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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kunihiko Fukushima</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1936-03-16</span>) </span>16 March 1936<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 89)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese Taiwan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neocognitron" title="Neocognitron">Neocognitron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a> architecture, <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/ReLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ReLU">ReLU activation function</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronics,_Information_and_Communication_Engineers" title="Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers">IEICE Achievement Award and Excellent Paper Awards</a><br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Neural Networks Pioneer Award<br />APNNA Outstanding Achievement Award<br />JNNS Excellent Paper Award<br />INNS Helmholtz Award<br /><a href="/wiki/Bower_Award_and_Prize_for_Achievement_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science">Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Fuzzy Logic Systems Institute</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kunihiko Fukushima</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 福島邦彦, born 16 March 1936) is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, most noted for his work on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>. He is currently working part-time as a senior research scientist at the Fuzzy Logic Systems Institute in <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_scientific_achievements">Notable scientific achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notable scientific achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, Fukushima published the <a href="/wiki/Neocognitron" title="Neocognitron">neocognitron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-neocognitron1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neocognitron1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fukuneoscholar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukuneoscholar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the original deep <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a> (CNN) architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-fogg2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fogg2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schdeepscholar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schdeepscholar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fukushima proposed several supervised and <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised learning</a> algorithms to train the parameters of a deep neocognitron such that it could learn <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">internal representations</a> of incoming data.<sup id="cite_ref-fukuneoscholar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukuneoscholar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-video2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-video2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, however, the CNN architecture is usually trained through <a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">backpropagation</a>. This approach is now heavily used in <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schdeepscholar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schdeepscholar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969 Fukushima introduced the <a href="/wiki/ReLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ReLU">ReLU</a> (Rectifier Linear Unit) activation function in the context of visual feature extraction in hierarchical neural networks, which he called "analog threshold element".<sup id="cite_ref-Fukushima1969_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukushima1969-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fukushima1982_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukushima1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Though the ReLU was first used by <a href="/wiki/Alston_Scott_Householder" title="Alston Scott Householder">Alston Householder</a> in 1941 as a mathematical abstraction of biological neural networks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is the most popular activation function for <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep neural networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1958, Fukushima received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a> in electronics from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a senior research scientist at the <a href="/wiki/NHK_Science_%26_Technology_Research_Laboratories" title="NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories">NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories</a>. In 1989, he joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, he joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Electro-Communications" title="University of Electro-Communications">University of Electro-Communications</a>. In 2001, he joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Technology" title="Tokyo University of Technology">Tokyo University of Technology</a>. From 2006 to 2010, he was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Kansai_University" title="Kansai University">Kansai University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fukushima acted as founding president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Neural_Network_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Neural Network Society (page does not exist)">Japanese Neural Network Society</a> (JNNS). He also was a founding member on the board of governors of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Neural_Network_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Neural Network Society (page does not exist)">International Neural Network Society</a> (INNS), and president of the Asia-Pacific Neural Network Assembly (APNNA).<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the board of governors of the International Neural Network Society (INNS) in 1989-1990 and 1993-2005.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, Fukushima received the <a href="/wiki/Bower_Award_and_Prize_for_Achievement_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science">Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Fukushima became a laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Scientist_100" title="Asian Scientist 100">Asian Scientist 100</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Scientist" title="Asian Scientist">Asian Scientist</a></i>. He also received the IEICE Achievement Award and Excellent Paper Awards, the IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award, the APNNA Outstanding Achievement Award, the JNNS Excellent Paper Award and the INNS Helmholtz Award.<sup id="cite_ref-interview2015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchmap.jp/read0197327">ResearchMap profile</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunihiko_Fukushima&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCIS_Oral_History_Project_(Don_Wunsch)2015" class="citation web cs1">CIS Oral History Project (Don Wunsch) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeetv.ieee.org/speaker/kunihiko-fukushima">"Interview with Kunihiko Fukushima"</a>. <i>IEEE TV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+TV&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Kunihiko+Fukushima&rft.date=2015&rft.au=CIS+Oral+History+Project+%28Don+Wunsch%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeetv.ieee.org%2Fspeaker%2Fkunihiko-fukushima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunihiko+Fukushima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neocognitron1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neocognitron1980_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFukushima1980" class="citation journal cs1">Fukushima, Neocognitron (1980). 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(June 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02478220">"A theory of steady-state activity in nerve-fiber networks: I. Definitions and preliminary lemmas"</a>. <i>The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02478220">10.1007/BF02478220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-4985">0007-4985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+Mathematical+Biophysics&rft.atitle=A+theory+of+steady-state+activity+in+nerve-fiber+networks%3A+I.+Definitions+and+preliminary+lemmas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1941-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02478220&rft.issn=0007-4985&rft.aulast=Householder&rft.aufirst=Alston+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF02478220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunihiko+Fukushima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamachandranBarretQuoc2017" class="citation arxiv cs1">Ramachandran, Prajit; Barret, Zoph; Quoc, V. 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"Searching for Activation Functions". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05941">1710.05941</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.NE">cs.NE</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Activation+Functions&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.05941&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Prajit&rft.au=Barret%2C+Zoph&rft.au=Quoc%2C+V.+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunihiko+Fukushima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inns.org/bog-archive">INNS Board of Governors archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/kunihiko-fukushima">"Kunihiko Fukushima"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute</i>. 2020-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span 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