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speakers' preference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status_and_speakers'_preference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linguistic considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology_and_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology_and_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Phonology and grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology_and_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Language politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Montenegrin language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegryns" title="Montenegryns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Montenegryns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मोंटेनेग्रिन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मोंटेनेग्रिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المونتنغرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المونتنغرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_montenegr%C3%ADn" title="Idioma montenegrín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma montenegrín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%C3%A8n%C3%A8grin" title="Montènègrin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Montènègrin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_montenegr%C3%ADn" title="Idioma montenegrín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma montenegrín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monten%C3%A9gyro_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Montenégyro ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Montenégyro ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ЧӀегӀермегӀер мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЧӀегӀермегӀер мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteneqro_dili" title="Monteneqro dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monteneqro dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro-g%C3%AD" title="Montenegro-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Montenegro-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чарнагорская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарнагорская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чарнагорская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарнагорская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Черногорски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черногорски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnogorski_jezik" title="Crnogorski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crnogorski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Черногори хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Черногори хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegr%C3%AD" title="Montenegrí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Montenegrí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernohor%C5%A1tina" title="Černohorština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černohorština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_montinigrina" title="Lingua montinigrina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua montinigrina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegreg" title="Montenegreg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Montenegreg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinsk" title="Montenegrinsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Montenegrinsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinische_Sprache" title="Montenegrinische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Montenegrinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnog%C3%B3rska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Carnogórska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carnogórska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_keel" title="Montenegro keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Montenegro keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαυροβουνιακή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαυροβουνιακή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_montenegrino" title="Idioma montenegrino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma montenegrino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegra_lingvo" title="Montenegra lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montenegra lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegroera" title="Montenegroera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Montenegroera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="زبان مونته‌نگروئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مونته‌نگروئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grin" title="Monténégrin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monténégrin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhontain%C3%A9igris" title="An Mhontainéigris – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhontainéigris" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_montenegrina" title="Lingua montenegrina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua montenegrina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%96%B4" title="몬테네그로어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몬테네그로어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չեռնոգորերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեռնոգորերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मोंटेनीग्रिन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोंटेनीग्रिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cornoh%C3%B3r%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Čornohóršćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čornohóršćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnogorski_jezik" title="Crnogorski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crnogorski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrana_linguo" title="Montenegrana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montenegrana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Montenegrino" title="Pagsasao a Montenegrino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Montenegrino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Montenegro" title="Bahasa Montenegro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartfellska" title="Svartfellska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartfellska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_montenegrina" title="Lingua montenegrina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua montenegrina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מונטנגרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונטנגרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Къаратау тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къаратау тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონტენეგრული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონტენეგრული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Черногор кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Черногор кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernagorava" title="Cernagorava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cernagorava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnkalnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Melnkalniešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnkalniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinesch" title="Montenegrinesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Montenegrinesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodkalnie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Juodkalniečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodkalniečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_m%C3%B4ntenegrinn-a" title="Lengua môntenegrinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua môntenegrinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_montenegrina" title="Lengua montenegrina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua montenegrina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegr%C3%B3i_nyelv" title="Montenegrói nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Montenegrói nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Црногорски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црногорски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_m%C3%B4ntenegrina" title="Fiteny môntenegrina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny môntenegrina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="माँटेनिग्रिन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माँटेनिग्रिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المونتنغريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المونتنغريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Montenegro" title="Bahasa Montenegro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrijns" title="Montenegrijns – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Montenegrijns" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="モンテネグロ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンテネグロ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ӏаьржаламанхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржаламанхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegriins_spriak" title="Montenegriins spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Montenegriins spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinsk" title="Montenegrinsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Montenegrinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinsk" title="Montenegrinsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Montenegrinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਂਟੇਨੀਗਰਿਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਂਟੇਨੀਗਰਿਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_montneigrin-a" title="Lenga montneigrin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga montneigrin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czarnog%C3%B3rski" title="Język czarnogórski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czarnogórski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_montenegrina" title="Língua montenegrina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua montenegrina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_muntenegrean%C4%83" title="Limba muntenegreană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba muntenegreană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чорногорьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорногорьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Черногорский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черногорский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Montenegro" title="Gagana Montenegro – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_leid" title="Montenegrin leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Montenegrin leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_malazeze" title="Gjuha malazeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha malazeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Montenegrin language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciernohor%C4%8Dina" title="Čiernohorčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čiernohorčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crnogor%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Črnogorščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črnogorščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frnog%C5%8Drsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Czŏrnogōrskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnogōrskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Црногорски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црногорски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnogorski_jezik" title="Crnogorski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crnogorski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegron_kieli" title="Montenegron kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Montenegron kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrinska" title="Montenegrinska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Montenegrinska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ภาษามอนเตเนโกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามอนเตเนโกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karada%C4%9Fca" title="Karadağca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadağca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чорногорська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорногорська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مونٹینیگری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مونٹینیگری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_montenegrina" title="Łéngua montenegrina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua montenegrina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Montenegro" title="Tiếng Montenegro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="黑山语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑山语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Normative variety of Serbo-Croatian in Montenegro</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crnogorski" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Montenegrin (disambiguation)">Montenegrin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Montenegrin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Montenegrin-language text"><i lang="cnr">crnogorski</i></span><br /><span title="Montenegrin-language text"><span lang="cnr">црногорски</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cnr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[tsr̩nǒɡorskiː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">232,600 (<a href="#Official_status_and_speakers'_preference">see text</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>New Shtokavian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Montenegrin</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Latin alphabet">Montenegrin Latin alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet">Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mali_I%C4%91o%C5%A1" title="Mali Iđoš">Mali Iđoš</a> municipality (Vojvodina, Serbia)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=515">cnr</a></span></code> <sup id="cite_ref-iso6392_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6392-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cnr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cnr">cnr</a></code> <sup id="cite_ref-iso6393_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6393-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mont1282">mont1282</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">part of <a href="/wiki/53-AAA-g" class="mw-redirect" title="53-AAA-g">53-AAA-g</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Montenegrin is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Western South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Standard languages</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonian dialect">Slavonian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užice</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Resava_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovo–Resava dialect (page does not exist)">Kosovo–Resava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo–Vršac</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Prizren–Timok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>))</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Molise</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Accents</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">Ikavian</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><i><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a></span></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meshterski" title="Meshterski">Meshterski</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Macedonian" title="Dialects of Macedonian">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonian_dialects" title="Western Macedonian dialects">Western</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Southeastern Macedonian dialects">Southeastern</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Northern Macedonian dialects">Northern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_Macedonian" title="Spoken Macedonian">Spoken Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Macedonian" title="Standard Macedonian">Standard Macedonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Transitional dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Transitional Bulgarian dialects">Transitional Bulgarian dialects</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Croatian–Slovenian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Bulgarian–Macedonian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alphabets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Modern</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin</a><sup>a</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Historical</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohoričica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dajnko_alphabet" title="Dajnko alphabet">Dajnčica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metelko_alphabet" title="Metelko alphabet">Metelčica</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>a</sup></span> Includes <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Bulgarian language">Banat Bulgarian alphabet</a>.</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template talk:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Montenegrin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MON</span>-tin-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-grin</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pronunciations_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronunciations-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Montenegrin-language text"><i lang="cnr-Latn">crnogorski</i></span>, <span title="Montenegrin-language text"><span lang="cnr-Cyrl">црногорски</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#Standard_varieties" title="Variety (linguistics)">normative variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> language<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly used by <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> and is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a>, more specifically on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a>, which is also the basis of Standard <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montenegro's language has historically and traditionally been called either Serbian or Montenegrin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of a standardized Montenegrin standard language separate from <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> appeared in the 1990s during the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> through proponents of <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegrin independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>. Montenegrin became the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Montenegro with the ratification and proclamation of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">constitution</a> in October 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-CafedelMontenegro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CafedelMontenegro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Montenegrin_language##" title="Talk:Montenegrin language">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The beginnings of Montenegrin literacy date back to 9th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a> period, with the establishment of numerous monasteries in the coastal region. While traces of Latin and Greek literacy from the Duklja period are partially preserved, there is only indirect evidence of literacy in the Slavic language. The use of <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a> in Duklja was influenced by the strong center of Slavic literacy in <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, although some argue that Slavic literature in Duklja was written in Latin script. Literary activity flourished around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Lake Skadar</a> during this period, with the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska as a significant center.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Zeta">Zeta</a> period begins with the fall of Duklja to Serbian rule and extends through the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Balšić">Balšić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crnojevi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Crnojević">Crnojević</a> families. While there is no consensus on the dating of Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in present-day Montenegro, it is established that <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> became dominant during the Zeta period, replacing <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Zeta was established a printing press by <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Crnojević">Đurađ Crnojević</a>, starting in Obod and later moving to <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>. This press produced five <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a>, making Montenegro one of the four Slavic nations with incunabula in their language. During this period there was a development of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic, exemplified by the Miroslavljevo Gospel from the 12th century, written in <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>. This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to the local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions. Despite being erroneously labeled as Zeta-Hum redaction, it originated in Zeta and then spread to Hum.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoih01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Oktoih01.jpg/290px-Oktoih01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Oktoih01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption> A page of Oktoih prvoglasnik, printed at the Crnojević printing house in Cetinje, 1494.</figcaption></figure> <p>The period of written language spans from the late 15th to the 18th century. During this time, written language represents the written realization of the local spoken language. In new socio-historical circumstances in Montenegro, there was a gradual shift towards the reintegration of the Montenegrin language with a popular basis. However, Old Church Slavonic continued to be used in the Orthodox Church for a long time. In this phase, Old Church Slavonic books and Cyrillic script dominated. Yet, in the coastal region, the influence of the Montenegrin type of Old Church Slavonic had little impact on the literature of the period, where Latin and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The written language in secular use continued to follow the development of the Montenegrin spoken language, progressively shedding Church Slavonic elements as time passed. The most significant writers during the period of written language emerged in the late Baroque period - <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Zmajevi%C4%87" title="Andrija Zmajević">Andrija Zmajević</a> in the coastal part <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danilo_I,_Metropolitan_of_Cetinje" title="Danilo I, Metropolitan of Cetinje">Danilo Petrović Njegoš</a> in the continental part <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>. Both wrote in the Montenegrin vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the second half of the 18th century, strengthened by the state and church organization, conditions were created for the establishment of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language as a means of common communication across the territory under the jurisdiction of the state and church. Even before the birth of <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuk Stefanović Karadžić">Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</a>, Ivan-Antun Nenadić from <a href="/wiki/Perast" title="Perast">Perast</a> advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that writing should reflect how people speak and pronounce. This rule was applied early in Montenegrin literature, making it unsurprising that Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were later accepted without significant issues. In the period of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language, three styles can be observed: literary, business, and scientific, all formed in the process of spontaneous Montenegrin linguistic standardization. Montenegrin literature, both linguistically and thematically, originated from everyday life. In the period in question, the highest achievement of such literary language is seen in the letters of <a href="/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar I Petrović-Njegoš">Petar I Petrović-Njegoš</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform, during the transitional period of the Montenegrin language (from the 1830s to World War I), significant changes occurred, and some typical Montenegrin linguistic features were officially abolished. Throughout this period, the language in Montenegro was officially referred to as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, and the assimilation of the Montenegrin language toward the general štokavian Karadžić model was primarily implemented through textbooks and external teaching staff that wholeheartedly followed the principles of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vuk's principle of introducing the vernacular into literature encountered little opposition in Montenegro, as it was already present there before Vuk. However, the complete acceptance of all aspects of this reform did not proceed smoothly, leading to divisions among Montenegrin cultural figures.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In lengthy debates, <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Pavlović">Jovan Pavlović</a> (a consistent follower of Vuk) and <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Tomanovi%C4%87" title="Lazar Tomanović">Lazar Tomanović</a> stood out, with Tomanović advocating for the introduction of graphemes ś and ź. Đuro Špadijer, in his Serbian Grammar (intended for 3rd and 4th grades in Montenegrin elementary schools), introduced some characteristics considered by Vuk's model as dialectal and provincial.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, from the school year 1863/64, Montenegro began the continuous implementation of Karadžić's linguistic reform in Cetinje schools. This reform would ultimately achieve a definitive victory in Montenegro by the end of the 19th century, primarily in administrative, journalistic, and scientific styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literary style, which retained fundamental Montenegrin linguistic features, resisted this process the longest and mostly remained beyond the reach of the mentioned reform, entering the 20th century with preserved foundational Montenegrin language characteristics. The preservation of typical Montenegrin language features in the literary style is evident in the works of three representative figures from that period: <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87_Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Petar II Petrović Njegoš">Petar II Petrović Njegoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Mitrov_Ljubi%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša">Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marko_Miljanov_Popovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Marko Miljanov Popović">Marko Miljanov Popović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_era">Yugoslav era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yugoslav era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most significant changes in the Montenegrin literary language occurred during the phase marked by the influence of Serbian linguist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Beli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Belić">Aleksandar Belić</a>, between the two World Wars. Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities, preserved in the literary style in the first two decades of the 20th century, were assimilated into the common "Serbo-Croatian" linguistic template in the new socio-historical framework. Although Belić's Orthography from 1923 formally allowed the use of <a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">ijekavian</a>, he emphasized in that edition and subsequent ones that <a href="/wiki/Jekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jekavian">jekavian</a> jotization is a dialectal phenomenon. Consequently, Montenegrins were obligated to use atypical non-jotized forms such as "djed" (grandfather), "cjedilo" (strainer), "tjerati" (to drive), "sjesti" (to sit), and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In subsequent editions, Belić abolished the normative status of the so-called longer endings of pronominal-adjective declension (-ijem, -ijeh) and codified only the short endings. This led Vuk's language model to be gradually abandoned by his followers. Despite the formal acknowledgment of ijekavian in literary language, the interwar period in Montenegro was marked by an increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">ekavian</a>. The introduction of ekavian was implemented through education, as textbooks and teaching staff predominantly followed ekavian norms. This is vividly illustrated by writings in the Montenegrin press of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary stage in the development of the Montenegrin literary language encompasses the period after World War II, with the improvement of the country's status, the language's standing also improved. Although Montenegro did not gain the right to name its language with its own name, during this period, institutions promoting the Montenegrin language were substantively developed. Associations and organizations like the Montenegrin PEN Center, Matica crnogorska, Duklja Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Institute for Montenegrin Language and Linguistics, and the Montenegrin Society of Independent Writers played a crucial role in preserving Montenegrin values. The Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language by the Montenegrin PEN Center in 1997 was a significant document emphasizing the autonomy of the Montenegrin language. These efforts culminated in the new Montenegrin Constitution of 2007, where the Montenegrin language gained official status for the first time. The establishment of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language in 2008 and the adoption of the Montenegrin Spelling Book in 2009 represent significant steps in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language.<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty_for_Montenegrin_Language_and_Literature-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_standardization">Language standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg/220px-Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg/330px-Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg/440px-Petar_II_Petrovic-Njegos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Petar II Petrović-Njegoš was a Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, poet and philosopher whose works are widely considered some of the most important in Montenegrin literature.</figcaption></figure><p>In January 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">government of Montenegro</a> formed the Board (Council) for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the Montenegrin language according to international norms. Proceeding documents will, after verification, become a part of the educational programme in Montenegrin schools. </p><p>The first Montenegrin standard was officially proposed in July 2009. In addition to the letters prescribed by the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, <span class="nowrap">⟨ś⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ź⟩</span>, to replace the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨sj⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zj⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-crnogorski-dva-nova-slova_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crnogorski-dva-nova-slova-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Education has accepted neither of the two drafts of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin language, but instead adopted an alternate third one which was not a part of their work. The Council has criticized this act, saying it comes from "a small group" and that it contains an abundance of "methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 June 2010, the Council for General Education adopted the first <i>Montenegrin Grammar</i>. </p><p>The first written request for the assignment of an international code was submitted by the Montenegrin authorities to the technical committee ISO 639 in July 2008, with complete paperwork forwarded to Washington in September 2015. After a long procedure, the request was finally approved on Friday, December 8, 2017, and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code <b>[cnr]</b> was assigned to the Montenegrin language, effective December 21, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-iso6392_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6392-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso6393_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6393-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status_and_speakers'_preference"><span id="Official_status_and_speakers.27_preference"></span>Official status and speakers' preference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official status and speakers' preference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MontenegroLanguage2003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MontenegroLanguage2003.png/200px-MontenegroLanguage2003.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MontenegroLanguage2003.png/300px-MontenegroLanguage2003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MontenegroLanguage2003.png/400px-MontenegroLanguage2003.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Linguistic structure of Montenegro by settlements in 2003</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG/200px-MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG/300px-MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG/400px-MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Linguistic structure of Montenegro by settlements in 2011; Montenegrin in red color, contrasted with Serbian in blue</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg/200px-Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg/300px-Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg/400px-Linguistic_map_of_Montenegro_by_municipality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Linguistic structure of Montenegro by municipalities in 2011</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The language remains an ongoing issue in Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the census of 1991, the vast majority of Montenegrin citizens, 510,320 or 82.97%, declared themselves speakers of the then-official language: <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. The earlier 1981 population census had also recorded a Serbo-Croatian-speaking majority. However, in the first Communist censuses, the vast majority of the population declared <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> to be their native language. Such had also been the case with the first recorded population census in Montenegro, in 1909, when approximately 95% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a> claimed Serbian as their native language. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Constitution of Montenegro</a>, the official language of the republic since 1992 has been 'Serbian language of the <a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">ijekavian</a> dialect'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and until 1992, the official language of Montenegro was Serbo-Croatian. Before that, in the previous Montenegrin realm, the language in use was called Serbian. Serbian was the officially used language in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> until after the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Agreement" title="Novi Sad Agreement">Novi Sad Agreement</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Serbo-Croatian was introduced into the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in 1974. Organizations promoting Montenegrin as a distinct language have appeared since 2004 when the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro" title="Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro">Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro</a> regime introduced usage of the term. The new constitution, adopted on 19 October 2007, deemed Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro. </p><p>The most recent <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Montenegro" title="Demographic history of Montenegro">population census</a> conducted in Montenegro was in 2011. According to it, 36.97% of the population (229,251) declared that their native language was Montenegrin, and 42.88% (265,895) declared it to be Serbian.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mijat_%C5%A0ukovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mijat Šuković (page does not exist)">Mijat Šuković</a>, a prominent Montenegrin lawyer, wrote a draft version of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">the constitution</a> which passed the parliament's constitutional committee. Šuković suggested that Montenegrin be declared the official language of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>, an advisory body of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, had a generally positive attitude towards the draft of the constitution but did not address the language and church issues, calling them symbolic. The new constitution ratified on 19 October 2007 declared Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro, but also gave some recognition to <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, and Serbian. </p><p>The ruling <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro" title="Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro">Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Social Democratic Party of Montenegro">Social Democratic Party of Montenegro</a> stand for simply stating the country's official language to be Montenegrin, but this policy is opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist People's Party of Montenegro">Socialist People's Party of Montenegro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Montenegro)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (Montenegro)">People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Serb_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Serb Party">Democratic Serb Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bosniak_Party_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak Party of Montenegro">Bosniak Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Changes" title="Movement for Changes">Movement for Changes</a> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Serb_List_(2006)" title="Serb List (2006)">Serb List</a> coalition led by the <a href="/wiki/Serb_People%27s_Party_(Montenegro)" title="Serb People's Party (Montenegro)">Serb People's Party</a>. A referendum was not needed, however, as a two-thirds majority of the parliament voted for the Constitution, including the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_a_European_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for a European Montenegro">ruling coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Changes" title="Movement for Changes">Movement for Changes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bosniak_Party" title="Bosniak Party">Bosniaks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Liberal Party of Montenegro">Liberals</a>, while the pro-Serbian parties voted against it and the Albanian minority parties abstained from voting. The Constitution was ratified and adopted on 19 October 2007, recognizing Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. </p><p>According to a poll of 1,001 Montenegrin citizens conducted by <a href="/wiki/Matica_crnogorska" title="Matica crnogorska">Matica crnogorska</a> in 2014, the linguistic demographics were:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r852221607">.mw-parser-output .flowlist ul{overflow-x:hidden;margin-left:0;padding-left:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .flowlist ol{overflow-x:hidden;margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em}.mw-parser-output .flowlist dl{overflow-x:hidden}</style><div class="flowlist"> <ul><li>41.1% Montenegrin</li> <li>39.1% Serbian</li> <li>12.3% Serbian, Montenegrin, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbo-Croatian (as one and the same language)</li> <li>3.9% Serbo-Croatian</li> <li>1.9% Bosnian</li> <li>1.7% Croatian</li></ul> </div> <p>According to an early 2017 poll, 42.6% of Montenegro's citizens have opted for Serbian as the name of their native language, while 37.9% for Montenegrin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A declaration of Montenegrin as their native language is not confined to ethnic Montenegrins. According to the 2011 census, a proportion of other ethnic groups in Montenegro have also claimed Montenegrin to be their native language. Most openly, Matica Muslimanska called on <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a> living in Montenegro to name their native language as Montenegrin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_considerations">Linguistic considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linguistic considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegrin_dialects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Montenegrin_dialects.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Shtokavian subdialects in Montenegro.</figcaption></figure> <p>Montenegrins speak <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a> <a href="/wiki/Supradialect" title="Supradialect">supradialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> Serbo-Croatian. The dialect serves as a basis for the Montenegrin language.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the dialects are shared with the neighbouring Slavic nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian dialect</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška dialect</a>. </p><p>The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect is spoken in the majority of Montenegro and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, as well as areas in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and Serbia, with Montenegro only partially codifying the dialect. The Zeta–Raška dialect is prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)" title="Raška (region)">Raška</a> in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly spoken by local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Montenegrin_language" title="Special:EditPage/Montenegrin language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The proponents of the separate Montenegrin language prefer using <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaj's Latin">Gaj's Latin</a> alphabet over the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian Cyrillic</a>. In both scripts, the Montenegrin alphabets have two additional letters (bold), which are easier to render in <a href="/wiki/Digital_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital typography">digital typography</a> in the Latin alphabet due to their existence in <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a>, but which must be created <i>ad hoc</i> using <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining characters</a> when typesetting Cyrillic. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Latin collation order </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin </th> <td>A </td> <td>B </td> <td>C </td> <td>Č </td> <td>Ć </td> <td>D </td> <td>Dž </td> <td>Đ </td> <td>E </td> <td>F </td> <td>G </td> <td>H </td> <td>I </td> <td>J </td> <td>K </td> <td>L </td> <td>Lj </td> <td>M </td> <td>N </td> <td>Nj </td> <td>O </td> <td>P </td> <td>R </td> <td>S </td> <td>Š </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a></b> </td> <td>T </td> <td>U </td> <td>V </td> <td>Z </td> <td>Ž </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>А </td> <td>Б </td> <td>Ц </td> <td>Ч </td> <td>Ћ </td> <td>Д </td> <td>Џ </td> <td>Ђ </td> <td>Е </td> <td>Ф </td> <td>Г </td> <td>Х </td> <td>И </td> <td>Ј </td> <td>К </td> <td>Л </td> <td>Љ </td> <td>М </td> <td>Н </td> <td>Њ </td> <td>О </td> <td>П </td> <td>Р </td> <td>С </td> <td>Ш </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="С́">С́</a></b> </td> <td>Т </td> <td>У </td> <td>В </td> <td>З </td> <td>Ж </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="З́">З́</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Cyrillic collation order </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <td>А </td> <td>Б </td> <td>В </td> <td>Г </td> <td>Д </td> <td>Ђ </td> <td>Е </td> <td>Ж </td> <td>З </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b>З́</b> </td> <td>И </td> <td>Ј </td> <td>К </td> <td>Л </td> <td>Љ </td> <td>М </td> <td>Н </td> <td>Њ </td> <td>О </td> <td>П </td> <td>Р </td> <td>С </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b>С́</b> </td> <td>Т </td> <td>Ћ </td> <td>У </td> <td>Ф </td> <td>Х </td> <td>Ц </td> <td>Ч </td> <td>Џ </td> <td>Ш </td></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <td>A </td> <td>B </td> <td>V </td> <td>G </td> <td>D </td> <td>Đ </td> <td>E </td> <td>Ž </td> <td>Z </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b>Ź</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>J </td> <td>K </td> <td>L </td> <td>Lj </td> <td>M </td> <td>N </td> <td>Nj </td> <td>O </td> <td>P </td> <td>R </td> <td>S </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><b>Ś</b> </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ć </td> <td>U </td> <td>F </td> <td>H </td> <td>C </td> <td>Č </td> <td>Dž </td> <td>Š </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_and_grammar">Phonology and grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology and grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many literary works of authors from <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> provide examples of the local Montenegrin vernacular. The medieval literature was mostly written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recensions</a>, but most of the 19th century works were written in some of the dialects of Montenegro. They include the folk literature collected by <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuk Stefanović Karadžić">Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</a> and other authors, as well as the books of writers from Montenegro such as <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar Petrović Njegoš</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a></i> (<i>Gorski vijenac</i>), <a href="/wiki/Marko_Miljanov" title="Marko Miljanov">Marko Miljanov</a>'s <i>The Examples of Humanity and Bravery</i> (<i>Primjeri čojstva i junaštva</i>), etc. In the second half of the 19th century and later, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian dialect</a>, which served as a basis for the standard <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> language, was often used instead of the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect#Zeta–Raška" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Zeta–South Raška dialect</a> characteristic of most dialects of Montenegro. Petar Petrović Njegoš, one of the most respectable Montenegrin authors, changed many characteristics of the Zeta–South Raška dialect from the manuscript of his <i>Gorski vijenac</i> to those proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić as a standard for the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a>. </p><p>For example, most of the <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusatives</a> of place used in the Zeta–South Raška dialect were changed by Njegoš to the <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locatives</a> used in the Serbian standard. Thus the stanzas <i>"U dobro je lako dobar biti, / na muku se poznaju junaci"</i> from the manuscript were changed to <i>"U dobru je lako dobar biti, / na muci se poznaju junaci"</i> in the printed version. Other works of later Montenegrin authors were also often modified to the East Herzegovinian forms in order to follow the Serbian language literary norm. However, some characteristics of the traditional Montenegrin Zeta–South Raška dialect sometimes appeared. For example, the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Onamo_namo" class="mw-redirect" title="Onamo namo">Onamo namo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_I_Petrovi%C4%87_Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikola I Petrović Njegoš">Nikola I Petrović Njegoš</a>, although it was written in the East Herzegovinian Serbian standard, contains several Zeta–South Raška forms: <i>"Onamo namo, za brda ona"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, instead of <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a> <i>za brdima onim</i>), and <i>"Onamo namo, da viđu</i> (instead of <i>vidim</i>) <i>Prizren"</i>, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_politics">Language politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif/220px-Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif/330px-Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif/440px-Original_montenegrin_language_alphabet.gif 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>A proposed Montenegrin alphabet which contains three more letters than the Serbian counterpart — Ś, З and Ź</figcaption></figure> <p>Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of the Montenegrin language state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language what they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_PEN_Center" title="Montenegrin PEN Center">Montenegrin PEN Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the "<i>Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which Montenegrins name their part of [the] Shtokavian system, commonly inherited with <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a>, Serbs and Croats</i>". Therefore, in 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a>, which states that in Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina a common <a href="/wiki/Polycentric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycentric language">polycentric standard language</a> is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation of languages like <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of the Montenegrin language has been supported by other important academic institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Matica_crnogorska" title="Matica crnogorska">Matica crnogorska</a>, although meeting opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>. Some proponents go further. The chief proponent of Montenegrin was <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>-educated <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Nik%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Nikčević">Vojislav Nikčević</a>, professor at the Department of Language and Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montenegro" title="University of Montenegro">University of Montenegro</a> and the head of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Montenegrin_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Montenegrin Language (page does not exist)">Institute for Montenegrin Language</a> in the capital Podgorica. His dictionaries and grammars were printed by Croatian publishers since the major Montenegrin publishing houses such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obod (page does not exist)">Obod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> opted for the official nomenclature specified in the Constitution (Serbian until 1974, Serbo-Croatian to 1992, Serbian until 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikčević advocates amending the Latin alphabet with three letters Ś, Ź, and З and corresponding Cyrillic letters С́, З́ and Ѕ (representing IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]</span> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents acknowledge that these sounds can be heard by many Montenegrin speakers, however, they do not form a language system and thus are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> rather than phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are speakers in Montenegro who do not utter them and speakers of Serbian and Croatian outside of Montenegro (notably in Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina) who do. In addition, introduction of those letters could pose significant technical difficulties (the Eastern European character encoding <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">ISO/IEC 8859-2</a> does not contain the letter З, for example, and the corresponding letters were not proposed for Cyrillic). </p><p>Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a> declared his open support for the formalization of the Montenegrin language by declaring himself as a speaker of Montenegrin in an October 2004 interview with Belgrade daily <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i></span>. Official Montenegrin government communiqués are given in <i>English and Montenegrin</i> on the government's webpage.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the government of Montenegro changed the school curriculum so that the name of the mandatory classes teaching the language was changed from "Serbian language" to "Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)". This change was made, according to the government, in order to better reflect the diversity of languages spoken among citizens in the republic and to protect human rights of non-Serb citizens in Montenegro who declare themselves as speakers of other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decision resulted in a number of teachers declaring a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> and parents refusing to send their children to schools.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities affected by the strike included <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berane" title="Berane">Berane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pljevlja" title="Pljevlja">Pljevlja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Herceg Novi</a>. The new letters had been used for official documents since 2009 but in February 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Montenegro">Assembly of Montenegro</a> removed them from the official webpage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Montenegrin, written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Montenegrin-language text"><span lang="cnr" style="font-style: normal;">"Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i savješću i jedni prema drugima treba da postupaju u duhu bratstva."</span></span></p></blockquote> <p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in Montenegrin, written in <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Cyrillic">Montenegrin Cyrillic</a> alphabet: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Montenegrin-language text"><span lang="cnr">"Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и савјешћу и једни према другима треба да поступају у духу братства."</span></span></p></blockquote> <p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Montenegro" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro">Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects of Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility#List_of_dialects_or_varieties_sometimes_considered_separate_languages" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatian" title="Pluricentric language">Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a> 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pronunciations-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pronunciations_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or: <b>Montenegrin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MON</span>-tih-<span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-grən</i></a>) <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2017/08/07/serbian-montenegrins-demand-right-to-use-native-language-08-04-2017/">"Serbian Montenegrins Demand Official Language Rights"</a>. 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbian+Montenegrins+Demand+Official+Language+Rights&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2017%2F08%2F07%2Fserbian-montenegrins-demand-right-to-use-native-language-08-04-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso6392-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso6392_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6392_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php">"ISO 639-2 Language Code List – Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=ISO+639-2+Language+Code+List+%E2%80%93+Codes+for+the+representation+of+names+of+languages+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2Fiso639-2%2Fphp%2Fcode_list.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso6393-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso6393_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6393_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cnr">"cnr – ISO 639-3"</a>. <i>www-01.sil.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-01.sil.org&rft.atitle=cnr+%E2%80%93+ISO+639-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dcnr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/montenegrin">"World Atlas of Languages: Montenegrin"</a>. <i>en.wal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+Montenegrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fmontenegrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Montenegrin". <i>Collins English Dictionary</i> (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-008-28437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-008-28437-4"><bdi>978-0-008-28437-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montenegrin&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-008-28437-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠipka2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danko_Sipka" class="mw-redirect" title="Danko Sipka">Šipka, Danko</a> (2019). <i>Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108685795">10.1017/9781108685795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-313-086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-313-086-6"><bdi>978-953-313-086-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048005">2018048005</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061308790">1061308790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150383965">150383965</a>. <q>the Montenegrin language (one of the four ethnic variants of Serbo-Croatian)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexical+layers+of+identity%3A+words%2C+meaning%2C+and+culture+in+the+Slavic+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150383965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108685795&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061308790&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018048005&rft.isbn=978-953-313-086-6&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ipka&rft.aufirst=Danko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆalić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ćalić, Jelena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007">"Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide"</a>. <i>Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics</i>. <b>35</b> (1). De Gruyter: 113–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007">10.1515/soci-2021-0007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-1883">0933-1883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244134335">244134335</a>. <q>The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica%3A+European+Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=Pluricentricity+in+the+classroom%3A+the+Serbo-Croatian+language+issue+for+foreign+language+teaching+at+higher+education+institutions+worldwide&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-140&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244134335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0933-1883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007&rft.aulast=%C4%86ali%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fsoci-2021-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMader_Skender2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/215815/"><i>Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache</i></a> [<i>The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-215815">10.5167/uzh-215815</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schlussbemerkung&rft.btitle=Die+kroatische+Standardsprache+auf+dem+Weg+zur+Ausbausprache&rft.place=Zurich&rft.series=UZH+Dissertations&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=University+of+Zurich%2C+Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Institute+of+Slavonic+Studies&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-215815&rft.aulast=Mader+Skender&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F215815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077">"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Motoki_Nomachi" title="Motoki Nomachi">Nomachi, Motoki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Kamusella, Tomasz</a> (eds.). <i>Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires</i>. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003034025-11">10.4324/9781003034025-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0"><bdi>978-0-367-47191-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390118985">1390118985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259576119">259576119</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4680766">4680766</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS.SR" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS.SR">COBISS.SR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/search?q=125229577&db=cobib&mat=allmaterials">125229577</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/171014403">171014403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+Against+Language%3A+The+Current+Situation+in+South+Slavic+Countries&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Nationalism+Instead+of+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Histories+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259576119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003034025-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390118985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4680766%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0-367-47191-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F372202077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html">Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a></i>, February 21, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Reprint: A speech in the Assembly gathering on the 16th of February, 1898. made during the respective discussion by the representative of Ante Trumbić". <i>Kolo Matice Hrvatske</i>. <b>1, 2</b>: 200–201. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kolo+Matice+Hrvatske&rft.atitle=Reprint%3A+A+speech+in+the+Assembly+gathering+on+the+16th+of+February%2C+1898.+made+during+the+respective+discussion+by+the+representative+of+Ante+Trumbi%C4%87&rft.volume=1%2C+2&rft.pages=200-201&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenadović1889" class="citation book cs1">Nenadović, Ljubomir (1889). <i>"O Crnogorcima: Pisma sa Cetinja 1878. godine"</i>. Novi Sad: Чигоја штампа. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-7558-383-4" title="Special:BookSources/86-7558-383-4"><bdi>86-7558-383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22O+Crnogorcima%3A+Pisma+sa+Cetinja+1878.+godine%22&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pub=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft.date=1889&rft.isbn=86-7558-383-4&rft.aulast=Nenadovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourchier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_David_Bourchier" title="James David Bourchier">Bourchier, James David</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montenegro"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Montenegro">"Montenegro" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 766–773, see page 771, third para. <q>Language and Literature.—The Montenegrin language is practically identical with the Serbo-Croatian: it exhibits certain dialectical variations, and has borrowed to some extent from the Turkish and Italian....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montenegro&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=766-773%2C+see+page+771%2C+third+para&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bourchier&rft.aufirst=James+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Bajza1928" class="citation book cs1">De Bajza, Giuseppe (1928). <i>La questione Montenegrina</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45728-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45728-6&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Slavic_Languages.html%3Fid%3DG2bsJdYrwD4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuka2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Okuka, Miloš (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwqAQAAIAAJ"><i>Srpski dijalekti</i></a> (in Croatian). Prosvjeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7611-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7611-06-4"><bdi>978-953-7611-06-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srpski+dijalekti&rft.pub=Prosvjeta&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-7611-06-4&rft.aulast=Okuka&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVwqAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuka2008b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Okuka" title="Miloš Okuka">Okuka, Miloš</a> (2008b). "Zetsko-raški dijalekat srpskog jezika". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.sanu.ac.rs/2017/08/07/zbornik-instituta-za-srpski-jezik-sanu-i/"><i>Zetsko-raški dijalekat srpskog jezika</i> <bdi lang="sr">Зборник Института за српски језик САНУ</bdi></a> (in Serbian) (1st ed.). pp. 351–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zetsko-ra%C5%A1ki+dijalekat+srpskog+jezika&rft.btitle=Zetsko-ra%C5%A1ki+dijalekat+srpskog+jezika+%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3&rft.pages=351-369&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Okuka&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.sanu.ac.rs%2F2017%2F08%2F07%2Fzbornik-instituta-za-srpski-jezik-sanu-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montenet.org/language/pen-decl.htm">"Declaration of Montenegrin P.E.N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Montenegrin+P.E.N.+Centre&rft.pub=Montenet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montenet.org%2Flanguage%2Fpen-decl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017">"Time to Make Four Into One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a>. p. 46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+to+Make+Four+Into+One&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=The+New+European&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosovitz2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans">"What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Obscura" title="Atlas Obscura">Atlas Obscura</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211191959/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=What+Language+Do+People+Speak+in+the+Balkans%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Nosovitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilekić2017" class="citation web cs1">Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017">"Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330075725/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Yugoslav+%27Common+Language%27+Declaration+Challenges+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Balkan+Insight&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Mileki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpost-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.2017" class="citation news cs1">J., T. (10 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4">"Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410083158/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+Serbo-Croatian+a+Language%3F&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2017%2F04%2Feconomist-explains-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2017&mm=04&dd=10&nav_category=12&nav_id=1248942">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravopis crnogorskog jezika, Vojislav Nikčević. Crnogorski PEN Centar, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montenet.org/language/letters.htm">"Language: Montenegrin Alphabet"</a>. Montenet.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language%3A+Montenegrin+Alphabet&rft.pub=Montenet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montenet.org%2Flanguage%2Fletters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Crnogorci-dopisali-Vuka.sr.html">Црногорци дописали Вука</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gov.me/eng/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215000303/http://www.gov.me/eng/">Archived</a> February 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/Serbian/archive/2004-03/a-2004-03-26-9-1.cfm">Slobodan Backović potpisao odluku o preimenovanju srpskog u maternji jezik</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>, 26 March 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/09/17/srpski/D04091602.shtml">"Počelo otpuštanje profesora srpskog"</a>, Glas Javnosti, 17 September 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=cnr">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>ohchr.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dcnr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishMerriam-Webster1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mish, Frederick C.; <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cd-VAAAACAAJ&pg=PA1483"><i>Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary</i></a> (9 ed.). Springfield Mass.: Merriam-Webster. pp. 1483–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-511-7"><bdi>978-0-87779-511-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11598288">11598288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Ninth+New+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield+Mass.&rft.pages=1483-&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11598288&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-511-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcd-VAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbateJewell2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abate, Frank R.; Jewell, Elizabeth, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uK6VQgAACAAJ&pg=PA1106"><i>The New Oxford American Dictionary</i></a> (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511227-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511227-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185510850">185510850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+American+Dictionary&rft.pages=1106&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185510850&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511227-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuK6VQgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenić2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arsenić, Violeta (4 March 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728152223/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/478/18.html">"Govorite li crnogorski?"</a> [Do you speak Montenegrin?], <i><a href="/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">Vreme</a></i> (in Serbo-Croatian), no. 478, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/478/18.html">the original</a> on Jul 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vreme&rft.atitle=Govorite+li+crnogorski%3F&rft.issue=478&rft.date=2000-03-04&rft.aulast=Arseni%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Violeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Farhiva_html%2F478%2F18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlušica,_Rajka2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glušica, Rajka (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120139/http://www.ff.ucg.ac.me//dokumenta2/RIJEC%205%20prelom%2019%204.pdf">"O nacionalizmu u jeziku: prikaz knjige <i>Jezik i nacionalizam</i>"</a> [On nationalism in the language: Review of the book Jezik i nacionalizam] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Riječ</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). <b>5</b>: 185–191. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0354-6039">0354-6039</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/1384597-4">1384597-4</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ff.ac.me/dokumenta2/RIJEC%205%20prelom%2019%204.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rije%C4%8D&rft.atitle=O+nacionalizmu+u+jeziku%3A+prikaz+knjige+Jezik+i+nacionalizam&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=185-191&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0354-6039&rft.au=Glu%C5%A1ica%2C+Rajka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ff.ac.me%2Fdokumenta2%2FRIJEC%25205%2520prelom%252019%25204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span> <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=5290253">(COBISS-CG)</a></small>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlušica2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glušica, Rajka (2019). "Crnogorski jezički nacionalizam" [Montenegrin linguistic nationalism]. <i>Njegoševi dani 7: zbornik radova s međunarodnog naučnog skupa, Kotor 30.8.-3.9.2017</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). Nikšić: Univerzitet Crne Gore, Filološki fakultet. pp. 167–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7798-062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7798-062-7"><bdi>978-86-7798-062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crnogorski+jezi%C4%8Dki+nacionalizam&rft.btitle=Njego%C5%A1evi+dani+7%3A+zbornik+radova+s+me%C4%91unarodnog+nau%C4%8Dnog+skupa%2C+Kotor+30.8.-3.9.2017&rft.place=Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.pages=167-181&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Crne+Gore%2C+Filolo%C5%A1ki+fakultet&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-86-7798-062-7&rft.aulast=Glu%C5%A1ica&rft.aufirst=Rajka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvić" class="citation cs2">Ivić, Pavle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416025545/http://www.suc.org/culture/history/Hist_Serb_Culture/chc/Standard_Language.html">"Standard Language as an Instrument of Culture and the Product of National History"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Unity_Congress" title="Serbian Unity Congress">Serbian Unity Congress</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suc.org/culture/history/Hist_Serb_Culture/chc/Standard_Language.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serbian+Unity+Congress&rft.atitle=Standard+Language+as+an+Instrument+of+Culture+and+the+Product+of+National+History&rft.aulast=Ivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Pavle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suc.org%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2FHist_Serb_Culture%2Fchc%2FStandard_Language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430408.CRNOGORSKA_STANDARDNA_VARIJANTA.PDF">"Crnogorska standardna varijanta policentričnog standardnog jezika"</a> [Montenegrin standard variety of a polycentric standard language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). <i>Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija: radovi sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa, Podgorica 24.-25.5.2007</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 35–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4"><bdi>978-86-7215-207-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318462699">318462699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232539465">232539465</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434494">3434494</a>. <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430408">CROSBI 430408</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921125027/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430408.CRNOGORSKA_STANDARDNA_VARIJANTA.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crnogorska+standardna+varijanta+policentri%C4%8Dnog+standardnog+jezika&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dka+situacija+u+Crnoj+Gori+%E2%80%93+norma+i+standardizacija%3A+radovi+sa+me%C4%91unarodnog+nau%C4%8Dnog+skupa%2C+Podgorica+24.-25.5.2007&rft.place=Podgorica&rft.pages=35-47&rft.pub=Crnogorska+akademija+nauka+i+umjetnosti&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318462699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232539465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3434494%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-86-7215-207-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F430408.CRNOGORSKA_STANDARDNA_VARIJANTA.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span> <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=13291024">(COBISS-CG)</a></small>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLajović2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lajović, Vuk (24 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/589513.Intervju_Vijesti_Politicari_prodaju_maglu.pdf">"Političari prodaju maglu"</a> [Politicians are blowing smoke] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vijesti" title="Vijesti">Vijesti</a></i> (in Serbo-Croatian). Podgorica. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1450-6181">1450-6181</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921193155/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/589513.Intervju_Vijesti_Politicari_prodaju_maglu.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vijesti&rft.atitle=Politi%C4%8Dari+prodaju+maglu&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.issn=1450-6181&rft.aulast=Lajovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F589513.Intervju_Vijesti_Politicari_prodaju_maglu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamusović2003" class="citation cs2">Ramusović, Aida (16 April 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tol.org/client/article/9253-what-language-do-montenegrins-speak.html">"What Language Do Montenegrins Speak?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Transitions_Online" title="Transitions Online">Transitions Online</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transitions+Online&rft.atitle=What+Language+Do+Montenegrins+Speak%3F&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Ramusovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tol.org%2Fclient%2Farticle%2F9253-what-language-do-montenegrins-speak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/cnr" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/cnr">Montenegrin language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Montenegrin_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Montenegrin language">Montenegrin language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Montenegrin_phrasebook#Q8821" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Montenegrin phrasebook">Montenegrin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Montenegrin language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Montenegrin_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Montenegrin language"><i><b>Montenegrin language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016071444/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Montenegro2.pdf">"A Brief Note on the Effect of Montenegrin Independence on Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names</a></i>, October 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Montenegro2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Permanent+Committee+on+Geographical+Names&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Note+on+the+Effect+of+Montenegrin+Independence+on+Language&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgn.org.uk%2FMontenegro2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontenegrin+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430102218/http://montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/jezik/jezik_main.htm">Language on Montenegrina</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages of Montenegro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Montenegro">Minority languages of Montenegro</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Montenegro_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montenegro_topics" title="Template talk:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Montenegro_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Roman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a></li> <li>Zeta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)" title="Zeta (crown land)">under Nemanjići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Balšići">under Balšići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">under Crnojevići</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venetian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>French period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Vilayet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austrian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Province" title="Venetian Province">Venetian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Zeta Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German occupied territory of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Anti-Fascist_Assembly_of_National_Liberation" title="Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation">CASNO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Federal Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 independence referendum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Montenegro" title="List of cities in Montenegro">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro#Statistics" title="Geography of Montenegro">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Montenegro" title="List of islands of Montenegro">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Montenegro" title="List of lakes of Montenegro">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Montenegro" title="List of mountains in Montenegro">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Montenegro" title="List of national parks of Montenegro">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Montenegro" title="Statistical regions of Montenegro">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Montenegro" title="List of rivers of Montenegro">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montenegro" title="Elections in Montenegro">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Montenegro" title="Foreign relations of Montenegro">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Montenegro" title="List of heads of state of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="President of the Parliament of Montenegro">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Montenegro" title="List of political parties in Montenegro">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">Intelligence agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Law enforcement</a></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Montenegro">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Montenegro" title="List of companies of Montenegro">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">Mobile network operators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Montenegro" title="Tourism in Montenegro">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Montenegro" title="Transport in Montenegro">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Montenegro" title="Category:Society of Montenegro">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Montenegro" title="Crime in Montenegro">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Montenegro">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montenegrins" title="List of Montenegrins">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Montenegro">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_News_Agency" title="Montenegrin News Agency">News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Montenegro" title="List of newspapers in Montenegro">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Montenegro" title="Television in Montenegro">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Montenegro">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Montenegro" title="Sport in Montenegro">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Montenegro" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Montenegro" title="National symbols of Montenegro">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oj,_svijetla_majska_zoro" title="Oj, svijetla majska zoro">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Montenegro">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Montenegro" title="Armorial of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Montenegro" title="List of flags of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Montenegro">Name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Montenegro" title="Outline of Montenegro">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Montenegro" title="Category:Montenegro">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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