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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Кіріспе</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Дереккөздер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дереккөздер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Дереккөздер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дереккөздер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмұны" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Поль Анри Гольбах</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 51 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="بارون دي هولباخ – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارون دي هولباخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="بارون دى هولباخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارون دى هولباخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Anri_Holbax" title="Pol Anri Holbax – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Anri Holbax" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="بارون دولباخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بارون دولباخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Поль Анры Гольбах – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поль Анры Гольбах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пол-Анри Дитрих Холбах – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол-Анри Дитрих Холбах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پۆل ئانری دیتریش، بارۆن دۆلباخ – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆل ئانری دیتریش، بارۆن دۆلباخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_von_Holbach" title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87" title="Βαρόνος του Χόλμπαχ – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρόνος του Χόλμπαχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="بارون دولباخ – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارون دولباخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Thiry d’Holbach – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Thiry d'Holbach – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7" title="הברון ד'אולבאק – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברון ד'אולבאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Պոլ Անրի Հոլբախ – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլ Անրի Հոլբախ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_von_Holbach" title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron von Holbach – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron von Holbach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ポール＝アンリ・ティリ・ドルバック – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール＝アンリ・ティリ・ドルバック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%ED%8B%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8F%8C%EB%B0%94%ED%81%AC" title="폴 티리 돌바크 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 티리 돌바크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Гольбах, Поль Анри – қырғыз тілі" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гольбах, Поль Анри" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қырғыз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پل آنری دیتریش، بارون دولباخ – мазандеран тілі" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پل آنری دیتریش، بارون دولباخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандеран тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul d’Holbach – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A3o_d%27Holbach" title="Barão d'Holbach – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barão d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Гольбах, Поль-Анри – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гольбах, Поль-Анри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Thiry,_Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_von_Holbach" title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%E2%80%99Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Holbah" title="Baron Holbah – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Baron Holbah" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Барон д’Ҳолбах – тәжік тілі" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барон д’Ҳолбах" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тәжік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Поль Анри Һольбах – татар тілі" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Поль Анри Һольбах" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Поль Анрі Гольбах – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Анрі Гольбах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baron d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_d%27Holbach" title="Nam tước d'Holbach – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam tước d'Holbach" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="保爾·霍爾巴赫 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保爾·霍爾巴赫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="2" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width:23em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Поль Анри Тири, барон д'Гольбах</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="nickname" style="text-align:center; font-style: oblique;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Француз тілі">фр.</a> <span lang="fr"><i>Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d’Holbach</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg/220px-Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg/330px-Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg/440px-Paul_Heinrich_Dietrich_Baron_d%27Holbach_Roslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1124" /></a></span> <br /> <span style="">Александр Рослин салған портрет</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#eee">Жалпы мағлұмат</th></tr><tr><th style="">Туған күні</th><td class="" style=""> <p><span class="no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P569"><a href="/wiki/8_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="8 желтоқсан">8 желтоқсан</a> <a href="/wiki/1723_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1723 жыл">1723 </a></span><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1723-12-08</span>)</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Туған жері</th><td class="" style=""> <p>Эдесхайм Ландау маңында, Рейн Пфальц </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Қайтыс болған күні</th><td class="" style=""> <p><span class="no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P570"><a href="/wiki/21_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="21 қаңтар">21 қаңтар</a> <a href="/wiki/1789_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1789 жыл">1789 </a></span><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday">1789-01-21</span>)</span> <span class="nowrap">(65 жас)</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Қайтыс болған жері</th><td class="" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж">Париж</a>, Франция патшалығы </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Азаматтығы</th><td class="" style=""> <p><span class="country-name">Франция патшалығы</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Ұлты</th><td class="adr" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Немістер">Неміс</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#eee">Шығармашылығы</th></tr><tr><th style="">Шығармалардың тілі</th><td class="" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Француз тілі">Француз тілі</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Мектеп/дәстүр</th><td class="" style=""> <p>Француз материализмі </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Бағыты</th><td class="" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм">Атеизм</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Детерминизм">Детерминизм</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Материализм">Материализм</a>, Ағартушылық </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Кезең</th><td class="" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ағартушылық дәуірі">Ағартушылық дәуірі</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Ықпал еткендер</th><td class="" style=""> <p>Болингброк, Пьер Бейль, Томас Гоббс </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Ықпалды жалғастырушылар</th><td class="" style=""> <p>Иммануил Кант, Фридрих Ницше, Зигмунд Фрейд, Чарлз Дарвин, Карл Маркс, Камиль Демулен, Жан-Поль Марат, Жорж Жак Дантон, Йоганн Адам Вейсгаупт, Мишель Онфре </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>Поль Анри Тири, барон д'Гольбах</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Француз тілі">фр</a>: <i>Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach</i>; шынайы есімі: <i>Paul Heinrich Dietrich Baron von Holbach</i> – <i>Пауль Генрих Дитрих фон Гольбах</i>; <a href="/wiki/8_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="8 желтоқсан">8 желтоқсан</a> <a href="/wiki/1723_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1723 жыл">1723 жыл</a> – <a href="/wiki/21_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="21 қаңтар">21 қаңтар</a> <a href="/wiki/1789_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1789 жыл">1789 жыл</a>) — неміс шыққан француз философы. Француз материалистерінің <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Ілім">ілімін</a> жүйелеуші. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Материя">Материя</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Дүние">дүниенің</a> себебі, мәңгі қозғалыста. Дүниеде кездейсоқтық жоқ, барлығыда қажеттіліктен туындайды. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дін">Дінді</a> сынағандығы үшін оның «<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табиғат">Табиғат</a> жүйесі» атаулы еңбегін отқа жағып жіберген.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ұлты неміс болғанымен, бүкіл өмірін Францияда өткізген ол- француз энциклопедиясының белсенді өкілі. Ол "адам табиғаты жағынан не кең пейілді, не іші тар болып тумайды, оны солай ететін объективтік дүние" дейді. Сондықтан сол замандағы феодалдық қатынастарды сынға алады. Дүниені материалистік тұрғыдан түсіндірді. "Табиғаттан тыс рухани күш бар деп сену-қиял" деп қорытты. Сондықтан Гольбах теология мен идеализмге қарсы шықты. "Материя мен қозғалыс мәңгі. Материяның өмір сүруі -факт, қозғалыстың өмір сүруі де дәл осындай факт" Бірақ ол механикалық детерменизмді жақтады. "Дүние біртекті дамиды" деді. Кездейсоқтықты Гольбах мойындамады. Мәселен, "Фанатиктің өтіндегі удың шектен тыс көбеюі, монархтың асқазанының бұзылуы, басқыншының жүрегіндегі қанның тасуы, кейбір әйелдердің тәкәппарлығы - соғыс ашуға, миллиондаған адамдарды қырғынға айдап, қамалдарды қиратып, қалаларды күл талқан етіп, халықтарды қайыршылық пен қайғыға душар етугк, аштық пен жұқпалы ауруларды туғызып, ұзақ ғасырлар бойы түңілу мен жоқшылық көруге себепкер бола алады" деді. </p><p>"Шындықты тану дегеніміз - табиғатты материалистік тұрғыдан түсіну" дейді. Ал, "саналылық дегеніміз идея мен заттар бірлігі" дейді. "Ойлау сезімнен туады" деген пікір айтты. Діннің пайда болу себептерін айтып Гольбах "оның себебі-надандық" деді. "Надандық, үрей, ауыр тұрмыс адамдарды Құдай туралы ойлауға мәжбүр етті"- деп жазды ол. "Қалта Құдайшылық" деген кітабында Гольбах дін туралы өте өткір сын мен уытты пікірлер айтып, еркін ойдың үлгісін көрсетті. Оның еңбектерінен атеистік көзқарастарды байқауға болады. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85&action=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімнің қайнар кодын өңдеу: Дереккөздер"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Орысша-қазақша түсіндірме сөздік: Философия/жалпы редакциясын басқарған э.ғ.д., профессор Е. Арын – Павлодар: «ЭКО» ҒӨФ, 2006. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965808821" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-808-82-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/40px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/60px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/80px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Бұл мақаланы Уикипедия <a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><span style="white-space:nowrap">Бұл — мақаланың <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Уикипедия:Мақалаға бастама">бастамасы</a>.</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><br />Бұл мақаланы <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85&action=edit">толықтырып, 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