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class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Russian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" data-event-name="menu.watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For modern secured telecommunications network between Russia and the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Moscow-Washington_hotline" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow-Washington hotline">Moscow-Washington hotline</a>.</div> The Russian–American Telegraph, also known as the Western Union Telegraph Expedition and the Collins Overland Telegraph, was an attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union Telegraph Company">Western Union Telegraph Company</a> from 1865 to 1867 to lay a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> line from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, Russia">Moscow, Russia</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif/330px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif/440px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph.gif 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="463"></a><figcaption>Painting of Men Working On the Collins Overland Telegraph Line, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clayton_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clayton White (page does not exist)">John Clayton White</a>.</figcaption></figure> The route of the $3,000,000 undertaking (equivalent to $59.7 million today)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-1">[1]</a> was intended to travel from California via <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> and cross the broad breadth of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian Continent</a> to Moscow, where lines would communicate with the rest of Europe. It was proposed as a much longer alternative to the challenge of long, deep underwater cables in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, having only to cross the comparatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> underwater between North America and Siberia. Laying the cable across Siberia proved more difficult than expected. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus West Field">Cyrus West Field</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable#Great_Eastern_and_the_second_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic cable</a> was successfully completed, leading to the abandonment in 1867 of the trans-Russian effort. A Government of Canada historic plaque adds these specifics: "In 1867 ... construction ceased at Fort Stager at the confluence of the Kispyap and Skeena rivers. The section from New Westminster to the Cariboo was bought by the Canadian Government in 1880."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In spite of the project's economic failure, many regard aspects of the effort a success on the weight of various benefits the exploration brought to the regions that were traversed. To date, no entities have attempted a communications cable across the Bering Sea, with all extant <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a> that travel westbound from North America following more southerly routes across much longer stretches of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a>, connecting to Asia in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and then on to the Asian mainland. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Rival_plans">1 Rival plans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Preparations">2 Preparations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Route_through_Russian_America">3 Route through Russian America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Route_through_British_Columbia">4 Route through British Columbia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legacy">5 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Places_named_for_the_expedition_or_its_members">6 Places named for the expedition or its members</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Books_and_memoirs_written_about_the_expedition">7 Books and memoirs written about the expedition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Rival_plans">Rival plans</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rival plans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CyrusField.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CyrusField.jpg/220px-CyrusField.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CyrusField.jpg/220px-CyrusField.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/CyrusField.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus West Field">Cyrus West Field</a></figcaption></figure> By 1861 the Western Union Telegraph Company had linked the eastern United States by electric telegraph all the way to San Francisco. The challenge then remained to connect North America with the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Working to meet that challenge were two telegraph pioneers, one, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus West Field">Cyrus West Field</a>, seeking to lay an <a href="/wiki/Undersea_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersea telegraph cable">undersea telegraph cable</a> west to east across the Atlantic from North America, and the other, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Collins" title="Perry Collins">Perry Collins</a>, proposing a west to east link going the opposite direction, overland from the west coast of North America across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> and Sibera to Moscow. Field's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a> laid the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">first transatlantic cable</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in 1858. However, it had broken three weeks afterwards and attempts to repair it had been unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Meanwhile, entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Perry_Collins" title="Perry Collins">Perry Collins</a> visited Russia and took note that it was making good progress extending its telegraph lines eastwards from Moscow over Siberia. Upon his return to the States, Collins approached <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Sibley" title="Hiram Sibley">Hiram Sibley</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union Telegraph Company">Western Union Telegraph Company</a> with the idea of an overland telegraph line that would run through the Northwestern states, the colony of British Columbia and Russian Alaska. Together, they worked on promoting the idea and obtained considerable support in the US, London and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png/330px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png/440px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Work_Crew.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Painting of work crew on Collins Overland Telegraph</figcaption></figure> On July 1, 1864, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American president</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> granted Western Union a right of way from San Francisco to the British Columbia border and assigned them the <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Saginaw_(1859)" title="USS Saginaw (1859)">Saginaw</a> from the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>. The George S. Wright and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Nightingale_(1851)" title="USS Nightingale (1851)">Nightingale</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> were also put into service, as well as a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-robb-7">[7]</a> To supervise the construction, Collins chose Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bulkley_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bulkley (engineer) (page does not exist)">Charles Bulkley</a>, who had been the Superintendent of Military Telegraphs. Being an ex-military man, Bulkley divided the work crews into "working divisions" and an "Engineer Corps."<a href="#cite_note-robb-7">[7]</a> Edward Conway was made the head of the project's American route and British Columbia sections. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Pope">Franklin Pope</a> was assigned to Conway and given the responsibility for the exploring of British Columbia. The task of exploring Russian America went to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicott" title="Robert Kennicott">Robert Kennicott</a>. In Siberia, the construction and exploration was under the charge of Russian nobleman Serge Abasa. Assigned to him were Collins Macrae, <a href="/wiki/George_Kennan_(explorer)" title="George Kennan (explorer)">George Kennan</a>, and J. A. Mahood.<a href="#cite_note-robb-7">[7]</a> Exploration and construction teams were divided into groups: one was in British Columbia, another worked around the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norton_Sound" title="Norton Sound">Norton Sound</a> with headquarters at <a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Alaska" title="St. Michael, Alaska">St. Michael, Alaska</a>, a third explored the area along the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> in Siberia, and a fourth group of about forty men was sent to <a href="/wiki/Port_Clarence,_Alaska" title="Port Clarence, Alaska">Port Clarence</a> to build the line that was to cross the Bering Strait to Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster,_British_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="284"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 88px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/330px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/440px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Terminal_at_New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Collins Overland Telegraph Terminal at <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Westminster, British Columbia">New Westminster, British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> The Colony of British Columbia gave the project its full and enthusiastic support, allowing the materials for the line to be brought in free of <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tolls</a>. Chosen as the British Columbia terminus, New Westminster gloated over its triumph over its rival, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, and it was predicted in the British Columbian newspaper that "New Westminster, traduced and dreaded by its jealous neighbor, will now be at the centre of all these great systems."<a href="#cite_note-robb-7">[7]</a> The right of way for the telegraph line followed the shoreline west from the US border, then traversed the high ground of what is now <a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a> and South Surrey to the Nicomekl River.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Mud_Bay,_British_Columbia" title="Mud Bay, British Columbia">Mud Bay</a> the telegraph line followed the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Trail" title="Kennedy Trail">Kennedy Trail</a> northwest across Surrey and North Delta to the Fraser River.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At Brownsville, a cable was laid across the river to New Westminster. The surveying in British Columbia had started before the line reached New Westminster on March 21, 1865. Edward Conway had walked to <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a> and was dismayed by the difficulty of the terrain. In response to Conway's concerns, the Colony of British Columbia agreed to build a road from New Westminster to <a href="/wiki/Yale,_British_Columbia" title="Yale, British Columbia">Yale</a> where it would meet the newly completed <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Road" title="Cariboo Road">Cariboo Road</a>. The telegraph company's only responsibility would be to string wires along it.<a href="#cite_note-robb-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Route_through_Russian_America">Route through Russian America</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Route through Russian America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif/330px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif/440px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Line.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Collins Overland Telegraph Line</figcaption></figure> Work began in <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> in 1865, but initially little progress was made. Contributing to this lack of success was the climate, the terrain, supply shortages and the late arrival of the construction teams. Nevertheless, the entire route through Russian America was surveyed by the fall of 1866. Rather than waiting until spring, as was the usual practice, construction began and continued through that winter.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a> Many of the Western Union workers were unaccustomed to severe northern winters, and working in frigid conditions made erecting the line a difficult experience. Fires had to be lit to thaw out the frozen ground before holes could be dug to place the telegraph poles. For transportation and to haul the supplies, the only option the work crews had was to use teams of <a href="/wiki/Sled_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled dogs">sled dogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a> When the Atlantic cable was successfully completed and the first transatlantic message to England was sent in July 1866, the men in the Russian American division were not aware of it until a full year later.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a> By then telegraph stations had been built, thousands of poles were cut and distributed along the route, and over 45 mi (72 km) of line had been completed in Russian America. Despite the fact that so much progress had been made, in July 1867 the work was officially ceased.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Route_through_British_Columbia">Route through British Columbia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Route through British Columbia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg/220px-New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg/220px-New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg/330px-New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg/440px-New_Westminster_sketch_1865.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Westminster, British Columbia">New Westminster, British Columbia</a> in 1865</figcaption></figure> When that section of the line reached New Westminster, British Columbia, in the spring of 1865, the first message it carried was of the April 15 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In May 1865 construction began from New Westminster to Yale and then along the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Road" title="Cariboo Road">Cariboo Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quesnel,_British_Columbia" title="Quesnel, British Columbia">Quesnel</a>. Winter brought a halt to construction, but resumed in the spring with 150 men working northwest from Quesnel. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cariboo_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cariboo_Road.jpg/220px-Cariboo_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cariboo_Road.jpg/220px-Cariboo_Road.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cariboo_Road.jpg/330px-Cariboo_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cariboo_Road.jpg/440px-Cariboo_Road.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A section of the Cariboo Road</figcaption></figure> In 1866, the work progressed rapidly in that section, fifteen log telegraph cabins had been built and line had been strung 400 mi (640 km) from Quesnel, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Kispiox_River" title="Kispiox River">Kispiox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulkley_River" title="Bulkley River">Bulkley Rivers</a>. The company's sternwheeler, Mumford, traveled 110 mi (180 km) up the <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena River</a> from the Pacific Coast three times that season, successfully delivering 150 mi (240 km) of material for the telegraph line and 12,000 rations for its workers. The line passed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fraser,_British_Columbia" title="Fort Fraser, British Columbia">Fort Fraser</a> and reached the Skeena River, creating the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Hazelton,_British_Columbia" title="Hazelton, British Columbia">Hazelton</a> when it was learned that Cyrus West Field had successfully laid the transatlantic cable on July 27. In British Columbia, construction of the overland line was halted on February 27, 1867, as the whole project was now deemed obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Nevertheless, left behind in British Columbia was a usable telegraph system from New Westminster to Quesnel, which later would be run to the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Barkerville" title="Barkerville">Barkerville</a>, and a trail that had been beat through what had largely been uncharted wilderness. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif/220px-Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif/220px-Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif/330px-Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif/440px-Hagwilget_First_Bridge.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hagwilget first bridge</figcaption></figure> In addition, the expedition left behind a vast store of supplies that were put to good use by some of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_IPOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian IPOC (page does not exist)">First Nations</a> inhabitants. Near Hazelton, Colonel Bulkley had been impressed by <a href="/wiki/Hagwilget_Canyon_Bridge" title="Hagwilget Canyon Bridge">the bridge</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hagwilget" title="Hagwilget">Hagwilgets</a> had built across the Bulkley River, but was reluctant to let his work party cross it until it had been reinforced with cable. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif/220px-Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="457"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif/220px-Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif/330px-Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif/440px-Hagwilget_Second_Bridge.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hagwilget second bridge</figcaption></figure> After the project was abandoned, the Hagwilgets at Hazelton built a second bridge from cable that the company had left behind.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Both bridges were considered marvels of engineering and were credited as being "one of the romances of bridge building."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="446"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png/220px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png/330px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png/440px-Collins_Overland_Telegraph_Cabin_on_Lake.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Painting of a Collins Overland Telegraph cabin</figcaption></figure> In the long run, the telegraph expedition, while an abject economic failure, provided a further means by which America was able to expand its <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> beyond its national boundaries and may have precipitated the US purchase of Alaska.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The expedition was responsible for the first examination of the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and geology of Russian America and the members of the telegraph project were able to play a crucial role in the purchase of Alaska by providing useful valuable data on the territory.<a href="#cite_note-pedersen-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Colony of British Columbia meanwhile could further explore, colonize and communicate with its northern landscapes beyond what had been done by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. Many of the towns in Northwestern British Columbia can trace their initial European settlement back to the Collins Overland Telegraph. Some examples of these are Hazelton,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Burns Lake, British Columbia">Burns Lake</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telkwa,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telkwa, British Columbia">Telkwa</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Creek,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Creek, British Columbia">Telegraph Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The expedition also laid a foundation for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Telegraph_Trail" title="Yukon Telegraph Trail">Yukon Telegraph</a> line which was built from <a href="/wiki/Ashcroft,_British_Columbia" title="Ashcroft, British Columbia">Ashcroft</a> to Telegraph Creek and beyond to Dawson City, Yukon in 1901. Portions of the telegraph route became part of the Ashcroft trail used by gold seekers during the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_gold_rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Klondike gold rush">Klondike gold rush</a>. Of all the trails used by the stampeders the Ashcroft was among the harshest. Of the over fifteen hundred men and three thousand horses left <a href="/wiki/Ashcroft,_British_Columbia" title="Ashcroft, British Columbia">Ashcroft, British Columbia</a>, in the spring of 1898, only six men and no horses reached the goldfields. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_R._Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter R. Hamilton (page does not exist)">Walter R. Hamilton</a> was among those who completed the route. In his book The Yukon Story he describes the state of the trail thirty years after it was abandoned <blockquote>All evidence of the right-of-way and poles were gone, but in a few instances we found pieces of old telegraph wire imbedded several inches in the spruce, jack-pine and poplar trees that had long-since grown up and over the wires that touched them. I found one of the old green glass insulators still attached to a galvanized wire. I kept it as a souvenir but lost it later with a camera and some clothing when a scow was nearly overturned on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Laberge" title="Lake Laberge">Lake Laberge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Places_named_for_the_expedition_or_its_members">Places named for the expedition or its members</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Places named for the expedition or its members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Mount Pope in British Columbia was named for Franklin Pope, who was the assistant engineer and chief of explorations, responsible for surveying the 1,500 miles section from New Westminster to the Yukon River.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennicott2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_Kennicott2.jpg/220px-Robert_Kennicott2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="854"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_Kennicott2.jpg/220px-Robert_Kennicott2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_Kennicott2.jpg/330px-Robert_Kennicott2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_Kennicott2.jpg/440px-Robert_Kennicott2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Robert Kennicott</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennecott,_Alaska" title="Kennecott, Alaska">Kennecott, Alaska</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kennicott_Glacier" title="Kennicott Glacier">Kennicott Glacier</a> are named for the expedition's naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicott" title="Robert Kennicott">Robert Kennicott</a>. Although Kennicott died on the expedition, on May 13, 1866, his work was publicized by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Dall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Dall">W. H. Dall</a>, another naturalist hired by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicott" title="Robert Kennicott">Robert Kennicott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This publication and the publicity about Kennicott's death at the age of thirty-one helped <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> convince <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alaska_purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska purchase">purchase</a> Alaska from Russia in 1867.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The Bulkley River,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulkley_Valley" title="Bulkley Valley">Bulkley Valley</a>, Bulkley Mountains<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (now named the <a href="/wiki/Bulkley_Ranges" title="Bulkley Ranges">Bulkley Ranges</a>) and the settlement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulkley_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulkley House (page does not exist)">Bulkley House</a> in British Columbia are named after Colonel Charles Bulkley. The name of the <a href="/wiki/Bulkley-Nechako_Regional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulkley-Nechako Regional District">Bulkley-Nechako Regional District</a>, a regional government in that area, is derived from the geographic names.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake" title="Burns Lake">Burns Lake</a> was named after Michael Byrnes, scout for the Collins Overland Telegraph scheme who explored the route from Fort Fraser to Skeena Forks (Hazelton, BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decker_Lake_(British_Columbia)" title="Decker Lake (British Columbia)">Decker Lake</a> was named after Stephen Decker, construction foreman in British Columbia.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Range" title="Telegraph Range">Telegraph Range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ootsa_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootsa Lake">Ootsa Lake</a> area is one of several landforms whose name is associated with the project</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Books_and_memoirs_written_about_the_expedition">Books and memoirs written about the expedition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books and memoirs written about the expedition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Several major works are available documenting the expedition. The scientific travelogue by Smithsonian scientist <a href="/wiki/W._H._Dall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Dall">W. H. Dall</a> is perhaps the most referenced, while an English travelogue by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whymper" title="Frederick Whymper">Frederick Whymper</a> provides additional information. Among personal accounts members of the expedition are a diary of Franklin Pope.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Kennan_(explorer)" title="George Kennan (explorer)">George Kennan</a> and Richard Bush both wrote of the difficulties they encountered during the expedition. Kennan would later become notable for influencing American opinion of the Russian Empire. Originally very much for Russian settlement of the far East, on visiting the exile camps in the 1880s he changed his mind and later wrote Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Richard Bush, aiming to emulate Kennan's success, wrote "Reindeer, Dogs and Snowshoes".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> All documents and books relating to the expedition are of historical value, not only from a travel and discovery perspective but also from a cultural studies standpoint. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentric">ethnocentric</a> descriptions of aboriginal peoples in the places now known as British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a> and Alaska, as well as the general region of Eastern Siberia, typify those attitudes of the time. Telegraph records provide evidence for native land claims such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitxsan Nation">Gitxsan Nation</a> of northern British Columbia. Dall's records have helped locate Smithsonian exhibits returned to their original native domiciles. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-1"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_1-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=935">"Collins' Overland Telegraph National Historic Event"</a>. Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Retrieved September 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+Federal+Heritage+Designations&rft.atitle=Collins%27+Overland+Telegraph+National+Historic+Event&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fapps%2Fdfhd%2Fpage_nhs_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman1991" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Jean (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westbeyondwesthi0000barm">The West Beyond the West</a>. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westbeyondwesthi0000barm/page/n109">86</a>–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2739-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2739-3"><bdi>0-8020-2739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Beyond+the+West&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8020-2739-3&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestbeyondwesthi0000barm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtlanticcable.com" class="citation web cs1">Atlanticcable.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820151159/http://www.atlantic-cable.com/">"Atlantic Cable History"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF0/068.html">the original</a> on June 9, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alaska+Science+Forum&rft.au=Pedersen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gi.alaska.edu%2FScienceForum%2FASF0%2F068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Dowle, Ron, The Semiahmoo Trail Myths Makers Memories, Ron Dowle, Surrey Historical Society, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> McColl, William (1864). 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Retrieved August 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colins+Overland+Telegraph&rft.au=Fort+Langley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortlangley.ca%2Flangley%2F2etelegraph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_A._Huurdeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Anton A. Huurdeman (July 31, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&q=collins+overland+telegraph+hazelton&pg=PA101">The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471205050" title="Special:BookSources/9780471205050"><bdi>9780471205050</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft.isbn=9780471205050&rft.au=Anton+A.+Huurdeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnjGRDVIUL4C%26q%3Dcollins%2Boverland%2Btelegraph%2Bhazelton%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline1979" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Sperry (1979). Pioneer Days in British Columbia:#5:The Bridges at Hagwilget. Heritage House. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690546-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9690546-2-9"><bdi>0-9690546-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Days+in+British+Columbia%3A%235%3AThe+Bridges+at+Hagwilget&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Heritage+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-9690546-2-9&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Sperry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1916" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, J.L. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgeengineeri00waddgoog">Bridge Engineering</a>. New York, John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Engineering&rft.pub=New+York%2C+John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgeengineeri00waddgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Steve Wilcockson in his MA Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1997, believes that the expedition actually was a major cause of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">purchase of Alaska</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> acting for the United States. Seward was a sponsor of the expedition and would have been exposed to the reports coming back from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>-sponsored scientists, like Kennicott, of the mineral wealth in the region. It is also no coincidence that among the first arrivals at <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a>, in its gold rush was a man called Libby, who had been in the same place some thirty years earlier with the Telegraph Expedition. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOurBC.com" class="citation web cs1">OurBC.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/yellowhead_hwy/hazelton.htm">"Hazelton"</a>. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazelton&rft.au=OurBC.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourbc.com%2Ftravel_bc%2Fbc_cities%2Fyellowhead_hwy%2Fhazelton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell's_Travel_Guide" class="citation web cs1">Bell's Travel Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215847/http://www.bellsalaska.com/burnslake.html">"Burns Lake"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellsalaska.com/burnslake.html">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burns+Lake&rft.au=Bell%27s+Travel+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellsalaska.com%2Fburnslake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/9887.html">"Burns Lake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burns+Lake&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F9887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBC.com" class="citation web cs1">BC.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708212551/http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3676">"Telkwa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3676">the original</a> on July 8, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telkwa&rft.au=BC.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcolumbia.com%2Fregions%2Ftowns%2F%3FtownID%3D3676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBC.com" class="citation web cs1">BC.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708212551/http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3676">"Telegraph Creek"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3676">the original</a> on July 8, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegraph+Creek&rft.au=BC.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcolumbia.com%2Fregions%2Ftowns%2F%3FtownID%3D3676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Vancouver BC, Mitchell Press, 1967 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/27206.html">"Mount Pope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mount+Pope&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F27206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSI_Archives" class="citation web cs1">SI Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907094017/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/dall.htm">"WH Dall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/dall.htm">the original</a> on September 7, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WH+Dall&rft.au=SI+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fdocuments%2Fdall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/1662.html">"Bulkley River"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulkley+River&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F1662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/12671.html">"Bulkley Mountains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulkley+Mountains&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F12671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelegraph_history" class="citation web cs1">Telegraph history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph-history.org/pope/page2.htm">"Franklin Pope"</a>. Retrieved August 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin+Pope&rft.au=Telegraph+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph-history.org%2Fpope%2Fpage2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelegraph_trail" class="citation web cs1">Telegraph trail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804001501/http://www.telegraphtrail.org/history/section07.htm">"Diary of Franklin Pope"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphtrail.org/history/section07.htm">the original</a> on August 4, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+of+Franklin+Pope&rft.au=Telegraph+trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphtrail.org%2Fhistory%2Fsection07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/12328">Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>1870;reprint 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87905-254-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87905-254-6">0-87905-254-6</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdclccn.01003745/?sp=6&st=gallery">"Reindeer, dogs, and snow-shoes: a journal of Siberian travel and explorations made in the years 1865, 1866, and 1867"</a>. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Reindeer%2C+dogs%2C+and+snow-shoes%3A+a+journal+of+Siberian+travel+and+explorations+made+in+the+years+1865%2C+1866%2C+and+1867.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdclccn.01003745%2F%3Fsp%3D6%26st%3Dgallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history" title="Bibliography of California history">Bibliography of California history</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, John (2001). To Wire the World: Perry M. Collins and the North Pacific Telegraph Expedition. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96755-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96755-7"><bdi>0-275-96755-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Wire+the+World%3A+Perry+M.+Collins+and+the+North+Pacific+Telegraph+Expedition&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-275-96755-7&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeering2000" class="citation book cs1">Neering, Rosemary (2000). Continental Dash: The Russian-American Telegraph. Ganges, BC: Horsdal & Schubart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920663-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-920663-07-9"><bdi>0-920663-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continental+Dash%3A+The+Russian-American+Telegraph&rft.place=Ganges%2C+BC&rft.pub=Horsdal+%26+Schubart&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-920663-07-9&rft.aulast=Neering&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuck1917" class="citation book cs1">Stuck, Hudson (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesonyukona00stucgoog">Voyages on the Yukon</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+on+the+Yukon&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Stuck&rft.aufirst=Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesonyukona00stucgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDall1898" class="citation book cs1">Dall, William H (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_16518">The Yukon Territory: The Narrative of W.H. Dall, Leader of the Expedition to Alaska in 1866–1868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665165184" title="Special:BookSources/9780665165184"><bdi>9780665165184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yukon+Territory%3A+The+Narrative+of+W.H.+Dall%2C+Leader+of+the+Expedition+to+Alaska+in+1866%E2%80%931868&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=9780665165184&rft.aulast=Dall&rft.aufirst=William+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_16518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian%E2%80%93American+Telegraph" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kennan, George</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/12328">Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>1870;reprint 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87905-254-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87905-254-6">0-87905-254-6</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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