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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of definition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of definition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_measure:_the_metre_linked_to_the_figure_of_the_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_measure:_the_metre_linked_to_the_figure_of_the_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_measure:_the_metre_linked_to_the_figure_of_the_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meridional_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meridional_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Meridional definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meridional_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_adoption_of_the_metre_as_a_scientific_unit_of_length:_the_forerunners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_adoption_of_the_metre_as_a_scientific_unit_of_length:_the_forerunners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_adoption_of_the_metre_as_a_scientific_unit_of_length:_the_forerunners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_prototype_metre_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_prototype_metre_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 International prototype metre bar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_prototype_metre_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrology_and_paradigm_shift_in_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrology_and_paradigm_shift_in_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metrology and paradigm shift in physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrology_and_paradigm_shift_in_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wavelength_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wavelength_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Wavelength definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wavelength_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_of_light_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_of_light_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Speed of light definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_of_light_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_adoptions_of_the_metre_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_adoptions_of_the_metre_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early adoptions of the metre internationally </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_adoptions_of_the_metre_internationally-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early adoptions of the metre internationally subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_adoptions_of_the_metre_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_dates_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_dates_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Adoption dates by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_dates_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SI_prefixed_forms_of_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SI_prefixed_forms_of_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 SI prefixed forms of metre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SI_prefixed_forms_of_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalents_in_other_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalents_in_other_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Equivalents in other units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalents_in_other_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Metre</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 170 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" > 170 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD" title="ሜትር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሜትር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A9%D6%80" title="Մեթր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեթր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মিটাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মিটাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metru" title="Metru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ter" title="Méter – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Méter" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-chhioh" title="Kong-chhioh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-chhioh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мэтар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मीटर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मीटर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="སྨི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྨི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metar" title="Metar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_(%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="ميترو (عبرة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميترو (عبرة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehter" title="Mehter – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mehter" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A9%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މީޓަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މީޓަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeter" title="Meeter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meeter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Μέτρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέτρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ter" title="Méter – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Méter" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metru" title="Metru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Metru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mètre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metri" title="Metri – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Metri" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9adar" title="Méadar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Méadar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatair" title="Meatair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meatair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3" title="米 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="米" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0" title="મીટર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મીટર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBng-chhak" title="Kûng-chhak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kûng-chhak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0" title="미터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mita" title="Mita – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mita" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Մետր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मीटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metar" title="Metar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metri" title="Metri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Metri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8" title="מטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ter" title="Mèter – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mèter" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೀಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೀಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მეტრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mita" title="Mita – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mita" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8t" title="Mèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ແມັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrum" title="Metrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrs" title="Metrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metras" title="Metras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Bt%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Mɛtɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mɛtɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mitre" title="mitre – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mitre" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ter" title="Méter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Méter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Метар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatra" title="Metatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="മീറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metru" title="Metru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Metru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मीटर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मीटर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მეტრა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეტრა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="متر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B3%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="မဳတာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မဳတာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ADng-chi%C3%B3h" title="Gŭng-chióh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŭng-chióh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="မီတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मिटर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिटर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="मितर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मितर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="メートル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メートル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeter" title="Meeter – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meeter" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8te" title="Mète – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mète" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mètre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੀਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="میٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miita" title="Miita – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Miita" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ter" title="Méter – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Méter" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ng" title="Läng – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Läng" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metru" title="Metru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitru" title="Mitru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mitru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Метер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Миэтэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миэтэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metri" title="Metri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metru" title="Metru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Metru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මීටරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මීටරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%94%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Мєтро – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мєтро" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myjter" title="Myjter – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Myjter" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitir" title="Mitir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mitir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مەتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Метар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metar" title="Metar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ter" title="Méter – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Méter" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metri" title="Metri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Meter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மீட்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீட்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mitra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="మీటరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మీటరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="เมตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" title="Metre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mita_(cung)" title="Mita (cung) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mita (cung)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="میٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metr" title="Metr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t" title="Mét – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mét" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mete" title="Mete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%B0%BA" title="公尺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="公尺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(lengtemoate)" title="Meter (lengtemoate) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Meter (lengtemoate)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro" title="Metro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%89" title="米（单位） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米（单位）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitara" title="Mitara – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mitara" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מעטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADt%C3%A0" title="Mítà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mítà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="米 (單位) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="米 (單位)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metros" title="Metros – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="米 (单位) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米 (单位)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mita" title="Mita – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mita" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(m)" title="Meter (m) – 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searchaux" style="display:none">SI unit of length</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of "metre" or "meter", see <a href="/wiki/Meter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meter (disambiguation)">Meter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">metre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG/220px-M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG/330px-M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG/440px-M%C3%A8tre-%C3%A9talon_Paris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Historical public metre standard in Paris</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">m<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 m<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> in ...</td><td>... is equal to ...</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="/wiki/SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">SI units</a></th><td class="infobox-data">   <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1000 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a></li><li>0.001 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a>/<a href="/wiki/US_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary units">US</a> units</th><td class="infobox-data">   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>≈ 1.0936 <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yd</a></li><li>≈ 3.2808 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a></li><li>≈ 39.37 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   Nautical units</th><td class="infobox-data">   ≈ 0.00053996 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> The metre (or meter in <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-er" title="American and British English spelling differences">US spelling</a>; symbol: m) is the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">base unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/299792458⁠ of a <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>, where the second is defined by a <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">hyperfine transition frequency of caesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-2">[2]</a> The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a> as one ten-millionth of the distance from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> along a <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's polar circumference</a> is approximately 40000 km. In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar, the bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of <a href="/wiki/Krypton-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-86">krypton-86</a>. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">proper length</a>. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> in vacuum in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/299792458⁠ of a <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency ΔνCs. This series of amendments did not alter the size of the metre significantly – today Earth's polar circumference measures 40007.863 km, a change of about 200 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> from the original value of exactly 40000 km, which also includes improvements in the accuracy of measuring the circumference. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Metric_seal.svg/220px-Metric_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Metric_seal.svg/330px-Metric_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Metric_seal.svg/440px-Metric_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) – Use measure (Greek: ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ)</figcaption></figure> Metre is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being the United States<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and the Philippines<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which use meter. Measuring devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">ammeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">speedometer</a>) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The etymological roots of metre can be traced to the Greek verb μετρέω (metreo) ((I) measure, count or compare)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and noun μέτρον (metron) (a measure),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses is also found in Latin (metior, mensura), French (mètre, mesure), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/*meh%E2%82%81-" class="extiw" title="wikt:*meh₁-">*meh₁-</a> 'to measure'. The motto ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ (metro chro) in the seal of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus of Mytilene</a> and may be translated as "Use measure!", thus calls for both measurement and moderation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The use of the word metre (for the French unit mètre) in English began at least as early as 1797.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_definition">History of definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of definition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre" title="History of the metre">History of the metre</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles, specifically <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre" title="History of the metre">History of the metre</a>. Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Metre#History_duplication" title="Talk:Metre">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPLIT">splitting the content</a> into a new article. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_measure:_the_metre_linked_to_the_figure_of_the_Earth">Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/220px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/330px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/440px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The Meridian room of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a> (or Cassini room): the <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridian</a> is drawn on the ground.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">gravitational acceleration</a> to explain the fall of bodies at the surface of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He also observed the regularity of the period of swing of the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> and that this period depended on the length of the pendulum.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a> served both to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> and to the determination of the distance from Earth to the Sun by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> They both also used a determination of the size of the Earth, then considered as a sphere, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Picard" title="Jean Picard">Jean Picard</a> through <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(surveying)" title="Triangulation (surveying)">triangulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-19">[19]</a> In 1671, Jean Picard also measured the length of a <a href="/wiki/Seconds_pendulum" title="Seconds pendulum">seconds pendulum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a> and proposed this unit of measurement to be called the astronomical radius (French: Rayon Astronomique).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigourdan19018,_158–159-21">[21]</a> In 1675, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Livio_Burattini" title="Tito Livio Burattini">Tito Livio Burattini</a> suggested the term metro cattolico meaning universal measure for this unit of length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place.<a href="#cite_note-Earth-1911-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repsold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Repsold.jpg/220px-Repsold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Repsold.jpg/330px-Repsold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Repsold.jpg/440px-Repsold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gravimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravimeter">Gravimeter</a> with variant of <a href="/wiki/Repsold%E2%80%93Bessel_pendulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Repsold–Bessel pendulum">Repsold–Bessel pendulum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> found out the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He also mathematically formulated the link between the length of the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">simple pendulum</a> and gravitational acceleration.<a href="#cite_note-Perrier-1935-28">[28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Alexis Clairaut</a>, the study of variations in gravitational acceleration was a way to determine the <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">figure of the Earth</a>, whose crucial parameter was the <a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">flattening</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">Earth ellipsoid</a>. In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">theory of gravity</a>, which <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a> promoted in France in combination with <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz's</a> mathematical work and because the <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">radius of the Earth</a> was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">oblate spheroid</a> through geodetic surveys in <a href="/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_the_Equator" title="French Geodesic Mission to the Equator">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_Lapland" title="French Geodesic Mission to Lapland">Lapland</a> and this new data called into question the value of <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth radius</a> as Picard had calculated it.<a href="#cite_note-Perrier-1935-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earth-1911-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-19">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Survey_(1784%E2%80%931790)" title="Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790)">Anglo-French Survey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> commissioned an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre" title="Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre">Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9chain" title="Pierre Méchain">Pierre Méchain</a>, lasting from 1792 to 1798, which measured the distance between a belfry in <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Castle_(Barcelona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montjuïc Castle (Barcelona)">Montjuïc castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Paris Panthéon</a>. When the length of the metre was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid was assumed to be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/334⁠.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-1991-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2008-35">[35]</a> In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Least_squares" title="Least squares">method of least squares</a> calculated from several <a href="/wiki/Arc_measurement" title="Arc measurement">arc measurements</a> a new value for the flattening of the Earth, which he determinated as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/299.15⁠.<a href="#cite_note-:2-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viik-2006-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> He also devised a new instrument for measuring gravitational acceleration which was first used in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Plantamour" title="Emile Plantamour">Emile Plantamour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, and Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier (8.01.1818 – 2.10.1889), a <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevan</a> mathematician soon independently discovered a mathematical formula to correct <a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">systematic errors</a> of this device which had been noticed by Plantamour and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Hirsch" title="Adolphe Hirsch">Adolphe Hirsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This allowed <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Robert_Helmert" title="Friedrich Robert Helmert">Friedrich Robert Helmert</a> to determine a remarkably accurate value of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/298.3⁠ for the flattening of the Earth when he proposed his <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">ellipsoid of reference</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._Universalis-1996-41">[41]</a> This was also the result of the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> of 1875, when the metre was adopted as an international scientific unit of length for the convenience of continental European geodesists following the example of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brunner-1857-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pérard-1957-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1873-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEG-1868-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meridional_definition">Meridional definition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meridional definition">edit</a>]</div> In 1790, one year before it was ultimately decided that the metre would be based on the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_arc#Quarter_meridian" title="Meridian arc">Earth quadrant</a> (a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference</a> through its poles), <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> proposed that the metre be the length of the seconds pendulum at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of 45°. This option, with one-third of this length defining the <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a>, was also considered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and others for <a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States">redefining the yard in the United States</a> shortly after gaining independence from the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Borda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> – decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, determined through measurements along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from the obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona (about 1000 km, or one-tenth of the total) could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected not to have to be accounted for. Improvements in the measuring devices designed by Borda and used for this survey also raised hopes for a more accurate determination of the length of this meridian arc.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNMF-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Débarbat-1799-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2008-35">[35]</a> The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years (1792–1798). The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a>, were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In the meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNMF-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Débarbat-1799-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1799, a commission including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Tralles" title="Johann Georg Tralles">Johan Georg Tralles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_van_Swinden" title="Jean Henri van Swinden">Jean Henri van Swinden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a> and Jean-Baptiste Delambre calculated the distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona using the data of the <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(surveying)" title="Triangulation (surveying)">triangulation</a> between these two towns and determined the portion of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator it represented. Pierre Méchain's and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's measurements were combined with the results of the <a href="/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_the_Equator" title="French Geodesic Mission to the Equator">Spanish-French geodetic mission</a> and a value of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/334⁠ was found for the Earth's flattening. However, French astronomers knew from earlier estimates of the Earth's flattening that different meridian arcs could have different lengths and that their curvature could be irregular. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was then extrapolated from the measurement of the Paris meridian arc between Dunkirk and Barcelona and was determined as 5130740 toises. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0.513074 toise or 3 feet and 11.296 lines of the Toise of Peru, which had been constructed in 1735 for the <a href="/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_the_Equator" title="French Geodesic Mission to the Equator">French Geodesic Mission to the Equator</a>. When the final result was known, a bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1867-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Débarbat-1799-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Débarbat-2019-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_adoption_of_the_metre_as_a_scientific_unit_of_length:_the_forerunners">Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HasslerCollection_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HasslerCollection_001.jpg/220px-HasslerCollection_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HasslerCollection_001.jpg/330px-HasslerCollection_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HasslerCollection_001.jpg/440px-HasslerCollection_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="4677" /></a><figcaption>Triangulation near <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 1817</figcaption></figure> In 1816, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a> was appointed first Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">Survey of the Coast</a>. Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Hassler had brought a standard metre made in Paris to the United States in October 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cajori-1921-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1873-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1830, Hassler became head of the Office of Weights and Measures, which became a part of the Survey of the Coast. He compared various units of length used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> at that time and measured <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">coefficients of expansion</a> to assess temperature effects on the measurements.<a href="#cite_note-Parr-2006-63">[63]</a> In 1832, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> studied the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> and proposed adding the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> to the basic units of the metre and the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">CGS system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Edouard Weber</a>. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung</a>) on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Baeyer" title="Johann Jacob Baeyer">Johann Jacob Baeyer</a> in 1863, and by that of the <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Meteorological Organisation">International Meteorological Organisation</a> whose president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a> would represent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM).<a href="#cite_note-Débarbat-2019-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._Universalis-1996-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Von_Wild-1903-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2012-67">[67]</a> In 1834, Hassler, measured at <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)" title="Baseline (surveying)">baseline</a> of the Survey of the Coast, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Louis_Puissant" title="Louis Puissant">Louis Puissant</a> declared to the French Academy of Sciences in 1836 that Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain had made errors in the <a href="/wiki/Arc_measurement" title="Arc measurement">meridian arc measurement</a>, which had been used to determine the length of the metre. Errors in the method of calculating the length of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridian</a> were taken into account by Bessel when he proposed his <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">reference ellipsoid</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebon-1899-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viik-2006-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg/220px-Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg/330px-Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg/440px-Appareil_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Ibáñez apparatus calibrated on the metric Spanish Standard and used at <a href="/wiki/Aarberg" title="Aarberg">Aarberg</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">canton of Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a> has ancient roots which were revived in the 19th century by the modernist impetus of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> who founded in Sabtieh, <a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Boulaq</a> district, in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> an Observatory which he was keen to keep in harmony with the progress of this science still in progress. In 1858, a Technical Commission was set up to continue, by adopting the procedures instituted in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">cadastre</a> work inaugurated under Muhammad Ali. This Commission suggested to Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Mohammed Sa'id Pasha</a> the idea of buying geodetic devices which were ordered in France. While <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmad_Hamdi_al-Falaki" title="Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki">Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki</a> was in charge, in Egypt, of the direction of the work of the general map, the viceroy entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mustafa_al-Falaki" title="Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki">Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki</a> the study, in Europe, of the precision apparatus calibrated against the metre intended to measure the geodesic bases and already built by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Brunner" title="Jean Brunner">Jean Brunner</a> in Paris. Ismail Mustafa had the task to carry out the experiments necessary for determining the expansion coefficients of the two platinum and brass bars, and to compare the Egyptian standard with a known standard. The Spanish standard designed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frutos_Saavedra_Meneses" title="Frutos Saavedra Meneses">Frutos Saavedra Meneses</a> was chosen for this purpose, as it had served as a model for the construction of the Egyptian standard. In addition, the Spanish standard had been compared with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Borda</a>'s double-toise N° 1, which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France, and was also to be compared to the Ibáñez apparatus. In 1954, the connection of the southerly extension of the <a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a> with an arc running northwards from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> through <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> would bring the course of a major <a href="/wiki/Meridian_arc" title="Meridian arc">meridian arc</a> back to land where <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> had founded <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soler-1997-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg/220px-Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg/330px-Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg/440px-Britannica_Figure_of_the_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>West Europe–Africa Meridian-arc: a meridian arc extending from the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, whose parameters were calculated from surveys carried out in the mid to late 19th century. It yielded a value for the equatorial radius of the earth a = 6 377 935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The radius of curvature of this arc is not uniform, being, in the mean, about 600 metres greater in the northern than in the southern part. <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">Greenwich meridian</a> is depicted rather than <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridian</a>.</figcaption></figure> Seventeen years after Bessel calculated his <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">ellipsoid of reference</a>, some of the meridian arcs the German astronomer had used for his calculation had been enlarged. This was a very important circumstance because the influence of errors due to <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">vertical deflections</a> was minimized in proportion to the length of the meridian arcs: the longer the meridian arcs, the more precise the image of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">Earth ellipsoid</a> would be.<a href="#cite_note-:2-36">[36]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a> measurement, it was resolved in the 1860s, at the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> who would become the first president of both the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">International Geodetic Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measure</a>, to remeasure the arc of meridian from <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a> and to extend it from <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEM-2013-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soler-1997-75">[75]</a> This did not pave the way to a new definition of the metre because it was known that the theoretical definition of the metre had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroid</a>, but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation from the measurement of a single meridian arc.<a href="#cite_note-Levallois-1991-34">[34]</a> In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schubert" title="Friedrich von Schubert">Friedrich von Schubert</a> demonstrated that several meridians had not the same length, confirming an hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean Le Rond d'Alembert</a>. He also proposed an ellipsoid with three unequal axes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1860, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, using Schubert's data computed that the Earth ellipsoid could rather be a spheroid of revolution accordingly to <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a>'s model.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> However, the following year, resuming his calculation on the basis of all the data available at the time, Ritter came to the conclusion that the problem was only resolved in an approximate manner, the data appearing too scant, and for some affected by <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">vertical deflections</a>, in particular the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc" title="Montjuïc">Montjuïc</a> in the French meridian arc which determination had also been affected in a lesser proportion by systematic errors of the <a href="/wiki/Repeating_circle" title="Repeating circle">repeating circle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schiavon-2004-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-1991-34">[34]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The definition of the length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate the metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth’s size possible.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST, p. 40</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg/220px-Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="442" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg/330px-Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg/440px-Struve_Geodetic_Arc-zoom-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Struve Geodetic Arc</figcaption></figure> It was well known that by measuring the latitude of two stations in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation and that he did not dare to admit this inaccuracy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> This was later explained by clearance in the central axis of the <a href="/wiki/Repeating_circle" title="Repeating circle">repeating circle</a> causing wear and consequently the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> measurements contained significant systematic errors.<a href="#cite_note-Schiavon-2004-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">Polar motion</a> predicted by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> and later discovered by <a href="/wiki/Seth_Carlo_Chandler" title="Seth Carlo Chandler">Seth Carlo Chandler</a> also had an impact on accuracy of latitudes' determinations.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrier-1935-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torge-2016-88">[88]</a> Among all these sources of error, it was mainly an unfavourable <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">vertical deflection</a> that gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona's <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and a metre "too short" compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs.<a href="#cite_note-Levallois-1991-34">[34]</a> As early as 1861, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Baeyer" title="Johann Jacob Baeyer">Johann Jacob Baeyer</a> sent a memorandum to the King of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> recommending international collaboration in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, seven German states (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">Central European Arc Measurement</a> created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torge-2016-88">[88]</a> Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freetown_Christiania" title="Freetown Christiania">Freetown Christiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>) and the meridians of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> and Trunz (German name for <a href="/wiki/Milejewo" title="Milejewo">Milejewo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">vertical deflection</a>. Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2019-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> in 1866. <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a> hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of the Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Charles-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaunay" title="Charles-Eugène Delaunay">Charles-Eugène Delaunay</a> represented <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the Congress of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1871. In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Faye" title="Hervé Faye">Hervé Faye</a> was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.<a href="#cite_note-Lebon-1899-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEM-2013-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEG-1868-47">[47]</a> The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1888; <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United-States</a> in 1889; and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. However, the activities of the <a href="/wiki/International_Latitude_Service" title="International Latitude Service">International Latitude Service</a> were continued through an Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutres thanks to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/H._G._van_de_Sande_Bakhuyzen" title="H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen">H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen</a> and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Observatory" title="Leiden Observatory">Leiden Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Observatory" title="Geneva Observatory">Geneva Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soler-1997-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torge-2016-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_prototype_metre_bar">International prototype metre bar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International prototype metre bar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_National_Length_Meter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/US_National_Length_Meter.JPG/220px-US_National_Length_Meter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/US_National_Length_Meter.JPG/330px-US_National_Length_Meter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/US_National_Length_Meter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of National Prototype Metre Bar No. 27, made in 1889 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Mattey</a> and given to the United States, which served as the standard for American cartography from 1890 replacing the Committee Meter, an authentic copy of the Mètre des Archives produced in 1799 in Paris, which <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a> had brought to the United States in 1805</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> led to the adoption of the metre in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> following <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">independence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> prompted the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">Survey of the Coast</a> in 1807 and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">Office of Standard Weights and Measures</a> in 1830. In <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, Napoleonic Wars fostered German nationalism which later led to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871. Meanwhile, most European countries had adopted the metre. In the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> played a pivotal role in the unification of the metric system through the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> but its overwhelming influence was mitigated by that of neutral states. While the German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Julius_Foerster" title="Wilhelm Julius Foerster">Wilhelm Julius Foerster</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Observatory" title="Berlin Observatory">Berlin Observatory</a> and director of the German Weights and Measures Service boycotted the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission, along with the Russian and Austrian representatives, in order to promote the foundation of a permanent <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, the German born, Swiss astronomer, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Hirsch" title="Adolphe Hirsch">Adolphe Hirsch</a> conformed to the opinion of Italy and Spain to create, in spite of French reluctance, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France as a permanent institution at the disadventage of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2019-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Von_Wild-1903-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> At that time, <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units of measurement</a> were defined by primary <a href="/wiki/Standard_(metrology)" title="Standard (metrology)">standards</a>, and unique artifacts made of different <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with distinct coefficients of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">expansion</a> were the legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called Toise de l'Académie, was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by an artifact made of platinum kept in the National Archives. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lenoir_(instrument_maker)" title="Étienne Lenoir (instrument maker)">Étienne Lenoir</a> in 1799. One of them became known as the Committee Meter in the United States and served as standard of length in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast Survey</a> until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, except Spain, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively the main references for geodesy in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. These measuring devices consisted of bimetallic rulers in platinum and brass or iron and zinc fixed together at one extremity to assess the variations in length produced by any change in temperature. The combination of two bars made of two different metals allowed to take <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> into account without measuring the temperature. A French scientific instrument maker, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolas_Fortin" title="Jean Nicolas Fortin">Jean Nicolas Fortin</a>, had made three direct copies of the Toise of Peru, one for <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve</a>, a second for <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher" title="Heinrich Christian Schumacher">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</a> in 1821 and a third for Friedrich Bessel in 1823. In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Prudence_Gambey" title="Henri-Prudence Gambey">Henri-Prudence Gambey</a> also realized a copy of the Toise of Peru which was kept at <a href="/wiki/Altona_Observatory" title="Altona Observatory">Altona Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf_1882_20,_32-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigourdan19018,_158–159,_176–177-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2012-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1867-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIST_Special_Publication-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viik-2006-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1873-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-1857-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg/220px-Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg/330px-Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg/440px-Metric_standards_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5382" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Historic Dutch replicas of metric standards in the collection of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: iron metre with case constructed by Étienne Lenoir in 1799, copper grave kilogram with case (1798), copper volume measures (1829)</figcaption></figure> In the second half of the 19th century, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">International Geodetic Association</a> would mark the adoption of new scientific methods.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It then became possible to accurately measure parallel arcs, since the difference in longitude between their ends could be determined thanks to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>. Furthermore, advances in <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> combined with those of <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a> have led to a new era of <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">gravitational acceleration</a> by means of pendulum.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1867-56">[56]</a> In 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the <a href="/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_the_Equator" title="French Geodesic Mission to the Equator">French Geodesic Mission to the Equator</a>, might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to <a href="/wiki/Altona_Observatory" title="Altona Observatory">Altona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koenigsberg_Observatory" title="Koenigsberg Observatory">Koenigsberg</a> Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. This assertion was particularly worrying, because when the primary Imperial <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yard</a> standard had partially been destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference was constructed using copies of the "Standard Yard, 1760", instead of the pendulum's length as provided for in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824, because the pendulum method proved unreliable. Nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a>'s use of the metre and the creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures as an office within the Coast Survey contributed to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_Act_of_1866" title="Metric Act of 1866">Metric Act of 1866</a> allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and preceded the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> (German: Europäische Gradmessung) to establish a "European international bureau for weights and measures".<a href="#cite_note-Wolf_1882_20,_32-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEG-1868-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2019-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1867-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guillaume-1916-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metre_alloy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metre_alloy.jpg/220px-Metre_alloy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metre_alloy.jpg/330px-Metre_alloy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metre_alloy.jpg/440px-Metre_alloy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville, and Debray.</figcaption></figure> In 1867 at the second General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-1891-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAG-107">[107]</a> According to a preliminary proposal made in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> the precedent year, the General Conference recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise of Bessel, the creation of an International Metre Commission, and the foundation of a World institute for the comparison of geodetic standards, the first step towards the creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-James-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-1891-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAG-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Hassler's metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Parr-2006-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cajori-1921-61">[61]</a> In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a> sent to the French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Moritz von Jacobi</a>, whose theorem has long supported the assumption of an ellipsoid with three unequal axes for the figure of the Earth, inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> in all scientific work.<a href="#cite_note-Guillaume-1916-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earth-1911-22">[22]</a> In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Paris Conference</a> in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> intervened with the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with the scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> according to the progress of sciences.<a href="#cite_note-NIST-2003-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pérard-1957-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-2012-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> (Convention du Mètre) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) to be located in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a>, France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve a prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM: Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures), establishing the <a href="/wiki/International_Prototype_Metre" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prototype Metre">International Prototype Metre</a> as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90% <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and 10% <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, measured at the melting point of ice.<a href="#cite_note-NIST-2003-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrology_and_paradigm_shift_in_physics">Metrology and paradigm shift in physics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metrology and paradigm shift in physics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png/220px-Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png/330px-Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png/440px-Komplet_invarskih_%C5%BEica.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Invar wire baseline apparatus</figcaption></figure> The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's <a href="/wiki/Temperature_measurement" title="Temperature measurement">thermometry</a> work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron–nickel, in particular <a href="/wiki/Invar" title="Invar">invar</a>, whose practically negligible coefficient of expansion made it possible to develop simpler baseline measurement methods, and for which its director, the Swiss physicist <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Charles-Edouard Guillaume</a>, was granted the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1920. Guillaume's Nobel Prize marked the end of an era in which <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> was leaving the field of <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</a> application of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 1921, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to another Swiss scientist, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, who following <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a> had questioned the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a> in 1905, just as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> had questioned <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation" title="Mechanical explanations of gravitation">Descartes' Vortex theory</a> in 1687 after <a href="/wiki/Jean_Richer" title="Jean Richer">Jean Richer</a>'s pendulum experiment in <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earth-1911-22">[22]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> changed conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, while <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> changed that of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>. According to Newton, space was <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean</a>, infinite and without boundaries and bodies gravitated around each other without changing the structure of space. <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Einstein's theory of gravity</a> states, on the contrary, that the mass of a body has an effect on all other bodies while modifying the structure of space. A massive body induces a curvature of the space around it in which the path of light is inflected, as was demonstrated by the displacement of the position of a star observed near the Sun during an eclipse in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wavelength_definition">Wavelength definition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wavelength definition">edit</a>]</div> In 1873, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> suggested that light emitted by an element be used as the standard both for the unit of length and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> About the unit of length he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the present state of science the most universal standard of length which we could assume would be the wave length in vacuum of a particular kind of light, emitted by some widely diffused substance such as sodium, which has well-defined lines in its spectrum. Such a standard would be independent of any changes in the dimensions of the earth, and should be adopted by those who expect their writings to be more permanent than that body.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James Clerk Maxwell, <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Electricity_and_Magnetism" title="A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism">A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism</a>, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p. 3</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>'s work promoted the advent of American science at the forefront of global metrology. Alongside his intercomparisons of artifacts of the metre and contributions to gravimetry through improvement of reversible pendulum, Peirce was the first to tie experimentally the metre to the wave length of a spectral line. According to him the standard length might be compared with that of a wave of light identified by a line in the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar spectrum</a>. Albert Michelson soon took up the idea and improved it.<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an <a href="/wiki/Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a>, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> as a standard of length. By 1925, <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a> was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) as equal to 1650763.73 <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>-<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Krypton-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-86">krypton-86</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marion-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_of_light_definition">Speed of light definition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speed of light definition">edit</a>]</div> To further reduce uncertainty, the 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Res1-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a second.</dd></dl></dd></dl> This definition fixed the speed of light in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> at exactly 299792458 metres per second<a href="#cite_note-Res1-122">[122]</a> (≈300000 km/s or ≈1.079 billion km/hour<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM's definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">helium–neon laser</a> "a recommended radiation" for realising the metre.<a href="#cite_note-recommendations-2-125">[125]</a> For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength, λHeNe, to be 632.99121258 nm with an estimated relative standard uncertainty (U) of 2.1×10−11.<a href="#cite_note-recommendations-2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-uncertainty-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> (U = 5×10−16).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 1579800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination.<a href="#cite_note-recommendations-2-125">[125]</a> This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on <a href="/wiki/Standard_uncertainty#Measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard uncertainty">measurement uncertainty</a>. Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source.<a href="#cite_note-Beers2-129">[129]</a> A commonly used medium is air, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air.<a href="#cite_note-NIST_calculator-130">[130]</a> As described by NIST, in air, the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary.<a href="#cite_note-errors-131">[131]</a> By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as 1579800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any <a href="/wiki/Partial_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial vacuum">partial vacuum</a> can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Dunning-132">[132]</a> The metre is defined as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometers</a> for a length measurement:<a href="#cite_note-Beers2-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster2-136">[136]</a> <ul><li>uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source,</li> <li>uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_count" title="Least count">least count</a> resolution of the interferometer.</li></ul> Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c615d92ffbeb969681018817d86b01af421457ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.61ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},}"></dd></dl> which converts the unit of wavelength λ to metres using c, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here n is the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the medium in which the measurement is made, and f is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.<a href="#cite_note-Webster2-136">[136]</a> The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in 1016 per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="130pt">Date</th> <th>Deciding body</th> <th>Decision </th></tr> <tr> <td>8 May 1790</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">French National Assembly</a></td> <td>The length of the new metre to be equal to the length of a <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> with a half-<a href="/wiki/Period_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (physics)">period</a> of 1 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Mar 1791</td> <td>French National Assembly</td> <td>Accepts the proposal by the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a great circle <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">quadrant</a> along the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole along that quadrant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigourdan190120–21-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795</td> <td colspan="2">Provisional metre bar made of brass and based on <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridan</a> arc (French: Méridienne de France) measured by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Louis_de_Lacaille" title="Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille">Nicolas-Louis de Lacaillle</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassini_de_Thury" title="César-François Cassini de Thury">Cesar-François Cassini de Thury</a>, legally equal to 443.44 <a href="/wiki/Line_(unit)" title="Line (unit)">lines</a> of the toise du Pérou (a standard <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution#Length" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">French unit of length</a> from 1766).<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levallois-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-entreprises-139">[139]</a> [The line was 1/864 of a toise.] </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Dec 1799</td> <td>French National Assembly</td> <td>Specifies the platinum metre bar, presented on 22 June 1799 and deposited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives of France">National Archives</a>, as the final standard. Legally equal to 443.296 lines on the toise du Pérou.<a href="#cite_note-entreprises-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24–28 Sept 1889</td> <td>1st <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM)</td> <td>Defines the metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> with 10% <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, measured at the melting point of ice.<a href="#cite_note-entreprises-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Sept – 6 Oct 1927</td> <td>7th CGPM</td> <td>Redefines the metre as the distance, at 0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (273 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>), between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum–iridium, this bar being subject to one standard <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmosphere of pressure</a> and supported on two cylinders of at least 10 mm (1 cm) diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm (57.1 cm) from each other.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 Oct 1960</td> <td>11th CGPM</td> <td>Defines the metre as 1650763.73 <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">radiation</a> corresponding to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 quantum levels of the <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>-86 <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudson1976-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 Oct 1983</td> <td>17th CGPM</td> <td>Defines the metre as the length of the path travelled by <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> in vacuum during a time interval of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/299 792 458⁠ of a <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM)</td> <td>Considers the metre to be a unit of <a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">proper length</a> and thus recommends this definition be restricted to "lengths ℓ which are sufficiently short for the effects predicted by <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> to be negligible with respect to the uncertainties of realisation".<a href="#cite_note-taylor2008a77-145">[145]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <caption>Definitions of the metre since 1795<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardarelli2003-146">[146]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Basis of definition </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Absolute uncertainty </th> <th>Relative uncertainty </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/10000000⁠ part of the <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">quadrant</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a>, measurement by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre" title="Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre">Delambre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9chain" title="Pierre Méchain">Méchain</a> (443.296 lines) </td> <td>1795 </td> <td>500–100 μm </td> <td>10−4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>First prototype <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre#Mètre_des_Archives" title="History of the metre">Mètre des Archives</a> platinum bar standard </td> <td>1799 </td> <td>50–10 μm </td> <td>10−5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice (1st <a href="/wiki/CGPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CGPM">CGPM</a>) </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>0.2–0.1 μm </td> <td>10−7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers (7th CGPM) </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>n.a. </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">Hyperfine</a> atomic transition; 1650763.73 wavelengths of light from a specified transition in <a href="/wiki/Krypton-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-86">krypton-86</a> (11th CGPM) </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>4 nm </td> <td>4×10−9<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/299792458⁠ second (17th CGPM) </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>0.1 nm </td> <td>10−10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_adoptions_of_the_metre_internationally">Early adoptions of the metre internationally</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early adoptions of the metre internationally">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></div> In France, the metre was adopted as an exclusive measure in 1801 under the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a>. This continued under the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> until 1812, when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> decreed the introduction of the non-decimal <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a>, which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a> Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> After the joining of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">canton of Geneva</a> to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 1815, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Henri_Dufour" title="Guillaume Henri Dufour">Guillaume Henri Dufour</a> published the first official Swiss map, for which the metre was adopted as the unit of length.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_dates_by_country">Adoption dates by country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adoption dates by country">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: 1801–1812, then 1840<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a>, Switzerland: 1813<a href="#cite_note-Dubler-2014-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>: 1820</li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: 1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: 1848</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, Italy: 1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: 1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: 1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>: 1853</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: 1856</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: 1857</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: 1862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: 1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: 1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: 1866<a href="#cite_note-:5-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: 1872</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, 1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: 1877<a href="#cite_note-Dubler-2014-151">[151]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SI_prefixed_forms_of_metre">SI prefixed forms of metre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: SI prefixed forms of metre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)" title="Orders of magnitude (length)">Orders of magnitude (length)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (149.6 Gm), <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (10 Pm), or <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (31 Pm), rather than in Mm or larger multiples; "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively. The terms <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">micron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millimicron" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimicron">millimicron</a> have been used instead of micrometre (μm) and nanometre (nm), respectively, but this practice is discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <caption>SI multiples of metre (m) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Submultiples </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Multiples </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d4d4d4;"> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>10−1 m </td> <td>dm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">decimetre</a> </td> <td>101 m </td> <td>dam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decametre" title="Decametre">decametre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−2 m </td> <td>cm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a> </td> <td>102 m </td> <td>hm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hectometre" title="Hectometre">hectometre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−3 m </td> <td>mm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetre</a> </td> <td>103 m </td> <td>km </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−6 m </td> <td>μm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a> </td> <td>106 m </td> <td>Mm </td> <td>megametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−9 m </td> <td>nm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometre</a> </td> <td>109 m </td> <td>Gm </td> <td>gigametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−12 m </td> <td>pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometre</a> </td> <td>1012 m </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>terametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−15 m </td> <td>fm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femtometre" title="Femtometre">femtometre</a> </td> <td>1015 m </td> <td>Pm </td> <td>petametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−18 m </td> <td>am </td> <td>attometre </td> <td>1018 m </td> <td>Em </td> <td>exametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−21 m </td> <td>zm </td> <td>zeptometre </td> <td>1021 m </td> <td>Zm </td> <td>zettametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−24 m </td> <td>ym </td> <td>yoctometre </td> <td>1024 m </td> <td>Ym </td> <td>yottametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−27 m </td> <td>rm </td> <td>rontometre </td> <td>1027 m </td> <td>Rm </td> <td>ronnametre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10−30 m </td> <td>qm </td> <td>quectometre </td> <td>1030 m </td> <td>Qm </td> <td>quettametre </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalents_in_other_units">Equivalents in other units</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Equivalents in other units">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Metric unit expressed in non-SI units </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Non-SI unit expressed in metric units </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 metre</td> <td>≈</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0936</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yard</a></td> <td> </td> <td>1 yard</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9144</td> <td>metre </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 metre</td> <td>≈</td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.370</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a></td> <td> </td> <td>1 inch</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0254</td> <td>metre </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a></td> <td>≈</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.39370</td> <td>inch</td> <td> </td> <td>1 inch</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.54</td> <td>centimetres </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetre</a></td> <td>≈</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.039370</td> <td>inch</td> <td> </td> <td>1 inch</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.4</td> <td>millimetres </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 metre</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">ångström</a></td> <td> </td> <td>1 ångström</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10−10</td> <td>metre </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometre</a></td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10</td> <td>ångström</td> <td> </td> <td>1 ångström</td> <td>=</td> <td style="text-align:right;">100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometres</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard"<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units. <dl><dd>"≈" means "is approximately equal to";</dd> <dd>"=" means "is exactly equal to".</dd></dl> One metre is exactly equivalent to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠5 000/127⁠ inches and to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1 250/1 143⁠ yards. A simple <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> to assist with conversion is "three 3s": 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3+3⁄8 inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm. The ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a> was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Scottish and English definitions of the <a href="/wiki/Ell" title="Ell">ell</a> (2 cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The ancient Parisian toise (fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a> system, such that 1 m was exactly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 toise.<a href="#cite_note-H&H-157">[157]</a> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Verst" title="Verst">verst</a> was 1.0668 km.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardarelli2004-158">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_mile" title="Scandinavian mile">Swedish mil</a> was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metre">Metre</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:metre">metre</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">ISO 1</a> – standard reference temperature for length measurements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">Vertical position</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html">"Base unit definitions: Meter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Base+unit+definitions%3A+Meter&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fmeter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-2"><a href="#cite_ref-SIBrochure9thEd_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (20 May 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a> (PDF) (9th ed.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0"><bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018184555/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf/fcf090b2-04e6-88cc-1149-c3e029ad8232">archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi-brochure%2FSI-Brochure-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.330-2019.pdf">"The International System of Units (SI) – NIST"</a> (PDF). US: <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 26 March 2008. <q>The spelling of English words is in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, which follows Webster's Third New International Dictionary rather than the Oxford Dictionary. Thus the spellings 'meter', 'liter', 'deka', and 'cesium' are used rather than 'metre', 'litre', 'deca', and 'caesium' as in the original BIPM English text.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29+%E2%80%93+NIST&rft.place=US&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FSpecialPublications%2FNIST.SP.330-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The most recent official brochure about the International System of Units (SI), written in French by the Bureau international des poids et mesures, <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM) uses the spelling metre; an English translation, included to make the SI standard more widely accessible also uses the spelling metre (<a href="#bipm2006">BIPM, 2006</a>, p. 130ff). However, in 2008 the U.S. English translation published by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) chose to use the spelling meter in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US. The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a href="#turner">Turner</a>). In 2008, NIST published the US version (<a href="#taylor2008a">Taylor and Thompson, 2008a</a>) of the English text of the eighth edition of the BIPM publication Le Système international d'unités (SI) (BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter" and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre" and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text (<a href="#taylor2008a">Taylor and Thompson (2008a), p. iii</a>). The Director of the NIST officially recognised this publication, together with <a href="#taylor2008b">Taylor and Thompson (2008b)</a>, as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States (<a href="#turner">Turner</a>). Thus, the spelling metre is referred to as the "international spelling"; the spelling meter, as the "American spelling". </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughtin2008" class="citation web cs1">Naughtin, Pat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011100154/http://www.metricationmatters.com/docs/Spelling_metre_or_meter.pdf">"Spelling metre or meter"</a> (PDF). Metrication Matters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metrication+Matters&rft.atitle=Spelling+metre+or+meter&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Naughtin&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metricationmatters.com%2Fdocs%2FSpelling_metre_or_meter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammarist.com/spelling/meter-metre/">"Meter vs. metre"</a>. Grammarist. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammarist&rft.atitle=Meter+vs.+metre&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammarist.com%2Fspelling%2Fmeter-metre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The Philippines uses <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> as an official language and this largely follows American English since the country became a colony of the United States. While the law that converted the country to use the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> uses metre (<a href="#PH-BatasPambansa8">Batas Pambansa Blg. 8</a>) following the SI spelling, in actual practice, meter is used in government and everyday commerce, as evidenced by laws (kilometer, <a href="#PH-RA7160">Republic Act No. 7160</a>), Supreme Court decisions (meter, <a href="#PH-GR185240">G.R. No. 185240</a>), and national standards (centimeter, <a href="#PH-PNSBAFS181-2016">PNS/BAFS 181:2016</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/results.asp?searchword=ammeter">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fresults.asp%3Fsearchword%3Dammeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], s.v. ammeter, meter, parking meter, speedometer. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988">, s.v. meter. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153254/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/-meter">"-meter – definition of -meter in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/-meter">the original</a> on 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=-meter+%E2%80%93+definition+of+-meter+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2F-meter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=metre/w">μετρέω</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=me/tron">μέτρον</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_13-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, Clarendon Press 2nd ed. 1989, vol. IX p. 697 col. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/GravitationalAcceleration.html">"Museo Galileo - In depth - Gravitational acceleration"</a>. catalogue.museogalileo.it. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catalogue.museogalileo.it&rft.atitle=Museo+Galileo+-+In+depth+-+Gravitational+acceleration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.museogalileo.it%2Findepth%2FGravitationalAcceleration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/Pendulum.html">"Museo Galileo - In depth - Pendulum"</a>. catalogue.museogalileo.it. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catalogue.museogalileo.it&rft.atitle=Museo+Galileo+-+In+depth+-+Pendulum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.museogalileo.it%2Findepth%2FPendulum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230092030/https://www.basic-physics.com/m13-from-keplers-laws-to-universal-gravitation/">"M13. From Kepler's Laws To Universal Gravitation – Basic Physics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basic-physics.com/m13-from-keplers-laws-to-universal-gravitation/">the original</a> on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M13.+From+Kepler%27s+Laws+To+Universal+Gravitation+%E2%80%93+Basic+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basic-physics.com%2Fm13-from-keplers-laws-to-universal-gravitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond,_Peter2014" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Peter (2014). L'exploration du système solaire. Dupont-Bloch, Nicolas. ([Édition française revue et corrigée] ed.). Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782804184964" title="Special:BookSources/9782804184964"><bdi>9782804184964</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894499177">894499177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27exploration+du+syst%C3%A8me+solaire&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pages=5-6&rft.edition=%5B%C3%89dition+fran%C3%A7aise+revue+et+corrig%C3%A9e%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894499177&rft.isbn=9782804184964&rft.au=Bond%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Lettres_philosophiques/Lettre_15">"Lettres philosophiques/Lettre 15 - Wikisource"</a>. fr.wikisource.org (in French). Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fr.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Lettres+philosophiques%2FLettre+15+-+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLettres_philosophiques%2FLettre_15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levallois-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levallois_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levallois_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levallois_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levallois_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levallois_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevallois1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Levallois, Jean-Jacques (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5470853s">"La Vie des sciences"</a>. Gallica (in French). pp. 262, 285, 288–290, 269, 276–277, 283. Retrieved 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=La+Vie+des+sciences&rft.pages=262%2C+285%2C+288-290%2C+269%2C+276-277%2C+283&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Levallois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5470853s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard1671" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Jean (1620–1682) Auteur du texte (1671). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7300361b">Mesure de la terre [par l'abbé Picard]</a>. pp. 3–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesure+de+la+terre+%5Bpar+l%27abb%C3%A9+Picard%5D&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1671&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Jean+%281620%E2%80%931682%29+Auteur+du+texte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b7300361b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigourdan19018,_158–159-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigourdan19018,_158–159_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBigourdan1901">Bigourdan 1901</a>, pp. 8, 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Earth-1911-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earth-1911_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earth-1911_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earth-1911_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earth-1911_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Earth,_Figure_of_the">"Earth, Figure of the" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Griffin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TL4KAAAAIAAJ/page/n30">20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Physics&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=C.+Griffin&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Poynting&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_TL4KAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/science-1791-ladoption-revolutionnaire-du-metre-702009">"Science. 1791, l'adoption révolutionnaire du mètre"</a>. humanite.fr (in French). 25 March 2021. 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Paris: Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-20345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-20345-3"><bdi>978-2-221-20345-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061216207">1061216207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+passions+intellectuelles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061216207&rft.isbn=978-2-221-20345-3&rft.aulast=Badinter&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1061216207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouzery2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Touzery, Mireille (3 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/histoire-cnrs/7752">"Émilie Du Châtelet, un passeur scientifique au XVIIIe siècle"</a>. 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Nature. 134 (3397): 874. 1 December 1934. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Natur.134R.874.">1934Natur.134R.874.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134874b0">10.1038/134874b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4140694">4140694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dr.+C.+E.+Guillaume&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3397&rft.pages=874&rft.date=1934-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F134874b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4140694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Natur.134R.874.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F134874b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1906" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume, C.-H.-Ed (1 January 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2007289">"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques"</a>. Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée. 5: 242–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019060050024200">10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique+Th%C3%A9orique+et+Appliqu%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=La+mesure+rapide+des+bases+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=242-263&rft.date=1906-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019060050024200&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=C.-H.-Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2007289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuet" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huet, Sylvestre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/week-end/2005/02/12/einstein-le-revolutionnaire-de-la-lumiere_509445/">"Einstein, le révolutionnaire de la lumière"</a>. Libération (in French). Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+le+r%C3%A9volutionnaire+de+la+lumi%C3%A8re&rft.aulast=Huet&rft.aufirst=Sylvestre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fweek-end%2F2005%2F02%2F12%2Feinstein-le-revolutionnaire-de-la-lumiere_509445%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiro2011" class="citation book cs1">Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=p-Y3DgAAQBAJ">Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World</a>. Basic Books. pp. 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02345-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measure+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Enlightenment+Expedition+That+Reshaped+Our+World&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02345-5&rft.aulast=Ferreiro&rft.aufirst=Larrie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dp-Y3DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Stephen Hawking, Paris, Dunod, 2003, 2014, 929 <abbr>p.</abbr>, p. 816–817 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell, James Clerk</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricandmagne01maxwrich">A Treatise On Electricity and Magnetism</a>. Vol. 1. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+On+Electricity+and+Magnetism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=James+Clerk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricandmagne01maxwrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzen1965" class="citation journal cs1">Lenzen, Victor F. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985776">"The Contributions of Charles S. Peirce to Metrology"</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 109 (1): 29–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985776">985776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Contributions+of+Charles+S.+Peirce+to+Metrology&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-46&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Lenzen&rft.aufirst=Victor+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marion-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Marion_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarion1982" class="citation book cs1">Marion, Jerry B. (1982). Physics For Science and Engineering. CBS College Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8337-0098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8337-0098-6"><bdi>978-4-8337-0098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+For+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=CBS+College+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-4-8337-0098-6&rft.aulast=Marion&rft.aufirst=Jerry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Res1-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Res1_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Res1_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/17-1983/resolution-1">"17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1"</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17th+General+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures+%281983%29%2C+Resolution+1.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fcg%2Fcgpm%2F17-1983%2Fresolution-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBIPM2019" class="citation web cs1">BIPM (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41489670/SI-App2-metre.pdf/0e011055-9736-d293-5e56-b8b1b267fd68?version=1.8&t=1637238031486&download=false">"Mise en pratique for the definition of the meter in the SI"</a>. BIPM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BIPM&rft.atitle=Mise+en+pratique+for+the+definition+of+the+meter+in+the+SI&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.au=BIPM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41489670%2FSI-App2-metre.pdf%2F0e011055-9736-d293-5e56-b8b1b267fd68%3Fversion%3D1.8%26t%3D1637238031486%26download%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The exact value is 299792458 m/s = 1079252848.8 km/h. </li> <li id="cite_note-recommendations-2-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recommendations-2_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-recommendations-2_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-recommendations-2_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/mep/M-e-P_I2_633.pdf">"Iodine (λ ≈ 633 nm)"</a> (PDF). Mise en Pratique. BIPM. 2003. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mise+en+Pratique&rft.atitle=Iodine+%28%26lambda%3B+%E2%89%88+633+nm%29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fmep%2FM-e-P_I2_633.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncertainty-126"><a href="#cite_ref-uncertainty_126-0">^</a> The term "relative standard uncertainty" is explained by NIST on their web site: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html">"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"</a>. The NIST Reference on constants, units, and uncertainties: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+constants%2C+units%2C+and+uncertainties%3A+Fundamental+physical+constants&rft.atitle=Standard+Uncertainty+and+Relative+Standard+Uncertainty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FInfo%2FConstants%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#NRC2010">National Research Council 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#NIST2011">National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beers2-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beers2_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beers2_129-1">b</a> A more detailed listing of errors can be found in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeersPenzes1992" class="citation web cs1">Beers, John S; Penzes, William B (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/upload/4998.pdf">"§4 Re-evaluation of measurement errors"</a> (PDF). NIST length scale interferometer measurement assurance; NIST document NISTIR 4998. pp. 9 ff. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+length+scale+interferometer+measurement+assurance%3B+NIST+document+NISTIR+4998&rft.atitle=%C2%A74+Re-evaluation+of+measurement+errors&rft.pages=9+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.date=1992-12&rft.aulast=Beers&rft.aufirst=John+S&rft.au=Penzes%2C+William+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fcalibrations%2Fupload%2F4998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_calculator-130"><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_calculator_130-0">^</a> The formulas used in the calculator and the documentation behind them are found at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Documentation.asp">"Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator"</a>. NIST. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+metrology+toolbox%3A+Refractive+index+of+air+calculator&rft.pub=NIST&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femtoolbox.nist.gov%2FWavelength%2FDocumentation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> The choice is offered to use either the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Edlen.asp">modified Edlén equation</a> or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Ciddor.asp">Ciddor equation</a>. The documentation provides <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Documentation.asp#EdlenorCiddor">a discussion of how to choose</a> between the two possibilities. </li> <li id="cite_note-errors-131"><a href="#cite_ref-errors_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Documentation.asp#UncertaintyandRangeofValidity">"§VI: Uncertainty and range of validity"</a>. Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator. NIST. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+metrology+toolbox%3A+Refractive+index+of+air+calculator&rft.atitle=%C2%A7VI%3A+Uncertainty+and+range+of+validity&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femtoolbox.nist.gov%2FWavelength%2FDocumentation.asp%23UncertaintyandRangeofValidity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunning-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunningHulet1997" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, F. B.; Hulet, Randall G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FV4Y39AGYuYC&pg=PA316">"Physical limits on accuracy and resolution: setting the scale"</a>. Atomic, molecular, and optical physics: electromagnetic radiation, Volume 29, Part 3. Academic Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-475977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-475977-0"><bdi>978-0-12-475977-0</bdi></a>. <q>The error [introduced by using air] can be reduced tenfold if the chamber is filled with an atmosphere of helium rather than air.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+limits+on+accuracy+and+resolution%3A+setting+the+scale&rft.btitle=Atomic%2C+molecular%2C+and+optical+physics%3A+electromagnetic+radiation%2C+Volume+29%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-12-475977-0&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rft.au=Hulet%2C+Randall+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFV4Y39AGYuYC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recommendations-1-133"><a href="#cite_ref-recommendations-1_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/mep.html">"Recommended values of standard frequencies"</a>. BIPM. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommended+values+of+standard+frequencies&rft.pub=BIPM&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#NPL2010">National Physical Laboratory 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> The BIPM maintains a list of recommended radiations on their web site.<a href="#cite_note-recommendations-1-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster2-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster2_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster2_136-1">b</a> <a href="#Zagar1999">Zagar, 1999, pp. 6–65ff</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigourdan190120–21-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigourdan190120–21_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBigourdan1901">Bigourdan1901</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1882" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolf, Charles (1827–1918) Auteur du texte (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9807509c">Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'Observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi à les construire / par M. 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Wolf...</a> (in French). pp. C.38–39, C.2–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+historiques+sur+les+%C3%A9talons+de+poids+et+mesures+de+l%27Observatoire+et+les+appareils+qui+ont+servi+%C3%A0+les+construire+%2F+par+M.+C.+Wolf...&rft.pages=C.38-39%2C+C.2-4&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Charles+%281827%E2%80%931918%29+Auteur+du+texte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k9807509c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-entreprises-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entreprises_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entreprises_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entreprises_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/metrologie/histoire-metre">"Histoire du mètre"</a>. Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE) (in French). Retrieved 16 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Direction+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+Entreprises+%28DGE%29&rft.atitle=Histoire+du+m%C3%A8tre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entreprises.gouv.fr%2Fmetrologie%2Fhistoire-metre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM1.pdf">"CGPM : Compte rendus de la 1ère réunion (1889)"</a> (PDF). BIPM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BIPM&rft.atitle=CGPM+%3A+Compte+rendus+de+la+1%C3%A8re+r%C3%A9union+%281889%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2FCGPM%2FCGPM1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM7.pdf">"CGPM : Comptes rendus de le 7e réunion (1927)"</a> (PDF). p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CGPM+%3A+Comptes+rendus+de+le+7e+r%C3%A9union+%281927%29&rft.pages=49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2FCGPM%2FCGPM7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudson1976-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudson1976_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudson1976">Judson 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#taylor2008a">Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 70.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct21/meter-redefined/">"Meter is Redefined"</a>. US: National Geographic Society. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meter+is+Redefined&rft.place=US&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Foct21%2Fmeter-redefined%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor2008a77-145"><a href="#cite_ref-taylor2008a77_145-0">^</a> <a href="#taylor2008a">Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 77.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardarelli2003-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardarelli2003_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardarelli2003">Cardarelli 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/17/1/">Definition of the metre</a> Resolution 1 of the 17th meeting of the CGPM (1983) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/013754/2014-05-22/">"Metrisches System"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Metrisches+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F013754%2F2014-05-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/008258/2014-11-26/">"Kartografie"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Kartografie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F008258%2F2014-11-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufour1861" class="citation journal cs1">Dufour, G.-H. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/globe_0398-3412_1861_num_2_1_7582">"Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral"</a>. Le Globe. 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Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Metrisches+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fde%2Farticles%2F013754%2F2014-05-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#taylor2008b">Taylor & Thompson 2003, p. 11.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#AstinKaro1959">Astin & Karo 1959</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Arnold Dieter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DU04vCP_TFAC">Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506350-9">978-0-19-506350-9</a>. p.251. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321184808/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7441&startset=10747969&query=ELL&fhit=ell&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">"Dictionary of the Scots Language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7441&startset=10747969&query=ELL&fhit=ell&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">the original</a> on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Scots+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fgetent4.php%3Fplen%3D7441%26startset%3D10747969%26query%3DELL%26fhit%3Dell%26dregion%3Dform%26dtext%3Dsnd%23fhit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-BHnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA221">The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a>. 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London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+evolution+of+weights+and+measures+and+the+metric+system&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hallock&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wade%2C+Herbert+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlinesofevolut00halluoft%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardarelli2004-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardarelli2004_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardarelli2004">Cardarelli 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstad" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hofstad, Knut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/mil">"Mil"</a>. Store norske leksikon. 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Arnold, (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf">Refinement of values for the yard and the pound</a>, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59–5442, Filed, 30 June 1959)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson1976" class="citation book cs1">Judson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) [1963]. Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.). Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US: <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Commerce">US Department of Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2FNBS.SP.447">10.6028/NBS.SP.447</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76-600055">76-600055</a>. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weights+and+Measures+Standards+of+the+United+States%2C+a+brief+history&rft.place=US&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1976-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2FNBS.SP.447&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76-600055&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigourdan1901" class="citation book cs1">Bigourdan, Guillaume (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesystmemtri00bigo">Le système métrique des poids et mesures; son établissement et sa propagation graduelle, avec l'histoire des opérations qui ont servi à déterminer le mètre et le kilogramme</a> [The metric system of weights and measures; its establishment and gradual propagation, with the history of the operations which served to determine the meter and the kilogram]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+syst%C3%A8me+m%C3%A9trique+des+poids+et+mesures%3B+son+%C3%A9tablissement+et+sa+propagation+graduelle%2C+avec+l%27histoire+des+op%C3%A9rations+qui+ont+servi+%C3%A0+d%C3%A9terminer+le+m%C3%A8tre+et+le+kilogramme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Bigourdan&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesystmemtri00bigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeHelmert1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_Clarke" title="Alexander Ross Clarke">Clarke, Alexander Ross</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Robert_Helmert" title="Friedrich Robert Helmert">Helmert, Friedrich Robert</a> (1911b). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Earth,_Figure_of_the">"Earth, Figure of the" </a>. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Mesure+du+Monde&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Guedj&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardarelli2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardarelli, François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francoiscardarelli.ca/PDF_Files/ESU_Sample_Chapter_Section_1_2.pdf#page=6">"Chapter 2: The International system of Units"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card">Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins</a>. Springer-Verlag London Limited. Table 2.1, p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-682-0"><bdi>978-1-85233-682-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 January 2017. <q>Data from Giacomo, P., Du platine à la lumière [From platinum to light], Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie, 102 (1995) 5–14.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+International+system+of+Units&rft.btitle=Encydopaedia+of+scientific+units%2C+weights%2C+and+measures%3A+their+SI+equivalences+and+origins&rft.pages=Table+2.1%2C+p.+5&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+London+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-682-0&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francoiscardarelli.ca%2FPDF_Files%2FESU_Sample_Chapter_Section_1_2.pdf%23page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardarelli2004" class="citation book cs1">Cardarelli, F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card">Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins</a> (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/120">120</a>–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-682-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-682-X"><bdi>1-85233-682-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Scientific+Units%2C+Weights+and+Measures%3A+Their+SI+Equivalences+and+Origins&rft.pages=120-124&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85233-682-X&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofs0000card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html">Historical context of the SI: Meter</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</li> <li>National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp50/primary-frequency-standards.cfm">NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock</a>. Author.</li> <li>National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/optical-frequency-standards-and-metrology/research/iodine-stabilised-lasers">Iodine-Stabilised Lasers</a>. Author.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204014454/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/inms/si-length.html">"Maintaining the SI unit of length"</a>. National Research Council Canada. 5 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/inms/si-length.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maintaining+the+SI+unit+of+length&rft.pub=National+Research+Council+Canada&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fprojects%2Finms%2Fsi-length.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Republic of the Philippines. (2 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang8.htm">Batas Pambansa Blg. 8: An Act Defining the Metric System and its Units, Providing for its Implementation and for Other Purposes</a>. Author.</li> <li>Republic of the Philippines. (10 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1991/10oct/19911010-RA-7160-CCA.pdf">Republic Act No. 7160: The Local Government Code of the Philippines</a>. Author.</li> <li> Supreme Court of the Philippines (Second Division). (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427202441/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/january2010/185240.htm">G.R. No. 185240</a>. Author.</li> <li>Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120061639/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/07/sp330.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a>. United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d' Unités (SI) (Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</li> <li>Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf">Guide for the Use of the International System of Units</a> (Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008.</li> <li>Turner, J. (deputy director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/upload/FRN_Vol_73_No_96_16May2008_SI_Interpretation.pdf">"Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States"</a>. Federal Register Vol. 73, No. 96, p. 28432–28433.</li> <li>Zagar, B.G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VXQdq0B3tnUC&pg=PT164#PPT160,M1">Laser interferometer displacement sensors</a> in J.G. Webster (ed.). The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook. CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-8347-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-8347-1">0-8493-8347-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SI_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:SI_units" title="Category:SI units">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metric_units_of_length_(by_order_of_magnitude)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metric_units_of_length" title="Template:Metric units of length"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metric_units_of_length" title="Template talk:Metric units of length"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metric_units_of_length" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metric units of length"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metric_units_of_length_(by_order_of_magnitude)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric</a> units of <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)" title="Orders of magnitude (length)">order of magnitude</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>From smallest to largest (left to right). Commonly used units shown in bold italics.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quectometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Quectometre">quectometre (qm=10−30 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rontometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Rontometre">rontometre (rm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoctometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoctometre">yoctometre (ym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeptometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeptometre">zeptometre (zm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Attometre">attometre (am)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtometre" title="Femtometre">femtometre/fermi (fm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometre (pm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometre (nm=10−9 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre/micron (μm=10−6 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetre (mm=⁠1/1000⁠ m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre (cm=⁠1/100⁠ m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">decimetre (dm=⁠1/10⁠ m)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">metre (m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decametre" title="Decametre">decametre (dam=10 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectometre" title="Hectometre">hectometre (hm=100 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometre (km=1000 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Megametre">megametre (Mm=106 m)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigametre">gigametre (Gm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Terametre">terametre (Tm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Petametre">petametre (Pm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Exametre">exametre (Em)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zettametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettametre">zettametre (Zm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yottametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yottametre">yottametre (Ym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronnametre">ronnametre (Rm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quettametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Quettametre">quettametre (Qm=1030 m)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11573#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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128.712 2 Template:Navbox"," 5.06% 126.203 1 Template:Infobox_unit"," 4.95% 123.675 6 Template:Sfn"," 4.65% 116.113 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.575","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20429288,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Alder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"AstinKaro1959\"] = 1,\n [\"BarbrowJudson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Philosophical_Society.SocietyPoupard1825\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBIPM2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadinter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeersPenzes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessel1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessel1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigourdan1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiotArago1821\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond,_Peter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritain1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner1857\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCajori1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapderou2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardarelli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardarelli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeHelmert1911b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeJames1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochrane1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrease2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Alembert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelambre1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelambreMéchain1806–1810\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodis1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewesKuglitschAdámRózsa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDufour1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunningHulet1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDébarbatQuinn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuedj2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallockWade1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasslerBurroughs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorische_Commission_bei_der_königl._Akademie_der_Wissenschaften1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbáñez_e_Ibáñez_de_Ibero1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamʻīyah_al-Jughrāfīyah_al-Miṣrīyah1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouffroy1852–1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarousse1866–1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebon1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenzen1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevallois1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevallois1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucendo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarion1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinMcConnell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughtin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrier1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicard1671\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoyntingThomson1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuissant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérard1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossJames1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociété_de_physique_et_d\u0026#039;histoire_naturelle_de_Genève.Genève1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociété_de_physique_et_d\u0026#039;histoire_naturelle_de_Genève.Genève1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzanne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTouzery2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1882\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYokoyamaManabeSakai2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuerich1892\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuerich1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcommission1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtexte1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtexte1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Struve1857\"] = 1,\n [\"Cardarelli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Guedj2001\"] = 1,\n [\"NIST2011\"] = 1,\n [\"NPL2010\"] = 1,\n [\"NRC2010\"] = 1,\n [\"PH-BatasPambansa8\"] = 1,\n [\"PH-GR185240\"] = 1,\n [\"PH-RA7160\"] = 1,\n [\"Zagar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"nistmetre\"] = 1,\n [\"taylor2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"taylor2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"turner\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 12,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 16,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Duplication\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Gaps\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox unit\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Math\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SI multiples\"] = 1,\n [\"SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"SI units of length\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 4,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 39,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","21.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","13.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","9.1"],["recursiveClone 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