometimes called a "video display controller" and sometimes a "video display processor". In general however a "video display processor" has some power to "process" the contents of the video RAM (filling an area of RAM for example), while a "video display controller" only controls the timing of the video synchronization signals and the access to the video RAM. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) goes one step further than the VDP and normally also supports 3D functionality. This is the kind of chip that is used in modern personal computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video display controllers can be divided in several different types, listed here from simplest to most complex; </p> <ul><li><b>Video shifters</b>, or "video shift register based systems" (there is no generally agreed upon name for these type of devices), are the most simple type of video controllers. They are directly or indirectly responsible for the video timing signals, but they normally do not access the video RAM directly. They get the video data from the main CPU, a byte at a time, and convert it to a serial bitstream, hence the technical name "video shifter". This serial data stream is then used together with the synchronization signals to output a video signal. The main CPU needs to do the bulk of the work. Normally these chips only support a very low resolution <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> mode.</li> <li>A <b>CRTC</b>, or <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> controller, generates the video timings and reads video data from RAM attached to the CRTC to output it via an external character generator ROM (for <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text modes</a>) or directly to the video output shift register (for high resolution graphics modes).<sup id="cite_ref-Rasch_Slaughter_PC_Underground_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasch_Slaughter_PC_Underground-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the actual capabilities of the video generator depend to a large degree on the external logic, video generator based on a CRTC chip can have a wide range of capabilities, from simple text-mode only systems to high-resolution systems supporting a wide range of colours. Sprites, however, are normally not supported by these systems.</li> <li><b>Video interface controllers</b> are much more complex than CRT controllers, and the external circuitry that is needed with a CRTC is embedded in the video controller chip. Sprites are often supported, as are (RAM based) <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character generators</a> and video RAM dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">colour attributes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">pallette registers</a> (<a href="/wiki/CLUT" class="mw-redirect" title="CLUT">colour lookup tables</a>) for the high-resolution or text modes.</li> <li><b>Video coprocessors</b> have their own internal CPU dedicated to reading (and writing) their own video RAM (which may be shared with the CPU), and converting the contents of this video RAM to a video signal. The main CPU can give commands to the coprocessor, for example to change the video modes or to manipulate the video RAM contents. The video coprocessor also controls the (most often RAM-based) character generator, the colour attribute RAM, palette registers, and the sprite logic (as long as these exist of course).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_example_VDCs">List of example VDCs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of example VDCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware" title="List of home computers by video hardware">List of home computers by video hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite (computer graphics)</a></div> <p>Examples of video display controllers are: </p><p><b>Video shifters</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/RCA_CDP1861" title="RCA CDP1861">RCA CDP1861</a> was a very simple chip, built in <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> technology (which was unusual for the mid-1970s) to complement the <a href="/wiki/RCA_1802" title="RCA 1802">RCA 1802</a> microprocessor, it was mainly used in the <a href="/wiki/COSMAC_VIP" title="COSMAC VIP">COSMAC VIP</a>. It could only support a very low resolution monochrome graphic mode.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Television_Interface_Adaptor" title="Television Interface Adaptor">Television Interface Adaptor</a> (TIA) is the custom video chip that is the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> games console, a primitive chip that relied on the 6502 microprocessor to do most of the work, also was used to generate the audio.</li></ul> <p><b>CRT Controllers</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Intel_8275" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8275">Intel 8275</a> CRT controller was used in the <a href="/wiki/Convergent_Technologies" title="Convergent Technologies">Convergent Technologies</a> AWS / <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B20" title="Burroughs B20">Burroughs B20</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> systems.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6845" title="Motorola 6845">Motorola 6845</a> (MC6845) is a video address generator first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> and used for the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>. It was also used for almost all the early video adapters for the PC, such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> adapters. The MDA and CGA use an actual Motorola chip, while the EGA has a custom IBM chipset of five LSI chips; one of those chips includes IBM's reimplementation of the CRTC, which operates like an MC6845 but differs in a few register addresses and functions so it is not 100% compatible. In all later <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> compatible adapters the function of the 6845 is still reproduced inside the video chip, so in a sense all current <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> PCs still incorporate the logic of the 6845 CRTC.</li></ul> <p><b>Video interface controllers</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Signetics_2636" class="mw-redirect" title="Signetics 2636">Signetics 2636</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Signetics_2637&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signetics 2637 (page does not exist)">2637</a> are video controllers best known for their use in the <a href="/wiki/VC_4000" class="mw-redirect" title="VC 4000">Interton VC 4000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_2001" title="Arcadia 2001">Emerson Arcadia 2001</a> respectively.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MC6847" class="mw-redirect" title="MC6847">MC6847</a> is a video display generator (VDG) first introduced by Motorola and used in the <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Color_Computer" title="TRS-80 Color Computer">TRS-80 Color Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_32/64" title="Dragon 32/64">Dragon 32/64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser 200">Laser 200</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Atom" title="Acorn Atom">Acorn Atom</a> among others.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC" title="MOS Technology VIC">MOS Technology 6560 (NTSC) and 6561 (PAL)</a> are known as the video interface controller (VIC) and used in the <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">MOS Technology 6567/8562/8564 (NTSC versions) and 6569/8565/8566 (PAL)</a> were known as the VIC-II and were used in the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_8563" title="MOS Technology 8563">MOS Technology 8563</a>/<a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_8568" title="MOS Technology 8568">8568</a> was used in the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a> (8563) and Commodore 128D (8568) to create an 80 column text display, as well as several high resolution graphics modes. The Commodore 128 models included a <a href="/wiki/VIC-II" class="mw-redirect" title="VIC-II">VIC-II</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> compatible video modes.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_TED" title="MOS Technology TED">MOS Technology 7360</a> text editing device (TED) was used in the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Plus/4" title="Commodore Plus/4">Commodore Plus/4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_16" title="Commodore 16">Commodore 16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_116" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore 116">Commodore 116</a> computers and had an integrated audio capability.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">Philips semiconductors</a> SCC66470 was a VSC (Video- and Systems Controller) used in conjunction with their <a href="/wiki/Philips_68070" title="Philips 68070">68070</a>-Microcontroller e.g. in <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> systems.</li></ul> <p><b>Video coprocessors</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a> (<i><b>A</b>lpha-<b>N</b>umeric <b>T</b>elevision <b>I</b>nterface <b>C</b>ircuit</i>) was an early video system chip used in <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>. It could read a "<a href="/wiki/Display_list" title="Display list">Display list</a>" with its own built in CPU and use this data to generate a complex video signal.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">TMS9918</a> is known as the Video Display Processor (VDP) and was first designed for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4" class="mw-redirect" title="TI-99/4">TI-99/4</a>, but was later also used in systems like the <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> (MSX-1), <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memotech_MTX" title="Memotech MTX">Memotech MTX series</a>, and for the <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a> and <a href="/wiki/SC-3000" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-3000">SC-3000</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a> uses an enhanced VDP based on the TMS9918, and the Sega 315-5313 (Yamaha YM7101) VDP used in the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> and some arcade machines is a further advancement of the Master System VDP with the original (inferior) TMS9918 modes removed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a>. Used in some high-end graphics boards for the IBM PC in the mid 80s, notably in products from <a href="/wiki/Number_Nine_Visual_Technology" title="Number Nine Visual Technology">Number Nine Visual Technology</a>.</li> <li>The RP2C02 (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or RP2C07 (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a video coprocessor designed by <a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s use in the Famicom and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>. It was connected to 2048 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> of dedicated video RAM, and had a dedicated address bus that allowed additional RAM or ROM to be accessed from the game cartridge. A scrollable playfield of 256×240 pixels was supported, along with a display list of 64 OBJs (sprites), of which 8 could be displayed per scanline.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9938" title="Yamaha V9938">Yamaha V9938</a> is an improved version of the TMS9918, and was mainly used in the <a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX2" title="MSX">MSX2</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9958" title="Yamaha V9958">Yamaha V9958</a> is the Video Display Processor (VDP) mainly used in the <a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX2.2B" title="MSX">MSX2+</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX_turboR" title="MSX">MSX turboR</a> computers.</li> <li>The VLSI VS21S010D-L is a 128kB SPI/parallel SRAM with an integrated video display controller with variable-bit-depth pixels and a block-move blitter.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thomson_EF936x" title="Thomson EF936x">Thomson EF936x</a> series of Graphic Display Processor (GDP), which offers a draw rate of 1 million <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> per second and resolutions up to 1024×512.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_a_VDC_chip">Alternatives to a VDC chip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternatives to a VDC chip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that many early home computers did not use a VDP chip, but built the whole video display controller from a lot of <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">discrete logic</a> chips, (examples are the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">PET</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>). Because these methods are very flexible, video display generators could be very capable (or extremely primitive, depending on the quality of the design), but also needed a lot of components. </p><p>Many early systems used some form of an early <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">programmable logic array</a> to create a video system; examples include the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZX81" title="ZX81">ZX81</a> systems and Elektronika <a href="/wiki/BK-0010" class="mw-redirect" title="BK-0010">BK-0010</a>, but there were many others. Early implementations were often very primitive, but later implementations sometimes resulted in fairly advanced video systems, like the one in the <a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9" title="SAM Coupé">SAM Coupé</a>. On the lower end, as in the ZX81, the hardware would only perform electrical functions and the timing and level of the video stream was provided by the microprocessor. As the video data rate was high relative to the processor speed, the computer could only perform actual non-display computations during the retrace period between display frames. This limited performance to at most 25% of overall available CPU cycles. </p><p>These systems could thus build a very capable system with relatively few components, but the low transistor count of early programmable logic meant that the capabilities of early PLA-based systems were often less impressive than those using the video interface controllers or video coprocessors that were available at the same time. Later PLA solutions, such as those using <a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLDs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGAs</a>, could result in much more advanced video systems, surpassing those built using off-the-shelf components. </p><p>An often-used hybrid solution was to use a video interface controller (often the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6845" title="Motorola 6845">Motorola 6845</a>) as a basis and expand its capabilities with programmable logic or an <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a>. An example of such a hybrid solution is the original <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> card, that used a 6845 in combination with an ASIC. That is why all current VGA based video systems still use the <a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">hardware registers</a> that were provided by the 6845. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_solutions">Modern solutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg/420px-Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg/630px-Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg/840px-Radeon_R300_block_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ATi_Radeon_R300_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATi Radeon R300 Series">ATi R300 chip</a> block diagram. The display controller is labelled "display interface".</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advancements made in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a>, more and more functionality is implemented as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, often licensable as <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">semiconductor intellectual property core</a> (SIP core). Display controller <a href="/wiki/System_In_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="System In Package">System In Package</a> (SiP) blocks can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a> of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Accelerated Processing Unit">APUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoCs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They support a variety of <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very-high-density_cable_interconnect" title="Very-high-density cable interconnect">VHDCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/DMS-59" title="DMS-59">DMS-59</a> and more. The <a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHY</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">LVDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transition-minimized_differential_signaling" title="Transition-minimized differential signaling">TMDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flat_Panel_Display_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat Panel Display Link">Flat Panel Display Link</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenLDI" title="OpenLDI">OpenLDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Current-mode_logic" title="Current-mode logic">CML</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, a VGA-signal, which is created by GPU is being transported over a VGA-cable to the display controller. Both ends of the cable end in a <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptops</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile computer">mobile computers</a> use different interfaces between the display controller and the display. A display controller usually supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standards</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a> is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> for display controllers and <a href="/wiki/AMD_Eyefinity" title="AMD Eyefinity">AMD Eyefinity</a> is a special brand of display controller with <a href="/wiki/Multi-monitor" title="Multi-monitor">multi-monitor</a> support. </p><p><a href="/wiki/RandR" class="mw-redirect" title="RandR">RandR</a> (resize and rotate) is a method to configure screen resolution and refresh rate on each individual outputs separately and at the same time configure the settings of the windowing system accordingly. </p><p>An example for this dichotomy is offered by <a href="/wiki/ARM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Holdings">ARM Holdings</a>: they offer SIP core for 3D rendering acceleration and for display controller independently. The former has marketing names such as Mali-200 or Mali-T880 while the latter is available as Mali-DP500, Mali-DP550 and Mali-DP650.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> released the <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a>, one of the most widely used video display controllers in 1980s <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. It was used in the <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9801">NEC PC-9801</a>, <a href="/wiki/APC_III" class="mw-redirect" title="APC III">APC III</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEC_Rainbow" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Rainbow">DEC Rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulip_System-1" title="Tulip System-1">Tulip System-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epson_QX-10" title="Epson QX-10">Epson QX-10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> licensed the design and called it the 82720 graphics display controller.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, graphic cards were also called graphic adapters, and the chips used on these <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a> cards consisted solely of a display controller, as this was the only functionality required to connect a computer to a display. Later cards included ICs to perform calculations related to 2D rendering in parallel with the CPU; these cards were referred to as graphics accelerator cards. Similarly, ICs for 3D rendering eventually followed. Such cards were available with <a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a> interfaces; modern cards typically use the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> bus, as they require much greater bandwidth then the ISA bus can deliver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware" title="List of home computers by video hardware">List of home computers by video hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rasch_Slaughter_PC_Underground-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rasch_Slaughter_PC_Underground_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Rasch,_B._Bertelsons1995" class="citation book cs1">M. Rasch, B. Bertelsons (1995). Scott Slaughter (ed.). <i>PC Underground: Unconventional Programming Topics</i>. US: Abacus Software Inc. p. 58-68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557552754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557552754"><bdi>978-1557552754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PC+Underground%3A+Unconventional+Programming+Topics&rft.place=US&rft.pages=58-68&rft.pub=Abacus+Software+Inc&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1557552754&rft.au=M.+Rasch%2C+B.+Bertelsons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span> "Cathode Ray Tube Controller (CRTC) is responsible for generating the video signal and is programmable. CRTC-Registers bit meaning tables for <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">SVGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode_X" title="Mode X">Mode X</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nesdev.org/wiki/NTSC_video">"NES NTSC Video"</a>. NESdev.org. 2024-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NES+NTSC+Video&rft.pub=NESdev.org&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdev.org%2Fwiki%2FNTSC_video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nesdev.org/wiki/PAL_video">"NES PAL Video"</a>. NESdev.org. 2024-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NES+PAL+Video&rft.pub=NESdev.org&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdev.org%2Fwiki%2FPAL_video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1604.0/00503.html">"Initial support for ARM Mali Display Controller"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">Linux kernel mailing list</a>. 2016-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initial+support+for+ARM+Mali+Display+Controller&rft.pub=Linux+kernel+mailing+list&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F1604.0%2F00503.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDampf1986" class="citation web cs1">Dampf, Guido (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrickery.xs4all.nl/comp/qx10/doc/Mc7220_summary.txt">"Graphics with the NEC 7220: Direct access with Turbo Pascal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphics+with+the+NEC+7220%3A+Direct+access+with+Turbo+Pascal&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dampf&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectrickery.xs4all.nl%2Fcomp%2Fqx10%2Fdoc%2FMc7220_summary.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span> (Translation of "Grafik mit dem 7220 von NEC", <i>mc</i>, 1986, H11, pp. 54-65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangon_Tsay1986" class="citation book cs1">Changon Tsay (January 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.utep.edu/dissertations/AAIEP02441"><i>A graphics system design based on the INTEL 82720 graphics display controller</i></a>. University of Texas at El Paso. pp. 1–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+graphics+system+design+based+on+the+INTEL+82720+graphics+display+controller&rft.pages=1-152&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+El+Paso&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.au=Changon+Tsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.utep.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAIEP02441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+display+controller" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_display_controller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja8fM7rTae4"><span class="plainlinks">Embedded Linux Conference 2013 – Anatomy of an Embedded KMS driver</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> KMS driver is a device driver for display controllers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template talk:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_processing_unit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tegra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Tegra">Tegra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">NEC µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3dfx_graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of 3dfx graphics processing units">3dfx Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze3D" title="Glaze3D">Glaze3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCore" title="VideoCore">VideoCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivante_Corporation" title="Vivante Corporation">Vivante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_2700G" title="Intel 2700G">Intel 2700G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">Compute kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">Graphics pipeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_pipelines" title="Geometry pipelines">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_pipeline" title="Vertex pipeline">Vertex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">HDR rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">SIMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)" title="Tessellation (computer graphics)">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">T&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_rendering" title="Tiled rendering">Tiled rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processing unit">Video processing unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SGRAM">SGRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR2">GDDR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR3">GDDR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR4">GDDR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR5">GDDR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR7" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR7">GDDR7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM2E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2E">HBM2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3">HBM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM-PIM" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM-PIM">HBM-PIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3E">HBM3E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_bandwidth" title="Memory bandwidth">Memory bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_graphics_memory" title="Shared graphics memory">Shared graphics memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_memory" title="Texture memory">Texture memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">VRAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">IP core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Discrete graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_switching" title="GPU switching">Switching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="External GPU">External graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated graphics">Integrated graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillrate" title="Fillrate">Fillrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Pixel/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel/s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOP/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a 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