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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Corporate governance== Among the most important governance standards are rights to [[vote]] for who is on the board of directors for investors of labour and capital. ===Shareholder rights=== The [[Shareholder Rights Directive 2007]] requires [[shareholders]] be able to make proposals, ask questions at meetings, vote by proxy and vote through intermediaries.<ref>[[Shareholder Rights Directive 2007]] 2007/36/EC arts 5-14</ref> This has become increasingly important as most company shares are held by [[institutional investors]] (primarily [[asset managers]] or banks, depending on the member state) who are holding "other people's money". A large proportion of this money comes from employees and other people saving for retirement, but who do not have an effective voice. Unlike Switzerland after a [[Swiss executive pay initiative, 2013|2013 people's initiative]], or the U.S. [[Dodd-Frank Act 2010]] in relation to brokers,<ref>[[Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010]] §957, inserting [[Securities Exchange Act 1934]] §6(b)(10)</ref> the EU has not yet prevented intermediaries casting votes without express instructions of beneficiaries. *Draft Ninth Company Law Directive, on [[corporate groups]] ===Employee rights=== A [[Draft Fifth Company Law Directive]] proposed in 1972, which would have required EU-wide rights for employees to vote for boards stalled mainly because it attempted to require [[Supervisory board|two-tier board]] structures,<ref>See M Gold, 'Worker directors in the UK and the limits of policy transfer from Europe since the 1970s' (2005) 20 Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 29, 35</ref> although most EU member states have [[codetermination]] today with unified boards. ===Investor rights=== {{Clist eu investment}} A series of rights for ultimate investors exist in the [[Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003]]. This requires duties of disclosure in how a retirement fund is run, funding and insurance to guard against insolvency,<ref>[[Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003]] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:02003L0041-20130620 2003/41/EC]</ref> but not yet that voting rights are only cast on the instructions of investors. By contrast, the [[Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive 2009]] does suggest that investors in a [[mutual fund]] or ("[[collective investment scheme]]") should control the voting rights.<ref>[[UCITS Directive 2009]] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32009L0065 art 19(3)(o)]</ref> The [[UCITS Directive 2009]] is primarily concerned with creating a "passport". If a firm complies with rules on authorisation, and governance of the management and investment companies in an overall fund structure, it can sell its shares in a collective investment scheme across the EU. This forms a broader package of Directives on securities and financial market regulation, much of which has been shaped by experience in the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]].<ref>See N Moloney, ''EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation'' (3rd edn 2014). On the original conception of the need for securities market regulation, see [[AA Berle]] and [[GC Means]], ''[[The Modern Corporation and Private Property]]'' (1932) Part III</ref> Additional rules on remuneration practices, separating depositary bodies in firms from management and investment companies, and more penalties for violations were inserted in 2014.<ref>[[UCITS V Directive]] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0091 2014/91/EU]</ref> These measures are meant to decrease the risk to investors that an investment goes insolvent. The [[Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004]] applies to other businesses selling [[financial instruments]]. It requires similar authorisation procedures to have a "passport" to sell in any EU country, and transparency of financial contracts through duties to disclose material information about products being sold, including disclosure of potential [[Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]] with clients.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0039:EN:HTML 2004/39/EC], art 18 on [[Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]]</ref> The [[Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011]] applies to firms with massive quantities of capital, over €100&nbsp;million, essentially [[hedge fund]]s and [[private equity]] firms.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0061 2011/61/EU] art 3(2)</ref> Similarly, it requires authorisation to sell products EU wide, and then basic transparency requirements on products being sold, requirements in remuneration policies for fund managers that are perceived to reduce "risk" or make pay "performance" related. They do not, however, require limits to pay. There are general prohibitions on [[Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]], and specialised prohibitions on [[asset stripping]].<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0061 2011/61/EU] respectively arts 22–23, 13 and Annex II, 14 and 30</ref> The [[Solvency II Directive 2009]] is directed particularly at insurance firms, requiring minimum capital and best practices in valuation of assets, again to avoid insolvency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009L0138|title=EUR-Lex - 32009L0138 - EN - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> The [[Capital Requirements Directives]] contain analogous rules, with a similar goals, for banks. To administer the new rules, the [[European System of Financial Supervision]] was established in 2011, and consists of three main branches: the [[European Securities and Markets Authority]] in Paris, the [[European Banking Authority]] in London and the [[European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority]] in Frankfurt. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/European_company_law" title="European company law">European company law</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_company_law">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_company_law</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> 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