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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cakupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cakupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cakupan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cakupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 37 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة الإيرانية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة الإيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ranika_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="İranika Ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İranika Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ایرانیکا بیلیکلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرانیکا بیلیکلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئێرانیکا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئێرانیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranika_Enciklopedio" title="Iranika Enciklopedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iranika Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دانشنامه ایرانیکا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה איראניקה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה איראניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="イラン百科事典 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ირანიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ირანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ираника энциклопедиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ираника энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaiklopedia_Iranika" title="Ensaiklopedia Iranika – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensaiklopedia Iranika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایرانیکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopedia Iranica – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Encyclopedia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Донишномаи Эронико – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишномаи Эронико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دائرۃ 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1139550" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopædia Iranica <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.author=1300+nama+kontributor&rft.date=1985%E2%80%93sekarang&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="display:none"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pengarang</th><td class="infobox-data">1300 nama kontributor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negara</th><td class="infobox-data">Amerika Serikat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjek</th><td class="infobox-data">studi <a href="/wiki/Iranistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranistik">Iranistik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iran_Raya" title="Iran Raya">Iran Raya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia">Ensiklopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Referensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Referensi">referensi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penerbit</th><td class="infobox-data">Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Brill Academic Publishers<sup id="cite_ref-legaldispute_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legaldispute-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Tanggal terbit</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1985–sekarang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jenis media</th><td class="infobox-data">45 volume bersampul direncanakan;<br /> 16 jilid atau 15 jilid dan 6 jilid hingga Oktober 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-legaldispute_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legaldispute-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Situs web</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org">iranicaonline.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Encyclopædia Iranica</b> adalah proyek yang bertujuan untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia">ensiklopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> yang komprehensif dan otoritatif tentang sejarah, budaya, dan peradaban masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> dari prasejarah hingga zaman modern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cakupan">Cakupan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Cakupan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cakupan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encyclopædia Iranica didedikasikan untuk mempelajari peradaban Iran di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a> yang lebih luas, <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa Tenggara">Eropa Tenggara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, dan anak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benua_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benua India (halaman belum tersedia)">benua India</a>. Karya referensi akademik pada akhirnya akan mencakup semua aspek sejarah dan budaya Iran serta semua bahasa dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastra_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastra Iran (halaman belum tersedia)">sastra Iran</a>, memfasilitasi seluruh jajaran penelitian studi Iran dari arkeologi hingga ilmu politik. Ini adalah proyek yang didirikan oleh Ehsan Yarshater pada tahun 1973 dan saat ini dilakukan di Universitas Columbia dan Pusat Studi Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buku ini dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia">ensiklopedia</a> standar disiplin akademik Iranistik.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cakupan ensiklopedia melampaui Iran modern (juga dikenal sebagai "Persia") dan mencakup seluruh bidang budaya Iran, dan jauh melampaui itu. Hubungan dunia Iran dengan budaya lain (Tiongkok, negara-negara Eropa, dan lain-lain) juga dibahas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proyek ini berencana menerbitkan total hingga 45 volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-legaldispute-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legaldispute_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legaldispute_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">lihat <a href="#Legal_dispute">§ Legal dispute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/about">"Iranicaonline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranicaonline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Fpages%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Banuazizi, Ali (1990). "Review of <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> by Ehsan Yarshater". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 370–373. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800034279">10.1017/s0020743800034279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/164148">164148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+by+Ehsan+Yarshater&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=370-373&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800034279&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164148&rft.aulast=Banuazizi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/scholar-quotes">"Praise from Scholars Worldwide"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Praise+from+Scholars+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Fpages%2Fscholar-quotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boss, Shira J. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073950/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php">"<i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+Today&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Boss&rft.aufirst=Shira+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct_archive%2Fnov03%2Ffeatures5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Trompf, Garry W. (2008). "Encyclopedia Iranica - 35: A New Agenda for Persian Studies?". <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 385–395. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338408X406137">10.1163/157338408X406137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25597382">25597382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica+-+35%3A+A+New+Agenda+for+Persian+Studies%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=385-395&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338408X406137&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597382&rft.aulast=Trompf&rft.aufirst=Garry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/">Situs Web Encyclopedia Iranica (oleh Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation)</a> Akses teks lengkap ke banyak artikel dari <i>Encyclopædia</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfis.columbia.edu/research-projects/encyclopaedia-iranica">Situs Web Encyclopædia Iranica (oleh Universitas Columbia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/events/">Situs Web Acara Encyclopædia Iranica</a> Merinci acara masa depan dan masa lalu yang disponsori atau didukung oleh <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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