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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rituals and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rituals_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rituals and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rituals_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relation to harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Day One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_Two_to_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_Two_to_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Day Two to Five</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_Two_to_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_Six_to_Nine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_Six_to_Nine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Day Six to Nine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_Six_to_Nine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_Ten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_Ten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Day Ten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_Ten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations,_sculptures,_and_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations,_sculptures,_and_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Decorations, sculptures, and stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations,_sculptures,_and_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sacrifice,_symbolic_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sacrifice,_symbolic_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Animal sacrifice, symbolic sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sacrifice,_symbolic_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandals_and_theme-based_pujas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandals_and_theme-based_pujas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Pandals and theme-based pujas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandals_and_theme-based_pujas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_celebrations_and_observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_celebrations_and_observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional celebrations and observances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_celebrations_and_observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Social significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Media attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations_outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations_outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Celebrations outside India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebrations_outside_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celebrations outside India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celebrations_outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_outside_the_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_outside_the_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Asia outside the subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_outside_the_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Durga Puja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="দুৰ্গা পূজা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দুৰ্গা পূজা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा पूजा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दुर्गा पूजा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="দুর্গাপূজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্গাপূজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा पूजा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दुर्गा पूजा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C3%A1_Puy%C3%A1" title="Durgá Puyá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Durgá Puyá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="دورگا پوجا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دورگا پوجا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C4%81_p%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Durgā pūjā – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Durgā pūjā" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा पूजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्गा पूजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="দুর্গা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="দুর্গা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C4%81_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Durgā Pūjā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Durgā Pūjā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE" title="ದುರ್ಗಾ ಪೂಜಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುರ್ಗಾ ಪೂಜಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgos_p%C5%ABd%C5%BEa" title="Durgos pūdža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Durgos pūdža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9C" title="ദുർഗാപൂജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുർഗാപൂജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गापूजा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुर्गापूजा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Durga_Puja" title="Hari Durga Puja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%84" title="ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯂꯥꯠꯄ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯂꯥꯠꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा पूजा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुर्गा पूजा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦୁର୍ଗା ପୂଜା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦୁର୍ଗା ପୂଜା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੁਰਗਾ ਪੂਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁਰਗਾ ਪੂਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapud%C5%BAa" title="Durgapudźa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Durgapudźa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Дурга-пуджа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дурга-пуджа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गापूजा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दुर्गापूजा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Durga Puja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%88" title="துர்கா பூஜை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துர்கா பூஜை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ทุรคาบูชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทุรคาบูชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Дурґа-Пуджа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дурґа-Пуджа" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Annual Hindu festival</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, see <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Durga Puja</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/250px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/375px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/500px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="5171" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Devi <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> killing <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a> with her <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> riding her <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> (mount), the lion. <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> flank the left while <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> flank the right.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Durgotsava, Shaaradotsava</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Public holiday in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>,<a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and the country <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Optional holiday in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">Religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural festival">cultural festival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalaya">Mahalaya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dashami" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaya Dashami">Vijaya Dashami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, according to the legends</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data">Mainly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DP1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DP2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major events</th><td class="infobox-data">Worshipping Hindu deities, family and other social gatherings, shopping and gift-giving, feasting, <i>pandal</i> visiting, and cultural events</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main observation</th><td class="infobox-data">Ceremonial worship of Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:11px">Explanatory note</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:orange;font-size:14px">Hindu festival dates</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;font-size:11px"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#chandramasa" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>māsa</i></a> (lunar month), <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#paksha" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>pakṣa</i></a> (lunar fortnight) and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#tithi" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>tithi</i></a> (lunar day). </p><p>Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>amānta</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#purnimanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>pūrṇimānta</i></a>. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa. </p> A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/100px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/150px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/200px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Durga Puja</b> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Durgā Pūjā</i></span>), also known as <b>Durgotsava</b> or <b>Shaaradotsava</b>, is an annual festival originating in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> which reveres and pays homage to the Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, and is also celebrated because of Durga's victory over <a href="/wiki/Mahishasur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahishasur">Mahishasura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly celebrated in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">eastern Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and by Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DP1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DP2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is observed in the Indian calendar in the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwin">Ashvin</a>, which corresponds to September–October in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja is a ten-day festival,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999306_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999306-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the last five are of the most significance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> is performed in homes and public, the latter featuring a temporary stage and structural decorations (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">pandals</a></i>). The festival is also marked by scripture recitations, performance arts, revelry, gift-giving, family visits, feasting, and public processions called a <a href="/wiki/Mel%C4%81" title="Melā">melā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2011239–241_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2011239–241-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201182–83_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201182–83-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja is an important festival in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott2009162–169_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott2009162–169-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues20037–8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues20037–8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a> has been inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja which is celebrated as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://or-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE?_x_tr_sl=or&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Gosani Yatra</a> in Puri. In this festival of Puri, several big clay idols of Mahisamardini Durga are worshipped every year in the month of Asvina (October). </p><p>As per <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> scriptures, the festival marks the victory of goddess Durga in her battle against the shape-shifting <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Demon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991288_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991288-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004215–219_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004215–219-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the festival epitomizes the victory of good over evil, though it is also in part a harvest festival celebrating the goddess as the motherly power behind all of life and creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner201625_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner201625-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja coincides with <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dussehra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dussehra">Dussehra</a> celebrations observed by other traditions of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002212–213_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002212–213-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary goddess revered during Durga Puja is <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, but celebrations also include other major deities of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (the goddess of wealth and prosperity), <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> (the goddess of knowledge and music), <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> (the god of good beginnings), and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (the god of war). In Bengali traditions, these deities are considered to be Durga's children, and Durga Puja is believed to commemorate Durga's visit to her natal home with her beloved children. The festival is preceded by <a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Mahalaya</a>, which is believed to mark the start of Durga's journey to her natal home. Primary celebrations begin on the sixth day (<a href="/wiki/Shashthi_(day)" title="Shashthi (day)">Shasthi</a>), on which the goddess is welcomed with rituals. The festival ends on the tenth day (<a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a>), when devotees embark on a procession carrying the worshipped clay sculpture-idols to a river, or other water bodies, and immerse them, symbolic of her return to the divine cosmos and her marital home with <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a>. Regional and community variations in celebration of the festival and rituals observed exist. </p><p>Durga Puja is an old tradition of Hinduism,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though its exact origins are unclear. Surviving manuscripts from the 14th-century provide guidelines for Durga Puja, while historical records suggest that royalty and wealthy families were sponsoring major Durga Puja festivities since at least the 16th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominence of Durga Puja increased during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the provinces of Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in modern times, the importance of Durga Puja is more as a social and cultural festival than a religious one, wherever it is observed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the years, Durga Puja has morphed into an inseparable part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian culture</a> with a diverse group of people celebrating this festival in their unique way while on tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Tripura, Durga Puja is also called <i><a href="/wiki/Akalbodhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akalbodhan">Akalbodhan</a></i> (literally, "untimely awakening of Durga"), <i>Sharadiya pujo or puja</i> ("autumnal worship"), <i>Sharodotsab</i> ("festival of autumn"), <i>Maha pujo</i> ("grand puja"), <i>Maayer pujo</i> ("worship of the Mother"),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Durga pujo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or merely <i>Puja(In Odisha, Bihar)</i> or <i>Pujo</i>. In Bangladesh, Durga Puja has historically been celebrated as <i>Bhagabati puja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maa Durga is known as the Goddess of Power (feminine) which represents triumph of Goodness over evil. </p><p>Durga Puja is also referred to by the names of related Shakta Hindu festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>, celebrated on the same days elsewhere in India;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala, and Maharashtra,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Dussehra" title="Kullu Dussehra">Kullu Dussehra</a>, celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Valley" title="Kullu Valley">Kullu Valley</a>, Himachal Pradesh;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mysore Dussehra celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, Karnataka;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Golu_(festival)" title="Golu (festival)">Bommai Golu</a>, celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Golu_(festival)" title="Golu (festival)">Bommala Koluvu</a>, celebrated in Andhra Pradesh;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bathukamma" title="Bathukamma">Bathukamma</a>, celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akalabodhana" title="Akalabodhana">Akalabodhana</a></div> <p>Durga is an ancient goddess of Hinduism according to available <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeological</a> and textual evidence. However, the origins of Durga Puja are unclear and undocumented. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dadhimati_Mata_Temple,_Rajasthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/220px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/330px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/440px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple" title="Dadhimati Mata Temple">Dadhimati Mata Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> preserves a Durga-related inscription from chapter 10 of <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>. The temple inscription has been dated by modern methods to 608 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–195_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahisasimardini_Durga,_Ambari,_Guwahati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg/220px-Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg/330px-Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg/440px-Mahisasimardini_Durga%2C_Ambari%2C_Guwahati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>13th-14th century Durga statue from Ambari, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, Assam.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name Durga, and related terms, appear in Vedic literature, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> hymns 4.28, 5.34, 8.27, 8.47, 8.93 and 10.127, and in sections 10.1 and 12.4 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Williams1899_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1899-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deity named <i>Durgi</i> appears in section 10.1.7 of the <i>Taittiriya <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1899_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1899-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Vedic literature uses the word <i>Durga</i>, the description therein lacks legendary details about her or about Durga Puja that is found in later Hindu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198895–96_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198895–96-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key text associated with Durga Puja is <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>, which is recited during the festival. Durga was likely well established by the time this Hindu text was composed, the date of which scholars estimate as between 400 and 600 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199877_note_28_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199877_note_28-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn199113_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199113-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn20021–7_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20021–7-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> scripture describes the nature of evil forces symbolised by Mahishasura as shape-shifting, deceptive, and adapting in nature, in form and in strategy to create difficulties and thus achieve their evil ends. Durga calmly understands and counters the evil in order to achieve her solemn goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991288_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991288-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004215–219_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004215–219-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Indian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Mahabharata</i>, both <a href="/wiki/Yudhisthira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhisthira">Yudhisthira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> invoke hymns to <i>Durga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162–163_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162–163-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s eulogy and in <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>'s prayer. The prominent mention of Durga in such epics may have led to her worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162–164_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001162–164-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley199716–22,_30–35_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley199716–22,_30–35-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG/200px-Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG/300px-Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG/400px-Akalbodhan_Venus_Club_2010_Arnab_Dutta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>A display of sculpture-idols depicting Rama and Narada praying with Durga</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra,_Puri_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg/220px-Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg/330px-Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg/440px-Goddess_idol_at_Gosani_Jatra%2C_Puri_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Maa Durga Rudra Roop at Gosani Jatra Puri</figcaption></figure> <p>Some versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a></i> mention Durga Puja to be a spring festival, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> and two other Shakta <i>Puranas</i> mentions it to be an <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> festival. The <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> manuscripts are also inconsistent. Versions of <i>Ramayana</i> found in the north, west, and south of the Indian subcontinent describe <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> to be remembering <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (the Hindu sun god) before his battle against <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, but the Bengali manuscripts of <i>Ramayana</i>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayana</a>,</i> a 15th-century manuscript by Krttivasa, mention Rama to be worshipping Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1990280_note_50,_274_notes_103,_107,_109–110_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990280_note_50,_274_notes_103,_107,_109–110-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the legend, Rama worshipped Durga in the autumn to have her blessings before defeating Ravana. While he was preparing for the worship of the goddess, Durga hid one of the 108 flowers of lotus, very essential for her worship. Having found only 107 of 108 <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> at the time of the worship, Rama decided to offer one of his eyes in place of that lotus. When he was about to offer his eye, Durga appeared and told him that she had only hidden the flower in order to test his devotion and she was satisfied with it. She blessed Rama and he continued with her worship. Since the gods are believed to be sleeping during autumn, the awakening rite of the Durga puja is also known as <i>akāla bodhana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surviving manuscripts from the 14th-century provide guidelines for Durga Puja, while historical records suggest the royalty and wealthy families to be sponsoring major Durga Puja public festivities, since at least the 16th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001172–174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th or 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> text <i>Yasatilaka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Somadeva" title="Somadeva">Somadeva</a> mentions an annual festival dedicated to a warrior goddess, celebrated by the king and his armed forces, and the description mirrors attributes of Durga Puja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–108-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars, the worship of the fierce warrior goddess Durga, and her darker and more violent manifestation <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, became popular in the Bengal region during and after the medieval era, marked by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> invasions and conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay1993118_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay1993118-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of Durga and other goddesses in Hindu culture is stated to have increased after <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> armies conquered regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaghan2009151–153_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaghan2009151–153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to yet other scholars, the marginalization of Bengali Hindus during the medieval era led to a reassertion of Hindu identity and an emphasis on Durga Puja as a social festival, publicly celebrating the warrior goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001330_notes_98-103_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001330_notes_98-103-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>From the medieval era up to present-day, Durga Puja has been celebrated as a socio-cultural event, while maintaining the roots of religious worship.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rituals_and_practices">Rituals and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rituals and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw,_Kumortuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg/88px-Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg/132px-Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg/176px-Initial_framework_of_Durga_Idol_by_Straw%2C_Kumortuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg/196px-20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg/294px-20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg/392px-20170930_065217000_iOS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3265" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg/133px-Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg/200px-Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg/266px-Sandhi_puja_at_Ballygange_Cultural_Club_Kolkata_DSCN1373.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg/151px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg/227px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg/302px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Arrangement_-_River_Hooghly_-_Baghbazar_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5923" data-file-height="3938" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top left to bottom right (a) Structure of a Durga sculpture-idol being made at <a href="/wiki/Kumortuli" title="Kumortuli">Kumortuli</a>; (b) Lady carrying offerings for the <i>puja</i>; (c) <i>Sandhi puja</i> on the day of <i>Ashtami</i>; (d) Immersion of the sculpture-idol on <i>Vijaya Dashami</i>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The puja rituals involve <i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a></i> (words manifesting spiritual transformation), <i><a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shlokas</a></i> (holy verses), chants and <i><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">arati</a></i>, and offerings. The worship begins with a reading of the Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devī Mahātmya</a></i> from the sixth-century <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>shlokas</i> and <i>mantras</i> praise the divinity of the goddess; according to the <i>shlokas</i>, Durga is <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a> as the embodiment of power, nourishment, memory, forbearance, faith, forgiveness, intellect, wealth, emotions, desires, beauty, satisfaction, righteousness, fulfillment and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200350,_150–151_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200350,_150–151-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_harvest">Relation to harvest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relation to harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Durga Puja as a harvest festival</b></p><div class="poem"> <p><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> you are rice [wheat...], Om you are life, you are the life of the gods, you are our life, your are our internal life, you are long life, you give life, Om the Sun with his rays (....) </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> — Hymn to start the Durga Puja,<br />Translator: David Kinsley<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p>Durga Puja is, in part, a post-monsoon harvest festival observed on the same days in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition of Hinduism as those in its other traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201255–59_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201255–59-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111,_Quote:_"Durga_Puja_is_celebrated_from_the_first_through_the_ninth_days_of_the_bright_half_of_the_lunar_month_of_Asvin,_which_coincides_with_the_autumn_harvest_in_North_India,_and_in_certain_respects_it_is_clear_that_Durga_Puja_is_a_harvest_festival_in_which_Durga_is_propitiated_as_the_power_of_plant_fertility"._69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111,_Quote:_"Durga_Puja_is_celebrated_from_the_first_through_the_ninth_days_of_the_bright_half_of_the_lunar_month_of_Asvin,_which_coincides_with_the_autumn_harvest_in_North_India,_and_in_certain_respects_it_is_clear_that_Durga_Puja_is_a_harvest_festival_in_which_Durga_is_propitiated_as_the_power_of_plant_fertility".-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of including a bundle of nine different plants, called <i>navapatrika</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a symbolism of Durga, is a testament practice to its agricultural importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typically selected plants include not only representative important crops, but also non-crops. This probably signifies the Hindu belief that the goddess is "not merely the power inherent in the growth of crops but the power inherent in all vegetation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111–112-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival is a social and public event in the eastern and northeastern states of India, where it dominates religious and socio-cultural life, with temporary <i>pandal</i>s built at community squares, roadside shrines, and temples. The festival is also observed by some Shakta Hindus as a private home-based festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean1998137_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean1998137-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rituals before the puja begins include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200371–74_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200371–74-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Paata Puja</i>: The process of making an idol usually begins with 'Paata Puja', on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> that usually takes place around <a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a>. 'Paata' is the wooden frame that forms the base for the idols.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_One">Day One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Day One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durga Puja is a ten-day event. The festival begins with Mahalaya, a day on which Hindus perform <i>tarpaṇa</i> by offering water and food to their dead ancestors. The day also marks the advent of Durga from her marital home in Kailash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival starts at twilight with prayers to Saraswati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257–59,_63,_66_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257–59,_63,_66-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is believed to be another aspect of goddess Durga, and who is the external and internal activity of all existence, in everything and everywhere. This is typically also the day on which the eyes of the deities on the representative clay sculpture-idols are painted, bringing them to a lifelike appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257–59,_63,_66_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257–59,_63,_66-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013148,_158–159,_256–257,_301_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013148,_158–159,_256–257,_301-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day also marks prayers to Ganesha and visit to <i>pandal</i>s and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201258–60_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201258–60-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_Two_to_Five">Day Two to Five</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Day Two to Five"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Day two to five mark the remembrance of the goddess and her manifestations, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kumari_(goddess)" title="Kumari (goddess)">Kumari</a></i> (goddess of fertility), <i>Mai</i> (mother), <i>Ajima</i> (grandmother), <i>Lakshmi</i> (goddess of wealth) and in some regions as the <i><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Saptamatrikas</a></i> (seven mothers) or <i>Navadurga</i> (nine aspects of Durga).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201269–70,_83–84,_95–97,_115–117,_184_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201269–70,_83–84,_95–97,_115–117,_184-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201182–83_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201182–83-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004209–210_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004209–210-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the sixth day major festivities and social celebrations start. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first nine days overlap with Navaratri festivities in other traditions of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwoodAlles2007126_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwoodAlles2007126-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The specific practices vary by region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–24,_31–39_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–24,_31–39-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_Six_to_Nine">Day Six to Nine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Day Six to Nine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next significant day of the festival is the sixth day (<i><a href="/wiki/Shashthi_(day)" title="Shashthi (day)">Shashthi</a></i>), on which devotees welcomes the goddess and festive celebrations are inaugurated. Rituals typically performed on the sixth day include: </p><p><i>Bodhana</i>: Involves rites to awaken and welcome the goddess to be a guest. The amorphous sight of the goddess is consecrated into a <i>ghata</i> or noggin while the visible sight is consecrated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i> or idol. These rituals are known as <i>ghatasthapana</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">pranapratistha</a></i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200338–44,_84–87_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200338–44,_84–87-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Adhivasa</i>: Anointing ritual wherein symbolic offerings are made to Durga, with each item representing a remembrance of subtle forms of her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200344–45,_120–127_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200344–45,_120–127-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the seventh day (<i><a href="/wiki/Saptami" title="Saptami">Saptami</a></i>), eighth (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashtami" title="Ashtami">Ashtami</a></i>) and ninth (<i><a href="/wiki/Navami" title="Navami">Navami</a></i>) days, the goddess along with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> are revered and these days mark the main days of worship with recitation of scriptures, puja, legends of Durga in <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, social visits to elaborately decorated and illuminated <i><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">pandals</a></i> (temporary structures meant for hosting the puja), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198919–25_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198919–25-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–115_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988106–115-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Navapatrika snan</i>: Bathing of the <i>navapatrika</i> with holy water done on the seventh day of the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200346–54,_132–136_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200346–54,_132–136-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sandhi puja</i> and <i>Ashtami pushpanjali</i>: The eighth day begins with elaborate <i><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">pushpanjali</a></i> rituals. The cusp of the ending of the eighth day and beginning of the ninth day is considered to be the moment when per scriptures Durga engaged in a fierce battle against <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a> and was attacked by the demons <a href="/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda" title="Chanda and Munda">Chanda and Munda</a>. Goddess <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a> emerged from the third eye of Durga and killed Chanda and Munda at the cusp of <i>Ashtami</i> and <i>Navami</i>, the eighth and ninth days respectively. This moment is marked by the <i>sandhi puja</i>, involving the offering of 108 lotuses and lighting of 108 lamps. It is a forty-eight minutes long ritual commemorating the climax of battle. The rituals are performed in the last 24 minutes of <i>Ashtami</i> and the first 24 minutes of <i>Navami</i>. In some regions, devotees sacrifice an animal such as a buffalo or goat, but in many regions, there is not an actual animal sacrifice and a symbolic sacrifice substitutes it. The surrogate effigy is smeared in red vermilion to symbolize the blood spilled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003277–278_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003277–278-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess is then offered food (<i>bhog</i>). Some places also engage in devotional service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003210–213_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003210–213-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg/100px-Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg/150px-Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg/200px-Village_-_Durga_Pujo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2552" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg/134px-Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg/201px-Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg/268px-Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg/238px-Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg/357px-Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg/476px-Durga_Puja_sindoor_khela_before_image_immersion_Vijaya_Dashami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="646" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <i>Dhak</i>s, played during the pujo; right: <i>Dhunuchi naach</i> on <i>Navami</i>; bottom: Women taking part in <i>sindoor khela</i> on <i>Vijaya Dashami</i>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Puja_dhak.ogg" title="File:Puja dhak.ogg">Durga Puja dhak beats</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Puja_dhak.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Puja_dhak.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Puja_dhak.ogg/Puja_dhak.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A 47-seconds sample of <i>dhak</i> playing.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <ul><li><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Homa</i></span> and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">bhog</i></span>: The ninth day of festival is marked with the <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homa</a></i></span> (fire oblation) rituals and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">bhog</i></span>. Some places also perform <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">kumari puja</i></span> on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200362–63,_224–229_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200362–63,_224–229-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_Ten">Day Ten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Day Ten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Sindoor khela</i></span> and immersion: The tenth and last day, called Vijaya Dashami is marked by <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">sindoor khela</i></span>, where women smear <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">sindoor</a></i></span> or vermillion on the sculpture-idols and also smear each other with it. This ritual signifies the wishing of a blissful marital life for married women. Historically the ritual has been restricted to married women. The tenth day is the day when Durga emerged victorious against Mahishasura and it ends with a procession where the clay sculpture-idols are ceremoniously taken to a river or coast for immersion rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003244–245_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003244–245-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004168–169_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004168–169-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the immersion, Durga is believed to return to her mythological marital home of Kailasa to Shiva and the cosmos in general. People distribute sweets and gifts, visit their friends and family members on the tenth day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200366–67,_236–241,_246–247_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200366–67,_236–241,_246–247-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities such as those near Varanasi mark the day after Vijaya Dashami, called <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a>, by visiting a Durga temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200367–68_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200367–68-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg/220px-Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg/330px-Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg/440px-Smearing_vermillion_on_Durga_Puja_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Women at Nowgong Bengali Association Durga Puja joyfully smear each other with Vermillion as part of the exuberant Durga Puja festival celebrations in Nagaon, Assam, India.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Dhunuchi naach</i></span> and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">dhuno pora</i></span>: Dhunuchi naach involves a dance ritual performed with <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">dhunuchi</a></i></span> (incense burner). Drummers called <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhaki (page does not exist)">dhakis</a></i></span>, carrying large leather-strung <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaks</a></i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhols</a></i> and other traditional <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> depending on the region, to create music, to which people dance either during or not during <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarati">aarati</a></i></span>. Some places, especially home pujas, also observe dhuno pora, a ritual involving married women carrying <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">dhunuchis</i></span> burning with incense and dried coconuts, on a cloth on their head and hands,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations,_sculptures,_and_stages"><span id="Decorations.2C_sculptures.2C_and_stages"></span>Decorations, sculptures, and stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decorations, sculptures, and stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Idol_Making.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Durga_Idol_Making.jpg/130px-Durga_Idol_Making.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Durga_Idol_Making.jpg/195px-Durga_Idol_Making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Durga_Idol_Making.jpg/260px-Durga_Idol_Making.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg/154px-Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg/231px-Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg/308px-Vibrant_decorations_at_a_Durga_Puja_pandal_in_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG/163px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG/245px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG/326px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_Interior_-_Bosepukur_Sitala_Mandir_-_Kasba_-_Kolkata_2017-09-26_4162.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg/121px-Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg/182px-Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg/242px-Durga_Puja_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2043" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top left to bottom right (a) A craftsperson sculpting the face of the sculpture-idol; (b) Durga Puja <i>pandal</i> decorations in Kolkata; (c) Interior decorations of a <i>pandal</i>; (d) Street lights installed during the festivities.</div></div></div></div> <p>The process of the creation of clay sculpture-idols (<i>pratima</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i>) for the puja, from the collection of clay to the ornamentation is a ceremonial process. Though the festival is observed post-monsoon harvest, the artisans begin making the sculpture-idols months before, during summer. The process begins with prayers to Ganesha and to the perceived divinity in materials such as bamboo frames in which the sculpture-idols are cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_statue_is_being_made,_Rangpur,Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Durga statue being made" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg/220px-Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg/330px-Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg/440px-Durga_statue_is_being_made%2C_Rangpur%2CBangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Clay statue being made</figcaption></figure> <p>Clay, or alluvial soil, collected from different regions form the base. This choice is a tradition wherein Durga, perceived as the creative energy and material, is believed to be present everywhere and in everything in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain traditions in Kolkata, a custom is to include soil samples in the clay mixture for Durga from areas believed to be <i>nishiddho pallis</i> (forbidden territories; territories inhabited by the "social outcasts" such as brothels).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanna201596_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna201596-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clay base is combined with straw, kneaded, and then molded into a cast made from hay and bamboo. This is layered to a fine final shape, cleaned, painted, and polished. A layer of a fiber called <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, mixed in with clay, is also attached to the top to prevent the statue from cracking in the months ahead. The heads of the statues are more complex and are usually made separately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limbs of the statues are mostly shaped from bundles of straws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, starting about August, the local artisans hand-paint the sculpture-idols which are later dressed in clothing, are decorated and bejewelled, and displayed at the puja altars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitgopekar200995–98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201257-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procedure for and proportions of the sculpture-idols are described in arts-related Sanskrit texts of Hinduism, such as the <i>Vishvakarma Sashtra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao198847–49,_209_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao198847–49,_209-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg/221px-A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg/332px-A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg/442px-A_view_of_immersion_of_Goddess_Durga_on_the_last_day_of_Durga_Puja_festival_at_Yamuna_River_in_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>A Durga sculpture-idol in the river, post-immersion.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sculpture-idols for the puja are traditionally made of biodegradable materials such as straw, clay, soil, and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple2000490,_484–489_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2000490,_484–489-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In today's times, brighter colored statues have increased in popularity and have diversified the use of non-biodegradable, cheaper or more colorful substitute synthetic raw materials. Environmental activists have raised concerns about the paint used to produce the statue, stating that the heavy metals in these paints pollute rivers when the statues are immersed at the end of the Durga festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple2000490,_484–489_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2000490,_484–489-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brighter colors that are also biodegradable and eco-friendly, as well as the traditional natural colors, are typically more expensive compared to the non biodegradable paints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfreyTorres201698–99_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfreyTorres201698–99-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian state of West Bengal has banned the use of hazardous paints, and various state government have started distributing lead-free paints to artisans at no cost to prevent pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_sacrifice,_symbolic_sacrifice"><span id="Animal_sacrifice.2C_symbolic_sacrifice"></span>Animal sacrifice, symbolic sacrifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Animal sacrifice, symbolic sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism" title="Animal sacrifice in Hinduism">Animal sacrifice in Hinduism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immolation_Sacrifice,_Mouh_Boli,_Durga_Puja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/200px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/300px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/400px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Sacrifice of a buffalo during Durga Puja, in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shakta Hindu communities mark the slaying of Mahishasura and the victory of Durga with a symbolic or actual sacrifice. Most communities prefer symbolic sacrifice, where a statue of the <i>asura</i> is made of flour or equivalent, is immolated and smeared with vermilion, symbolic of the blood that had spilled during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003277–278_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003277–278-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004204–205_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004204–205-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other substitutes include a vegetable or a sweet dish considered equivalent to the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011204–205_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011204–205-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain instances, devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, and practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatznelsonJones2010343_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatznelsonJones2010343-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In communities performing actual sacrifice, an animal is sacrificed, mainly at temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosa187160–65_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosa187160–65-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal, West Bengal, Odisha and Assam, animal sacrifices are performed at Shakta temples to commemorate the legend of Durga slaying Mahishasura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsKerriganGould201198–101_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsKerriganGould201198–101-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves slaying of a fowl, pig, goat, or male water-buffalo. Large scale animal sacrifices are rare among Hindus outside the regions of Bengal, Odisha, Assam, and Nepal. In these regions, festivals are primarily when significant animal sacrifices are observed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483–84_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483–84-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> worship their weapons and horses in the related festival of Navaratri, and some historically observed the sacrifice of a goat, a practice that continues in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan200322_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan200322-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitelErndl200077_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitelErndl200077-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacrifice ritual, supervised he the priest, requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan199261,_88_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan199261,_88-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kuldevi</i> (clan deity) among these Rajput communities is a warrior goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan1992107–108_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan1992107–108-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The source does not have anything on animal sacrifice, Navratri or Durga puja. Perhaps the content can go in the article on Shaktiism (September 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandals_and_theme-based_pujas">Pandals and theme-based pujas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pandals and theme-based pujas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg/150px-2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg/225px-2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg/300px-2010_Durga_Puja_Barisha_Pandal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg/134px-2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg/201px-2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg/268px-2011_Durga_Puja_Pandal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two theme-based <i>pandals</i> in Kolkata.</div></div></div></div> <p>Months before the start of Durga Puja, youth members of the community collect funds and donations, engage priests and artisans, buy votive materials and help build <i>pandal</i>s centered around a theme, which has rose to prominence in recent years. Such themes have included sex work,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> celebration of humanity,<sup id="cite_ref-politics_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marginalization of <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer persons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender persons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> folk culture,<sup id="cite_ref-theme1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theme1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> celebration of cinema,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> womanhood,<sup id="cite_ref-theme1_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theme1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pro-environment themes,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have chosen metaphorical themes such as celebration of <i>maati</i> (literally, soil or ash) and "finding one's own light".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandals have also been replicated on existing temples, structures, and monuments<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yet others have been made of elements such as metal scraps,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nails,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and turmeric<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. Durga Puja pandals have also been centered around themes to acknowledge political events such as the <a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a> and to protest against the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Citizens of India">National Register of Citizens of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The budget required for such theme-based pujas is significantly higher than traditional pujas. For such theme-based pujas, the preparations and the building of <i>pandals</i> are a significant arts-related economic activity, often attracting major sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues20031–2,_10–11,_24–26,_351–352_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues20031–2,_10–11,_24–26,_351–352-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such commercialized pujas attract crowds of visitors. The growth of competitiveness in theme-based <i>pandals</i> has escalated costs and scale of Durga Puja in eastern states of India. Some segments of the society criticize the billboards, the economic competition, and seek return to basics.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competition takes many forms, such as the height of statue. In 2015, an 88-foot statue of Durga in Kolkata's Deshapriya Park attracted numerous devotees, with some estimates placing visitors at one million.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_celebrations_and_observances">Regional celebrations and observances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional celebrations and observances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg/200px-Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg/300px-Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg/400px-Durga_puja_in_Dhakeshwari_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Durga puja in <a href="/wiki/Dhakeshwari_Temple" title="Dhakeshwari Temple">Dhakeshwari Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>There exists variation in Durga Puja worship practices and rituals, as is the case with other Hindu festivals, in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism accepts flexibility and leaves the set of practices to the choice of the individuals concerned. Different localized rituals may be observed regionally, with these variations accepted across temples, <i>pandals</i>, and within families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival is most commonly associated with Bengali Hindus, and with the community having variability and differences in practices. There may exist differences of practice between the puja of theme-based <i>Pandals</i>, family pujas (with puja of erstwhile aristocrat families known as <i>bonedi</i> puja), and community pujas (known as <i>barowari</i> pujas) of neighbourhoods or apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rituals of the puja also varies from being Vedic, Puranic, or Tantric, or a combination of these.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengali Durga Puja rituals typically combine all three. The non-Bengali Durga Puja rituals tend to be essentially Vedic (<i><a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">srauta</a></i>) in nature but they too incorporate esoteric elements making the puja an example of a culmination of Vedic-Tantric practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical evidence suggests that the Durga Puja has evolved over time, becoming more elaborate, social, and creative. The festival had earlier been a domestic puja, a form of practice that still remains popular. But it had also come to be celebrated in the <i>sarvajanin</i> (public) form, where communities get together, pool their resources and efforts to set up <i>pandals</i> and illuminations, and celebrate the event as a "mega-show to share".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of this variation are unclear, with some sources suggesting a family in Kolkata reviving such celebration in 1411 CE. While other set of sources suggest that a Bengali landlord, named Kamsanarayan, held a mega-show puja in late 16th-century Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, this festival of Bengal is likely much older with the discovery of 11th and 12th-century Durga Puja manual manuscripts such as <i>Durgotsavaviveka</i>, <i>Durgotsava Prayoga</i>, <i>Vasantaviveka</i> and <i>Kalaviveka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201112–14_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201112–14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rituals associated with the Durga Puja migrated to other regions from Bengal, such as in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, a city that has historically attracted sponsorship from Hindus from various parts of the Indian subcontinent including Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200320–27_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200320–27-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary India, Durga Puja is celebrated in various styles and forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–21_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–21-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur, West Bengal</a>, Durga Puja holds a unique and significant place. The district boasts the <i>Rajbari Durga Puja</i>, also known as the <i>Mrinmoyee Maa er pujo</i>, which dates back to 994 AD. This makes it the oldest Durga Puja in the entire Bengal region, encompassing present-day Bangladesh, Odisha, and Tripura.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Prinsep,_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_(1830s%E2%80%931840s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg/202px-William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg/303px-William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg/404px-William_Prinsep%2C_Europeans_being_entertained_by_dancers_and_musicians_in_a_splendid_Indian_house_in_Calcutta_during_Durga_puja_%281830s%E2%80%931840s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3938" data-file-height="2101" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja,_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg/182px-Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg/273px-Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg/364px-Durga_Puja%2C_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Durga Puja festivities by dancers and musicians in Calcutta, circa 1830s-40s; Right: Patna style painting of Durga Puja, circa 1809.</div></div></div></div> <p>Durga Puja is a widely celebrated festival in the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh (eastern parts), Assam, and Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201111_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201111-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is celebrated over a five-day period. Streets are decked up with festive lights, loudspeakers play festive songs as well as recitation of hymns and chants by priests, and <i>pandal</i>s are erected by communities. The roads become overcrowded with revellers, devotees, and <i>pandal</i>-hoppers visiting the pandals on puja days. It often creates chaotic traffic conditions. Shops, eateries, and restaurants stay open all night; fairs are also set up and cultural programmes are held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–28_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–28-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People form organizing committees, which plan and oversee the <i>pandal</i> during the festivities. Today, Durga Puja has turned into a consumerist social carnival, a major public spectacle and a major arts event riding on the wave of commercialisation, corporate sponsorship, and craze for award-winning. For private domestic pujas, families dedicate an area of their homes, known as <i>thakur dalan</i>, for Durga Puja where the sculpture-idols for worship is placed and decorated with home-dyed fabric, <i>sola</i> ornamentations, and gold and silver foil decorations. Elaborate rituals like <i>arati</i> are performed and <i>prasad</i> is distributed after being offered to the deities. As a tradition, married daughters visit their parents and celebrate the Durga Puja with them, a symbolism alluding to Durga who is popularly believed to return to her natal home during the puja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG/200px-Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG/300px-Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG/400px-Durga_Idol_in_Temple_-_Sovabazar_Royal_Palace_-_Kolkata_2012-10-20_0991.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja at the <a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a>, in Kolkata, example of a <i>bonedi</i> puja.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg/200px-Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg/300px-Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg/400px-Durga_Puja_in_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja in <a href="/wiki/Begusarai" title="Begusarai">Begusarai</a>,<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Durga Puja is also a gift-giving and shopping season for communities celebrating it, with people buying gifts for not only family members but also for close relatives and friends. New clothes are the traditional gift, and people wear them to go out together during Durga Puja. During puja holidays, people may also go to places of tourist attractions while others return home to spend Durga Puja with their family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's a common trend amongst youngsters and even those who are older to go <i>pandal</i>-hopping and enjoy the celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011138–143_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011138–143-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organising committees of each puja <i>pandal</i> hires a <i>purohita</i> (priest) who performs the puja rituals on behalf of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the priests, Durga Puja is a time of activity wherein he pursues the timely completion of Vedic-Puranic-Tantric ritual sequences to make various offerings and perform fire oblations, in full public view, while the socio-cultural festivities occur in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30,_39–48,_58–64,_106–114_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30,_39–48,_58–64,_106–114-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex puja rituals include periods of accurate and melodic scripture recitation. The puja involves crowds of people visiting the <i>pandals</i>, with smaller groups visiting family pujas, to witness the celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the last day, the sculpture-idols are carried out in immersion processions across Bengal, following which they are ritually immersed into rivers or other waterbodies. The immersion ceremony continues till a couple of days after the last day of puja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32,_64–75_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32,_64–75-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg/200px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg/300px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg/400px-Sovabazar_Royal_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Procession_-_Raja_Naba_Krishna_Street_-_Kolkata_2014-10-03_9180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Immersion procession for Durga Puja, with the sculpture-idols being carried by people on bamboo poles.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some scholars, the ritual of immersing the Durga sculpture-idol into the river attracted the attention of colonial era travelers to the Bengal region from Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Garcin_de_Tassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcin de Tassy">Garcin de Tassy</a> and Emma Roberts. In 1831, Tassy reported that similar rituals were annually observed by the Muslim community in Bengal. Shia <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> observed <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> over ten days, taking out processions in memory of the martyrdom of Imam <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, and then cast a memorial Imam's cenotaph into a river on the tenth day. Tassy further stated that the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali rituals</a> of Muharram included the same offerings at the annual observation of Muharram that the Hindu rituals included during Durga Puja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016190_note_76_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016190_note_76-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to yet other scholars, the ritual of immersion in water by Hindus for Durga Puja in Bengal and Ganesh Chaturthi in the western states of India, may have grown because members of the Hindu community attempted to create a competing procession and immersion ritual to that of Muharram, allowed by the colonial British Indian government in the 19th and early 20th-centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMarion201497–98_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMarion201497–98-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja,_Matri_Mandir,_Safdarjung_Enclave,_Delhi,_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG/200px-Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG/300px-Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG/400px-Durga_Puja%2C_Matri_Mandir%2C_Safdarjung_Enclave%2C_Delhi%2C_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4791" data-file-height="3233" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja in New Delhi, 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Maharashtra, the city of <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a> and other places such as CIDCO, Rajeevnagar, Panchavati, and Mahatmanagar host Durga Puja celebrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While in Delhi, the first community Durga Puja was organized near <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)">Kashmiri Gate</a> by a group of expatriate Bengalis, in 1910, a year before Delhi was declared the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. This group came to be the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durga_Puja_Samiti" title="Delhi Durga Puja Samiti">Delhi Durga Puja Samiti</a>, popularly known as the Kashmere Gate Durga Puja.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Durga Puja at <a href="/wiki/Timarpur" title="Timarpur">Timarpur</a>, Delhi was started in the year 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, over 800 Durga Pujas were held in Delhi, with a few hundred more in <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">NOIDA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg/200px-Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg/300px-Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg/400px-Chaudhury_Bazar_Chandi_Medha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture-idols in Cuttack, Odisha for Durga Puja, bedecked with jewellery.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Odisha, Durga Puja is the most important festival of the people of the state. Durga Puja is a very important festival for Odias, during the 4 days of the festival, the streets of the city turns into a wonderland throughout the state, people welcome the arrival of their maa by rejoicing themselves, eating tasty food, wearing new clothes, seeing different pandals across the city, family gathering and gift givings. In 2019, ninety-seven pandals in <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> alone, Odisha were reported to bedeck respective sculpture-idols with silver jewelry for Durga Puja celebrations; such club of pandals termed regionally as <i>Chandi Medha</i>. The state capital is famous for the modern themes and creativity In the pandals, while the Western part of the state has a more retro decoration theme to the pandal. In the northern parts of the state particularly <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>, Durga Puja is celebrated with much fervor and the Odia diaspora abroad especially in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which originates 95% from the district of Balasore celebrates the puja in the same manner which is done back home in Balasore.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, 160 <i>pandals</i> were reported to be hosting Durga Puja in Cuttack.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Tripura there were over 2,500 community Durga Puja celebrations in 2013. Durga Puja has been started at the Durgabari temple, in <a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a> by King Radha Kishore Manikya Bahadur.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond being an art festival and a socio-religious event, Durga Puja has also been a political event with regional and national political parties having sponsored Durga Puja celebrations. In 2019, West Bengal Chief Minister, <a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a> announced a grant of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>25,000 to all community-organised Durga Pujas in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Kolkata's Durga Puja was nominated by the Indian government for the 2020 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists#Representative_list_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja also stands to be politically and economically significant. The committees organising Durga Puja in Kolkata have close links to politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians patronize the festival by making donations or helping raise money for funding of community pujas, or by marking their presence at puja events and inaugurations.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grant of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>25,000 to puja organizing committees in West Bengal by a debt-ridden state government was reported to cost a budget a <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>70 crores.<sup id="cite_ref-debt_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government also announced an additional grant of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5,000 to puja organizing committees fully managed by women alone, while also announcing a twenty-five percent concession on total electricity bills for puja <i>pandal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-debt_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government had made a grant of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>10,000 each to more than 20,000 puja organizing committees in the state in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-debt_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 report by <a href="/wiki/ASSOCHAM" title="ASSOCHAM">ASSOCHAM</a> states West Bengal's Durga Puja to be a <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>25,000 crores worth economy, expected to grow at the <a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">compound annual growth rate</a> of about 35 per-cent.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic slowdowns in India, such as in 2019, have hence affected corporate sponsorships and puja budgets for public celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Department" title="Income Tax Department">Income Tax Department of India</a> had allegedly sent notices to various Durga Puja organizing committees in West Bengal, against which the ruling party of the state, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a> (AITMC) protested.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tax1_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tax1-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Board of Direct Taxes denied sending any such notices,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which AITMC politician <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mitra" title="Madan Mitra">Madan Mitra</a> is reported to have said that the intention may have been to enquire if <a href="/wiki/Tax_deducted_at_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax deducted at source">tax deducted at source</a> had been deducted on payments to vendors for organizing community pujas.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_significance">Economic significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durga Puja directly affects the economy. In 2022, the economy of West Bengal was estimated to get a boost of 50,000 crore rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of West Bengal was expected to be expanded by 20-30 percent that year.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The factors responsible for this economic boost are mainly the increase of earning in transport, tourism, industry, business, shopping and other fields. The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metro Railway">Kolkata Metro Railway</a> recorded an earning of ₹6 crore in just five days of Durga Puja in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The famous puja pandals get sponsorship from renowned companies and labels. Usually, the dress and jewelries of the idols, the material used to make the typically very elaborate pandals, decorations, lightings are sponsored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_significance">Social significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durga Puja plays a great significance in the living of certain peoples. The <i>kumor</i>s, those who make the idols with clay and also makes other clayey products, earns lakhs of rupees by selling a single set of Durga idol of average size. Hence, it makes their annual income because idols used in other festivals are a lot more cheaper. Other professions that receive the majority of their annual income are <i>dhaaki</i> (plays <i>dhaak</i>), priest and other small homecrafts. It is assumed that these profession based small classes would become smaller in population if Durga Puja was absent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_attention">Media attention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Media attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratima_Visarjan_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting by Gaganendranath Tagore depicting Durga Puja immersion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pratima_Visarjan_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.png/200px-Pratima_Visarjan_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Pratima_Visarjan_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.png 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja has been a theme in various artistic works such as movies, paintings, and literature. Shown here is <i>Pratima Visarjan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore" title="Gaganendranath Tagore">Gaganendranath Tagore</a>, depicting a Durga Puja immersion procession. This painting inspired the colour scheme of the Indian film, <i><a href="/wiki/Kahaani" title="Kahaani">Kahaani</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The day of Mahalaya is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> community of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Mahisasura_Mardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasura Mardini">Mahishasuramardini</a></i> — a two-hours long <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> program — that has been popular in the Bengali community since the 1950s. While in earlier days it used to be recorded live, a pre-recorded version has come to be broadcast in recent decades. Bengalis traditionally wake up at four in the morning on Mahalaya to listen to the radio show, primarily involving recitations of chants and hymns from <i>Devi Mahatmyam</i> (or <i>Chandi Path</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Birendra_Krishna_Bhadra" title="Birendra Krishna Bhadra">Birendra Krishna Bhadra</a> and Pankaj Kumar Mullick. The show also features various devotional melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dramas enacting the legend of Durga slaying Mahishasura are telecasted on the television. Radio and television channels also air other festive shows,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while Bengali and Odia magazines publish special editions for the puja known as <i>Pujabarshiki</i> (<i>Annual Puja Edition</i>) or <i>Sharadiya Sankhya</i> (<i>Autumnal Volume</i>). These contain works of writers, both established and upcoming, and are more voluminous than the regular issues. Some notable examples of such magazines in Bengali are <i><a href="/wiki/Anandamela" title="Anandamela">Anandamela</a></i>, <i>Shuktara</i>, <i>Desh</i>, <i>Sananda</i>, <i>Nabakallol</i>, and <i>Bartaman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations_outside_India">Celebrations outside India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Celebrations outside India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg/203px-Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg/305px-Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg/406px-Durga_Puja_K%C3%B6ln_2009_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DurgapujaNl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DurgapujaNl.jpg/181px-DurgapujaNl.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DurgapujaNl.jpg/272px-DurgapujaNl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DurgapujaNl.jpg/362px-DurgapujaNl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Durga Puja in Germany, in 2009; Right: Durga Puja in the Netherlands, in 2017.</div></div></div></div> <p>Durga Puja is celebrated commonly by both Bangladesh's Bengali and non-Bengali Hindu community. Some <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> also take part in the festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi20165_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi20165-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dhaka, the <a href="/wiki/Dhakeshwari_Temple" title="Dhakeshwari Temple">Dhakeshwari Temple</a> puja attracts visitors and devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon200438_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon200438-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the festivities are celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2011239–241_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2011239–241-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond South Asia, Durga Puja is organized by Bengali communities across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States Durga Puja is celebrated across the country in many cities.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest community Durga Puja in the US was held in Columbia University organized by the East Coast Durga Puja Association (ECDPA) in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many community pujas are typically held over a Friday-Sunday period, some pujas in the US e.g. organized by Bharat Sevashram Shangha, Paschimi,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's Now<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others follow the full 5 day schedule. While most major metropolitan centers have multiple Durga Pujas organized by multiple Bengali organizations, Saikat <sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in San Diego, CA and SABCC<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in San Antonio, TX are two of the biggest American cities to have an unified Durga Pujas for the whole metropolitan area. In addition to the actual puja, most Durga Pujas in North America have a tradition of having elaborate cultural events involving both local artists and invited professional artists from India. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, Bengali Hindu communities both from Bangladesh and West Bengal, India organise several Durga Pujas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a> has the most Durga Puja celebration venues organized by different Bengali cultural groups such as Bangladesh Canada Hindu Cultural Society (BCHCS), Bongo Poribar Sociocultural Association zetc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City of Toronto has a dedicated Durga Temple named Toronto Durgabari where Durga Puja is organized along with other Hindu celebrations. Most of the puja venues of Toronto area try to arrange the puja in the best way possible to follow the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">lunar calendar</a> and timings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, The Swami Vivekananda Cultural Center, São Paulo, organizes an annual Durga Puja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celebrations are also organized in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The sculpture-idols are shipped from India and stored in warehouses to be re-used over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-thames_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thames-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to BBC News, for community celebrations in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2006, these "idols, belonging to a tableau measuring 18ft by 20ft, were made from <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>,<a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> and vegetable dyes". At the end of the puja, the sculpture-idols were immersed in <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> for the first time in 2006, after "the community was allowed to give a traditional send-off to the deities by London's port authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-thames_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thames-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the puja is celebrated in Cologne,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other cities. In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> puja in Baden, Aargau has been celebrated since 2003. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the puja is celebrated in cities such as Stockholm and Helsingborg. The oldest and first puja in Sweden was founded in 1988 and is one of the oldest ones in Europe, and goes by the name Stockholm Bangiya Sanatan Samaj.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the puja is celebrated in places such as Amstelveen, Eindhoven, and Voorschoten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Africa, Durga Puja has been revived with celebrations in Johannesburg.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ethiopia, in Addis Ababa Durga Puja is organized by the Addis Ababa Durga Pooja Committee </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sydney, Durga Puja is celebrated in many community centers including at the Ponds Community Hub in Sydney where the Bengali Community Dorpon Cultural and Religious Association organized Durga Puja<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_outside_the_subcontinent">Asia outside the subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Asia outside the subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durga Puja celebrations have also been started in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> by the Bengali diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China Durga Puja has been organized in Shanghai<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is organized by the Embassy of India in Beijing<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Durga Puja is celebrated in Tokyo with much fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Shakta tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature & society emerging victorious over the vicious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200420–21,_217–219_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200420–21,_217–219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/navratri-puja.html">Navratri Puja</a>, Durga-puja.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/kullu-dussehra.html">Kullu Dussehra</a>, Durga-puja.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/mysore-dussehra.html">Mysore Dussehra</a>, Durga-puja.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/bommai-kolu.html">"Bommai-kolu"</a>, Durga-puja.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example Sanskrit original: "अहन्निन्द्रो अदहदग्निरिन्दो पुरा दस्यून्मध्यंदिनादभीके । <b>दुर्गे</b> दुरोणे क्रत्वा न यातां पुरू सहस्रा शर्वा नि बर्हीत्॥३॥ – Rigveda 4.28.8, <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_४.२८">Wikisource</a> It appears in <i>Khila</i> (appendix, supplementary) text to Rigveda 10.127, 4th Adhyaya, per J. Scheftelowitz.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Shakta tradition of Hinduism, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature and society emerging victorious over the vicious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200420–21,_217–219_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200420–21,_217–219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various versions of Devi mantra exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1990143–147_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990143–147-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: [a] "We know the Great Goddess. We make a meditation of the goddess Durga. May that Goddess guide us on the right path." (Durga Gayatri Mantra, recited at many stages of Durga Puja);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003153–155,_63,_90,_177_etc_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003153–155,_63,_90,_177_etc-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [b] Hrim! O blessed goddess Durga, come here, stay here, stay here, take up residence here, accept my worship. (Durga Avahana Mantra);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003113_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003113-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These nine plants specifically are: kadali (plantain), mana (broad-leaved plant), kacvi (black-stemmed plant), haridra (turmeric), jayanti (barley), sriphala (wood-apple branch with two fruit), dadimah (pomegranate), asoka (red-flowering shade tree), dhanya (rice paddy)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edarabia.com/nepal/public-holidays/">"Nepal Public Holidays"</a>. <i>Edarabia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edarabia.com&rft.atitle=Nepal+Public+Holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edarabia.com%2Fnepal%2Fpublic-holidays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/travel/india/top-destinations-for-celebrating-durga-puja/articleshow/104346259.cms">"Celebrating Durga puja across India: Top destinations for festive bliss"</a>. <i>Business Insider India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+India&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Durga+puja+across+India%3A+Top+destinations+for+festive+bliss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.in%2Ftravel%2Findia%2Ftop-destinations-for-celebrating-durga-puja%2Farticleshow%2F104346259.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/amp/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/111684/durga-festival-returns-to-indigenous-village-after">"Durga festival returns to indigenous village after 150 years"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Durga+festival+returns+to+indigenous+village+after+150+years&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Famp%2Fbangladesh%2Fbangladesh-others%2F111684%2Fdurga-festival-returns-to-indigenous-village-after&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steemit.com/festival/@jeetendra/the-festive-season-in-nepal-has-begun-one-month-of-holidays-durga-puja-and-dipawali">"The Festive Season in Nepal Has Begun. One Month of Holidays- Durga Puja and Dipawali"</a>. 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Festive+Season+in+Nepal+Has+Begun.+One+Month+of+Holidays-+Durga+Puja+and+Dipawali&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteemit.com%2Ffestival%2F%40jeetendra%2Fthe-festive-season-in-nepal-has-begun-one-month-of-holidays-durga-puja-and-dipawali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_R.J._and_Little,_V.1989" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, R.J. and Little, V. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfFjV2BTEYC"><i>Humanities in the Primary School</i></a>. Falmer Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8500-0544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8500-0544-5"><bdi>978-1-8500-0544-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89036052">89036052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanities+in+the+Primary+School&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Falmer+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89036052&rft.isbn=978-1-8500-0544-5&rft.au=Campbell%2C+R.J.+and+Little%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sfFjV2BTEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh,_J.2019" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, J. 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Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2061-5"><bdi>978-1-5275-2061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+History+of+Muslim+Bengal%3A+An+Unfinished+Battle+of+Faith&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-2061-5&rft.au=Rahman%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dN1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002208_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2012214_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2012">Bradley 2012</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit,_K.R._and_Dikshit,_J.K.2013" class="citation book cs1">Dikshit, K.R. and Dikshit, J.K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ"><i>North-East India: Land, People and Economy</i></a>. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research. Springer Netherlands. pp. 351–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4007-7055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-4007-7055-3"><bdi>978-9-4007-7055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-East+India%3A+Land%2C+People+and+Economy&rft.series=Advances+in+Asian+Human-Environmental+Research&rft.pages=351-353&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-4007-7055-3&rft.au=Dikshit%2C+K.R.+and+Dikshit%2C+J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiorHBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGOYAL2013" class="citation book cs1">GOYAL, VISHAL (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJE3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Durga+Puja+Bihar+Jharkhand&pg=PA130"><i>Manage Your Problems - The Gopal Bhand Way</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S+A+NEWS&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+%28Durga+Ashtami%29+2020%3A+Is+Maa+Durga+Worthy+to+Worship%3F&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.jagatgururampalji.org%2Fdurga-puja-durga-ashtami-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002212–213-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002212–213_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006308–309_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones & Ryan 2006</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja">"Durga Puja | Traditions & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161639/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja">the original</a> on 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assam+Online+Portal&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.assam.gov.in%2Fweb%2Fdurga-puja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027051736/http://www.durga-puja.org/durga-puja.html">"Durga Puja Festival"</a>. <i>Durga-puja.org</i>. 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SUNY Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7069-6"><bdi>978-1-4384-7069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Nights+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Navar%C4%81tri+Festival+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7069-6&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft.au=Sen%2C+Moumita&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkNmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay1993118-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay1993118_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay1993">Bandyopadhyay 1993</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaghan2009151–153-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaghan2009151–153_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaghan2009">Monaghan 2009</a>, pp. 151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001330_notes_98-103-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001330_notes_98-103_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2001">McDermott 2001</a>, p. 330 notes 98-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya, Tithi</a> (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911807001258">"Tracking the Goddess: Religion, Community, and Identity in the Durga Puja Ceremonies of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>66</b> (4): 919–962. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911807001258">10.1017/S0021911807001258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203237">20203237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+Goddess%3A+Religion%2C+Community%2C+and+Identity+in+the+Durga+Puja+Ceremonies+of+Nineteenth-Century+Calcutta&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=919-962&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911807001258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20203237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Tithi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911807001258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosa187140–55_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosa1871">Ghosa 1871</a>, pp. 40–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Ralph W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rites of Spring: Gā̄jan in Village Bengal</i></a>. Chronicle Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-035-1"><bdi>978-81-8028-035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rites+of+Spring%3A+G%C4%81%CC%84jan+in+Village+Bengal&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-035-1&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200350,_150–151-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200350,_150–151_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 50, 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990143–147-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1990143–147_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1990">Brown 1990</a>, pp. 143–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003153–155,_63,_90,_177_etc-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003153–155,_63,_90,_177_etc_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 153–155, 63, 90, 177 etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003113-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues2003113_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201255–59-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmazzone201255–59_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmazzone2012">Amazzone 2012</a>, pp. 55–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111,_Quote:_"Durga_Puja_is_celebrated_from_the_first_through_the_ninth_days_of_the_bright_half_of_the_lunar_month_of_Asvin,_which_coincides_with_the_autumn_harvest_in_North_India,_and_in_certain_respects_it_is_clear_that_Durga_Puja_is_a_harvest_festival_in_which_Durga_is_propitiated_as_the_power_of_plant_fertility".-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988111,_Quote:_"Durga_Puja_is_celebrated_from_the_first_through_the_ninth_days_of_the_bright_half_of_the_lunar_month_of_Asvin,_which_coincides_with_the_autumn_harvest_in_North_India,_and_in_certain_respects_it_is_clear_that_Durga_Puja_is_a_harvest_festival_in_which_Durga_is_propitiated_as_the_power_of_plant_fertility"._69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, p. 111, Quote: "Durga Puja is celebrated from the first through the ninth days of the bright half of the lunar month of Asvin, which coincides with the autumn harvest in North India, and in certain respects it is clear that Durga Puja is a harvest festival in which Durga is propitiated as the power of plant fertility"..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigues, Hillary (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_1030180">"Durga"</a>. <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft.atitle=Durga&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism%2F%2A-COM_1030180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean1998137-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean1998137_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLean1998">McLean 1998</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200371–74-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200371–74_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 71–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-special-rites-rituals-process-making-ma-durga-1502695948.html/amp">"Paata Puja the process of Durga Idol making also Called Durga Maay Aagmon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019011456/https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-special-rites-rituals-process-making-ma-durga-1502695948.html/amp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Your+guide+to+pandal+hopping+in+Noida&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Dhaor&rft.aufirst=Ashni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fnoida%2Fyour-guide-to-pandal-hopping-in-noida%2Farticleshow%2F66255980.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/durga-puja-pandal-made-from-scrap-spare-parts-glitters-in-kolkata-116101100057_1.html">"Durga Puja: Pandal made from scrap, spare parts glitters in Kolkata"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 11 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120216/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/durga-puja-pandal-made-from-scrap-spare-parts-glitters-in-kolkata-116101100057_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja%3A+Pandal+made+from+scrap%2C+spare+parts+glitters+in+Kolkata&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ani%2Fdurga-puja-pandal-made-from-scrap-spare-parts-glitters-in-kolkata-116101100057_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2018" class="citation news cs1">Bose, Rakhi (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-kolkata-a-durga-puja-pandal-crafted-out-of-nails-and-threads-to-make-it-visible-to-the-blind-1910425.html">"In Kolkata, a Durga Puja Pandal Crafted Out of Nails and Threads to Make it 'Visible' to the Blind"</a>. <i>News18</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122512/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-kolkata-a-durga-puja-pandal-crafted-out-of-nails-and-threads-to-make-it-visible-to-the-blind-1910425.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=In+Kolkata%2C+a+Durga+Puja+Pandal+Crafted+Out+of+Nails+and+Threads+to+Make+it+%27Visible%27+to+the+Blind&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Rakhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fbuzz%2Fin-kolkata-a-durga-puja-pandal-crafted-out-of-nails-and-threads-to-make-it-visible-to-the-blind-1910425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2018" class="citation news cs1">Mehta, Puja (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-in-west-bengal-a-durga-puja-pandal-made-out-of-turmeric-2674767">"In West Bengal, a Durga Puja pandal made out of turmeric"</a>. <i>DNA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107071958/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-in-west-bengal-a-durga-puja-pandal-made-out-of-turmeric-2674767">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=In+West+Bengal%2C+a+Durga+Puja+pandal+made+out+of+turmeric&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Puja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Fphoto-gallery-in-west-bengal-a-durga-puja-pandal-made-out-of-turmeric-2674767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-airstrikes-become-theme-for-durga-puja-pandal-1599368-2019-09-15">"Terrorists vs Abhinandan Varthaman: Balakot airstrikes becomes theme for Durga Puja pandal"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 15 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120935/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-airstrikes-become-theme-for-durga-puja-pandal-1599368-2019-09-15">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Terrorists+vs+Abhinandan+Varthaman%3A+Balakot+airstrikes+becomes+theme+for+Durga+Puja+pandal&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fbalakot-airstrikes-become-theme-for-durga-puja-pandal-1599368-2019-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharjee2019" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharjee, Satananda (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/novel-nrc-protest-at-puja-pandals/cid/1705686">"Novel NRC protest at puja pandals"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120935/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/novel-nrc-protest-at-puja-pandals/cid/1705686">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Novel+NRC+protest+at+puja+pandals&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Satananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fnorth-east%2Fnovel-nrc-protest-at-puja-pandals%2Fcid%2F1705686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues20031–2,_10–11,_24–26,_351–352-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues20031–2,_10–11,_24–26,_351–352_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 1–2, 10–11, 24–26, 351–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010115428/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090913/jsp/calcutta/story_11453289.jsp">"Puja on the billboards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=Have+you+ever+seen+a+Durga+Idol+this+tall&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fgetahead%2Freport%2Fhave-you-ever-seen-a-durga-idol-this-tall%2F20151008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Near-stampede-shuts-down-Deshapriya-Park-Durga-puja/articleshow/49446378.cms">"Near stampede shuts down Deshapriya Park Durga Puja"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 19 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026081353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Near-stampede-shuts-down-Deshapriya-Park-Durga-puja/articleshow/49446378.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Near+stampede+shuts+down+Deshapriya+Park+Durga+Puja&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FNear-stampede-shuts-down-Deshapriya-Park-Durga-puja%2Farticleshow%2F49446378.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–18_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200318–19_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201112–14-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201112–14_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2011">McDermott 2011</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200320–27-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200320–27_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 20–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–21-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200317–21_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 17–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2002" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Manoranjan (2002). <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–29_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011138–143-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011138–143_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2011">McDermott 2011</a>, pp. 138–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 27–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30,_39–48,_58–64,_106–114-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–30,_39–48,_58–64,_106–114_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 27–30, 39–48, 58–64, 106–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 27–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32,_64–75-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200327–32,_64–75_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2003">Rodrigues 2003</a>, pp. 27–32, 64–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016190_note_76-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016190_note_76_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016">Alexander, Chatterji & Jalais 2016</a>, pp. 190 note 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMarion201497–98-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMarion201497–98_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMarion2014">Jones & Marion 2014</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105194225/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/06/stories/2009080650790100.htm">"Roots run deep"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 6 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/06/stories/2009080650790100.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Roots+run+deep&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2009%2F08%2F06%2Fstories%2F2009080650790100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidhartha_Roy2011" class="citation news cs1">Sidhartha Roy (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513065908/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/Making-Delhi-their-own-religiously/newdelhi/SP-Article10-717800.aspx">"Making Delhi their own, religiously"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Making+Delhi+their+own%2C+religiously&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.au=Sidhartha+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fspecials%2Fcoverage%2FDelhi100%2FMaking-Delhi-their-own-religiously%2Fnewdelhi%2FSP-Article10-717800.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007171906/http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/8770-bamboo-barricading-in-yamuna-to-check-water-pollution.html">"Bamboo barricading in Yamuna to check water pollution"</a>. <i>The Daily Pioneer</i>. 4 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/8770-bamboo-barricading-in-yamuna-to-check-water-pollution.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Bamboo+barricading+in+Yamuna+to+check+water+pollution&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fcity%2F8770-bamboo-barricading-in-yamuna-to-check-water-pollution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/13/three-more-chandi-medha-to-adorn-silver-citys-durga-puja-celebration-2032898.html">"Three more 'Chandi Medha' to adorn Silver City's Durga Puja celebration"</a>. New Indian Express. 13 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920160509/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/13/three-more-chandi-medha-to-adorn-silver-citys-durga-puja-celebration-2032898.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Three+more+%27Chandi+Medha%27+to+adorn+Silver+City%27s+Durga+Puja+celebration&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fodisha%2F2019%2Fsep%2F13%2Fthree-more-chandi-medha-to-adorn-silver-citys-durga-puja-celebration-2032898.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/11/bad-roads-dampen-spirit-of-cuttacks-millennium-city-durga-puja-organisers-2032008.html">"Bad roads dampen spirit of Cuttack's Millennium City Durga Puja organisers"</a>. New Indian Express. 11 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913212242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/11/bad-roads-dampen-spirit-of-cuttacks-millennium-city-durga-puja-organisers-2032008.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bad+roads+dampen+spirit+of+Cuttack%27s+Millennium+City+Durga+Puja+organisers&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fodisha%2F2019%2Fsep%2F11%2Fbad-roads-dampen-spirit-of-cuttacks-millennium-city-durga-puja-organisers-2032008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-decks-up-for-navratri-preparations-for-durga-puja-reach-final-stages-486110">"Odisha Decks Up For Navratri; Preparations For Durga Puja Reach Final Stages"</a>. OdishaTV. 20 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101104852/https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-decks-up-for-navratri-preparations-for-durga-puja-reach-final-stages-486110">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Odisha+Decks+Up+For+Navratri%3B+Preparations+For+Durga+Puja+Reach+Final+Stages&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodishatv.in%2Fodisha-news%2Fodisha-decks-up-for-navratri-preparations-for-durga-puja-reach-final-stages-486110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118213128/http://post.jagran.com/durga-puja-begins-in-tripura-with-traditional-guard-of-honour-to-goddess-1381483075">"Durga Puja begins in Tripura with traditional guard of honour to Goddess"</a>. <i>Jagran Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://post.jagran.com/durga-puja-begins-in-tripura-with-traditional-guard-of-honour-to-goddess-1381483075">the original</a> on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jagran+Post&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+begins+in+Tripura+with+traditional+guard+of+honour+to+Goddess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpost.jagran.com%2Fdurga-puja-begins-in-tripura-with-traditional-guard-of-honour-to-goddess-1381483075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orissapost.com/durga-puja-in-west-bengal-turns-political-battlefield-between-bjp-and-trinamool-congress/">"Durga Puja in West Bengal turns political battlefield between BJP and Trinamool Congress"</a>. <i>Orissa Post</i>. PPN and Agencies. 16 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923055846/https://www.orissapost.com/durga-puja-in-west-bengal-turns-political-battlefield-between-bjp-and-trinamool-congress/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Post&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+in+West+Bengal+turns+political+battlefield+between+BJP+and+Trinamool+Congress&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orissapost.com%2Fdurga-puja-in-west-bengal-turns-political-battlefield-between-bjp-and-trinamool-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-1502742415.html">"Kolkata Durga Puja nominated for UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. 2 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920152731/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-1502742415.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Kolkata+Durga+Puja+nominated+for+UNESCO+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+list&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fbengal%2Fkolkata-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-1502742415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2019" class="citation news cs1">Srivastava, Vanita (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-s-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-list/story-svzMFT6z0lt0m3w2bnnSPP.html">"Kolkata's Durga Puja nominated for Unesco list"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919210936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-s-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-list/story-svzMFT6z0lt0m3w2bnnSPP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Kolkata%27s+Durga+Puja+nominated+for+Unesco+list&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Vanita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkolkata-s-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-list%2Fstory-svzMFT6z0lt0m3w2bnnSPP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debt-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debt_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debt_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debt_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta,_Pooja2019" class="citation news cs1">Mehta, Pooja (31 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/india/debt-ridden-mamata-banerjee-govt-gifts-rs-70-crore-to-west-bengal-durga-puja-organisers-2231136.html">"Debt-ridden Mamata Banerjee govt 'gifts' Rs 70 crore to West Bengal Durga Puja organisers"</a>. Zee News India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920112655/https://zeenews.india.com/india/debt-ridden-mamata-banerjee-govt-gifts-rs-70-crore-to-west-bengal-durga-puja-organisers-2231136.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debt-ridden+Mamata+Banerjee+govt+%27gifts%27+Rs+70+crore+to+West+Bengal+Durga+Puja+organisers&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Pooja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Findia%2Fdebt-ridden-mamata-banerjee-govt-gifts-rs-70-crore-to-west-bengal-durga-puja-organisers-2231136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundu2019" class="citation news cs1">Kundu, Indrajit (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bengal-s-durga-puja-loses-sheen-due-to-economic-slowdown-1598557-2019-09-12">"Bengal's Durga puja loses sheen due to economic slowdown"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914132207/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bengal-s-durga-puja-loses-sheen-due-to-economic-slowdown-1598557-2019-09-12">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Bengal%27s+Durga+puja+loses+sheen+due+to+economic+slowdown&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2Fbengal-s-durga-puja-loses-sheen-due-to-economic-slowdown-1598557-2019-09-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakshit2019" class="citation news cs1">Rakshit, Avishek (14 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/economic-slowdown-cloud-on-west-bengal-s-durga-puja-sponsorship-takes-hit-119091400612_1.html">"Economic slowdown cloud on Bengal's Durga Puja; sponsorship takes a hit"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115912/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/economic-slowdown-cloud-on-west-bengal-s-durga-puja-sponsorship-takes-hit-119091400612_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Express&rft.atitle=%27No+tax+on+Durga+Puja+committees%27%3A+TMC+on+day-long+protest+as+Mamata+sets+stage+for+fresh+clash+with+Centre+over+I-T+notices&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Fmamata-banerjee-tmc-protest-income-tax-notice-durga-puja-committee-bengal-trinamool-latest-news%2F1674055%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tax1-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tax1_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-depts-taxation-of-durga-puja-irks-mamata/article28984237.ece">"IT dept's taxation of Durga Puja irks Mamata"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 11 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-depts-taxation-of-durga-puja-irks-mamata/article28984237.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=IT+dept%27s+taxation+of+Durga+Puja+irks+Mamata&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fit-depts-taxation-of-durga-puja-irks-mamata%2Farticle28984237.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/cbdt-denies-reports-of-issuing-tax-notices-to-durga-puja-committees-in-kolkata/story/372421.html">"CBDT denies reports of issuing tax notices to Durga Puja committees in Kolkata"</a>. <i>Business Today</i>. PTI. 13 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920112655/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/cbdt-denies-reports-of-issuing-tax-notices-to-durga-puja-committees-in-kolkata/story/372421.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesNow&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+2022%3A+Kolkata+Metro+earns+over+Rs+6+crore+in+just+5+days+of+festivities&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fkolkata%2Fdurga-puja-2022-kolkata-metro-earns-over-rs-6-crore-in-just-5-days-of-festivities-article-94710222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-earns-over-six-crore-during-durga-puja-2009050-2022-10-06">"Kolkata Metro earns over Rs 6 crore in just 5 days during Durga Puja"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mahalaya+ushers+in+the+Puja+spirit&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fcity%2Fdelhi%2FMahalaya-ushers-in-the-Puja-spirit%2Farticleshow%2F5028658.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903104531/http://www.simindia.com/sarodiya.htm">"Sharodiya Pujabarshiki"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simindia.com/sarodiya.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sharodiya+Pujabarshiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simindia.com%2Fsarodiya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi20165-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi20165_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi2016">Tripathi 2016</a>, p. 5: "The intertwining of cultural traditions reinforced a society which was tolerant and the faiths borrowed from each other. (...) Many Bangladeshi Muslim women wear saris and bindis, or teeps, the dot on their forehead, usually seen only among Hindu women; they celebrate pujo, a Hindu festival for the goddess Durga, and they have no hesitation ushering in Poyla Baisakh, to celebrate the Bengali new year."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon200438-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon200438_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLondon2004">London 2004</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDates2024" class="citation web cs1">Dates, Hindu Festival (19 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindufestivaldates.com/list-of-durga-puja-2024-events-in-usa-details-of-date-and-location/">"List of Durga Puja 2024 Events in USA, Details of Date and Location"</a>. <i>Hindu Festival Dates</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HK+Yanto+Yan&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkyantoyan.com%2Fnews-and-views%2Fdurga-puja-the-hong-kong-version%2Fattachment%2Fdurgapuja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanghaiadda.org/">"shanghai adda"</a>. <i>shanghaiadda</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shanghaiadda&rft.atitle=shanghai+adda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghaiadda.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal2022" class="citation news cs1">Pal, Suvam (6 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/how-a-former-flight-attendant-from-kolkata-organised-durga-puja-in-beijing-in-turbulent-times-at-the-embassy-of-india-in-beijing-with-virtual-rituals/cid/1890471">"How a former flight attendant from Kolkata held Durga puja in Beijing in turbulent times"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+a+former+flight+attendant+from+Kolkata+held+Durga+puja+in+Beijing+in+turbulent+times&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Suvam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fmy-kolkata%2Flifestyle%2Fhow-a-former-flight-attendant-from-kolkata-organised-durga-puja-in-beijing-in-turbulent-times-at-the-embassy-of-india-in-beijing-with-virtual-rituals%2Fcid%2F1890471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoichoi.nl/">"Bengali Community of The Netherlands"</a>. <i>Hoichoi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303052054/https://www.hoichoi.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoichoi&rft.atitle=Bengali+Community+of+The+Netherlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoichoi.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anandadhara.nl/">"Home"</a>. <i>Anandadhara</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121050801/https://www.anandadhara.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anandadhara&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanandadhara.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderChatterjiJalais2016" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Claire; Chatterji, Joya; Jalais, Annu (2016). <i>The Bengal Diaspora. Rethinking Muslim Migration</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53073-6"><bdi>978-0-415-53073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Diaspora.+Rethinking+Muslim+Migration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-53073-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+Joya&rft.au=Jalais%2C+Annu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761853145" title="Special:BookSources/9780761853145"><bdi>9780761853145</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780761853145&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2011" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2011). Patricia Monaghan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102257/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay1993" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Pranab (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVMqAAAAYAAJ"><i>Mother Goddess Kali</i></a>. UW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85328-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85328-15-7"><bdi>978-81-85328-15-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217212226/https://books.google.com/books?id=mVMqAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Goddess+Kali&rft.pub=UW+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-85328-15-7&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVMqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji2006" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, Chitrita (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPYvGv7ER4sC"><i>The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food, and Ritual in Bengal</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400142-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400142-2"><bdi>978-0-14-400142-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102118/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPYvGv7ER4sC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+of+the+Goddess%3A+Memories+of+Women%2C+Food%2C+and+Ritual+in+Bengal&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400142-2&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Chitrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPYvGv7ER4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Cynthia (2012). Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224010450/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC"><i>Auspicious Wisdom</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791411452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791411452"><bdi>978-0791411452</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627013858/http://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0791411452&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsalQJBpUkGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, C Mackenzie (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC"><i>The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0364-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Visions+of+the+Devi-Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6KumJp_wNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC"><i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3939-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28CIEnZCcqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chapple" title="Christopher Chapple">Chapple, Christopher</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VHuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hinduism and ecology: the intersection of earth, sky, and water</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945454-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945454-25-0"><bdi>978-0-945454-25-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219020814/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VHuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+ecology%3A+the+intersection+of+earth%2C+sky%2C+and+water&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-945454-25-0&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VHuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitgopekar2009" class="citation book cs1">Chitgopekar, Nilima (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb64hva4qWYC&pg=PA111"><i>Book Of Durga</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 111–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306767-2"><bdi>978-0-14-306767-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226052343/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb64hva4qWYC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Of+Durga&rft.pages=111-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306767-2&rft.aulast=Chitgopekar&rft.aufirst=Nilima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXb64hva4qWYC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC"><i>Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791404463" title="Special:BookSources/0791404463"><bdi>0791404463</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081952/https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Goddess%3A+A+translation+of+the+Devi-Mahatmya+and+a+Study+of+Its+Interpretation&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0791404463&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7vIzNrC-coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn2002" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC"><i>Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i></a>. South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7"><bdi>81-208-0557-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209205927/https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB+M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%2C+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-208-0557-7&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy9kf7_TOHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96397-2"><bdi>978-1-135-96397-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026134825/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96397-2&rft.au=Charles+Russell+Coulter&rft.au=Patricia+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWxekbhM1yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid-Bowen2012" class="citation book cs1">Reid-Bowen, Paul (2012). Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224010450/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.aulast=Reid-Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C"><i>The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-354-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317162154/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism+from+the+Princeton+Bollingen+Series&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-354-4&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HMXN9h6WX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner2016" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Henrike (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTc3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14848-7"><bdi>978-1-317-14848-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218072245/https://books.google.com/books?id=RTc3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Goddesses%3A+Maternity%2C+Globalization+and+Middle-class+Identity+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14848-7&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Henrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTc3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S; Alles, Gregory D (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA126"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102110/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S&rft.au=Alles%2C+Gregory+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices</i></a></span>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesbe0000foul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Fuller_(academic)" title="Chris Fuller (academic)">Fuller, Christopher John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA46"><i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85"><bdi>978-0-69112-04-85</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111149/https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69112-04-85&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosa1871" class="citation book cs1">Ghosa, Pratapacandra (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP40"><i>Durga Puja: with notes and illustrations</i></a>. Calcutta: Hindoo Patriot Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218010545/https://books.google.com/books?id=OGZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP40">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durga+Puja%3A+with+notes+and+illustrations&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Hindoo+Patriot+Press&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Ghosa&rft.aufirst=Pratapacandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGZYAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfreyTorres2016" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey, Phoebe; Torres, Denise (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fypqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>Emergent Possibilities for Global Sustainability: Intersections of Race, Class and Gender</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57017-2"><bdi>978-1-317-57017-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219002624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fypqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Possibilities+for+Global+Sustainability%3A+Intersections+of+Race%2C+Class+and+Gender&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57017-2&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.au=Torres%2C+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfypqDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2003" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Lindsey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmbRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>The Goddesses' Henchmen: Gender in Indian Hero Worship</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534834-7"><bdi>978-0-19-534834-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922044055/https://books.google.com/books?id=EmbRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Henchmen%3A+Gender+in+Indian+Hero+Worship&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534834-7&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmbRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan1992" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Lindsey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC&pg=PA61"><i>Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07339-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Rajput+Women%3A+The+Ethic+of+Protection+in+Contemporary+Narratives&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07339-5&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HLrPYOe38gC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitelErndl2000" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). <i>Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Goddess+a+Feminist%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+South+Asian+Goddesses&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft.au=Erndl%2C+Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelsonJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Katznelson, Ira; Jones, Gareth Stedman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWYXdLW00UsC"><i>Religion and the Political Imagination</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49317-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49317-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49317-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152753/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWYXdLW00UsC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Political+Imagination&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49317-8&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Jones%2C+Gareth+Stedman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWYXdLW00UsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323232140/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMarion2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David; Marion, Michele (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wDkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>The Dynamics of Cultural Counterpoint in Asian Studies</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5191-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5191-6"><bdi>978-1-4384-5191-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134453/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wDkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Cultural+Counterpoint+in+Asian+Studies&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5191-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Marion%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wDkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1989" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC"><i>The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-835-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-835-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102120/https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Mirror%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+from+East+and+West&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-835-5&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0jmXOPBXkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3"><bdi>978-0-520-90883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90883-3&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesvi0000kins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1997" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC"><i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9"><bdi>978-0-520-91772-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093618/https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mahavidyas&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91772-9&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diob2JIzY9fIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vikas_Khanna" title="Vikas Khanna">Khanna, Vikas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G70xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Indian Harvest: Classic and Contemporary Vegetarian Dishes</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-200-6"><bdi>978-1-63286-200-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219020858/https://books.google.com/books?id=G70xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Harvest%3A+Classic+and+Contemporary+Vegetarian+Dishes&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-63286-200-6&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG70xCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2004" class="citation book cs1">London, Ellen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyREz0r7-BUC&pg=PA38"><i>Bangladesh</i></a>. Gareth Stevens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3107-8"><bdi>978-0-8368-3107-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134024/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyREz0r7-BUC&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8368-3107-8&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyREz0r7-BUC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C"><i>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803071-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803071-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101734/https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+My+Heart%2C+Daughter+of+My+Dreams%3A+Kali+and+Uma+in+the+Devotional+Poetry+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803071-3&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PrChFaXgf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2011" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2011). <i>Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12919-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12919-0"><bdi>978-0-231-12919-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelry%2C+Rivalry%2C+and+Longing+for+the+Goddesses+of+Bengal%3A+The+Fortunes+of+Hindu+Festivals&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12919-0&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean1998" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Malcolm (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C"><i>Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3689-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-3689-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101831/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devoted+to+the+Goddess%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+Ramprasad&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3689-9&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXY4uQ9TwI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217111816/https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2009" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&pg=PA151"><i>Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34990-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34990-4"><bdi>978-0-313-34990-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217212028/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&pg=PA151">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Goddesses+and+Heroines&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34990-4&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zHxlL8my-YC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2011" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102257/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSree_Padma2014" class="citation book cs1">Sree Padma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9002-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-9002-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064150/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+and+Reinventing+the+Goddess%3A+Contemporary+Iterations+of+Hindu+Deities+on+the+Move&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9&rft.au=Sree+Padma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Jn_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsKerriganGould2011" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Charles; Kerrigan, Michael; Gould, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C"><i>Ancient India's Myths and Beliefs</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-5990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-5990-0"><bdi>978-1-4488-5990-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102124/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%27s+Myths+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4488-5990-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Kerrigan%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gould%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3-RkE-Xxa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._K._Ramachandra_Rao" title="S. K. Ramachandra Rao">Rao, Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIzrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pratima Kosha: Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography</i></a>. IBH Prakashana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219011717/https://books.google.com/books?id=TIzrAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratima+Kosha%3A+Descriptive+Glossary+of+Indian+Iconography&rft.pub=IBH+Prakashana&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Saligrama+Krishna+Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIzrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Sen Ramprasad</a> (1720–1781). <i>Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess</i>. Hohm Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7">0-934252-94-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2003" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigues, Hillary (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC"><i>Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8844-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-8844-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105311/https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Worship+of+the+Great+Goddess%3A+The+Liturgy+of+the+Durga+Puja+with+Interpretations&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonyaEhwhJBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2016" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Salil (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21818-3"><bdi>978-0-300-21818-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415112053/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonel+Who+Would+Not+Repent%3A+The+Bangladesh+War+and+Its+Unquiet+Legacy&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21818-3&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Salil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcffCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga">"Durga - Hindu mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 19 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507035548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Durga+-+Hindu+mythology&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDurga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaeva1993" class="citation cs2">Isaeva, N. V. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C"><i>Shankara and Indian Philosophy</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412817"><bdi>978-0791412817</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114040317/https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0791412817&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhshaWu0m1D4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2014" class="citation cs2">Pintchman, Tracy (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791490495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791490495"><bdi>978-0791490495</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130701/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC">archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0791490495&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Banerjee, Sudeshna (2004). <i>Durga Puja: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow</i>. Rupa and Co, Calcutta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-291-0547-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-291-0547-0">81-291-0547-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya2008" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharyya, BK (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401104756/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct0608%2Fedit3">"Earthen sculptures of Goddess Durga"</a>. <i>The Assam Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct0608/edit3">the original</a> on 1 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Assam+Tribune&rft.atitle=Earthen+sculptures+of+Goddess+Durga&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=BK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assamtribune.com%2Fscripts%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3Doct0608%2Fedit3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dutta, Krishna. (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC">Calcutta: a cultural and literary history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227045013/https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC">Archived</a> 27 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Signal Books, Oxford, United Kingdom. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902669-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-902669-59-2">1-902669-59-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthukumaraswamyKaushal2004" class="citation book cs1">Muthukumaraswamy, M.D.; Kaushal, Molly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC"><i>Folklore, public sphere, and civil society</i></a>. National Folklore Support Centre(India). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-901481-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-901481-4-6"><bdi>978-81-901481-4-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427111119/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+public+sphere%2C+and+civil+society&rft.pub=National+Folklore+Support+Centre%28India%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-901481-4-6&rft.aulast=Muthukumaraswamy&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=Kaushal%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsrgg1Mel8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span> (Chapter 6: "Of Public Sphere and Sacred Space: Origins of Community Durga Puja in Bengal.")</li> <li>Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (2001). <i>Durga Puja Beginner</i>, Devi Mandir. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887472-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-887472-89-4">1-887472-89-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Durga Puja</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174256">Durga Puja</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/">"Durga Puja - The Hindu Festival, Durga-Puja.org"</a>. <i>www.durga-puja.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.durga-puja.org&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+-+The+Hindu+Festival%2C+Durga-Puja.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durga-puja.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga+Puja" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Durga Puja</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_festivals" title="Template talk:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/20px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/40px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Festivals in the Hindu calendar</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival"><span style="color:black">Harvest festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusn%C3%A2" title="Pusnâ">Pusnâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days"><span style="color:black">New year's days</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Other festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaubeej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaubeej">Bhaubeej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_(festival)" title="Gaura (festival)">Gaura Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Kashmiri Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Vrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Vrata">Mahalakshmi Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaham" title="Mahamaham">Mahamaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargat_Diwas" title="Pargat Diwas">Pargat Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Vrata" title="Savitri Vrata">Savitri Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaka_Ekadashi" title="Amalaka Ekadashi">Amalaka Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">Amavasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamada_Ekadashi" title="Kamada Ekadashi">Kamada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjala_Ekadashi" title="Nirjala Ekadashi">Nirjala Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Pausha Putrada Ekadashi">Pausha Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankashti_Chaturthi" title="Sankashti Chaturthi">Sankashti Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Shravana Putrada Ekadashi">Shravana Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuthini_Ekadashi" title="Varuthini Ekadashi">Varuthini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"><span style="color:black">Balinese festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinayana" title="Dakshinayana">Dakshinayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Hindu festivals</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x30px&#124;Culture_of_West_Bengal_Culture_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Culture of West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Template talk:Culture of West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x30px&#124;Culture_of_West_Bengal_Culture_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Culture of West Bengal"><img alt="Culture of West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/37px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="37" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/55px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/73px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1554" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture of West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baingan_bharta" title="Baingan bharta">Baingan bharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bori_(food)" title="Bori (food)">Bori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gohona_Bori" title="Gohona Bori">Gohona Bori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer_(Bengali_sweets)" title="Kheer (Bengali sweets)">Kheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichdi">Khichuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machh_bhaja" title="Machh bhaja">Machh bhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machher_Jhol" title="Machher Jhol">Machher Jhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishti_doi" title="Mishti doi">Mishti doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip-er_lal_doi" title="Nabadwip-er lal doi">Nabadwip-er lal doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">Sandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorshe_Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorshe Ilish">Sorshe Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abar_Khabo" title="Abar Khabo">Abar Khabo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg/100px-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg/150px-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg/200px-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_dance_forms_of_West_Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folk dance forms of West Bengal (page does not exist)">Folk dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brita_dance" title="Brita dance">Brita dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunuchi Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikapatadi" title="Kalikapatadi">Kalikapatadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_dance" title="Kushan dance">Kushan dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raibenshe" title="Raibenshe">Raibenshe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tusu_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tusu dance (page does not exist)">Tusu dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cultural songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamani-Vijaya" title="Agamani-Vijaya">Agamani-Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atulprasadi_Sangeet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atulprasadi Sangeet (page does not exist)">Atulprasadi Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur Gharana">Bishnupur Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendrageeti" title="Dwijendrageeti">Dwijendrageeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Samgiita" title="Prabhat Samgiita">Prabhat Samgiita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_song_forms_of_West_Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folk song forms of West Bengal (page does not exist)">Folk songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baromasya_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baromasya Song (page does not exist)">Baromasya Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhadu_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhadu Song (page does not exist)">Bhadu Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolan_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolan Song (page does not exist)">Bolan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghatu_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghatu Song (page does not exist)">Ghatu Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapu_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hapu song (page does not exist)">Hapu song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patua_Sangeet" title="Patua Sangeet">Patua Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tusu_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tusu Song (page does not exist)">Tusu Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handlooms and<br />handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Handloom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchari Sari">Baluchari Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantha" title="Kantha">Kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tant_sari" title="Tant sari">Tant sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_Mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhau Mask">Chhau Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shital_Pati" title="Shital Pati">Shital Pati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_dolls,_Natungram" title="Wooden dolls, Natungram">Wooden dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observations<br />and <a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals of West Bengal">festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Carnival" title="Darjeeling Carnival">Darjeeling Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmathakur" title="Dharmathakur">Dharmathakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Dola jatra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_Carnival" title="Durga Puja Carnival">Durga Puja Carnival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guptipara_Rathayatra" title="Guptipara Rathayatra">Guptipara Rathayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joydeb-Kenduli_Mela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joydeb-Kenduli Mela (page does not exist)">Joydeb-Kenduli Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishadal_Rathayatra" title="Mahishadal Rathayatra">Mahishadal Rathayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobanno">Nobanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Poila Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poush_Mela" title="Poush Mela">Poush Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathayatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathayatra">Rathayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathayatra_of_Mahesh" title="Rathayatra of Mahesh">Rathayatra of Mahesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindur_Khela" title="Sindur Khela">Sindur Khela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpona" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpona">Alpona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashabatar_Cards" title="Dashabatar Cards">Dashabatar Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durga_pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durga pot (page does not exist)">Durga pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalighat Painting">Kalighat Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholapith" title="Sholapith">Sholapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barowari" title="Barowari">Barowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bônggabdô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Rai" title="Dakshin Rai">Dakshin Rai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Culture of West Bengal">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengali_Hindus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template talk:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_Hindus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguri_(caste)" title="Aguri (caste)">Aguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdi_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdi caste">Bagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Kapali" title="Baishya Kapali">Baishya Kapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Saha" title="Baishya Saha">Baishya Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barujibi" title="Barujibi">Barujibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunaru" title="Chunaru">Chunaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhabanik" title="Gandhabanik">Gandhabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarna_Banik" title="Suvarna Banik">Suvarna Banik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_caste" title="Hari caste">Hari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta"> Kaibartya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansabanik" title="Kansabanik">Kansabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmakar" title="Karmakar">Karmakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayastha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulin_Kayastha" title="Kulin Kayastha">Kulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulika_Kayastha" title="Maulika Kayastha">Maulika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Mahishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_(caste)" title="Mal (caste)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namasudra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namassej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Avarna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadgop" title="Sadgop">Sadgop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunri" title="Shunri">Shunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Nath" title="Yogi Nath">Yogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/100px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/150px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/200px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Chandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)">Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namassejsantokotha" title="Namassejsantokotha">Matuasmritokotha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartabhaja" title="Kartabhaja">Kartabhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Conference_Organisation" title="Brahmo Conference Organisation">Brahmo Conference Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poila_Baisakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Poila Baisakh">Poila Baisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddho Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi#Worship" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai Jagannath Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Jhulan Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojagari_Lakshmi_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagari Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Day_(India)" title="National Youth Day (India)">Swami Vivekananda's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghotsab_of_Brahma_Samaj" title="Maghotsab of Brahma Samaj">Maghotsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_gharana" title="Bishnupur gharana">Bishnupur gharana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal-Kavya">Mangal-Kavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)"> Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Folk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholapith" title="Sholapith">Sholapith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raibenshe" title="Raibenshe">Raibenshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paika" title="Paika">Paika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_mythology_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu mythology and culture">Bengali Hindu mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of interest in Kolkata">Tourist attractions in Kolkata</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata#Origins" title="History of Kolkata">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Building" title="Currency Building">Currency Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Howrah Station">Howrah Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Kolkata)" title="Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)">Metropolitan Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William (India)">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Shaheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Kolkata" title="New Market, Kolkata">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata High Court">Kolkata High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsep_Ghat" title="Prinsep Ghat">Prinsep Ghat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kolkata" title="Geography of Kolkata">Geographical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar" title="Rabindra Sarobar">Rabindra Sarobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alambazar_Math" title="Alambazar Math">Alambazar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. James' Church, Kolkata">St. James' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lord_Jesus_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lord Jesus (Calcutta)">Church of the Lord Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery" title="South Park Street Cemetery">South Park Street Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata culture">Cultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barowari" title="Barowari">Barowari Pujos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Dol Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowringhee" title="Chowringhee">Chowringhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Film Festival">Kolkata Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Poila Boisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kolkata" title="Football in Kolkata">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumortuli" title="Kumortuli">Kumortuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondesh">Sondesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata" title="General Post Office, Kolkata">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statesman_Vintage_%26_Classic_Car_Rally" title="Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally">Vintage & Classic Car Rally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boulevards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJC_Bose_Road_%26_APC_Road" title="AJC Bose Road & APC Road">AJC Bose Road & APC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_Street_(Kolkata)" title="Amherst Street (Kolkata)">Amherst Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygunge_Circular_Road" title="Ballygunge Circular Road">Ballygunge Circular Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepin_Behari_Ganguly_Street" title="Bepin Behari Ganguly Street">Bowbazar Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camac_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camac Street">Camac Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittaranjan Avenue">Chittaranjan Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass" title="Eastern Metropolitan Bypass">Eastern Metropolitan Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariahat_Road" title="Gariahat Road">Gariahat Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurusaday_Dutta_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurusaday Dutta Road">Gurusaday Dutta Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Street_(Road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Street (Road)">Grey Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowringhee_Road" title="Chowringhee Road">The Chowringhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Bose_Road" title="Sarat Bose Road">Lansdowne Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata">Mahatma Gandhi Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib_Street" title="Mirza Ghalib Street">Mirza Ghalib Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Anwar_Shah_Road" title="Prince Anwar Shah Road">Prince Anwar Shah Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitpur" title="Chitpur">Rabindra Sarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Nabakrishna_Street" title="Raja Nabakrishna Street">Raja Nabakrishna Street</a></li> <li>Raja SC Mullick Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subash_Chandra_Bose_Road" title="Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road">Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbehari_Avenue" title="Rashbehari Avenue">Rashbehari Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Sarani" title="Shakespeare Sarani">Shakespeare Sarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Avenue,_Kolkata" title="Southern Avenue, Kolkata">Southern Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Road,_Kolkata" title="Strand Road, Kolkata">Strand Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudder_Street" title="Sudder Street">Sudder Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Sarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam Sarani">V.I.P. Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Road" title="Vivekananda Road">Vivekananda Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Road">Jawaharlal Nehru Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore_Trunk_Road" title="Barrackpore Trunk Road">B. T. Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Kolkata" title="New Market, Kolkata">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a> (<i>Books</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Square" title="Mani Square">Mani Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_City_Mall" title="South City Mall">South City Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Mall" title="Quest Mall">Quest Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum (Kolkata)">Forum Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shopping malls in Kolkata">Other shopping malls</a></li> <li>Barnoporichoy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks, riverfront,<br />zoos and stadiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden,_Alipore" title="Zoological Garden, Alipore">Alipore Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Central Park (Kolkata)">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Millennium Park (Kolkata)">Millennium Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohor_Kunja" title="Mohor Kunja">Mohor Kunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatica_(Kolkata)" title="Aquatica (Kolkata)">Aquatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicco_Park" title="Nicco Park">Nicco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_City,_Kolkata" title="Science City, Kolkata">Science City, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Banyan" title="The Great Banyan">The Great Banyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_Park,_New_Town" title="Eco Park, New Town">New Town Eco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Race_Course" title="Kolkata Race Course">Race Course Pavilions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Ground" title="East Bengal Ground">East Bengal Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Ground" title="Mohammedan Sporting Ground">Mohammedan Sporting Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Odisha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odia_culture" title="Template:Odia culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odia_culture" title="Template talk:Odia culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odia_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odia culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odisha" title="Culture of Odisha">Culture of Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Odisha" title="Arts of Odisha">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Nacha" title="Bagha Nacha">Bagha Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadheia_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadheia dance (page does not exist)">Chadheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti_ghoda" title="Chaiti ghoda">Chaiti ghoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chutkuchuta_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chutkuchuta dance (page does not exist)">Chutkuchuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_Nata" title="Danda Nata">Danda Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhan_koela_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhan koela dance (page does not exist)">Dhan Koela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhuduki_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhuduki dance (page does not exist)">Dhuduki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghumura Dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhumar_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jhumar dance (page does not exist)">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jodi_sankha_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jodi sankha dance (page does not exist)">Jodi sankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandhei_nacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandhei nacha (page does not exist)">Kandhei nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathi_Kandhei_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathi Kandhei dance (page does not exist)">Kathi Kandhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nachni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naga_nrutya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naga nrutya (page does not exist)">Naga nrutya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pala (dance) (page does not exist)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasarkeli_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasarkeli dance (page does not exist)">Rasarkeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranapa_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranapa dance (page does not exist)">Ranapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambalpuri_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambalpuri dance (page does not exist)">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samprada_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samprada dance (page does not exist)">Samprada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laudi_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laudi dance (page does not exist)">Laudi nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lankapodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lankapodi (page does not exist)">Lankapodi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lila_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lila dance (page does not exist)">Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamasa_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamasa dance (page does not exist)">Tamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasu_nrutya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasu nrutya (page does not exist)">Pasu nrutya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patua_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patua dance (page does not exist)">Patua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakhi_Nata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakhi Nata (page does not exist)">Sakhi Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suanga (page does not exist)">Suanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tribal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desia_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desia dance (page does not exist)">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadaba_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadaba dance (page does not exist)">Gadaba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandha_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandha dance (page does not exist)">Kandha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koya_dane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koya dane (page does not exist)">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onra_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onra dance (page does not exist)">Onra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraja_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraja dance (page does not exist)">Paraja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saura_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saura dance (page does not exist)">Saura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Odisha">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendara_gita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendara gita (page does not exist)">Kendara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumpa_sangita" title="Dhumpa sangita">Dhumpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Play, theatre and<br />puppetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Play and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Lila" title="Bharata Lila">Bharata Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasakathia" title="Dasakathia">Dasakathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanu_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanu Jatra">Dhanu Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Odisha)" title="Jatra (Odisha)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahallada_Nataka" title="Prahallada Nataka">Prahallada Nataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana_chhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravana chhaya">Ravana chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_kandhei" title="Sakhi kandhei">Sakhi kandhei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia Hindu wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Odisha" title="Festivals of Odisha">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Jatra" title="Bali Jatra">Bali Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita_Bandana" title="Boita Bandana">Boita Bandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Dola Jatra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuakhai" title="Nuakhai">Nuakhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Gamha Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Kumar Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manabasa_Gurubara" title="Manabasa Gurubara">Manabasa Gurubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti (Maha Vishuba Sankranti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pousha_Purnima" title="Pousha Purnima">Pousha Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathamastami" title="Prathamastami">Prathamastami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(festival)" title="Raja (festival)">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Dashami" title="Samba Dashami">Samba Dashami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitalsasthi" title="Sitalsasthi">Sitalsasthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snana_Yatra" title="Snana Yatra">Snana Jatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">Paika akhada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handlooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baleswari_bandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baleswari bandha (page does not exist)">Baleswari bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur_Patta" title="Berhampur Patta">Berhampuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomkai_sari" title="Bomkai sari">Bomkai (Sonepuri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalapathar_Parda_%26_Fabrics" title="Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics">Dhalapathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_Tussar_Fabrics" title="Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics">Gopalpur Tussar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habaspuri_sari" title="Habaspuri sari">Habaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotpad_Handloom_fabrics" title="Kotpad Handloom fabrics">Kotpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Ikat" title="Odisha Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasapali_sari" title="Pasapali sari">Pasapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari" title="Sambalpuri sari">Sambalpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and<br />Handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhoti_chita" title="Jhoti chita">Jhoti chita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_painting" title="Saura painting">Saura painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idital" title="Idital">Idital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipili_appliqu%C3%A9_work" title="Pipili appliqué work">Chandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakasi" title="Tarakasi">Tarakasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjapa" title="Ganjapa">Ganjapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clay_idols_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay idols of Odisha (page does not exist)">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving_in_Odisha" title="Stone carving in Odisha">Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wooden_crafts_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wooden crafts of Odisha (page does not exist)">Wooden crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_metal_%26_Bronze_works_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell metal & Bronze works of Odisha (page does not exist)">Bronze & Bell metal works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deula" title="Deula">Deula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calendar (<a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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