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<li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Controversies and problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Yankee_Network's_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Yankee_Network's_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Yankee Network's final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Yankee_Network's_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the radio network of the New York Yankees, see <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees_Radio_Network" title="New York Yankees Radio Network">New York Yankees Radio Network</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yankee Network</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio network</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Broadcast area</div></th><td class="infobox-data label">New England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Ownership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Shepard Stores (1925–1942)<br /><a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire</a> (1942–1967)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Shepard_III" title="John Shepard III">John Shepard III</a><br />Robert Shepard</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">Varied dates; test transmissions began in the mid-1920s, network establishment took place between 1929 and 1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">February 26, 1967<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1967-02-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Availability</th><td class="infobox-data">regional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stations</th><td class="infobox-data">27 (peak)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yankee Network</b> was an American <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio network</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, with affiliate radio stations throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of its influence, the Yankee Network had as many as twenty-four affiliated radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Shepard_III" title="John Shepard III">John Shepard III</a> and his brother Robert, in 1929–1930.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginnings of what became the Yankee Network occurred in the mid-1920s, when John Shepard's Boston station <a href="/wiki/WBIX" title="WBIX">WNAC</a> linked by <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> land lines with Robert Shepard's station in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/WPRV" title="WPRV">WEAN</a>, so that the two stations could share or exchange programming.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those two stations became the first two Yankee Network stations. In 1930, they were joined by the first affiliated radio stations, including <a href="/wiki/WZON_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WZON (AM)">WLBZ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor, Maine</a>; <a href="/wiki/WORC_(AM)" title="WORC (AM)">WORC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/WNBH" title="WNBH">WNBH</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford, Massachusetts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/WICC_(AM)" title="WICC (AM)">WICC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>. During the 1930s, the network became known for developing its own local and regional news bureau, the Yankee News Service.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee Network and the Yankee News Service operated until February 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main benefit of joining the Yankee Network was that it offered its affiliates as much as 17 hours of daily programming.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yankee affiliates were provided with access to some of the best-known Boston vocalists and orchestras, as well as nationally-known entertainers who were appearing in Boston or Providence. For example, a concert by opera star Mary Garden was broadcast,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was a concert by the Providence Symphony Orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance music was often played by bandleader Joe Rines and his orchestra,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by other popular bandleaders like Dok Eisenbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee Network also had its own 22-piece orchestra, led by Charles R. Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other popular entertainers heard on the Yankee Network in the early 1930s were pianist, songwriter and bandleader Gus Arnheim,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local favorites "<a href="/wiki/Hum_and_Strum" title="Hum and Strum">Hum and Strum</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee Network broadcast radio plays, featuring its own drama troupe, made up of members of the <a href="/wiki/WBIX" title="WBIX">WNAC</a> staff, led by announcer Ben Hadfield.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to religious services and educational talks, there were also cultural programs, including excerpts from "The Green Pastures," a play starring black actor Richard B. Harrison;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and talks by the region's mayors, governors, and other political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For sports fans, they could hear <a href="/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Braves (baseball)">Boston Braves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> baseball games, announced by Fred Hoey.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> College football, broadcast live from various schools in the region, was also a popular feature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to providing local and regional programming, the Yankee Network was also affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Broadcasting System">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (later known as CBS),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided national programs to complement Yankee's New England focus. </p><p>By 1931, the network was also offering regular news broadcasts, on the half-hour, making use of reporting by some of Boston's newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But by 1933, the relationship between print and radio had become contentious, with newspapers no longer willing to provide news to radio stations. The so-called "Press-Radio Agreement" limited the number of newscasts radio stations could broadcast to only two a day, and listeners were very upset that they could no longer hear regular news on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 1934, John Shepard III organized his own news bureau, the Yankee News Service, to provide his affiliates with regular local and regional news reports.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced the newscasts previously provided by reporters from the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald-Traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Herald-Traveler">Boston Herald-Traveler</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_American" title="Boston American">Boston American</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Daily_Record&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boston Daily Record (page does not exist)">Boston Daily Record</a></i>. Shepard hired Richard D. Grant, a former print journalist from the <i>Boston Evening Transcript</i>, to be in charge of the news broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editor in chief was Leland Bickford,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who co-wrote a book in 1935 about the first year of the Yankee News Service. The Yankee News Service used the slogan "News while it IS News," intended as a jab at the newspapers, which disseminated news at a slower pace than radio. That was also the title of the book about the creation of the news service.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, on February 20, 1938, the Yankee Network debuted its own radio weather service, to provide up-to-date weather information to affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chief meteorologist of the Yankee Network Weather Service was Salvatore Pagliuca, who had formerly worked at the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hills_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Hills Observatory">Blue Hills Observatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington_Observatory" title="Mount Washington Observatory">Mount Washington Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the early-to-mid 1930s, the Yankee Network continued to expand, picking up affiliates in such cities as <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network also received support from advertisers, who saw it as an effective way to reach an audience that extended throughout New England.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, the Yankee Network centralized its executive offices and studios in a new headquarters, 21 Brookline Avenue in Boston. The move followed a $25,000 renovation of the facilities. Also included in the building were studios and offices of WNAC and <a href="/wiki/WVEI_(AM)" title="WVEI (AM)">WAAB</a>, the network's Boston stations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One area where the expansion was noticeable was in the news department, which was praised by national magazines like <i>Variety</i> for its coverage of state legislatures, as well as coverage of news-makers throughout New England.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some early controversy over John Shepard's policy of inserting brief "plugs" (sponsor mentions) into the newscasts, but Shepard defended the practice as necessary in order to support the broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, as the network hired more staff and was able to cover stories more extensively, the complaints diminished. By 1939, the Yankee Network was said to be the first regional network to send a full-time reporter, Pete Tully, to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> to cover Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee Network also earned praise for its coverage of natural disasters in New England, such as in April 1936, when heavy rainstorms caused flooding in western Massachusetts,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in September 1938, when a hurricane devastated much of Southern New England. Yankee affiliate <a href="/wiki/WHLL" title="WHLL">WMAS</a> in Springfield was instrumental in keeping the public informed, broadcasting weather reports and news coverage around the clock until the storm had ended;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, WMAS raised funds for on-going disaster relief in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite John Shepard's affiliation of his Yankee Network stations with CBS, he still became involved in the founding of a new network, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>, and he served on its board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning around 1936, the Yankee Network also started to carry some Mutual programs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, there were some changes in Boston radio that affected the Yankee Network. CBS had begun purchasing stations, in addition to providing network programming. In early 1936, CBS purchased Boston's <a href="/wiki/WEZE" title="WEZE">WEEI</a>, making it necessary for Shepard's WNAC to affiliate with a different network, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network" title="NBC Radio Network">Red Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change officially took place in late September of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s, Shepard had become interested in <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">frequency modulation</a> (later known as FM). In 1937 a plan was developed envisioning that 90% of New England could be provided with FM programs by building mountaintop stations, consisting of a 50 kilowatt transmitter on Mount Asnebumskit at <a href="/wiki/Paxton,_Massachusetts" title="Paxton, Massachusetts">Paxton, Massachusetts</a>, plus 5 kilowatt stations on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a> in New Hampshire and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mansfield" title="Mount Mansfield">Mount Mansfield</a> in Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Later plans dropped the proposed Mount Mansfield station). With the help of the inventor of FM, Major <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin H. Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a>, the Yankee Network inaugurated the nation's first FM radio network, beginning with an early January 1940 demonstration of an FM inter-city relay, linking Shepard's experimental FM station <a href="/wiki/WGTR_(Massachusetts)" title="WGTR (Massachusetts)">W1XOJ</a> in Paxton, Massachusetts, to an FM transmitter at station W1XPW in <a href="/wiki/Meriden,_Connecticut" title="Meriden, Connecticut">Meriden, Connecticut</a> (now <a href="/wiki/WHCN" title="WHCN">WHCN</a>), to Armstrong's <a href="/wiki/W2XMN" title="W2XMN">W2XMN</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alpine,_New_Jersey" title="Alpine, New Jersey">Alpine, New Jersey</a>, to the parent broadcasting system based in the studios of <a href="/wiki/WNBC_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBC (AM)">WEAF</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shepard's FM network officially made its debut in December 1940 when W1XOJ in Paxton was permanently linked with <a href="/wiki/WMNE_(Portland,_Maine)" title="WMNE (Portland, Maine)">W1XER</a> on Mount Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their superior audio quality, the FM stations became known for broadcasting live classical music concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG/220px-Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG/330px-Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG/440px-Buster_Keaton_1941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/WVEI_(AM)" title="WVEI (AM)">WAAB</a> radio host Ruth Moss in an aluminum drive publicity photo for the Yankee Network, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>But while John Shepard III was making plans to further expand the Yankee Network's FM properties,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was a major obstacle. The Yankee Network faced a powerful opponent—the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA—the majority owner of NBC), which saw FM as a threat to its established <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> radio business.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCA was also concerned that Yankee's technique of "networking" their service around New England via inexpensive, off-air FM relays instead of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> phone lines, would open the door to many less well-funded groups establishing competition to RCA's established network, NBC. RCA, under general manager <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a>, successfully pressured the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) to move the FM radio spectrum from 42–50 MHz to 88–108 MHz in 1945. This required massive hardware retooling at all FM broadcasters. Some affiliates dropped out, forcing the Yankee Network to lease phone lines from AT&T to fill in the holes between stations. The added costs to broadcasters and the obsolescence of all FM radios at the time set back FM broadcasting for a decade or more. </p><p>Despite the setback with FM, the Yankee Network seemed to be doing well. There were a number of popular programs, including "Ruth Moss Interviews," featuring conversations with local and national celebrities;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variety show called "Yankee House Party," featuring organist Frank Cronin and the Bobby Norris Orchestra, which was also picked up by the Mutual Network;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as various sports events, including Red Sox and Braves play-by-play, often announced by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Britt" title="Jim Britt">Jim Britt</a>, who had been hired as a sportscaster by the Yankee Network in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1941, it was announced that the network would soon change from its affiliation with NBC to a full-time affiliation with Mutual.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1942, the network debuted six new studios, including one especially equipped for FM, as well as several with better acoustics and new musical instruments for the Yankee Network's orchestras; one studio featured a custom-designed organ, said to be the largest in use at any radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_and_problems">Controversies and problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies and problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938, a former Yankee Network employee named Lawrence J. Flynn challenged the license of Shepard's WAAB in Boston, and also lodged a complaint about WNAC. Flynn asserted that these stations were being used to air one-sided political viewpoints and broadcast attacks (including editorials) against local politicians that Shepard opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC requested that Shepard provide details about these programs, and to appease the commission, the Yankee Network agreed to drop the editorials. But Flynn created a company called Mayflower Broadcasting and tried to get the FCC to award him WAAB's license; however, the FCC refused. Instead, in 1941, the commission made a ruling that came to be known as the <i>Mayflower Decision</i> which declared that radio stations, due to their public interest obligations, must remain neutral in matters of news and politics, and they were not allowed to give editorial support to any particular political position or candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was very unpopular with broadcasters, who saw it as a form of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>. But despite widespread dissatisfaction, the FCC did not officially reverse the Mayflower Decision until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the FCC ruled that owners could not own more than one station in the same city. Shepard owned two Boston stations: WNAC and its sister station WAAB. To comply with the FCC's ruling, Shepard needed to move WAAB. He decided to relocate it to Worcester, a market that Yankee did not serve at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WAAB, which made its debut broadcast from Worcester on December 13, 1942, was now the Mutual and Yankee affiliate in central Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-December 1942, it was suddenly announced that the Yankee Network was being sold; the news caught most people in Boston's broadcasting community by surprise, as it was not generally known that the network was for sale. The purchaser was <a href="/wiki/General_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="General Tire and Rubber Company">General Tire and Rubber Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, led by its president William O'Neil. The new owner agreed that John Shepard III would stay on at the head of the Yankee Network for the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_(1947).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf/page1-250px-Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf/page1-375px-Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf/page1-500px-Advertisement_for_The_Yankee_Network_%281947%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>In 1947 the network consisted of 24 AM and two FM affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, the Yankee Network's flagship station, WNAC, celebrated its 25th anniversary, but this milestone was commemorated in a very low-key manner.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Shepard continued on as head of the network, he was now in poor health; the day-to-date operation of the network was being handled by Executive Vice President and General Manager Linus Travers, a veteran of the network who had worked for Shepard since being hired in 1927 as an announcer and commercial manager.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Travers was promoted to an executive position at Mutual in September 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was replaced by another long-time employee of the Yankee Network, George Steffy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1948, John Shepard Jr., who had run the Shepard Department Stores and provided early financial support for his son John III's radio venture, died at age 91.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Shepard III died from heart disease in mid-June 1950, at age 64.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, television had come to Boston in early June 1948, when <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a> debuted; the Yankee Network's TV station, <a href="/wiki/WNAC-TV_(Boston)" title="WNAC-TV (Boston)">WNAC-TV</a> made its debut several weeks later, on June 21.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as the Yankee Network expanded into TV, it experienced some labor problems. In early May 1949, all of the network's eighty engineers, both from radio and television, went out on <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>, to protest what were said to be steep wage cuts the ownership was asking them to take.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managers and other executives kept the stations on the air, but some remote broadcasts had to be canceled, including the scheduled telecasts of the Boston Braves home games.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some announcers refused to cross the picket lines, requiring management to do some of the announcing during the strike. The pay dispute, which made the national news, took sixteen days to resolve and required the help of an arbitrator.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike finally ended after the proposed wage cuts were canceled and a new salary agreement was reached, at which time the engineers and announcers returned to work.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Yankee_Network's_final_years"><span id="The_Yankee_Network.27s_final_years"></span>The Yankee Network's final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Yankee Network's final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early-to-mid 1950s, the Yankee Network continued doing what it had become known for: providing local news, daytime programs aimed at housewives, music from local orchestras, and live sports broadcasts. Among the most popular personalities on the Yankee Network during this time were Bill Hahn and Ruth Mugglebee, who hosted a daily homemaking and cooking show (in 1955, Bill Hahn got a different female co-host, Duncan MacDonald;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> news commentator and (print reporter) Bill Cunningham; and Louise Morgan, who had begun her career on radio at WNAC in 1943 and was now also seen on WNAC-TV hosting a fashion and celebrity interview program. In the summer of 1953, WNAC in Boston was able to switch to a better frequency, after <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>, radio station WLAW (owned by the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle-Tribune" title="The Eagle-Tribune">Lawrence Eagle and Tribune</a></i> newspaper) decided to cease broadcasting, and its owner, Irving E. Rogers, sold the station. WLAW had been occupying 680 kHz with 50,000 watts, while WNAC had been at 1260 kHz with 5,000 watts. Thanks to the sale of WLAW, the higher-powered 680 frequency became available and WNAC moved there; the 1260 AM frequency was purchased by Victor C. Diehm, a station owner from <a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton, Pennsylvania</a>, and christened WVDA.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After operating station WVDA in Boston, Diehm would later go on to become president of the Mutual network.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Top-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-40">top-40</a> radio became dominant on AM in the late 1950s, the Yankee Network continued to program for an audience that was now aging. In fact, at many stations, the programming content was undergoing a number of changes: for one thing, few stations had live orchestras any more. With television becoming popular, many programs previously heard only on radio moved over to TV. Even soap operas, long a staple of network programming on radio, ceased in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during this time period, many stations stopped relying on syndicated programs from NBC, CBS, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio Network">ABC</a>, or Mutual and began to do their own programming: in Boston, for example, <a href="/wiki/WBZ_(AM)" title="WBZ (AM)">WBZ</a> ended its long affiliation with NBC to program its own music, using live and local announcers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like with WBZ, the emphasis at many radio stations had shifted to playing records. As the top-40 hit format proliferated, in an effort to attract the growing youth audience, WNAC and the Yankee Network stayed with the older music; this earned them praise from a number of newspaper columnists, many of whom were also getting older and found top-40 unpleasant. For them, WNAC's and the Yankee Network's emphasis on "great <a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">standards</a>" and songs with "beautiful melodies" was very comforting.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee stations, especially flagship WNAC, played the music that the older audience enjoyed, avoiding songs that were popular with young people and focusing on "<a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a>" music.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular announcer during this time was Gus Saunders, who was also well known as the host of another of the Yankee Network's cooking programs; in addition, Saunders announced some of the network's sports events, such as Boston's <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">BAA Marathon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular announcer was Vin Maloney, who like Saunders, fulfilled a wide range of functions for WNAC and the Yankee Network, including announcing, news-reading, and covering sports. The Yankee News Service remained popular throughout the 1950s, and listeners relied on it for local news and sports; this was especially true in the summer of 1957, when Boston's newspapers went on strike. WNAC, WNAC-TV, and the entire Yankee Network increased the amount of hourly newscasts, added more news bulletins, and sent out members of its Boston staff to post news headlines on billboards around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1959, the Yankee Network de-affiliated itself from Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS), allowing 27 Yankee stations to affiliate directly with MBS.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But despite its reputation for news, <a href="/wiki/Easy-listening" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy-listening">easy-listening</a> music, and shows that homemakers enjoyed, the Yankee Network was no longer as influential as it had once been. After experimenting with various formats (including <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a>, and a brief attempt to play some of the softer top 40 hits), Yankee found itself struggling for a niche. Affiliates had dwindled: a majority of stations now preferred to have their own local staff, rather than relying on a regional network.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, flagship station WNAC was preparing to switch to a top-40 hit music format (under the call letters <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WRKO</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yankee Network's parent company, <a href="/wiki/RKO_General" title="RKO General">RKO General</a>, announced the network would be disbanded. It officially ceased operation on February 26, 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_affiliates">List of affiliates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City of license</a>/<a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">market</a> </th> <th>State </th> <th>Station </th> <th>Band </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Owner<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Management Company)</span> </th> <th>1932<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1939<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bridgeport-New Haven</td> <td>Connecticut</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WICC_(AM)" title="WICC (AM)">WICC</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>600</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hartford</td> <td>Connecticut</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTIC_(AM)" title="WTIC (AM)">WTIC</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1080</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies" title="The Travelers Companies">Travelers Insurance Company</a></td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New London</td> <td>Connecticut</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WNLC_(AM)" title="WNLC (AM)">WNLC</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1510</td> <td>Thames Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Originally at 1500 AM & then at 1490 AM post-<a href="/wiki/NARBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARBA">NARBA</a> until the 1960s. Now defunct </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangor</td> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WZON" title="WZON">WLBZ</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>620</td> <td>Maine Broadcasting Company</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Augusta</td> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WJZN" title="WJZN">WRDO</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1400</td> <td>The Rines family</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portland</td> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WZAN" title="WZAN">WCSH</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>940</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>Frequency moved to 970 AM post-<a href="/wiki/NARBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARBA">NARBA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lewiston/Auburn</td> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WIGY_(AM)" title="WIGY (AM)">WCOU</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1240</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Boston </td> <td rowspan="2">Massachusetts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WVEI_(AM)" title="WVEI (AM)">WLEX/WAAB</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1440</td> <td>Shepard Stores</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>City of license transferred to Worcester in 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WBIX" title="WBIX">WNAC</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1260</td> <td>Shepard Stores</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Programming/<a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> transferred to <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WNAC 680</a> in 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Bedford</td> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WNBH" title="WNBH">WNBH</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1310</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1340 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Worcester </td> <td rowspan="2">Massachusetts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WORC_(AM)" title="WORC (AM)">WORC</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1310</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WTAG" title="WTAG">WTAG</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>580</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Telegram_%26_Gazette" title="Telegram & Gazette">Worcester Telegram & Gazette</a></i></td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fall River</td> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSAR" title="WSAR">WSAR</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1450</td> <td>Doughty & Welch Electric Company</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1480 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greenfield (<a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>)</td> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHMQ" class="mw-redirect" title="WHMQ">WHAI</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1210</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1240 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowell-Lawrence</td> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WLLH" title="WLLH">WLLH</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1370</td> <td>Alfred Moffat</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1400 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pittsfield</td> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBRK_(AM)" title="WBRK (AM)">WBRK</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1310</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1340 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laconia</td> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHNM" title="WHNM">WLNH</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1310</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1340 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manchester</td> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WFEA" title="WFEA">WFEA</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>1340</td> <td>New Hampshire Broadcasting Company</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Frequency moved to 1370 AM post-NARBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Providence</td> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td><a href="/wiki/WPRV" title="WPRV">WEAN</a></td> <td>AM</td> <td>780</td> <td>Shepard Stores</td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td>Frequency moved to 790 AM post-NARBA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis G. Jenkins. "New radio Station Chain Under Way. Washington Post, February 2, 1930, p. F5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Web's Comeuppance Via 24 Outlets." Variety, October 23, 1946, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Network is Being Formed." New York Times, February 9, 1930, p. X20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sporting Events Featured at WNAC." Boston Herald, July 5, 1925, p. D5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"News Listeners Cry Out Against Limited Programs." Christian Science Monitor, March 5, 1934, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph T. Sullivan. "Golden Music to Replace WNAC Talk." Boston Herald, February 15, 1967, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Network Becomes Reality." Boston Globe, July 13, 1930, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Two Operas Will Be Broadcast." Boston Herald, February 1, 1931, p. B8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Symphony on Air from Providence." Boston Herald, May 1, 1932, p. 10A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Joe Rines Orchestra for Scott Furriers." Boston Herald, September 25, 1932, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eisenbourg to Start New Series on Chain." Boston Herald, June 5, 1932, p. 5A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis G. Jenkins. "New radio Station Chain Under Way. Washington Post, February 2, 1930, p. F5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gus Arnheim on Yankee Network." Boston Herald, November 22, 1931, p. A5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WNAC Anniversary on Forty Stations." Boston Herald, July 27, 1930, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the Air." Boston Herald, April 29, 1932, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Members of Green Pastures Company in Half-Hour Broadcast." Springfield (MA) Republican, October 2, 1932, p. 6C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Secretary Dern at Irish Dinner." Springfield MA) Republican, March 17, 1933, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fred Hoey to Report Baseball for WNAC." Boston Herald, April 21, 1931, p. C7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"First Football Game on Yankee Network." Springfield (MA) Republican, September 24, 1932, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WNAC Anniversary on Forty Stations." Boston Herald, July 27, 1930, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark J. Staples. "Yankee Network Has Cooperative News Arrangements with New England Press." Broadcasting, December 1, 1931, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"News Listeners Cry Out Against Limited Programs." Christian Science Monitor, March 5, 1934, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John Shepard Organizes Own News Bureau to Feed Yankee Network." Variety, February 27, 1934, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio News Cut to Tabloid Size from March 1." Christian Science Monitor, February 28, 1934, pp 1, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee News Marks 25th Anniversary on TV Today." Boston Globe, March 1, 1959, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leland Bickford, with Walter Fogg. <i>News While It Is News: The Real Story of the Radio News</i>. Boston: Manthorne & Co., 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio Weather Service for New England." Christian Science Monitor, February 15, 1938, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Military Rights for Maj. Pagliuca." Boston Herald, May 4, 1944, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We Pay Our Respects." Broadcasting, August 15, 1932, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WDRC Signs For Yankee Broadcasts." Hartford Courant, December 21, 1930, p.16A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1935/1935-04-15-BC.pdf">"Yankee Network Offices And Studios Centralized In Remodeled Quarters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Broadcasting. April 15, 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yankee+Network+Offices+And+Studios+Centralized+In+Remodeled+Quarters&rft.date=1935-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1935%2F1935-04-15-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYankee+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Network News Flashes." Variety, March 27, 1934, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Web Seeds Disguised Blurbs Into News Service-- Public No Like." Variety, April 3, 1935, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee's Washington Newsman." Broadcasting, June 1, 1939, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Corwin, "City's Ether Vibrated with Phenomenal Precedent as Spectacular Broadcasts Told Nation of the Flood." Springfield (MA) Sunday Republican, April 12, 1936, p. E1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio Again Succors Stricken Region." Broadcasting, October 1, 1938, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Western Mass. Red Cross Issues Joint Plea over WMAS Tonight." Springfield (MA) Republican, November 13, 138, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Sterling and Michael Keith. <i>Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2008, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Networks Now Changed Over." Boston Herald, September 27, 1936, p. 4C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Transfer of WEEI to CBS Approved." Broadcasting, July 1, 1936, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WEEI and WNAC Change Networks." Boston Herald, September 27, 1936, p. C3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-FM-Magazine/FM-1941-Apr.pdf#page=10">"More FM Service in New England"</a> by A. F. Sise, <i>FM</i> magazine, <i>April 1941</i>, pages 8-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Short Wave Replaces Wires to Link Radio Chain in Test." Christian Science Monitor, January 6, 1940, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chain of Staticless Stations Organized by Shepard Group." Christian Science Monitor, May 6, 1941, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Boston String Orchestra in Debut Over FM." Boston Herald, January 11, 1942, p. 4B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He Sees Broadcasting by FM Replacing Present Type in East." Christian Science Monitor, July 31, 1942, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giles Slade. <i>Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America</i>. Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 89-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Three Major Boston Stations Shift Networks Tomorrow." Boston Herald, June 14, 1942, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee House Party Joins Mutual Network." Boston Herald, August 2, 1942, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jim Britt in WNAC Radio Debut." Boston Herald, December 16, 1939, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WNAC, WEAN Join Mutual Network Soon." Christian Science Monitor, April 23, 141, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Big Opening for Yankee's New Studios." Boston Traveler, March 20, 1942, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio Ruling Tells Stations to Avoid Bias." Christian Science Monitor, January 17, 1941, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Pickard. <i>America's Battle for Media Democracy</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Barnouw. <i>A History of Broadcasting in the United States: The Golden Web</i>. Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shepard Applying for WAAB Shift." Broadcasting, June 9, 1941, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WAAB On the Air From Worcester." Broadcasting, December 14, 1942, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Network is Sold to General Tire Company." Christian Science Monitor, December 16, 1942, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Yankee Network" (advertisement), <i>Broadcasting</i>, April 21, 1947, page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WNAC Marks Its 25th Year on Air in N.E." Christian Science Monitor, July 31, 1947, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"New Commercial Director at WNAC." Boston Globe, June 23, 1928, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Travers Named to Executive Staff of Mutual System." Boston Herald, September 30, 1948, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Steffy Named Director of Yankee Network." Boston Herald, October 1, 1948, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shepard Rites in Florida." Boston Herald, December 22, 1948, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rites are Held in Brookline for John Shepard." Boston Traveler, June 13, 1950, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Both WNAC and WBZ to Televise Convention." Boston Globe, Jun 19, 1948, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Strike Halts Yankee Network Air, TV Shows." Boston Globe, May 4, 1949, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fail to End Network Strike, Game Off Video." Boston Globe, May 7, 1949, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arbitration Move Due Today in Try to End Radio Strike." Boston Globe, May 11, 1949, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankee Network Strike Ends with no Wage Slash." Boston Herald, May 18, 1949, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Network People." Broadcasting, November 7, 1955, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Seek FCC Approval for WLAW Sale." Broadcasting, May 11, 1953, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Victor Diehm, Broadcast Executive, Dies at 77." Greensboro (NC) Record, August 18, 1980, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George B. Merry. "Soap Operas Go; A Happy Ending." Christian Science Monitor, November 26, 1960, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WBZ to Drop NBC Shows; WBZ-TV Still in Network." Boston Globe, July 16, 1956, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony LaCamera. "Editor Finds WNAC Tops for Popular Music." Boston Evening American, August 23, 1955, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony LaCamera. "Like to be on the $64,000 Quiz?" Boston Evening American, July 8, 1955, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony LaCamera, "Baseball Tomorrow." Boston Evening American, April 18, 1958, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio-TV Carry the Ball in Boston, Detroit." Broadcasting, August 26, 1957, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-05-11-BC.pdf">"Mutual and Yankee plan August divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Broadcasting</i>. May 11, 1959. p. 58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Mutual+and+Yankee+plan+August+divorce&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1959-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1959%2F1959-05-11-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYankee+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph T. Sullivan. "Yankee Network Soon to be Dissolved." Boston Herald, January 31, 1967, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony LaCamera. "Big Shake-Up Due on WNAC." Boston Record-American, February 6, 1967, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-03-15-BC.pdf">"WFEA Joins Net"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Broadcasting</i>. March 15, 1932. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=WFEA+Joins+Net&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1932-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1932%2F1932-03-15-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYankee+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/archives/people/shepard.htm">Radio Historian Donna Halper's history on John Shepard III, revised April 2001.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neradio.org/">NERadio.org</a>, containing articles on John Shepard & the Yankee Network.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&oldid=1155389018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Network&oldid=1155389018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_radio_networks_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Defunct radio networks in the United States">Defunct radio networks in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1925" title="Category:Radio stations established in 1925">Radio stations established in 1925</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_disestablished_in_1967" title="Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1967">Radio stations disestablished in 1967</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 May 2023, at 23:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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