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href="#Specialty_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Specialty occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_of_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_of_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Duration of status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_of_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_registration_process_and_lottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_registration_process_and_lottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Electronic registration process and lottery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_registration_process_and_lottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_Condition_Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_Condition_Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Labor Condition Application </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_Condition_Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintaining_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintaining_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Maintaining status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintaining_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Maintaining status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Maintaining_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation_of_H-1B_visa_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_of_H-1B_visa_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Taxation of H-1B visa holders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_of_H-1B_visa_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_intent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_intent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dual intent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_intent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependents_of_visa_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependents_of_visa_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dependents of visa holders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependents_of_visa_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traveling_outside_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traveling_outside_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Traveling outside the U.S. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traveling_outside_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_Visa_Renewal_Pilot_Program_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_Visa_Renewal_Pilot_Program_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Domestic Visa Renewal Pilot Program (2024) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_Visa_Renewal_Pilot_Program_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Annual cap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visa_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visa_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Visa creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visa_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Immigration_Act_of_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Immigration_Act_of_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The Immigration Act of 1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Immigration_Act_of_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act_of_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act_of_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 The American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act of 1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act_of_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act_of_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act_of_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act of 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act_of_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade_agreements_in_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_agreements_in_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Free trade agreements in 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_agreements_in_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_legislation_in_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_legislation_in_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Proposed legislation in 2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_legislation_in_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 The Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Employ_American_Workers_Act_of_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Employ_American_Workers_Act_of_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 The Employ American Workers Act of 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Employ_American_Workers_Act_of_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_legislation_in_2017-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_legislation_in_2017-2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Proposed legislation in 2017-2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_legislation_in_2017-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_action_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_action_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Executive action history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_action_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-STEM_Optional_Practical_Training_extension_and_cap-gap_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STEM_Optional_Practical_Training_extension_and_cap-gap_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.1 STEM Optional Practical Training extension and cap-gap extension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STEM_Optional_Practical_Training_extension_and_cap-gap_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2010_Neufeld_Memo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2010_Neufeld_Memo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.2 The 2010 Neufeld Memo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2010_Neufeld_Memo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_H-1B_dependent_work_authorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_H-1B_dependent_work_authorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.3 2015 H-1B dependent work authorization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_H-1B_dependent_work_authorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_work_site_guidance_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_work_site_guidance_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.4 2015 work site guidance change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_work_site_guidance_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_H-1B_maximum_stay_clarification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_H-1B_maximum_stay_clarification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.5 2016 H-1B maximum stay clarification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_H-1B_maximum_stay_clarification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_employment_termination_grace_period_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_employment_termination_grace_period_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.6 2017 employment termination grace period rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_employment_termination_grace_period_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_H-4_victims_of_domestic_violence_work_authorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_H-4_victims_of_domestic_violence_work_authorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.7 2017 H-4 victims of domestic violence work authorization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_H-4_victims_of_domestic_violence_work_authorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_computer-programming_position_memo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_computer-programming_position_memo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.8 2017 computer-programming position memo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_computer-programming_position_memo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Buy_American,_Hire_American_executive_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Buy_American,_Hire_American_executive_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.9 2017 Buy American, Hire American executive order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Buy_American,_Hire_American_executive_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_extension_rejection_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_extension_rejection_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.10 2018 extension rejection rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_extension_rejection_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_H-1B_entry_suspension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_H-1B_entry_suspension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.11 2020 H-1B entry suspension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_H-1B_entry_suspension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_H-1B_lottery_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_H-1B_lottery_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.12 2020 H-1B lottery rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_H-1B_lottery_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_H-1B_entry_suspension_expiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_H-1B_entry_suspension_expiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.13 2021 H-1B entry suspension expiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_H-1B_entry_suspension_expiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In politics and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_politics_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In politics and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_politics_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015_spotlight_on_H-1B_visas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_spotlight_on_H-1B_visas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2015 spotlight on H-1B visas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_spotlight_on_H-1B_visas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_election_policy_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_election_policy_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2016 election policy issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_election_policy_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_H-1B_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_H-1B_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2019 H-1B data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_H-1B_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_electronic_registration_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_electronic_registration_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2021 electronic registration system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_electronic_registration_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Corporate welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_labor_shortage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_labor_shortage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 No labor shortage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_labor_shortage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wage_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wage_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Wage depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wage_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevailing_wage_loopholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevailing_wage_loopholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Prevailing wage loopholes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevailing_wage_loopholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_"brain_drain"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_"brain_drain""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Internal "brain drain" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_"brain_drain"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Against_American_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_American_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Against American citizens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_American_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ageism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Ageism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wage_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wage_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Wage slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wage_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_intent_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_intent_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Dual intent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_intent_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_shopping_and_offshoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_shopping_and_offshoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Body shopping and offshoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_shopping_and_offshoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training_foreign_replacements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_foreign_replacements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.1 Training foreign replacements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_foreign_replacements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_for_entrepreneurs_and_self-employed_consultants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_for_entrepreneurs_and_self-employed_consultants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Limitations for entrepreneurs and self-employed consultants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_for_entrepreneurs_and_self-employed_consultants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H-1B_visa_tables_and_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H-1B_visa_tables_and_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 H-1B visa tables and charts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-H-1B_visa_tables_and_charts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle H-1B visa tables and charts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-H-1B_visa_tables_and_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approved_H-1B_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approved_H-1B_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Approved H-1B applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approved_H-1B_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H-1B_visas_issued_per_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H-1B_visas_issued_per_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 H-1B visas issued per year </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-1B_visas_issued_per_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_H-1B_employers_by_visa_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_H-1B_employers_by_visa_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Top H-1B employers by visa approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_H-1B_employers_by_visa_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">H-1B visa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" > 9 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B" title="H-1B – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="H-1B" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%9A-1%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE" title="એચ-1બી વિઝા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એચ-1બી વિઝા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90" title="H-1B 비자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="H-1B 비자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A_-1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="हेच -1बी वीज़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेच -1बी वीज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE" title="H-1B ವೀಸಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="H-1B ವೀಸಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="एच-१ बी व्हिसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एच-१ बी व्हिसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="H-1B visa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US employment visa for specialty occupations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">H-1B Visa</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-immigrant work visa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Employment of foreign workers in specialty occupations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act of 1990</a>; roots in H-1 visa from <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>; modified by <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act of 2000 (AC21)</a> and subsequent legislation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Eligibility</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Bachelor's degree or higher in specific specialty</li> <li>Job offer for a specialty occupation</li> <li>Employer sponsorship</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Initially up to 3 years, extendable to 6 years; further extensions possible under certain conditions (e.g., pending green card applications)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Annual Cap</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>65,000 regular cap</li> <li>20,000 additional for U.S. advanced degree holders</li> <li>1,400 for Chilean nationals (H-1B1)</li> <li>5,400 for Singapore nationals (H-1B1)</li> <li>Cap exemptions for certain employers (e.g., higher education institutions, nonprofit research organizations)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Application Process</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Employer submits electronic registration for H-1B lottery (implemented in 2020)</li> <li>If selected, employer files Labor Condition Application (LCA)</li> <li>Employer submits Form I-129 to USCIS</li> <li>Applicant applies for visa at U.S. consulate (if abroad)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Dependents</th><td class="infobox-data">Spouse and unmarried children under 21 eligible for H-4 visas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Work Authorization</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>H-1B holder: Allowed to work for sponsoring employer</li> <li>H-4 dependents: Eligible if H-1B spouse has approved I-140 immigrant petition or H-1B status beyond 6 years under <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">AC21</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Dual Intent</th><td class="infobox-data">Allowed (can pursue permanent residency)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#eef;">Oversight</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:H-1B_Visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:H-1B Visa (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:H-1B_Visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:H-1B Visa (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:H-1B_Visa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:H-1B Visa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The H-1B is a foreign worker <a href="/wiki/United_States_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States visa">visa</a> in the United States that allows U.S. employers to hire foreign workers in so-called specialty occupations. The regulation and implementation of the visa program is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> (USCIS) within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS). Although U.S. law does not specify what it considers "specialty occupations," they are defined as a category of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">specialized knowledge</a> and eligible applicants must have at least a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">higher</a> qualification, or the equivalent work experience.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The visa allows an initial three-year stay in the U.S., which may be extended to a maximum of six years. After this period, the visa holder must either leave the U.S. or reapply. The number of H-1B visas issued each fiscal year is capped at 65,000, with an additional 20,000 visas available for individuals who have earned a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> or higher from a U.S. institution. Sponsorship by an employer is required for applicants.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In 2019, the USCIS estimated there were 583,420 foreign nationals on H-1B visas in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Between 1991 and 2022, the number of H-1B visas issued quadrupled.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 265,777 H-1B visas were approved in 2022, the second-largest category of visa in terms of the number of foreign workers after the 310,676 <a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visas</a> issued to temporary, <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_Agricultural_Worker_Program" title="Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program">seasonal, agriculture workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The H-1B program has been criticized for potentially subsidizing businesses, creating conditions likened to modern <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a>, institutionalizing <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">discrimination against older workers</a>, and suppressing wages within the technology sector. Economists and academics remain divided on the program's overall effect, including its effects on innovation, U.S. workers, and the broader economy.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility_and_application_process">Eligibility and application process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Eligibility and application process">edit</a>]</div> The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa in the United States that allows employers to hire foreign workers in specialty occupations, has an annual cap on the number of issued visas, and requires employers to submit paperwork that ensures compliance with various provisions of the law authorizing the visa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_occupation">Specialty occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specialty occupation">edit</a>]</div> H-1B visas, as defined by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>, are those jobs that require a "theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge" and a bachelor's degree or higher or the equivalent experience.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In order to determine which jobs qualify under the law, the <a href="/wiki/USCIS" class="mw-redirect" title="USCIS">USCIS</a> works with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Standard_Occupational_Classification_System" title="Standard Occupational Classification System">Standard Occupational Classification</a> database to determine a list of specific occupations.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> To maintain H-1B visa status, visa holders must maintain employment with their sponsoring employer. If employment ends, the individual must either leave the U.S., seek a change of status, or obtain a new H-1B sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> As of 2017, USCIS implemented a grace period of up to 60 days following employment termination, during which the individual may remain in the United States to seek new employment or file for a change of status.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_of_status">Duration of status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duration of status">edit</a>]</div> The duration of stay for an H-1B visa holder is typically six years. In 2000, some exemptions were added to increase the length of stay for some visa holders: <ul><li>Permanent Residency Applications: If the visa holder has filed a <a href="/wiki/Form_I-140" title="Form I-140">Form I-140</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Labor_Certification" title="Permanent Labor Certification">Permanent Labor Certification</a> before the fifth year of having an H-1B visa, they may extend their H-1B status in one-year increments until the government decides whether to grant permanent residency status.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Priority Date Delays: If an approved I-140 petition exists but the applicant cannot proceed with the <a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">green card</a> process due to a backlog, they may be eligible for a three-year extension.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Department of Defense Projects: H-1B holders working on specific <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> projects may extend their visa up to ten years.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> For certain countries, the three-year extension period has been set to one-year extensions for various reasons. For example, during <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a>'s time as a H-1B visa holder, she was limited to one-year increments, which was the maximum time allowed for H-1B visa for citizens of Slovenia. Melania Trump became a U.S. citizen in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-slovenia-one-year-20">[20]</a> After six years, H-1B holders who have not obtained permanent residency must spend one year outside the U.S. before reapplying for another H-1B visa, unless they qualify for an extension under the exceptions mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-six-years-21">[21]</a> Visa holders may change to a job in a specialized occupation other than the one they were approved for in their initial application providing their new job is considered a specialized occupation and that their employment is officially sponsored by their new employer.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_registration_process_and_lottery">Electronic registration process and lottery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic registration process and lottery">edit</a>]</div> The USCIS uses an electronic registration system and lottery process to manage applications. American employers H-1B workers must create an account on the USCIS online portal. This account enables them to submit registrations for prospective beneficiaries during the designated registration period.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> USCIS announces dates for the registration period each fiscal year, typically in March. As of April 2024, the registration fee is $215 per beneficiary. This fee is non-refundable and must be paid at the time of registration. Employers provide basic information about their company and each prospective beneficiary. USCIS states the streamlined process reduces the administrative burden compared to submitting full petitions initially.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> The annual H-1B season officially starts in March of each year, when petitioners are allowed to register electronically for their applicant. If more registrations are submitted there will be a random selection, also called an H-1B lottery.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After the registration period closes, USCIS conducts the lottery and notifies selected registrants. Employers with selected registrations have a limited period, typically 90 days, to submit completed H-1B petitions (<a href="/wiki/Form_I-129" title="Form I-129">Form I-129</a>) for their beneficiaries. The earliest date for filing these petitions is usually April 1.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> During the 2024 fiscal-year lottery, there were 758,994 eligible electronic registrations and 110,791 people selected for an H-1B visa.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> Selected registrants can begin filing their <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a> with the Department of Labor on April 1.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> It allows a six-month window before the employee start date on October 1.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> USCIS implements measures to prevent fraud and abuse in the registration process, including a beneficiary-specific selection process to prevent multiple registrations for the same individual by different employers. These measures aim to ensure a fair selection process.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> In March 2017, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Oregon" title="United States District Court for the District of Oregon">federal judge in Oregon</a> dismissed a lawsuit challenging the H-1B visa lottery system, granting summary judgment in favor of USCIS, appying <a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron deference</a>. The court's ruling acknowledged USCIS's discretion in implementing this system to address the overwhelming number of petitions received each year.<a href="#cite_note-nlr-lawsuit-decision-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-lawsuit-decision-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_Condition_Application">Labor Condition Application</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labor Condition Application">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a></div> Before an employer can hire a foreign worker under the H-1B visa program, the employer must submit a <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a> (LCA) to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> for certification. The LCA ensures the employment of H-1B workers will not harm the wages or working conditions of U.S. workers in similar roles.<a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> The LCA is designed to protect both U.S. and foreign workers by setting standards for wages and working conditions. Employers are prohibited from using the H-1B program to replace U.S. workers during labor disputes or to exploit foreign workers by offering substandard wages. Employers must keep detailed public records, making LCAs available for inspection by the Labor Department and members of the public upon request. The required forms to fulfill this requirement are Forms ETA-9035 and 9035. The Labor Department has different requirements for workers who are dependent on H-1B visa workers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> Employers hiring H-1B visa workers must:<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Pay the nonimmigrant workers at least the local prevailing wage or the employer's actual wage, whichever is higher; pay for non-productive time in certain circumstances; and offer benefits on the same basis as for U.S. workers;</li> <li>Provide working conditions for H-1B, H-1B1, or E-3 workers that will not adversely affect the working conditions of workers similarly employed;</li> <li>Not employ an H-1B, H-1B1, or E-3 worker at a location where a strike or lockout in the occupational classification is occurring, and notify ETA of any future strike or lockout; and</li> <li>On or within 30 days before the date the LCA is filed with ETA, provide notice of the employer's intent to hire H-1B, H-1B1, or E-3 workers. The employer must provide this notice to the bargaining representative of workers in the occupation in which the H-1B, H-1B1, or E-3 worker will be employed. If there is no bargaining representative, the employer must post such notices in conspicuous locations at the intended place(s) of employment, or provide them electronically.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a></li></ul></blockquote> According to additional rules for employers who are dependent upon H-1B workers or are willful violators of the H-1B rules: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>The employer will not displace any similarly employed U.S. worker within 90 days before or after the date of filing of any visa petition supported by an LCA;</li> <li>The employer will not place any H-1B worker employed pursuant to the LCA at the worksite of another employer unless the employer first makes a bona fide inquiry as to whether the other employer has displaced or intends to displace a similarly employed U.S. worker within 90 days before or after the placement of the H-1B worker, and the employer applicant has no contrary knowledge; and</li> <li>The employer, before petitioning for H-1B status for any alien worker pursuant to an H-1B LCA, took good faith steps to recruit U.S. workers for the job for which the alien worker is sought, at wages at least equal to those offered to the H-1B worker. Also, the employer will offer the job to any U.S. worker who applies and is equally or better qualified than the H-1B worker. This attestation does not apply if the H-1B worker is a "priority worker" (see Section 203(b) (1) (A), (B), or (C) of the INA).<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a></li></ul> </blockquote> Additional rules apply to employers who are dependent (15 percent or more of their workforce) or who have violated rules with the Department of Labor in the past.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintaining_status">Maintaining status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maintaining status">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_of_H-1B_visa_holders">Taxation of H-1B visa holders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxation of H-1B visa holders">edit</a>]</div> H-1B visa holders are taxed based on residency status under the <a href="/wiki/Substantial_Presence_Test" title="Substantial Presence Test">Substantial Presence Test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> Those present in the U.S. for at least 183 weighted days over three years are resident aliens and taxed on worldwide income. Others are nonresident aliens, taxed only on U.S.-sourced income.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> H-1B workers must pay <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act">Social Security and Medicare</a> taxes, unless exempt under a <a href="/wiki/Totalization_agreements" title="Totalization agreements">Totalization Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> As such, visa holders may be eligible for receiving <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security benefits</a> upon retirement should the individual have enough credits and not barred by any totalization agreements with their home country.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Employers also pay <a href="/wiki/Federal_Unemployment_Tax_Act" title="Federal Unemployment Tax Act">federal unemployment tax</a> on their wages.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> For tax filing, nonresidents use <a href="/wiki/Form_1040" title="Form 1040">Form 1040</a>-NR, while residents file Form 1040.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> Dual-status taxpayers (those changing residency status during the year) must file specialized returns.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> H-1B holders who qualify for tax treaty benefits must file Form 8833, with additional forms for specific exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> Ensuring compliance with tax classification and reporting prevents penalties.<a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_intent">Dual intent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dual intent">edit</a>]</div> H-1B visas are considered "dual intent" because it is a temporary visa which gives visa holders the option to apply for permanent residency.<a href="#cite_note-henrychang-34">[34]</a> Employers often support this process by sponsoring green card application for H-1B employees.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Typically, visa holders will be working in the U.S. with the visa while they apply for permanent residency<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependents_of_visa_holders">Dependents of visa holders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dependents of visa holders">edit</a>]</div> H-1B visa holders can bring immediate family members, such as their spouse and children under 21, to the United States as <a href="/wiki/Dependent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent (law)">dependents</a> under the <a href="/wiki/H-4_visa" title="H-4 visa">H-4 visa</a> category.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> An H-4 visa holder may remain in the U.S. as long as the H-1B visa holder retains legal status. An H-4 visa holder is allowed to attend school, apply for a driver's license, and open a bank account in the U.S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From May 26, 2015, USCIS allows some spouses of H-1B visa holders to apply for eligibility to work unrestricted in the U.S. Under the rule, the H-1B worker must either be the principal beneficiary of an approved Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker (Form I-140) or have H-1B status under the <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_Twenty-first_Century_Act_of_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="American Competitiveness in the Twenty-first Century Act of 2000">American Competitiveness in the Twenty-first Century Act of 2000</a>, as amended by the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act, and the spouse must be in the United States with H-4 visa status.<a href="#cite_note-highlyskilled-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-extends-41">[41]</a> The spouse must file Form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, with supporting documents and a filing fee.<a href="#cite_note-extends-41">[41]</a> The spouse is authorized to work in the U.S. only after the Form I-765 is approved and the spouse receives an <a href="/wiki/Employment_Authorization_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment Authorization Document">Employment Authorization Document</a> card.<a href="#cite_note-extends-41">[41]</a> In 2022, the U.S. government issued 82,616 work permits for H-1B spouses.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traveling_outside_the_U.S.">Traveling outside the U.S.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traveling outside the U.S.">edit</a>]</div> When an H-1B worker travels outside the U.S. (except to Canada or Mexico for 30 days or less),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> they must have a valid visa stamp in their passport to re-enter the US.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> If their visa stamp has expired but they have an unexpired I-797 petition approval notice, they must visit a U.S. embassy and appear before a Department of State Consular Officer to obtain a new H-1B visa stamp. Consular officers follow the Foreign Affairs Manual, which states that an approved USCIS petition confirms the basic requirements for H-1B classification have been met.<a href="#cite_note-9FAM402-10-45">[45]</a> However, officers do not re-evaluate whether the job qualifies as a specialty occupation or whether the applicant meets all position-related requirements. While USCIS approval does not guarantee a visa, consular officers can only refuse issuance if they suspect fraud or misrepresentation. They rely on their cultural and local knowledge to assess credibility.<a href="#cite_note-9FAM402-102-46">[46]</a> If concerns arise, they may request additional evidence or take more time to decide.<a href="#cite_note-9FAM402-10-45">[45]</a> If issues are confirmed, the case is sent back to USCIS for review, where the petition is either reaffirmed or revoked.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Consular officers themselves do not have the authority to revoke USCIS-approved petitions.<a href="#cite_note-9FAM402-103-49">[49]</a> In some visa-application cases, H-1B workers can be required to undergo "<a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">administrative processing</a>" involving extra background checks. Under current rules, these checks are supposed to take ten or fewer days but in some cases, have lasted years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> An individual with a valid H-1B visa does not need a visa to enter Costa Rica for tourism for up to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-Costa_Rica-51">[51]</a> The H-1B visa must be stamped in the passport and be valid for at least six months.<a href="#cite_note-Costa_Rica-51">[51]</a> The passport must be valid for at least six months after entering Costa Rica.<a href="#cite_note-Costa_Rica-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Domestic_Visa_Renewal_Pilot_Program_(2024)">Domestic Visa Renewal Pilot Program (2024)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Domestic Visa Renewal Pilot Program (2024)">edit</a>]</div> The Department of State introduced a limited Domestic Visa Renewal Pilot Program from January 29 to April 1, 2024, to simplify the H-1B visa renewal process. This program allowed select H-1B visa holders who had previously received their visas from specific consulates in Canada or India to renew them within the U.S., avoiding the need for international travel. Capped at 20,000 participants, the program offered 4,000 filing slots per week over five weeks. It was limited to H-1B renewals for applicants not subject to reciprocity fees or requiring in-person interviews. Those whose previous H-1B visa were marked “Clearance Received," indicating a prior <a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a>, were not eligible to participate.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unemployment">edit</a>]</div> If an employer <a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">lays off</a> an H-1B worker, the employer is required to pay the "reasonable" costs of the laid-off worker's transportation outside the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> If an H-1B worker is laid off or quits, the worker has a grace period of 60 days or until the I-94 expiration date, whichever is shorter, to find a new employer or leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> There is a 10-day grace period for an H-1B worker to depart the U.S. at the end of their authorized period of stay. This grace period applies only if the worker works until the H-1B expiration date listed on their I-797 approval notice or I-94 card.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_cap">Annual cap</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Annual cap">edit</a>]</div> The H-1B visa program is subject to an annual cap of 65,000 visas, with an additional 20,000 visas available for applicants holding advanced degrees from U.S. institutions. Certain employers are exempt from these caps, including:<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> <ul><li>Institutions of higher education</li> <li>Nonprofit and governmental research organizations</li> <li>cap-exemption employees (those who have already received H-1B visas)</li> <li>applications to work in the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam</li> <li>Chilean and Singaporean nationals</li></ul> Applicants seeking to work in the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> are exempt under the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008" title="Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008">Consolidated Natural Resources Act (2008)</a> for petitions filed before December 31, 2029. They are restricted to work only in the territory (NMI or Guam) for which they are approved.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> Nationals of Chile and Singapore are subject to free-trade agreements between the U.S. and those countries. Those agreements create separate quotas of 1,400 for Chile and 5,400 for Singapore. Unused application quotas are added to the general cap for H-1B visas for the following year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> Australian citizens are eligible for the visa category, the <a href="/wiki/E-3_visa" title="E-3 visa">E-3 visa</a>, specifically designated for Australian nationals. E-3 visas are not subject to the H-1B cap and offer an alternative route for Australian professionals to seek employment in the United States. It has an annual cap of 10,500 visas, and a different duration and application process.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visa_creation">Visa creation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Visa creation">edit</a>]</div> On June 27, 1952, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act</a> after overriding a veto by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. For the first time, the Immigration and Nationality Act codified United States' immigration, naturalization, and nationality law into permanent statutes, and introduced a system of selective immigration by giving special preference to foreigners having skills that were urgently needed by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Several types of visas were established, including a H-1 visa for "an alien having a residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning who is of distinguished merit and ability and who is coming temporarily to the United States to perform temporary services of an exceptional nature requiring such merit and ability."<a href="#cite_note-ina1952-57">[57]</a> The term "distinguished merit and ability" was not new to U.S. immigration law; it had previously been used as a qualification for musicians and artists who had wanted to enter the country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The visa was called an H-1 visa because it was enacted by section 101(15)(H)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.<a href="#cite_note-ina1952-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Immigration_Act_of_1990">The Immigration Act of 1990</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Immigration Act of 1990">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act of 1990</a> into law by on November 20, 1990. The H-1 visa was split into the H-1A visa for nurses, and the H-1B visa for workers in specialty occupations. The Immigration Act defined a specialty occupation as "an occupation that requires theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge, and attainment of a bachelor's or higher degree in the specific specialty (or its equivalent) as a minimum for entry into the occupation in the United States." To qualify, a visa applicant needed any applicable state license for the particular occupation, and either an educational degree related to the occupation or an equivalent amount of professional experience. For the first time, a quota of 65,000 H-1B visas available each fiscal year was established. Employers were required by law to pay such employees at least the prevailing wage for the position, and to make certain attestations by way of a <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act_of_1998">The American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act of 1998</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act of 1998">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act</a> into law on October 21, 1998. The law required each application for an H-1B to include an additional $500 payment that would be used for retraining U.S. workers to reduce the future need for H-1B visas. The quota of H-1B visas was increased from 65,000 to 115,000 for fiscal years 1999 and 2000 only. For an <a href="/wiki/H-1B-dependent_employer" title="H-1B-dependent employer">employer with a large number of employees in H-1B status</a> or one who had committed a willful misrepresentation in the recent past, the employer was required to attest the additional H-1B worker would not displace any U.S. workers.<a href="#cite_note-GAO_Report_2000-62">[62]</a> The act also gave investigative authority to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act_of_2000">The American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act of 2000</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act of 2000">edit</a>]</div> On October 17, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed into law the <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> which increased the retraining fee from $500 to $1,000. The quota was increased to 195,000 H-1B visas in fiscal years 2001, 2002, and 2003 only. Nonprofit research institutions sponsoring workers for H-1B visas became exempt from the H-1B visa quotas.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Under the law, a worker in H-1B status who had already been subject to a visa quota would not be subject to quotas if requesting a transfer to a new employer or if applying for a three-year extension.<a href="#cite_note-Senate_Passed_$600_Million_Border_Security_Bill_and_Increases_H-1B_and_L-1_Visa_Application_Fees-65">[65]</a> An H-1B worker was now allowed to change employers if the worker had an I-485 application pending for six months and an approved I-140, and if the new job was substantially comparable to their current one.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the case of an H-1B holder's spouse in H-4 status, the spouse may be eligible to work in the U.S under certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-workvisas-67">[67]</a> The spouse must have an approved "Immigration Petition for Alien Worker" form or have been given H-1B status under sections 106(a) and (b) of the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-workvisas-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_trade_agreements_in_2003">Free trade agreements in 2003</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Free trade agreements in 2003">edit</a>]</div> Congress ratified the <a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement">Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> in 2003, and later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement">Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With these free trade agreements, a new H-1B1 visa that was available solely for people from either Singapore or Chile was established. Unlike H-1B visas that had a limited renewal time, H-1B1 visas could be indefinitely renewed. H-1B1 visas are subject to a separate quota of 6,000 per fiscal year. Unlike H-1B visas, an H-1B1 visa is not a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual-intent_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dual-intent visa (page does not exist)">dual-intent visa</a>, and an H-1B1 applicant must convince the visa officer they have no intention of permanently immigrating to the United States.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004">The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004</a> was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2005" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005</a>, which President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed on December 6, 2004. For employers with 26 or more employees, the retraining fee was increased from $1,000 to $1,500, and it was reduced to $750 for all other employers. A new $500 "anti-fraud fee" was to be paid by the employer with the visa application.<a href="#cite_note-62H-68">[68]</a> The H-1B quota returned to 65,000 per year and the law added 20,000 visas for applicants with <a href="/wiki/J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa">J-1</a> status with either a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate degree">doctorate degree</a> from a U.S. graduate school. Governmental entities became exempt from H-1B visa quotas. According to the law, H-1B visas that were revoked due to either fraud or willful misrepresentation would be added to the H-1B visa quota for the following fiscal year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The law also allowed one-year extensions for H-1B visa holders who were applying for permanent residency and whose petitions had been pending for a long time. The Department of Labor had more investigative authority, but an employer could defend against misdeeds by using either the Good Faith Compliance Defense or the Recognized Industry Standards Defense.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_legislation_in_2007">Proposed legislation in 2007</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proposed legislation in 2007">edit</a>]</div> In 2207, Senators <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> of Illinois and Charles Grassley of Iowa began introducing "The H-1B and L-1 Visa Fraud & Prevention Act" in 2007. According to Durbin, speaking in 2009: "The H-1B visa program should complement the U.S. workforce, not replace it ... The ... program is plagued with fraud and abuse and is now a vehicle for outsourcing that deprives qualified American workers of their jobs." <a href="/wiki/Compete_America" title="Compete America">Compete America</a>, a tech industry lobbying group, opposed the proposed legislation.<a href="#cite_note-BW42409-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008">The Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008" title="Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008">Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008</a> federalized immigration in the U.S. territory of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and it stipulated during a transition period, numerical limitations would not apply to otherwise qualified workers in the H visa category in the U.S. territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the Northern Mariana Islands.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The exemption does not apply to any employment to be performed outside of those territories.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Employ_American_Workers_Act_of_2009">The Employ American Workers Act of 2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Employ American Workers Act of 2009">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Employ_American_Workers_Act" title="Employ American Workers Act">Employ American Workers Act</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on February 17, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Employers who applied to sponsor a new H-1B applicant and who had received funds under either the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> (TARP) or the Federal Reserve Act Section 13 were required to attest the additional H-1B worker would not displace any U.S. workers, and that the employer had not laid off and would not lay off any U.S. worker in a job equivalent to the H-1B position in the area of intended employment of the H-1B worker in the period beginning 90 days prior to the filing of the H-1B petition and ending 90 days after its filing.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_legislation_in_2017-2018">Proposed legislation in 2017-2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Proposed legislation in 2017-2018">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, the U.S. Congress considered more-than doubling the minimum wage for an H-1B holder from the $60,000 (USD) established in 1989 and unchanged since then. The High Skilled Integrity and Fairness Act, which U.S. Rep. <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> of California introduced, would raise H-1B holders' minimum salaries to $130,000.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Indian press criticized the action for confirming "the worst fears of [Indian] IT companies" following the <a href="#2016_presidential_election_and_the_H-1B_visa">reforms discussed during the 2016 Presidential election</a> by both major candidates, and for causing a 5% drop in the <a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a> index.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Though, India in general has been welcoming this change and requirement since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Lofgren's office described it as a measure to "curb outsourcing abuse," citing unfair tech hiring practices by employers including <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Francisco">University of California San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_action_history">Executive action history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Executive action history">edit</a>]</div> Since 2008, USCIS has updated and issued new rules regarding the H-1B visa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="STEM_Optional_Practical_Training_extension_and_cap-gap_extension">STEM Optional Practical Training extension and cap-gap extension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: STEM Optional Practical Training extension and cap-gap extension">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage#Immigration" title="Global labor arbitrage">Global labor arbitrage § Immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/STEM_fields#STEM-eligible_degrees_in_US_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM fields">STEM fields § STEM-eligible degrees in US immigration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optional_Practical_Training" title="Optional Practical Training">Optional Practical Training</a></div> On April 2, 2008, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff announced a 17-month extension to <a href="/wiki/Optional_Practical_Training" title="Optional Practical Training">Optional Practical Training</a> for <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> students, as part of the H-1B Cap-Gap Regulations.<a href="#cite_note-H-1B_Cap-Gap_Regulations-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Order_Code_RL31146-79">[79]</a> This extension allows foreign STEM students to work in the U.S. for up to 29 months on a student visa, providing additional time to secure H-1B sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-chertoff-memo-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> To qualify for the standard 12-month OPT, a bachelor’s degree in any field is acceptable. However, the 17-month STEM extension requires a degree in an approved STEM major, as listed by USCIS.<a href="#cite_note-Cap_Gap-82">[82]</a> The cap-gap extension, introduced alongside this rule, allows STEM OPT workers with pending or approved H-1B petitions to remain in the U.S. while awaiting the start of their H-1B status.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_2010_Neufeld_Memo">The 2010 Neufeld Memo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The 2010 Neufeld Memo">edit</a>]</div> On January 8, 2010, USCIS issued a memorandum clarifying that a valid employer-employee relationship must exist between an H-1B employer and visa-holding employee, although the memo was ultimately not implemented. The memo stated that employers must demonstrate control over when, where, and how the employee performs their work to maintain compliance.<a href="#cite_note-newmemo-85">[85]</a> A valid employer-employee relationship typically includes: <ul><li>supervision of the employee, either on-site or remotely.</li> <li>control over work assignments, schedules, and tasks.</li> <li>provision of tools, equipment, and resources necessary for the job.</li> <li>authority to hire, pay, evaluate, and terminate employment.</li> <li>employee benefits and use of employer-provided proprietary information.</li></ul> The memo emphasized that <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> principles guide the assessment of these factors.<a href="#cite_note-memo-2010-01-08-86">[86]</a> Third-party placement firms and <a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">staffing agencies</a> generally do not qualify for H-1B sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-Seguritan-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> helped negotiate a halt to the memo’s implementation following concerns from IT outsourcing firms.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_H-1B_dependent_work_authorization">2015 H-1B dependent work authorization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2015 H-1B dependent work authorization">edit</a>]</div> Under this rule, an H-1B worker’s spouse in H-4 status may obtain work authorization if the H-1B holder is either: <ol><li>the principal beneficiary of an approved I-140, or</li> <li>maintaining H-1B status under the <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the Twenty-first Century Act of 2000</a>.</li></ol> DHS implemented this rule to ease financial burdens on families transitioning from non-immigrant to permanent resident status.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It also helps retain high-skilled workers by reducing incentives for them to leave the U.S., preventing disruptions for their employers and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_work_site_guidance_change">2015 work site guidance change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2015 work site guidance change">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, USCIS issued final guidance stating if an H-1B worker whose worksite location changes to a different metropolitan area, it is a material change that requires the employer to certify a new <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a> to the DHS. Temporary worksite changed do not require a new LCA. Examples include a H-1B worker attending a training session, seminar, or conference of short duration, or a temporary moved to a short-term placement of fewer than 30 days. If the amended H-1B petition is disapproved but the original petition remains valid, the H-1B worker retains their H-1B status as long as they return to work at the original worksite.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_H-1B_maximum_stay_clarification">2016 H-1B maximum stay clarification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2016 H-1B maximum stay clarification">edit</a>]</div> On December 5, 2016, USCIS issued a memorandum to provide guidance for periods of admissions for an individual in H-1B status. The memorandum stated time spent as either an <a href="/wiki/H-4_visa" title="H-4 visa">H-4</a> dependent or an <a href="/wiki/L-2_visa" title="L-2 visa">L-2</a> dependent does not reduce the maximum allowable period of stay available to individuals in H-1B status.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_employment_termination_grace_period_rule">2017 employment termination grace period rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2017 employment termination grace period rule">edit</a>]</div> On November 18, 2017, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services released a rule that affects individuals in H-1B status whose employment ends.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In these cases, the individual has a grace period of 60 days to leave the United States or change to another legal status that allows them to remain in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_H-4_victims_of_domestic_violence_work_authorization">2017 H-4 victims of domestic violence work authorization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2017 H-4 victims of domestic violence work authorization">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act allowed work authorization for victims of domestic violence who are in H-4 status.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On February 17, 2017, USCIS instituted a process for these victims to apply for work authorization.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eligible individuals include current H-1B visa spouses and individuals whose marriage ended because of <a href="/wiki/Battery_(tort)" title="Battery (tort)">battery</a> or extreme cruelty perpetrated by the individual's former spouse.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> The individual must have entered the U.S. in an H status, must continue to be in H-4 status, and were themselves or their child battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by the H-1B spouse.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> The spouse's application must include evidence of the abuse.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> Before this policy was implemented, an abused spouse in H-4 status would be required to leave the U.S. on the date the person divorced the abusive spouse.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> The divorced spouse may now legally remain in and work in the U.S. after the divorce is finalized or pending.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> If approved, the authorization is valid for two years.<a href="#cite_note-i765-v-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_computer-programming_position_memo">2017 computer-programming position memo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2017 computer-programming position memo">edit</a>]</div> A memorandum from December 22, 2000, stated because most computer-programming positions required a bachelor's degree, computer programming was considered a specialty occupation that qualified for an H-1B visa.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On March 31, 2017, USCIS released a memorandum stating computer programming would no longer be automatically considered a specialty occupation, partly because a bachelor's degree was no longer typically required for these positions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> An application for an H-1B visa for a computer programmer must sufficiently describe the duties, and the level of experience and responsibilities of the position to demonstrate how the position is senior, complex, specialized, or unique rather than an entry-level position to qualify for an H-1B visa.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In addition, the Department of Justice warned employers not to discriminate against U.S. workers by showing a preference for hiring H-1B workers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_Buy_American,_Hire_American_executive_order">2017 Buy American, Hire American executive order</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2017 Buy American, Hire American executive order">edit</a>]</div> On April 18, 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> directing federal agencies to implement a "Buy American, Hire American" strategy, a key pledge of his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse_Buy_American-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> At a press briefing, the executive order directed federal agencies such as the Department of Labor, the Department of Justice, the DHS, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> to implement a new system that favored higher-skilled, higher-paid applicants.<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_H1B-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_EO_Hire_American-111">[111]</a> The executive order was intended to order federal agencies to review and propose reforms to the H-1B visa system.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Furthermore, these departments will "fill in the details with reports and recommendations about what the administration can legally do."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Trump stated the executive order would "end the theft of American prosperity," which he said had been brought on by low-wage immigrant labor.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On January 9, 2018, the USCIS said it was not considering any proposal that would force H-1B visa holders to leave the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">green-card</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-hatmaker-115">[115]</a> USCIS said an employer could request extensions in one-year increments under section 106(a)–(b) of the <a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-hatmaker-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_extension_rejection_rule">2018 extension rejection rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2018 extension rejection rule">edit</a>]</div> On June 28, 2018, the USCIS announced when a person's request for a visa extension is rejected, the person will be deported from the country.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The Trump administration said it was not considering any proposal that would force H-1B visa holders to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_H-1B_entry_suspension">2020 H-1B entry suspension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2020 H-1B entry suspension">edit</a>]</div> On April 22, 2020, President Trump signed a presidential proclamation that temporarily suspended the entry of people with non-immigrant visas, including H-1B visas.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On June 22, 2020, President Trump extended the suspension for H-1B visa holders until December 31, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On December 31, 2020, Trump issued a presidential proclamation extending the suspension of entry until March 31, 2021, because they would pose "a risk of displacing and disadvantaging United States workers during the economic recovery following the COVID-19 outbreak."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_H-1B_lottery_rule">2020 H-1B lottery rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 2020 H-1B lottery rule">edit</a>]</div> On October 28, 2020, a new rule to reform the H-1B lottery by prioritizing workers with the highest wage was approved.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_H-1B_entry_suspension_expiration">2021 H-1B entry suspension expiration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2021 H-1B entry suspension expiration">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> allowed the suspension to expire on March 31, 2021, which allowed H-1B visa holders to enter the U.S. beginning on April 1, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics_and_culture">In politics and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In politics and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_spotlight_on_H-1B_visas">2015 spotlight on H-1B visas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 2015 spotlight on H-1B visas">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, reports surfaced of major companies like <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison">Southern California Edison</a> replacing American workers with H-1B visa holders, sometimes requiring displaced employees to train their replacements as a condition for <a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">severance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preston-2015-125">[125]</a> The New York Times editorial board criticized the program for exploiting both foreign and domestic workers due to loopholes and weak enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-NYT61515-126">[126]</a> Following these revelations, ten U.S. senators urged the Department of Labor to investigate outsourcing practices at Southern California Edison, which had laid off 500 employees.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT61115-128">[128]</a> After a ten-month review, the department found no legal violations.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings in 2015 and 2016, led by Senators <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, to examine how the H-1B program affected U.S. workers. <a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-judiciary.senate.gov03-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-cspan031715-133">[133]</a> Witnesses, including labor leaders and economists, testified that companies were not required to prioritize American workers, allowing employers to use the program to import cheaper foreign labor instead of filling skills gaps.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Senator Grassley characterized the program as favoring employers over U.S. workers rather than serving its intended purpose.<a href="#cite_note-SJCGrassley-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_election_policy_issue">2016 election policy issue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2016 election policy issue">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Proposed_reform_in_2017_and_2018">§ Proposed reform in 2017 and 2018</a></div> The H-1B visa program was a contentious issue in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>. Donald Trump pledged to overhaul the system, arguing that it displaced American IT workers and suppressed wages. His campaign proposed raising the prevailing wage for H-1B workers to encourage hiring U.S. citizens and legal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-CW2016-137">[137]</a> Hillary Clinton criticized the program for enabling employers to hire cheaper, more compliant foreign workers but viewed H-1B reform as part of broader immigration policy changes.<a href="#cite_note-CW2016-137">[137]</a> Bernie Sanders opposed guest worker programs and was skeptical of H-1B visas, citing their role in offshoring American jobs. He also rejected open-border policies, emphasizing the need to raise wages and prioritize domestic employment.<a href="#cite_note-Jamieson_2013-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thibodeau_2015-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_H-1B_data">2019 H-1B data</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 2019 H-1B data">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, USCIS launched the H-1B Employer Data Hub, providing public access to information on H-1B visa petitions dating back to fiscal year 2009.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> That same year, the USCIS Office of Policy and Strategy released an updated estimate of H-1B visa holders in the U.S. As of September 30, 2019, 583,420 individuals were authorized to work on an H-1B visa.<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[141]</a> USCIS estimated a total of 619,327 approved unique beneficiaries, adjusting for 2,100 visa denials by the State Department and subtracting 32,332 individuals who had obtained lawful permanent residency. An additional 1,475 visa holders had changed to a different non-immigrant status.<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_electronic_registration_system">2021 electronic registration system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2021 electronic registration system">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, USCIS launched its first electronic registration system for the H-1B lottery.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Economic effects">edit</a>]</div> There is a division between economists and academics about the effects of H-1B visas on innovation, U.S. workers, and overall benefits to the U.S. economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Studies have shown H-1B visas have welfare-improving effects for Americans, leading to significant wage gains, lower consumer prices, greater innovation, and greater <a href="/wiki/Total_factor_productivity" title="Total factor productivity">total factor productivity</a> growth.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-High-2018-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2021-146">[146]</a> H-1B visas have led to lower prices for consumers, greater output, and improved performance by companies.<a href="#cite_note-High-2018-144">[144]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A study found H-1B visa holders have been associated with greater innovation and economic performance.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-2021-146">[146]</a> Other studies have shown the opposite. A <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> (NBER) paper concluded firms who received H-1B visas do not necessarily innovate or grow more quickly, nor patent more than firms that do not.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Economists have also found H-1B visas lead to lower wages and employment for competing U.S. workers. A paper by <a href="/wiki/George_J._Borjas" title="George J. Borjas">George J. Borjas</a> for the NBER found "a 10 percent immigration-induced increase in the supply of doctorates lowers the wage of competing workers by about 3 to 4 percent."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A 2016 study found H-1B visas kept wages for U.S. computer scientists 2.6% to 5.1% lower, and employment in computer science for U.S. workers 6.1% to 10.8% lower, but resulted in greater production efficiency, lowered the prices of IT products, raised the output of IT products, and caused substantially higher profits for IT firms.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_welfare">Corporate welfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Corporate welfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">Corporate welfare</a></div> Critics of the H-1B visa program say it is a government labor subsidy for corporations. Paul Donnelly, in a 2002 article in <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>, cited <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> as stating the H-1B program acts as a subsidy for corporations.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Others holding this view include <a href="/wiki/Norman_Matloff" title="Norman Matloff">Norman Matloff</a>, who testified to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration on the H-1B subject.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Matloff describes four types of labor savings for corporations and employers:<a href="#cite_note-Matloff-2003-152">[152]</a> <ul><li>Type I labor savings is where employers pay H-1Bs less than similarly qualified American workers.</li> <li>Type II labor savings are where employers hire younger H-1Bs in lieu of older and more expensive American workers.</li> <li>Type III labor savings are where employers force H-1B workers to work longer hours.</li> <li>Type IV labor savings are when the oversaturation of H-1B workers suppresses wages in the labor market.</li></ul> American technology companies are claimed to benefit most from Type II labor savings, where these firms hire a 25-year-old H-1B worker instead of a 50-year-old American programmer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_labor_shortage">No labor shortage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: No labor shortage">edit</a>]</div> Academic researchers have found no <a href="/wiki/Shortage#Labour_shortage" title="Shortage">labor shortage</a> in STEM, undercutting the primary reason for the H-1B visa's existence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2022, Howard University public policy professor Ron Hira found there was no shortage in STEM due to stagnant wages in IT and a seven percent decline in real wages for engineers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In the past, he has called the IT talent shortage "imaginary,"<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and a front for companies that want to hire cheaper foreign guest workers. Studies from Rutgers University professor Hal Salzman, and co-authors B. Lindsay Lowell and Daniel Kuehn, have concluded the U.S. has been employing only 30% to 50% of its newly degreed, able and willing STEM workers to work in STEM fields.<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Policy_Institute-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Salzman points to simultaneous industry layoffs, when industry claims labor shortage. In his Senate Judiciary testimony, he stated between 2006 and 2016, the IT industry, the predominant user of the H-1B visa, laid off on average 97,000 workers per year, more than the number of 74,000 H-1B workers brought for the IT industry.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> announcement of a conference on STEM education funding and job markets stated: "only about half of those with under-graduate STEM degrees actually work in the STEM-related fields after college, and after 10 years, only some 8% still do."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Norman Matloff's University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform paper said there has been no shortage of qualified American citizens to fill American computer-related jobs, and that the data offered as evidence of American corporations needing H-1B visas to address labor shortages was erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States General Accounting Office">United States General Accounting Office</a> (GAO) found in a 2000 report controls on the H-1B program lacked effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The GAO report's recommendations were subsequently implemented.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] High-tech companies often cite a tech-worker shortage when asking Congress to raise the annual cap on H-1B visas, and have succeeded in getting exemptions passed. The <a href="/wiki/American_Immigration_Lawyers_Association" title="American Immigration Lawyers Association">American Immigration Lawyers Association</a> (AILA), described the situation as a crisis, and the situation was reported on by <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Employers applied pressure on Congress.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> testified in 2007 on behalf of the expanded visa program on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>: "warning of dangers to the U.S. economy if employers can't import skilled workers to fill job gaps."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-161">[161]</a> Congress considered a bill to address the claims of a shortfall<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> but did not revise the program.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> According to a study conducted by John Miano and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a>, there is no empirical data to support a claim of a worker shortage.<a href="#cite_note-2008-cis-164">[164]</a> Citing studies from Duke, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Georgetown University and others, critics have also argued in some years, the number of foreign programmers and engineers imported outnumbered the number of jobs created by the industry.<a href="#cite_note-false-shortages-studies-165">[165]</a> Hire Americans First has posted hundreds of first-hand accounts of H-1B visa harm reports from individuals who were harmed by the program.<a href="#cite_note-harm-report-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wage_depression">Wage depression</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Wage depression">edit</a>]</div> Critics of the H-1B program often complain about wage depression as a result of an increased supply of discounted guest workers. In the 21st century, labor experts have found guest workers are abundantly available in times of wage decline and weak workforce demand.<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Policy_Institute-155">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute" title="Economic Policy Institute">Economic Policy Institute</a> found sixty percent of certified H-1B positions were paid below the local median wage. In Washington D.C, companies hiring a level-1 entry-level H-1B software developer received a discount of 36%, or $41,746. For level-II workers, companies received a discount of 18%, or $20,863.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2014, The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> annual report indicates that H-1B workers in computer Science are paid a mean salary of $75,000 annually, almost 25,000 dollars below the average annual income for software developers <a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and studies have found H-1B workers are paid significantly less than U.S. workers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Some critics have said the H-1B program is primarily used as a source of cheap labor.<a href="#cite_note-underpay-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-numbersusa-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-visa-bailout-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-hira-shortage-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-lowell-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-lowell2-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-laplante-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevailing_wage_loopholes">Prevailing wage loopholes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Prevailing wage loopholes">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Application</a> (LCA) included in the H-1B petition is supposed to ensure H-1B workers are paid the prevailing wage in the labor market or the employer's actual average wage, whichever is higher, but there is evidence some employers get around these provisions and avoid paying the prevailing wage despite stiff penalties for abusers.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The LCA process appears to offer protection to both U.S. and H-1B workers but according to the U.S. General Accounting Office, enforcement limitations and procedural problems render these protections ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-GAO_Report_2000-62">[62]</a> The employer, not the Department of Labor, determines what sources determine the prevailing wage for an offered position, and it may choose from a variety of competing surveys, including its own wage surveys, provided such surveys follow rules and regulations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The law restricts the Department of Labor's approval process of LCAs to checking for "completeness and obvious inaccuracies."<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In FY 2005, only about 800 LCAs of over 300,000 submitted were rejected. Hire American First has posted several hundred first-hand accounts of individuals negatively affected by the program.<a href="#cite_note-harm-report-166">[166]</a> According to attorney John Miano, the H-1B prevailing wage requirement is "rife" with loopholes.<a href="#cite_note-laplante-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_"brain_drain"">Internal "brain drain"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Internal "brain drain"">edit</a>]</div> Opponents of the H-1B visa program says wage depression in STEM causes young American college graduates to stop pursuing these fields.<a href="#cite_note-Issues-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Against_American_citizens">Against American citizens</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Against American citizens">edit</a>]</div> Critics of the H-1B visa program have said it enables Silicon Valley to discriminate against U.S. citizens and permanent residents. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> settled a claim with the Department of Justice that it discriminated against U.S. workers in favor of temporary visa holders. The company paid a $4.75-million civil penalty and set aside $9.5 million for eligible victims.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ageism">Ageism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ageism">edit</a>]</div> Critics of the H-1B visa program say the program enables Silicon Valley to discriminate against older workers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wage_slavery">Wage slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Wage slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></div> According to critics, H-1B holders constitute a modern-day form of high-tech <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Guest workers on H-1B visas in the IT sector have limited employer mobility compared to U.S. workers.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Although immigration generally requires short- and long-term visitors to disavow any ambition to seek the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">permanent residency</a>, H-1B visa holders are an important exception because the H-1B is legally acknowledged as a possible step towards a green card under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Dual_intent" title="Dual intent">dual intent</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some workers who come to the U.S. on H-1B visas receive poor, unfair, and illegal treatment by brokers who place them with jobs in the U.S., according to a report published in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The United States <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2013</a> was passed to help protect the rights of foreign workers in the U.S., and the U.S. Department of State distributes pamphlets to inform foreign workers of their rights.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Companies have stolen the wages of H-1B workers. Labor researchers found <a href="/wiki/HCLTech" title="HCLTech">HCLTech</a> stole $95 million from its H-1B visa workers annually.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Critics say employers exercise outsized control over H-1B workers because the visa ties workers to their employers. These workers are less likely to complain about poor working conditions for fear of visa revocation and deportation.<a href="#cite_note-Matloff-2003-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_intent_2">Dual intent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Dual intent">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> expressed concerns about using the H-1B visa as a pathway to permanent residency and proposed restructuring the immigration system, including introducing a points-based system.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In response, some individuals sought alternative routes to permanent residency, such as the <a href="/wiki/EB-5_visa" title="EB-5 visa">EB-5</a> visa program, which offers a more direct path.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Advocacy groups opposing changes to H-1B policies launched public awareness campaigns, including posters in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Bay Area’s</a> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Rapid Tansit system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_shopping_and_offshoring">Body shopping and offshoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Body shopping and offshoring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Body_shopping" title="Body shopping">Body shopping</a></div> Critics of the program criticize American and outsourcing companies for using H-1B visa workers to <a href="/wiki/Body_shopping" title="Body shopping">body shop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshore</a> work abroad.<a href="#cite_note-MJ022213-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez2018-195">[195]</a> Researchers have found two thirds of IT jobs are offshorable, and the remaining third remain onshore to be the conduit between American clients and offshore work teams.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The leading users of H-1B visas are Indian outsourcing firms. In 2021, half of the top-thirty employers of H-1B visa holders were outsourcing firms.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The top-10 H-1B employers in 2014 such as <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCL_America_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL America Inc">HCL America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> all used the program to ship jobs offshore.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez2018-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Preston-2015-125">[125]</a> Critics of H-1B use for outsourcing have also noted more H-1B visas are granted to companies headquartered in India than to companies headquartered in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2009CW-199">[199]</a> Although these IT outsourcing companies have a physical presence in the U.S., they hire temporary foreign guest workers.<a href="#cite_note-Issues-180">[180]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> stated in a speech on H-1B visa reform: <blockquote>The H-1B job visa lasts for three years and can be renewed for three years. What happens to those workers after that? Well, they could stay. It is possible. But these new companies have a much better idea for making money. They send the engineers to America to fill spots—and get money to do it—and then after the three to six years, they bring them back to work for the companies that are competing with American companies. They call it their outsourcing visa. They are sending their talented engineers to learn how Americans do business and then bring them back and compete with those American companies.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></blockquote>Of all computer systems analysts and programmers on H-1B visas in the U.S., 74 percent were from Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Large migration of Asian IT professionals to the U.S. has been a central component to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore outsourcing">offshore outsourcing</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In FY 2009, due to the worldwide recession, applications for H-1B visas by offshore outsourcing firms were significantly lower than in previous years,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> yet 110,367 H-1B visas were issued, and 117,409 were issued in FY2010.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> have reported on the inordinate share of H-1B visas received by firms that specialize in offshore outsourcing,<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Lottery-203">[203]</a> the subsequent inability of employers to hire foreign professionals with legitimate technical and language skill combinations,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Gaming_System-204">[204]</a> and the replacement of American professionals already performing their job functions and being coerced to train their foreign replacements.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Muzzled-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disney_NYTimes-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Training_foreign_replacements">Training foreign replacements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Training foreign replacements">edit</a>]</div> There have been cases where employers used the program to replace their American employees with H-1B employees; in some cases, the laid-off employees were ordered to train their replacements. In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Utilities">Northeast Utilities</a> laid off 350 tech workers, many of whom trained their replacements who were hired on H-1B visas to do their jobs. In October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a> laid off 250 IT workers, some of whose final assigned task for the company was to train their replacements who'd been hired on H-1B visas. <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison">Southern California Edison</a> laid off 540 tech workers in 2014, requiring many to train their replacements who'd been hired on H-1B visas. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil (company)">Fossil</a> laid off 100 tech workers and hired 25 on H-1B visas who were then trained by the laid-off employees in what Fossil termed "knowledge sharing."<a href="#cite_note-MJ022213-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT6315-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Researchers have found during the 2022 tech layoffs, companies laid off their U.S. workforce while continuing to bring in more H-1B workers. The top-30 H-1B employers in 2022 laid off at least 85,000 workers, while bringing in 34,000 H-1B workers.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_for_entrepreneurs_and_self-employed_consultants">Limitations for entrepreneurs and self-employed consultants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Limitations for entrepreneurs and self-employed consultants">edit</a>]</div> Entrepreneurs do not qualify for the H-1B visa. The United States immigration system's EB-5 visa program does permit foreign entrepreneurs to apply for a green card if they make a sufficient investment in a commercial enterprise and intend to create 10 or more jobs in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> began a program allowing entrepreneurs to found U.S. companies while fulfilling visa requirements by teaching and mentoring on campus, with the university as sponsoring employer.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Self-employed consultants have no visa that allows them to enter the country and perform work independently for unspecified, extended periods. A B-1 visa would permit temporary travel to the U.S. to consult for specific periods.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Consulting companies have been formed for the sole purpose of sponsoring employees on H-1B visas to allow them to perform work for clients, with the company sharing the resulting profit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraud">Fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Fraud">edit</a>]</div> According to the USCIS's H-1B Benefit Fraud & Compliance Assessment of September 2008, 21% of H-1B visas granted originate from applications that were fraudulent or had technical violations.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Fraud was defined as a willful misrepresentation, falsification, or omission of a material fact. Technical violations, errors, omissions, and failures to comply that are not within the fraud definition were included in the 21% rate.<a href="#cite_note-Compliance_Assessment_2008-215">[215]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>USCIS, H-1B Benefit Fraud and Compliance Assessment (2008)<a href="#cite_note-Compliance_Assessment_2008-215">[215]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Beneficiary Education Level </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Violation Rate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">% of Sample </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Total Cases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's Degree </td> <td align="right">31% </td> <td align="right">43% </td> <td align="right">106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graduate Degree </td> <td align="right">13% </td> <td align="right">57% </td> <td align="right">140 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>USCIS, H-1B Benefit Fraud & Compliance Assessment (2008)<a href="#cite_note-Compliance_Assessment_2008-215">[215]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 200px;">Reported Occupations </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Violation Rate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">% of Sample </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Total Cases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Architecture, Engineering, and Surveying </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="right">36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics and Physical Sciences </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right">1% </td> <td align="right">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Professionals </td> <td align="right">27% </td> <td align="right">42% </td> <td align="right">104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Life Sciences </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="right">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Sciences </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right"><1% </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine and Health </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="right">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="right">13% </td> <td align="right">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Law </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right"><1% </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Writing </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right"><1% </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art </td> <td align="right">29% </td> <td align="right">3% </td> <td align="right">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accounting, Human Resources, Sales, Advertising, and Business Analysts </td> <td align="right">42% </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="right">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Managerial </td> <td align="right">33% </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="right">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Miscellaneous Professions </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td align="right">2% </td> <td align="right">4 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2009, federal authorities arrested people for a nationwide H-1B visa scam in which the perpetrators allegedly submitted false statements and documents in connection with petitions for H-1B visas.<a href="#cite_note-2008-fraud-216">[216]</a> Fraud has included acquisition of a fake university degree for the prospective H-1B worker, coaching the worker to lie to consul officials, hiring a worker for which there is no U.S. job, charging the worker money to be hired, benching the worker with no pay, and taking a cut of the worker's U.S. salary. The workers, who have little choice in the matter, are also engaged in fraud and may be charged, fined, and deported.<a href="#cite_note-BW10109-217">[217]</a> Outsourcing companies game the lottery system by filing as many electronic lottery applications as possible for $10 each for jobs that do not exist. In 2023, there were 781,000 lottery entries for 85,000 visas. This was partly the result of different companies submitting the same applicant multiple times. USCIS said there is a high prevalence of fraud with the new electronic registration system.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H-1B_visa_tables_and_charts">H-1B visa tables and charts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: H-1B visa tables and charts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg" title="File:HIB by nation 2006 to 2008.svg"><img alt="H-1B number issued each year for 2006-2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg/200px-HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg/300px-HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg/400px-HIB_by_nation_2006_to_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="395" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">H-1B issued years 2006-2008</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg" title="File:H1b demographics pie chart.svg"><img alt="Issued by continent 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg/200px-H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg/300px-H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg/400px-H1b_demographics_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Issued by continent 2005</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg" title="File:2005 H-1B admissions by country of citizenship.svg"><img alt="H-1B issued by nation in 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg/200px-2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg/300px-2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg/400px-2005_H-1B_admissions_by_country_of_citizenship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Issued by nation in 2005</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:H1-B_visa_applications.webp" title="File:H1-B visa applications.webp"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/H1-B_visa_applications.webp/200px-H1-B_visa_applications.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/H1-B_visa_applications.webp/300px-H1-B_visa_applications.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/H1-B_visa_applications.webp/400px-H1-B_visa_applications.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="2414" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">H1-B Visa <a href="/wiki/Labor_Condition_Application" title="Labor Condition Application">Labor Condition Applications</a> (2023) by employer</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approved_H-1B_applications">Approved H-1B applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Approved H-1B applications">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>H-1B Applications Approved by <a href="/wiki/U.S._fiscal_year" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. fiscal year">Fiscal Year</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._fiscal_year" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. fiscal year">Fiscal Year</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Initial employment approvals </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Continuing employment approvals </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Total </th> <th align="center">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2000 </td> <td align="right">136,787 </td> <td align="right">120,853 </td> <td align="right">257,640 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2001 </td> <td align="right">201,079 </td> <td align="right">130,127 </td> <td align="right">331,206 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2002 </td> <td align="right">103,584 </td> <td align="right">93,953 </td> <td align="right">197,537 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2003 </td> <td align="right">105,314 </td> <td align="right">112,026 </td> <td align="right">217,340 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2004 </td> <td align="right">130,497 </td> <td align="right">156,921 </td> <td align="right">287,418 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2004-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2005 </td> <td align="right">116,927 </td> <td align="right">150,204 </td> <td align="right">267,131 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2005-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2006 </td> <td align="right">109,614 </td> <td align="right">161,367 </td> <td align="right">270,981 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2006-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2007 </td> <td align="right">120,031 </td> <td align="right">161,413 </td> <td align="right">281,444 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2007-223">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="right">109,335 </td> <td align="right">166,917 </td> <td align="right">276,252 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2008-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2009 </td> <td align="right">86,300 </td> <td align="right">127,971 </td> <td align="right">214,271 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2009-225">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2010 </td> <td align="right">76,627 </td> <td align="right">116,363 </td> <td align="right">192,990 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2010-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2011 </td> <td align="right">106,445 </td> <td align="right">163,208 </td> <td align="right">269,653 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2011-227">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2012 </td> <td align="right">136,890 </td> <td align="right">125,679 </td> <td align="right">262,569 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2012-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2013 </td> <td align="right">128,291 </td> <td align="right">158,482 </td> <td align="right">286,773 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2013-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2014 </td> <td align="right">124,326 </td> <td align="right">191,531 </td> <td align="right">315,857 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2014-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2015 </td> <td align="right">113,605 </td> <td align="right">161,714 </td> <td align="right">275,317 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2015-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2016 </td> <td align="right">114,504 </td> <td align="right">230,759 </td> <td align="right">345,262 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2016-232">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2017 </td> <td align="right">108,101 </td> <td align="right">257,581 </td> <td align="right">365,682 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2017-233">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2018 </td> <td align="right">93,615 </td> <td align="right">238,743 </td> <td align="right">332,358 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2018-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2019 </td> <td align="right">138,297 </td> <td align="right">249,476 </td> <td align="right">388,403 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2019-235">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="right">122,886 </td> <td align="right">303,824 </td> <td align="right">426,710 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2020-236">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2021 </td> <td align="right">123,414 </td> <td align="right">283,657 </td> <td align="right">407,071 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2021-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2022 </td> <td align="right">132,429 </td> <td align="right">309,614 </td> <td align="right">442,043 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2022-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2023 </td> <td align="right">118,948 </td> <td align="right">267,370 </td> <td align="right">386,318 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2023-239">[239]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>H-1B Applications Approved by Education or Equivalent </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._fiscal_year" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. fiscal year">Fiscal Year</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">No High School Diploma </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Only High School Diploma </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Less Than 1 year of College </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">1+ years of College </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Equivalent of Associate's </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Total Less Than Bachelor's Degree </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Bachelor's Degree or Higher </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2000 </td> <td align="right">554 </td> <td align="right">288 </td> <td align="right">158 </td> <td align="right">1,290 </td> <td align="right">696 </td> <td align="right">2,986 </td> <td align="right">130,304 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2001 </td> <td align="right">247 </td> <td align="right">895 </td> <td align="right">284 </td> <td align="right">1,376 </td> <td align="right">1,181 </td> <td align="right">3,983 </td> <td align="right">157,660 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2002 </td> <td align="right">169 </td> <td align="right">806 </td> <td align="right">189 </td> <td align="right">849 </td> <td align="right">642 </td> <td align="right">2,655 </td> <td align="right">115,697 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2003 </td> <td align="right">148 </td> <td align="right">822 </td> <td align="right">122 </td> <td align="right">623 </td> <td align="right">534 </td> <td align="right">2,249 </td> <td align="right">104,947 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2004 </td> <td align="right">123 </td> <td align="right">690 </td> <td align="right">137 </td> <td align="right">421 </td> <td align="right">432 </td> <td align="right">1,803 </td> <td align="right">137,162 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2004-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2005 </td> <td align="right">107 </td> <td align="right">440 </td> <td align="right">77 </td> <td align="right">358 </td> <td align="right">363 </td> <td align="right">1,345 </td> <td align="right">122,754 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2005-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2006 </td> <td align="right">96 </td> <td align="right">392 </td> <td align="right">54 </td> <td align="right">195 </td> <td align="right">177 </td> <td align="right">914 </td> <td align="right">134,507 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2006-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2007 </td> <td align="right">72 </td> <td align="right">374 </td> <td align="right">42 </td> <td align="right">210 </td> <td align="right">215 </td> <td align="right">913 </td> <td align="right">153,140 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2007-223">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">174 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">175 </td> <td align="right">195 </td> <td align="right">643 </td> <td align="right">128,821 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2008-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2009 </td> <td align="right">108 </td> <td align="right">190 </td> <td align="right">33 </td> <td align="right">236 </td> <td align="right">262 </td> <td align="right">829 </td> <td align="right">109,538 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2009-225">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2010 </td> <td align="right">140 </td> <td align="right">201 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">213 </td> <td align="right">161 </td> <td align="right">739 </td> <td align="right">116,670 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2010-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2011 </td> <td align="right">373 </td> <td align="right">500 </td> <td align="right">44 </td> <td align="right">255 </td> <td align="right">170 </td> <td align="right">1,342 </td> <td align="right">127,792 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2011-227">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2012 </td> <td align="right">108 </td> <td align="right">220 </td> <td align="right">35 </td> <td align="right">259 </td> <td align="right">174 </td> <td align="right">796 </td> <td align="right">134,734 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2012-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2013 </td> <td align="right">68 </td> <td align="right">148 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">162 </td> <td align="right">121 </td> <td align="right">514 </td> <td align="right">152,709 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2013-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2014 </td> <td align="right">32 </td> <td align="right">133 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">133 </td> <td align="right">88 </td> <td align="right">404 </td> <td align="right">160,965 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2014-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2015 </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="right">148 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">232 </td> <td align="right">189 </td> <td align="right">646 </td> <td align="right">172,102 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2015-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2016 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">128 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">220 </td> <td align="right">209 </td> <td align="right">638 </td> <td align="right">179,419 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2016-232">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2017 </td> <td align="right">30 </td> <td align="right">107 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">173 </td> <td align="right">171 </td> <td align="right">498 </td> <td align="right">178,551[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2017-233">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2018 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">90 </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="right">127 </td> <td align="right">127 </td> <td align="right">371 </td> <td align="right">321,182 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2019 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">113 </td> <td align="right">358 </td> <td align="right">375,283 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">329 </td> <td align="right">413,401 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2021 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">289 </td> <td align="right">395,126 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2021-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2022 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">315 </td> <td align="right">311,395 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2022-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2023 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">293 </td> <td align="right">247,530 </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2023-239">[239]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H-1B_visas_issued_per_year">H-1B visas issued per year</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: H-1B visas issued per year">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>New and initial H-1B and H-1B1 visas issued by the U.S. Department of State through consular offices<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Travel_visas_issued-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nonimmigrant_Visas_Issued_2013-2017-244">[244]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Fiscal Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">H-1B </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">H-1B1 </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1990 </td> <td align="right">794 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">794 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1991 </td> <td align="right">51,882 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">51,882 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1992 </td> <td align="right">44,290 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">44,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1993 </td> <td align="right">35,818 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">35,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1994 </td> <td align="right">42,843 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">42,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1995 </td> <td align="right">51,832 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">51,832 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1996 </td> <td align="right">58,327 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">58,327 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1997 </td> <td align="right">80,547 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">80,547 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1998 </td> <td align="right">91,360 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">91,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1999 </td> <td align="right">116,513 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">116,513 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2000 </td> <td align="right">133,290 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">133,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2001 </td> <td align="right">161,643 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">161,643 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2002 </td> <td align="right">118,352 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">118,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2003 </td> <td align="right">107,196 </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="not available before 2004">n/a</abbr> </td> <td align="right">107,196 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2004 </td> <td align="right">138,965 </td> <td align="right">72 </td> <td align="right">139,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2005 </td> <td align="right">124,099 </td> <td align="right">275 </td> <td align="right">124,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2006 </td> <td align="right">135,421 </td> <td align="right">440 </td> <td align="right">135,861 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2007 </td> <td align="right">154,053 </td> <td align="right">639 </td> <td align="right">154,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="right">129,464 </td> <td align="right">719 </td> <td align="right">130,183 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2009 </td> <td align="right">110,367 </td> <td align="right">621 </td> <td align="right">110,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2010 </td> <td align="right">117,409 </td> <td align="right">419 </td> <td align="right">117,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2011 </td> <td align="right">129,134 </td> <td align="right">418 </td> <td align="right">129,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2012 </td> <td align="right">135,530 </td> <td align="right">461 </td> <td align="right">135,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2013 </td> <td align="right">153,223 </td> <td align="right">571 </td> <td align="right">153,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2014 </td> <td align="right">161,369 </td> <td align="right">870 </td> <td align="right">162,239 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2015 </td> <td align="right">172,748 </td> <td align="right">1,051 </td> <td align="right">173,799 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2016 </td> <td align="right">180,057 </td> <td align="right">1,294 </td> <td align="right">181,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2017 </td> <td align="right">179,049 </td> <td align="right">1,391 </td> <td align="right">180,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2018 </td> <td align="right">179,660 </td> <td align="right">1,498 </td> <td align="right">181,158 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2019 </td> <td align="right">188,123 </td> <td align="right">1,724 </td> <td align="right">189,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="right">124,983 </td> <td align="right">1,083 </td> <td align="right">126,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2021 </td> <td align="right">61,569 </td> <td align="right">1,586 </td> <td align="right">63,155 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2022 </td> <td align="right">206,002 </td> <td align="right">2,376 </td> <td align="right">208,378 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_H-1B_employers_by_visa_approval">Top H-1B employers by visa approval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Top H-1B employers by visa approval">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Companies receiving H-1Bs<a href="#cite_note-who-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-bw-2007-06-07-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009-visas-247">[247]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:80%;">Company </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">Headquartered (City) </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">Headquartered (Country) </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2006 <a href="#cite_note-bw-2007-06-07-chart-248">[248]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2007 <a href="#cite_note-2007CW-249">[249]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2008 <a href="#cite_note-2008CW-250">[250]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2009 <a href="#cite_note-2009CW-199">[199]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2010 <a href="#cite_note-2010CW-251">[251]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2011 <a href="#cite_note-2011CW-252">[252]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2012 <a href="#cite_note-2012CW-253">[253]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2013 <a href="#cite_note-2013CW-254">[254]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2014 <a href="#cite_note-Top_20_2014-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_2014_Data-256">[256]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2015 <a href="#cite_note-InfoWeek_2015_Top_8_companies-257">[257]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2016 <a href="#cite_note-FY2016byemployer-258">[258]</a> </th> <th style="font-size:80%;">2017 <a href="#cite_note-FY2017byemployer-259">[259]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">2,226 </td> <td align="right">962 </td> <td align="right">467 </td> <td align="right">233 </td> <td align="right">3,388 </td> <td align="right">4,222 </td> <td align="right">9,281 </td> <td align="right">9,986 </td> <td align="right">5,228 </td> <td align="right">15,680 </td> <td align="right">21,459 </td> <td align="right">28,908 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">3,046 </td> <td align="right">797 </td> <td align="right">1,539 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,740 </td> <td align="right">7,469 </td> <td align="right">6,258 </td> <td align="right">7,149 </td> <td align="right">6,339 </td> <td align="right">11,295 </td> <td align="right">14,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">4,900 </td> <td align="right">4,559 </td> <td align="right">4,559 </td> <td align="right">440 </td> <td align="right">3,792 </td> <td align="right">3,962 </td> <td align="right">5,600 </td> <td align="right">6,298 </td> <td align="right">4,022 </td> <td align="right">8,991 </td> <td align="right">12,780 </td> <td align="right">13,408 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">4,002 </td> <td align="right">2,567 </td> <td align="right">2,678 </td> <td align="right">1,964 </td> <td align="right">1,521 </td> <td align="right">2,736 </td> <td align="right">4,304 </td> <td align="right">2,644 </td> <td align="right">3,246 </td> <td align="right">4,803 </td> <td align="right">6,819 </td> <td align="right">6,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">1,555 </td> <td align="right">525 </td> <td align="right">413 </td> <td align="right">563 </td> <td align="right">196 </td> <td align="right">559 </td> <td align="right">1,668 </td> <td align="right">1,491 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">559 </td> <td align="right">3,114 </td> <td align="right">6,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td align="right">637 </td> <td align="right">331 </td> <td align="right">731 </td> <td align="right">287 </td> <td align="right">506 </td> <td align="right">1,347 </td> <td align="right">4,037 </td> <td align="right">3,346 </td> <td align="right">2,376 </td> <td align="right">5,793 </td> <td align="right">6,831 </td> <td align="right">5,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tech_Mahindra" title="Tech Mahindra">Tech Mahindra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">2,880 </td> <td align="right">1,396 </td> <td align="right">1,917 </td> <td align="right">219 </td> <td align="right">224 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,963 </td> <td align="right">1,589 </td> <td align="right">1,850 </td> <td align="right">2,657 </td> <td align="right">3,344 </td> <td align="right">4,931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">262 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">182 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">881 </td> <td align="right">877 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2,739 </td> <td align="right">4,767 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HCL_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Technologies">HCL Technologies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">910 </td> <td align="right">102 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,033 </td> <td align="right">2,070 </td> <td align="right">1,766 </td> <td align="right">927 </td> <td align="right">2,776 </td> <td align="right">3,492 </td> <td align="right">4,392 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">3,117 </td> <td align="right">959 </td> <td align="right">1,037 </td> <td align="right">1,318 </td> <td align="right">1,618 </td> <td align="right">947 </td> <td align="right">1,497 </td> <td align="right">1,048 </td> <td align="right">850 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">3,556 </td> <td align="right">4,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td align="right">309 </td> <td align="right">99 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">699 </td> <td align="right">536 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">3,276 </td> <td align="right">3,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">1,324 </td> <td align="right">199 </td> <td align="right">381 </td> <td align="right">865 </td> <td align="right">882 </td> <td align="right">853 </td> <td align="right">1,846 </td> <td align="right">1,624 </td> <td align="right">1,513 </td> <td align="right">2,500 </td> <td align="right">3,569 </td> <td align="right">3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td align="right">774 </td> <td align="right">302 </td> <td align="right">321 </td> <td align="right">481 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">373 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,552 </td> <td align="right">2,986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">328 </td> <td align="right">248 </td> <td align="right">207 </td> <td align="right">211 </td> <td align="right">172 </td> <td align="right">383 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">753 </td> <td align="right">728 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2,517 </td> <td align="right">2,758 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">828 </td> <td align="right">369 </td> <td align="right">351 </td> <td align="right">723 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">772 </td> <td align="right">700 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,873 </td> <td align="right">2,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syntel" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntel">Syntel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy, MI</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">416 </td> <td align="right">130 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">129 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,161 </td> <td align="right">1,149 </td> <td align="right">1,080 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2,286 </td> <td align="right">2,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupertino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupertino">Cupertino</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">443 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,992 </td> <td align="right">2,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro_Infotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen & Toubro Infotech">Larsen & Toubro Infotech</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">947 </td> <td align="right">292 </td> <td align="right">403 </td> <td align="right">602 </td> <td align="right">333 </td> <td align="right">1,204 </td> <td align="right">1,832 </td> <td align="right">1,001 </td> <td align="right">1,298 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">2,701 </td> <td align="right">1,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">828 </td> <td align="right">324 </td> <td align="right">422 </td> <td align="right">308 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">379 </td> <td align="right">246 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,529 </td> <td align="right">1,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,107 </td> <td align="right">1,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IGATE" title="IGATE">IGATE</a> (merged with <a href="/wiki/Patni_Computer_Systems" title="Patni Computer Systems">Patni</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater, New Jersey">Bridgewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a> </td> <td>United States and India </td> <td align="right">1,391 </td> <td align="right">477 </td> <td align="right">296 </td> <td align="right">609 </td> <td align="right">164 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,260 </td> <td align="right">1,157 </td> <td align="right">886 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">533 </td> <td align="right">158 </td> <td align="right">255 </td> <td align="right">320 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">909 </td> <td align="right">218 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,143 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mphasis" title="Mphasis">Mphasis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">751 </td> <td align="right">248 </td> <td align="right">251 </td> <td align="right">229 </td> <td align="right">197 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">556 </td> <td align="right">405 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_Shores,_California" title="Redwood Shores, California">Redwood Shores</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">1,022 </td> <td align="right">113 </td> <td align="right">168 </td> <td align="right">272 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">475 </td> <td align="right">365 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,448 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UST_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="UST Global">UST Global</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliso_Viejo,_California" title="Aliso Viejo, California">Aliso Viejo</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">339 </td> <td align="right">416 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">344 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">475 </td> <td align="right">421 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,136 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td align="right">591 </td> <td align="right">192 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">449 </td> <td align="right">138 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">873 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mindtree" title="Mindtree">Mindtree</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">487 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">1,103 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top 10 H-1B Receiving Universities<a href="#cite_note-who-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-bw-2007-06-07-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-bw-2007-06-07-chart-248">[248]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>School </td> <td>H-1Bs Received 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Public_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Public Schools">New York City Public Schools</a> </td> <td align="right">642 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> </td> <td align="right">437 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a> </td> <td align="right">434 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right">432 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</a> </td> <td align="right">432 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right">404 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> </td> <td align="right">355 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> </td> <td align="right">316 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> </td> <td align="right">308 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> </td> <td align="right">279 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> </td> <td align="right">278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> </td> <td align="right">275 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top 10 Employers for H-1B Visas (LCA filed)<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company Name </th> <th>Fiscal Year 2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ernst & Young </td> <td align="right">140,766 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cognizant </td> <td align="right">38,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deloitte </td> <td align="right">31,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HCL Technologies </td> <td align="right">23,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apple </td> <td align="right">20,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm Technologies </td> <td align="right">15,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tata Consultancy Services </td> <td align="right">15,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amazon Fulfillment Services </td> <td align="right">11,644 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kforce </td> <td align="right">10,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mphasis Corporation </td> <td align="right">10,403 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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USCIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216122039/https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations-and-fashion-models/extension-post-completion-optional-practical-training-opt-and-f-1-status-eligible-students-under-h-1b-cap-gap-regulations">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2016. 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Haddal (April 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/105192.pdf">"Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. p. CRS-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308004818/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/105192.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016. <q>In addition to the OPT extension, the USCIS rule change also addresses the commonly referred to "cap-gap" for H-1B nonimmigrant employment authorization. The cap-gap occurs when the period of admission for an F-1 student with an approved H-1B petition expires before the start date of the H-1B employment, thus creating a gap between the end of the F-1 status and beginning of the H-1B status. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/3027640/it-outsourcing/laid-off-it-workers-muzzled-as-h-1b-debate-heats-up.html">the original</a> on April 20, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016. <q>That clause has kept former Eversource employees from speaking out because of fears the utility will sue them if they say anything about their experience. The IT firms that Eversource uses, Infosys and Tata Consultancy Services, are major users of the H-1B visa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Laid-off+IT+workers+muzzled+as+H-1B+debate+heats+up&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3027640%2Fit-outsourcing%2Flaid-off-it-workers-muzzled-as-h-1b-debate-heats-up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney_NYTimes-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Disney_NYTimes_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Preston2015" class="citation news cs1">Julia Preston (June 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/us/last-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html">"Pink Slips at Disney. But First, Training Foreign Replacements"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114213549/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/us/last-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015. <q>Instead, about 250 Disney employees were told in late October that they would be laid off. Many of their jobs were transferred to immigrants on temporary visas for highly skilled technical workers, who were brought in by an outsourcing firm based in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pink+Slips+at+Disney.+But+First%2C+Training+Foreign+Replacements.&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.au=Julia+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F04%2Fus%2Flast-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT6315-207"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT6315_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Preston2015" class="citation news cs1">Julia Preston (June 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/us/last-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html">"Last Task After Layoff at Disney: Train Foreign Replacements"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603160337/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/us/last-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015. <q>Former employees said many immigrants who arrived were younger technicians with limited data skills who did not speak English fluently and had to be instructed in the basics of the work</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Task+After+Layoff+at+Disney%3A+Train+Foreign+Replacements&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.au=Julia+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F04%2Fus%2Flast-task-after-layoff-at-disney-train-foreign-replacements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2879083/southern-california-edison-it-workers-beyond-furious-over-h-1b-replacements.html">Southern California Edison IT workers 'beyond furious' over H-1B replacements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225552/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2879083/southern-california-edison-it-workers-beyond-furious-over-h-1b-replacements.html">Archived</a> 2015-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Computer World, February 4, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2015" class="citation news cs1">Preston, Julia (September 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/us/toys-r-us-brings-temporary-foreign-workers-to-us-to-move-jobs-overseas.html">"Toys 'R' Us Brings Temporary Foreign Workers to U.S. to Move Jobs Overseas"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Management/Feds-Bust-Nationwide-H1B-Visa-Scam">the original</a> on December 8, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feds+Bust+Nationwide+H-1B+Visa+Scam&rft.pub=eWeek&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FIT-Management%2FFeds-Bust-Nationwide-H1B-Visa-Scam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW10109-217"><a href="#cite_ref-BW10109_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbstHamm2009" class="citation news cs1">Herbst, Moira; Hamm, Steve (October 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/09_41/b4150034732629.htm">"America's High-Tech Sweatshops"</a>. BusinessWeek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613003202/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/09_41/b4150034732629.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2015. 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U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2005-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2005_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2005_221-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/New%20Structure/2nd%20Level%20(Left%20Nav%20Parents)/Resources%20-%202nd%20Level/h1b_fy05_characteristics.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2005</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]". 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U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2010-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2010_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2010_226-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/FY10H-1BSpecialtyOccupationalWorkers.pdf,">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052809/http://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/FY10H-1BSpecialtyOccupationalWorkers.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2011-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2011_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2011_227-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-11-characteristics.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010123623/http://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-11-characteristics.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2012-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2012_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2012_228-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-12-characteristics.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810205658/http://www.uscis.gov/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-12-characteristics.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2013-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2013_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2013_229-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Resources%20for%20Congress/H-1B_Characteristics_Report_FY_2013_826_KB.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414094114/http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Resources%20for%20Congress/H-1B_Characteristics_Report_FY_2013_826_KB.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2014-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2014_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2014_230-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h-1B-characteristics-report-14.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406202207/http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h-1B-characteristics-report-14.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2015-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2015_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2015_231-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/H-1B-FY15.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824203119/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/H-1B-FY15.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2016-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2016_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2016_232-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h-1B-FY16.pdf,">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108034634/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h-1B-FY16.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2017-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2017_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2017_233-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/reports-studies/Characteristics-of-Specialty-Occupation-Workers-H-1B-Fiscal-Year-2017.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111312/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/reports-studies/Characteristics-of-Specialty-Occupation-Workers-H-1B-Fiscal-Year-2017.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2018-234"><a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2018_234-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/Characteristics_of_Specialty_Occupation_Workers_H-1B_Fiscal_Year_2018.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2018</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2019-235"><a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2019_235-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/Characteristics_of_Specialty_Occupation_Workers_H-1B_Fiscal_Year_2019.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2019</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2020-236"><a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2020_236-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/Characteristics_of_Specialty_Occupation_Workers_H-1B_Fiscal_Year_2020.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2020</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2021-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2021_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2021_237-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/H1B_Characteristics_Congressional_Report_FY2021-3.2.22.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2021</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2022-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2022_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2022_238-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/OLA_Signed_H-1B_Characteristics_Congressional_Report_FY2022.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2022</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCISCharacteristicsFY2023-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2023_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCISCharacteristicsFY2023_239-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/OLA_Signed_H-1B_Characteristics_Congressional_Report_FY2023.pdf">Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Report for Fiscal Year 2023</a>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/Characteristics_of_Specialty_Occupation_Workers_H-1B_Fiscal_Year_2018.pdf">"Characteristics of H-1B Specialty Occupation Workers Fiscal Year 2018"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/table/0518_h1btable.htm">the original</a> on January 15, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Immigration%3A+Who+Gets+Temp+Work+Visas%3F&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.au=Peter+Elstrom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftable%2F0518_h1btable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007CW-249"><a href="#cite_ref-2007CW_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/pdfs/editorial/h1b.pdf">"Computerworld, USCIS 2007"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102220337/http://www.computerworld.com/pdfs/editorial/h1b.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computerworld%2C+USCIS+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fpdfs%2Feditorial%2Fh1b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008CW-250"><a href="#cite_ref-2008CW_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Thibodeau2009" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Thibodeau (February 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128436/List_of_H_1B_visa_employers_for_2008">"List of H-1B visa employers for 2008"</a>. Computerworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405041926/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128436/List_of_H_1B_visa_employers_for_2008">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=List+of+H-1B+visa+employers+for+2008&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9128436%2FList_of_H_1B_visa_employers_for_2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010CW-251"><a href="#cite_ref-2010CW_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Thibodeau2011" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Thibodeau (February 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9208961/Top_H_1B_visa_user_of_2010_An_Indian_firm">"Top H-1B visa user of 2010: An Indian firm"</a>. Computerworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120255/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9208961/Top_H_1B_visa_user_of_2010_An_Indian_firm">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Top+H-1B+visa+user+of+2010%3A+An+Indian+firm&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9208961%2FTop_H_1B_visa_user_of_2010_An_Indian_firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011CW-252"><a href="#cite_ref-2011CW_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Thibodeauand_Sharon_Machlis2012" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Thibodeau; and Sharon Machlis (January 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9223745/The_top_10_H_1B_visa_users_in_the_U.S.">"The top 10 H-1B visa users in the U.S."</a> Computerworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508114826/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9223745/The_top_10_H_1B_visa_users_in_the_U.S.">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+top+10+H-1B+visa+users+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft.au=and+Sharon+Machlis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9223745%2FThe_top_10_H_1B_visa_users_in_the_U.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012CW-253"><a href="#cite_ref-2012CW_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_ThibodeauSharon_Machlis2013" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Thibodeau; Sharon Machlis (February 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9236732/The_data_shows_Top_H_1B_users_are_offshore_outsourcers">"The data shows: Top H-1B users are offshore outsourcers"</a>. Computerworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607004145/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9236732/The_data_shows_Top_H_1B_users_are_offshore_outsourcers">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+data+shows%3A+Top+H-1B+users+are+offshore+outsourcers&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft.au=Sharon+Machlis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9236732%2FThe_data_shows_Top_H_1B_users_are_offshore_outsourcers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013CW-254"><a href="#cite_ref-2013CW_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_MachlisPatrick_Thibodeau2014" class="citation web cs1">Sharon Machlis; Patrick Thibodeau (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9247241/Offshore_firms_took_50_of_H_1B_visas_in_2013">"Offshore firms took 50% of H-1B visas in 2013"</a>. Computerworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140510185737/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9247241/Offshore_firms_took_50_of_H_1B_visas_in_2013">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Offshore+firms+took+50%25+of+H-1B+visas+in+2013&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.au=Sharon+Machlis&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9247241%2FOffshore_firms_took_50_of_H_1B_visas_in_2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_20_2014-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Top_20_2014_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeyoun_Park2015" class="citation news cs1">Haeyoun Park (November 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/06/us/outsourcing-companies-dominate-h1b-visas.html">"How Outsourcing Companies Are Gaming the Visa System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409082634/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/06/us/outsourcing-companies-dominate-h1b-visas.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Outsourcing+Companies+Are+Gaming+the+Visa+System&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.au=Haeyoun+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Fus%2Foutsourcing-companies-dominate-h1b-visas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoworld_2014_Data-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_2014_Data_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_ThibodeauSharon_Machlis2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Patrick Thibodeau; Sharon Machlis (July 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410031203/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2954726/government/despite-h-1b-lottery-offshore-firms-dominate-visa-use.html">"Despite H-1B lottery, offshore firms dominate visa use"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/2954726/government/despite-h-1b-lottery-offshore-firms-dominate-visa-use.html">the original</a> on April 10, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Despite+H-1B+lottery%2C+offshore+firms+dominate+visa+use&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.au=Patrick+Thibodeau&rft.au=Sharon+Machlis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F2954726%2Fgovernment%2Fdespite-h-1b-lottery-offshore-firms-dominate-visa-use.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWeek_2015_Top_8_companies-257"><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWeek_2015_Top_8_companies_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Kawamoto2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Dawn Kawamoto (March 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/government/8-biggest-h-1b-employers-in-2015/d/d-id/1324807">"8 Biggest H-1B Employers In 2015"</a>. Information Week. pp. 1–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330073200/http://www.informationweek.com/government/8-biggest-h-1b-employers-in-2015/d/d-id/1324807">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=8+Biggest+H-1B+Employers+In+2015&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.au=Dawn+Kawamoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fgovernment%2F8-biggest-h-1b-employers-in-2015%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F1324807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-1B+visa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY2016byemployer-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FY2016byemployer_258-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/BAHA/h-1b-2016-employers.pdf">Approved H-1B Petitions (Number, Salary, and Degree/Diploma) by Employer Fiscal Year 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111214233/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/BAHA/h-1b-2016-employers.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-FY2017byemployer-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FY2017byemployer_259-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/BAHA/Approved_H1B">Approved H-1B Petitions (Number, Salary, and Degree/Diploma) by Employer Fiscal Year 2017</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]." United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignlaborcert.doleta.gov/pdf/PerformanceData/2018/H-1B_Selected_Statistics_FY2018_Q2.pdf">H-1B Temporary Specialty Occupations Labor Condition Program – Selected Statistics, FY 2018 YTD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005008/https://www.foreignlaborcert.doleta.gov/pdf/PerformanceData/2018/H-1B_Selected_Statistics_FY2018_Q2.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li>United States Citizenship and Immigration Service, "Characteristics of Specialty Occupation Workers (H-1B)," for FY 2004 and FY 2005, November 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aZD9lJuxkzR0&refer=home">"Microsoft Cuts 5,000 Jobs as Recession Curbs Growth (Update5)</a>," Bloomberg, 22 Jan 2009 (Microsoft Lays off 5,000 even as they use 3,117 visas in 2006.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2007/03-07Senate.mspx">Testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.</a> Hearing "Strengthening American Competitiveness for the 21st Century." March 7, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151941/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jun2007/db20070606_792054.htm">Business Week, Immigration: Google Makes Its Case, 7 Jun 2007.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151941/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jun2007/db20070606_792054.htm">Business Week, Who Gets Temp Work Visas?</a> 7 Jun 2007 (Top 200 H-1B Visa Users Chart)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527144401/http://businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/may2007/db20070523_485361.htm">Business Week, Immigration Fight: Tech vs. Tech</a>, 25 May 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517084417/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/may2007/db20070515_218119.htm">Business Week, Crackdown on Indian Outsourcing Firms</a>, 15 May 2007.</li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Matloff" title="Norman Matloff">Norman Matloff</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/itaa.real.html">Debunking the Myth of a Desperate Software Labor Shortage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126074053/http://heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/itaa.real.html">Archived</a> 2011-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Testimony to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, April 1998, updated December 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0508/26/ldt.01.html">CNN, Lou Dobbs, Programmers Guild Interview & Transcript, August 26, 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2003_record&docid=cr18jn03-107">Congressional Record: Illegal Aliens Taking American Jobs</a>, June 18, 2003 (House)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.org/articles/2005/back1305.pdf">Center for Immigration Studies, Backgrounder: The bottom of the pay scale, Wages for H-1B Computer Programmer's, John Milano</a>, 2005.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07173/796195-28.stm">Pittsburgh law firm's immigration video sparks an Internet firestorm</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 22, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199906044">"Lawmakers Request Investigation Into YouTube Video"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221195357/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199906044">Archived</a> 2008-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sen. Chuck Grassley and Rep. Lamar Smith ask the Labor Department to look into a video they say documents H-1B abuse by companies. Information Week, June 21, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411562_Salzman_Science.pdf">October 2007 study by The Urban Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410024254/http://urban.org/UploadedPDF/411562_Salzman_Science.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Into the Eye of the Storm: Assessing the Evidence on Science and Engineering Education, Quality, and Workforce Demand B. Lindsay Lowell and Hal Salzman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T379469D">Guestworkers in the High-Skill U.S. Labor Market: An Analysis of Supply, Employment, and Wage Trends</a> "(2013) Hal Salzman, Daniel Kuehn, B. Lindsay Lowell Economic Policy Institute"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H-1B_visa&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107092748/http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1271.html">U.S. Department of State information on H-1B visa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/he00157.pdf">U.S. GAO Report on H-1B Problems, PDF format</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523235536/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/he00157.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/h-1b_count/">H-1B Quota Updates from USCIS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_nonimmigrant_visas415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_visas" title="Template:United States visas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_visas" title="Template talk:United States visas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_visas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States visas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_nonimmigrant_visas415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">United States nonimmigrant visas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-1_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="A-1 visa">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-2_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="A-2 visa">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-3_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="A-3 visa">A-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_visa" title="B visa">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_visa" title="B visa">B-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-1_visa" title="C-1 visa">C-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-2_visa" title="C-2 visa">C-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-3_visa" title="C-3 visa">C-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CW-1_visa" title="CW-1 visa">CW-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CW-2_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CW-2 visa (page does not exist)">CW-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_visa" title="D-1 visa">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_visa" title="D-2 visa">D-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaty investor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-1_visa" title="E-1 visa">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-2_visa" title="E-2 visa">E-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-3_visa" title="E-3 visa">E-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-3_visa" title="E-3 visa">E-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-3_visa" title="E-3 visa">E-3R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F-1_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 visa">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-2_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="F-2 visa">F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-3_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="F-3 visa">F-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_visa" title="G visa">G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-1_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="G-1 visa">G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-2_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="G-2 visa">G-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-3_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="G-3 visa">G-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-4_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="G-4 visa">G-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-5_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="G-5 visa">G-5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temporary worker</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H-1A_visa" title="H-1A visa">H-1A</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B1_visa" title="H-1B1 visa">H-1B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1C_visa" title="H-1C visa">H-1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2A_Visa" class="mw-redirect" title="H-2A Visa">H-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2B_visa" title="H-2B visa">H-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-2R_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H-2R visa (page does not exist)">H-2R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-3_visa" title="H-3 visa">H-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-4_visa" title="H-4 visa">H-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media / journalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I-1_visa" title="I-1 visa">I-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural Exchange</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa">J-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-2_visa" title="J-2 visa">J-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family of US Citizen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-1_visa" title="K-1 visa">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-2_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-2 visa (page does not exist)">K-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-3_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-3 visa (page does not exist)">K-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-4_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-4 visa (page does not exist)">K-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracompany transfer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-1_visa" title="L-1 visa">L-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-2_visa" title="L-2 visa">L-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocational Students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-1_visa" title="M-1 visa">M-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-2_visa" title="M-2 visa">M-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M-3_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M-3 visa (page does not exist)">M-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SK visa dependents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-8_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-8 visa (page does not exist)">N-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-9_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-9 visa (page does not exist)">N-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO-1_visa" title="NATO-1 visa">NATO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-2_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-2 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-3_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-3 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-4_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-4 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-5_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-5 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-6_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-6 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO-7_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO-7 visa (page does not exist)">NATO-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alien_of_extraordinary_ability" title="Alien of extraordinary ability">Extraordinary ability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_visa" title="O visa">O-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="O-2 visa">O-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-3_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="O-3 visa">O-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Athletes, artists, entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P_visa" title="P visa">P-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_visa" title="P visa">P-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_visa" title="P visa">P-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_visa" title="P visa">P-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural exchange</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-1_visa" title="Q-1 visa">Q-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_visa" title="R visa">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_visa" title="R visa">R-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses / informants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-5_visa" title="S-5 visa">S-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-6_visa" title="S-6 visa">S-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-7_visa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-7 visa (page does not exist)">S-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human trafficking victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="USMCA">USMCA</a> professionals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TD_status" class="mw-redirect" title="TD status">TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TN_status" title="TN status">TN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_visa" title="U visa">U-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_visa" title="U visa">U-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_visa" title="U visa">U-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_visa" title="U visa">U-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_visa" title="U visa">U-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIJS_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="SIJS visa">SIJS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family of permanent residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_visa" title="V visa">V-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_visa" title="V visa">V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_visa" title="V visa">V-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visa Waiver Program</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WB_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="WB visa">WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="WT visa">WT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="GB visa">GB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="GT visa">GT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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