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expenditure</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: road expenditure"> <meta name="keywords" content="road expenditure"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="road expenditure"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1571</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: road expenditure</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1391</span> Road Accidents in Urban and Rural Areas in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruno%20Kinyaga">Bruno Kinyaga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motorcycles transport commonly known as (Boda boda) in Tanzania has been growing up in the recent years in both urban and rural areas. Since motorcycles have been authorized to carry passengers in Tanzania they have been associated with many accidents resulting in large number of deaths and injuries in the country. Most of the road traffic injury victims are passengers, motorcyclists and pedestrians. Males are over represented in all cases. Most of the deceased were 18-29 years old. The increase of motorcycles has been accompanied with the increase of motorcycle crashes causing deaths and injuries to passengers as well as riders. According to the data collected, the statistics shows that from January to December 2015, the total number of 4079 motorcycles was involved in accidents in the country, causing 1747 deaths and 4826 injuries. Compares to the report of January to December 2014 whereby the total number of motorcycles involved in accidents were 3710, causing 1423 deaths and 3622 injuries. This is according to the report provided by the Road safety Chief Commander in Tanzania. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidents" title="accidents">accidents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road" title=" road"> road</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanzania" title=" Tanzania"> Tanzania</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73951/road-accidents-in-urban-and-rural-areas-in-dar-es-salaam-tanzania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1390</span> Finding Viable Pollution Routes in an Urban Network under a Predefined Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitra%20Alexiou">Dimitra Alexiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefanos%20Katsavounis"> Stefanos Katsavounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ria%20Kalfakakou"> Ria Kalfakakou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an urban area the determination of transportation routes should be planned so as to minimize the provoked pollution taking into account the cost of such routes. In the sequel these routes are cited as pollution routes. The transportation network is expressed by a weighted graph G= (V, E, D, P) where every vertex represents a location to be served and E contains unordered pairs (edges) of elements in V that indicate a simple road. The distances/cost and a weight that depict the provoked air pollution by a vehicle transition at every road are assigned to each road as well. These are the items of set D and P respectively. Furthermore the investigated pollution routes must not exceed predefined corresponding values concerning the route cost and the route pollution level during the vehicle transition. In this paper we present an algorithm that generates such routes in order that the decision maker selects the most appropriate one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-criteria" title="bi-criteria">bi-criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shortest%20paths" title=" shortest paths"> shortest paths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computation" title=" computation"> computation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484/finding-viable-pollution-routes-in-an-urban-network-under-a-predefined-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1389</span> Autonomous Vehicle Detection and Classification in High Resolution Satellite Imagery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20J.%20Ghandour">Ali J. Ghandour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houssam%20A.%20Krayem"> Houssam A. Krayem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abedelkarim%20A.%20Jezzini"> Abedelkarim A. Jezzini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High-resolution satellite images and remote sensing can provide global information in a fast way compared to traditional methods of data collection. Under such high resolution, a road is not a thin line anymore. Objects such as cars and trees are easily identifiable. Automatic vehicles enumeration can be considered one of the most important applications in traffic management. In this paper, autonomous vehicle detection and classification approach in highway environment is proposed. This approach consists mainly of three stages: (i) first, a set of preprocessing operations are applied including soil, vegetation, water suppression. (ii) Then, road networks detection and delineation is implemented using built-up area index, followed by several morphological operations. This step plays an important role in increasing the overall detection accuracy since vehicles candidates are objects contained within the road networks only. (iii) Multi-level Otsu segmentation is implemented in the last stage, resulting in vehicle detection and classification, where detected vehicles are classified into cars and trucks. Accuracy assessment analysis is conducted over different study areas to show the great efficiency of the proposed method, especially in highway environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20identification" title=" object identification"> object identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20and%20road%20extraction" title=" vehicle and road extraction"> vehicle and road extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20and%20road%20features-based%20classification" title=" vehicle and road features-based classification"> vehicle and road features-based classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86230/autonomous-vehicle-detection-and-classification-in-high-resolution-satellite-imagery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1388</span> Does "R and D" Investment Drive Economic Growth? Evidence from Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boopen%20Seetanah">Boopen Seetanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20V.%20Sannassee"> R. V. Sannassee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheereen%20Fauzel"> Sheereen Fauzel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robin%20Nunkoo"> Robin Nunkoo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bulk of research on the impact of research and development (R&D) has been carried out in developed economies where the intensity of R&D expenditure has been relatively high and stable for many years. However, there is a paucity of similar studies in developing countries. In this paper, we provide empirical estimates of the impact of R&D investment on economic growth in a developing African economy (Mauritius) where R&D expenditure intensity has been low initially, but rising, albeit moderately in recent years. Using a dynamic time series analysis over the period 1980 to 2014 in a Vector Autoregressive framework, R & D is shown to have a positive and significant effect on the economic progress of the island, although the impact is considerably less when compared to both other ingredients of growth and also to reported elasticities fromdeveloped economies . Interestingly, there is evidence of bicausality between R & D and growth. furthermore, R & D positively impacts on both domestic and foreign investment, suggesting the possibilities of indirect effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%20%26%20D" title="R & D">R & D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VECM" title=" VECM"> VECM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauritius" title=" Mauritius"> Mauritius</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21762/does-r-and-d-investment-drive-economic-growth-evidence-from-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1387</span> Injury Characteristics and Outcome of Road Traffic Accident among Victims at Adult Emergency Department of Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Seid">Mohammed Seid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aklilu%20Azazh"> Aklilu Azazh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fikre%20Enquselassie"> Fikre Enquselassie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Engida%20Yisma"> Engida Yisma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death globally, and the leading cause of death for young people. More than a million people die each year on the world’s roads, and the risk of dying as a result of a road traffic injury is highest in the Africa. Methods: A prospective hospital-based study was undertaken to assess injury characteristics and outcome of road traffic accident among victims at Adult Emergency Department of Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather the required data. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: A total of 230 road traffic accident victims were studied. The majority of the study subjects were men 165 (71.7%) and the male/female ratio was 2.6:1. The victims’ ages ranged from 14 to 80 years with the mean and standard deviations of 32.15 and ± 14.38 years respectively. Daily laborers (95 (41.3%)) and students (28 (12.2%)) were the majority of road traffic accident victims. Long-distance travelling Minibus (16.5%) was responsible for the majority of road traffic crash followed by followed by Taxi (14.8%) and pedestrians (62.6%) accounted for the majority of road traffic accident. Head (50.4%) and musculoskeletal (extremities) (47.0%) were the most common body region injured. Fractures (78.0%) and open wounds (56.5%) were the most common type of injuries sustained. Treatment of fracture was the most common procedure performed in 57.7 % of the victims. The overall length of hospital stay (LOS) ranged from 1 day to 61 days with mean (± standard deviation) of 7.12 ± 10.5 days and the mortality rate was 7.4 %. A significant higher proportion of victims aged 14-55 years were had less likelihood of death compared to those victims aged more than 55 years of age [Adjusted OR = 0.1 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.82)]. Conclusions: This study showed diverse injury characteristics and high morbidity and mortality among the victims attending Adult Emergency Department of Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The findings reflect that road traffic accident is a major public health problem. Urgent road traffic accident preventive measures and prompt treatment of the victims are warranted in order to reduce morbidity and mortality among the victims. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic%20accident" title="road traffic accident">road traffic accident</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injury%20characteristics" title=" injury characteristics"> injury characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outcome" title=" outcome"> outcome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tikur%20Anbesa%20specialized%20hospital" title=" Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital"> Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Addis%20Ababa" title=" Addis Ababa"> Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22194/injury-characteristics-and-outcome-of-road-traffic-accident-among-victims-at-adult-emergency-department-of-tikur-anbesa-specialized-hospital-addis-ababa-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1386</span> Scenario-Based Analysis of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Road Transportation in Laos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouneua%20Khamphilavanh">Bouneua Khamphilavanh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiko%20Masui"> Toshihiko Masui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The penetration of EV (electric vehicle) technology in Lao road transportation, in this study, was analyzed by using the AIM/CGE [Laos] model. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was developed by the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) team. In line with the increase of the number of road vehicles, the energy demand in the transport sector has been gradually increased which resulted in a large amount of budget spent for importing fossil fuels during the last decade, and a high carbon dioxide emission from the transport sector, hence the aim of this research is to analyze the impact of EVs penetration on economic and CO₂ emission in short-term, middle-term, and long-term. By the year 2050, the expected gross domestic product (GDP) value, due to Laos will spend more budget for importing the EV, will be gradually lost up to one percent. The cumulative CO₂ emission from 2020 to 2050 in BAU case will be 12,000 GgCO₂eq, and those in the EV mitigation case will be 9,300 GgCO₂eq, which accounting for likely 77% cumulative CO₂ emission reduction in the road transport sector by introducing the EV technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GDP" title="GDP">GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20mitigation" title=" CO₂ mitigation"> CO₂ mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CGE%20model" title=" CGE model"> CGE model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EV%20technology" title=" EV technology"> EV technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title=" transport"> transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127559/scenario-based-analysis-of-electric-vehicle-penetration-in-road-transportation-in-laos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1385</span> Improving Contributions to the Strengthening of the Legislation Regarding Road Infrastructure Safety Management in Romania, Case Study: Comparison Between the Initial Regulations and the Clarity of the Current Regulations - Trends Regarding the Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corneliu-Ioan%20Dimitriu">Corneliu-Ioan Dimitriu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gheorghe%20Fr%C4%83%C8%9Bil%C4%83"> Gheorghe Frățilă</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Romania and Bulgaria have high rates of road deaths per million inhabitants. Directive (EU) 2019/1936, known as the RISM Directive, has been transposed into national law by each Member State. The research focuses on the amendments made to Romanian legislation through Government Ordinance no. 3/2022, which aims to improve road safety management on infrastructure. The aim of the research is two-fold: to sensitize the Romanian Government and decision-making entities to develop an integrated and competitive management system and to establish a safe and proactive mobility system that ensures efficient and safe roads. The research includes a critical analysis of European and Romanian legislation, as well as subsequent normative acts related to road infrastructure safety management. Public data from European Union and national authorities, as well as data from the Romanian Road Authority-ARR and Traffic Police database, are utilized. The research methodology involves comparative analysis, criterion analysis, SWOT analysis, and the use of GANTT and WBS diagrams. The Excel tool is employed to process the road accident databases of Romania and Bulgaria. Collaboration with Bulgarian specialists is established to identify common road infrastructure safety issues. The research concludes that the legislative changes have resulted in a relaxation of road safety management in Romania, leading to decreased control over certain management procedures. The amendments to primary and secondary legislation do not meet the current safety requirements for road infrastructure. The research highlights the need for legislative changes and strengthened administrative capacity to enhance road safety. Regional cooperation and the exchange of best practices are emphasized for effective road infrastructure safety management. The research contributes to the theoretical understanding of road infrastructure safety management by analyzing legislative changes and their impact on safety measures. It highlights the importance of an integrated and proactive approach in reducing road accidents and achieving the "zero deaths" objective set by the European Union. Data collection involves accessing public data from relevant authorities and using information from the Romanian Road Authority-ARR and Traffic Police database. Analysis procedures include critical analysis of legislation, comparative analysis of transpositions, criterion analysis, and the use of various diagrams and tools such as SWOT, GANTT, WBS, and Excel. The research addresses the effectiveness of legislative changes in road infrastructure safety management in Romania and the impact on control over management procedures. It also explores the need for strengthened administrative capacity and regional cooperation in addressing road safety issues. The research concludes that the legislative changes made in Romania have not strengthened road safety management and emphasize the need for immediate action, legislative amendments, and enhanced administrative capacity. Collaboration with Bulgarian specialists and the exchange of best practices are recommended for effective road infrastructure safety management. The research contributes to the theoretical understanding of road safety management and provides valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers in Romania. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title="management">management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20infrastructure%20safety" title=" road infrastructure safety"> road infrastructure safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title=" legislation"> legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amendments" title=" amendments"> amendments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaboration" title=" collaboration"> collaboration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170846/improving-contributions-to-the-strengthening-of-the-legislation-regarding-road-infrastructure-safety-management-in-romania-case-study-comparison-between-the-initial-regulations-and-the-clarity-of-the-current-regulations-trends-regarding-the-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1384</span> Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Cracks on Road Surfaces and the Causes of Their Formation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ainura%20Kairanbayeva">Ainura Kairanbayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the issue of maintaining the operational condition of highways at the required level is acute in Kazakhstan. The impact of landslides on the state of the road industry in Kazakhstan has been poorly studied. This article presents the classification of natural hazards and examines the influence of atmospheric natural processes on the operational condition of the sections of the highway "Ayusai–Kosmostantsia" passing along the mountain slopes of the Trans-Ili Alatau. According to the results of field studies, multi-turn reflected cracks have been identified, this is also due to the fact that the base of the road is made of a sand-gravel mixture and is not treated with reinforcing additives and the actual density of the asphalt concrete pavement is below regulatory requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials%20and%20products" title="building materials and products">building materials and products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20of%20highways%20and%20engineering%20structures" title=" construction of highways and engineering structures"> construction of highways and engineering structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20processes" title=" construction processes"> construction processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacements%20of%20the%20earth%27s%20surface" title=" displacements of the earth's surface"> displacements of the earth's surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geodynamic%20processes" title=" geodynamic processes"> geodynamic processes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168766/factors-affecting-the-occurrence-of-cracks-on-road-surfaces-and-the-causes-of-their-formation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1383</span> A Gyro-stabilized Autonomous Multi-terrain Quadrupedal-wheeled Robot: Towards Edge-enabled Self-balancing, Autonomy, and Terramechanical Efficiency of Unmanned Off-road Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbadiwe%20S.%20Benyeogor">Mbadiwe S. Benyeogor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oladayo%20O.%20Olakanmi"> Oladayo O. Olakanmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kosisochukwu%20P.%20Nnoli"> Kosisochukwu P. Nnoli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olusegun%20I.%20Lawal"> Olusegun I. Lawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20JJ.%20Gratton"> Eric JJ. Gratton</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a robot or any vehicular system to navigate in off-road terrain, its driving mechanisms and the electro-software system must be capable of generating, controlling, and moderating sufficient mechanical power with precision. This paper proposes an autonomous robot with a gyro-stabilized active suspension system in form of a hybrid quadrupedal wheel drive mechanism. This system is to serve as a miniature model for demonstrating how off-road vehicles can be robotized into efficient terramechanical mobile platforms that are capable of self-balanced autonomous navigation and maneuvering on rough and uneven topographies. Results from tests and analysis show that the developed system performs as expected. Therefore, our model and control devices can be adapted to computerizing, automating, and upgrading the operation of unmanned ground vehicles for off-road navigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20suspension" title="active suspension">active suspension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20robots" title=" autonomous robots"> autonomous robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20computing" title=" edge computing"> edge computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigational%20sensors" title=" navigational sensors"> navigational sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terramechanics" title=" terramechanics"> terramechanics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144497/a-gyro-stabilized-autonomous-multi-terrain-quadrupedal-wheeled-robot-towards-edge-enabled-self-balancing-autonomy-and-terramechanical-efficiency-of-unmanned-off-road-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1382</span> Relationship Between Health Coverage and Emergency Disease Burden</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Hajjar">Karim Hajjar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Lillo"> Luis Lillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diego%20Martinez"> Diego Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuel%20Hermosilla"> Manuel Hermosilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicholas%20Risko"> Nicholas Risko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: This study examines the relationship between universal health coverage (UCH) and the burden of emergency diseases at a global level. Methods: Data on Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from emergency conditions were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) database for the years 2015 and 2019. Data on UHC, measured using two variables, 1) coverage of essential health services and 2) proportion of population spending more than 10% of household income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure, was extracted from the World Bank Database for years preceding our outcome of interest. Linear regression was performed, analyzing the effect of the UHC variables on the DALYs of emergency diseases, controlling for other variables. Results: A total of 133 countries were included. 44.4% of the analyzed countries had coverage of essential health services index of at least 70/100, and 35.3% had at least 10% of their population spend greater than 10% of their household income on healthcare. For every point increase in the coverage of essential health services index, there was a 13-point reduction in DALYs of emergency medical diseases (95% CI -16, -11). Conversely, for every percent decrease in the population with large household expenditure on healthcare, there was a 0.48 increase in DALYs of emergency medical diseases (95% CI -5.6, 4.7). Conclusions: After adjusting for multiple variables, an increase in coverage of essential health services was significantly associated with improvement in DALYs for emergency conditions. There was, however, no association between catastrophic health expenditure and DALYs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20medicine" title="emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20healthcare" title=" universal healthcare"> universal healthcare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20health" title=" global health"> global health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20economics" title=" health economics"> health economics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157299/relationship-between-health-coverage-and-emergency-disease-burden" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157299.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1381</span> Churn Prediction for Telecommunication Industry Using Artificial Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulas%20Vural">Ulas Vural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ergun%20Okay"> M. Ergun Okay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Mesut%20Yildiz"> E. Mesut Yildiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Telecommunication service providers demand accurate and precise prediction of customer churn probabilities to increase the effectiveness of their customer relation services. The large amount of customer data owned by the service providers is suitable for analysis by machine learning methods. In this study, expenditure data of customers are analyzed by using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model is applied to the data of customers with different billing duration. The proposed model successfully predicts the churn probabilities at 83% accuracy for only three months expenditure data and the prediction accuracy increases up to 89% when the nine month data is used. The experiments also show that the accuracy of ANN model increases on an extended feature set with information of the changes on the bill amounts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20relationship%20management" title="customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=churn%09prediction" title=" churn prediction"> churn prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telecom%20industry" title=" telecom industry"> telecom industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title=" artificial neural networks"> artificial neural networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126999/churn-prediction-for-telecommunication-industry-using-artificial-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1380</span> Risk-Based Institutional Evaluation of Trans Sumatera Toll Road Infrastructure Development to Improve Time Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ridho%20Fakhrin">Muhammad Ridho Fakhrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leni%20Sagita%20Riantini"> Leni Sagita Riantini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf%20Latief"> Yusuf Latief</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the 2015-2019 RPJMN data, the realization of toll road infrastructure development in Indonesia experienced a delay of 49% or 904 km of the total plan. One of the major causes of delays in development is caused by institutional factors. The case study taken in this research is the construction of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road (JTTS). The purpose of this research is to identify the institutional forms, functions, roles, duties, and responsibilities of each stakeholder and the risks that occur in the Trans Sumatra Toll Road Infrastructure Development. Risk analysis is implemented on functions, roles, duties, responsibilities of each existing stakeholder and is carried out at the Funding Stage, Technical Planning Stage, and Construction Implementation Stage in JTTS. This research is conducted by collecting data through a questionnaire survey, then processed using statistical methods, such as homogeneity, data adequacy, validity, and reliability test, continued with risk assessment based on a risk matrix. The results of this study are the evaluation and development of institutional functions in risk-based JTTS development can improve time performance and minimize delays in the construction process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional" title="institutional">institutional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20performance" title=" time performance"> time performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20road" title=" toll road"> toll road</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145085/risk-based-institutional-evaluation-of-trans-sumatera-toll-road-infrastructure-development-to-improve-time-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1379</span> Phytoremediation; Pb, Cr and Cd Accumulation in Fruits and Leaves of Vitis Vinifera L. From Air Pollutions and Intraction between Their Uptake Based on the Distance from the Main Road </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Mohsennezhad">Fatemeh Mohsennezhad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air pollution is one of major problems for environment. Providing healthy food and protecting water sources from pollution has been one of the concerns of human societies and decision-making centers so that protecting food from pollution, detecting sources of pollution and measuring them become important. Nutritive and political significance of grape in this area, extensive use of leaf and fruit of this plant and development of urban areas around grape gardens and construction of Tabriz – Miandoab road, which is the most important link between East and West Azarbaijan, led us to examine the impact of this road construction and urban environment pollutants such as lead chromium and cadmium on the quality of this valuable crop. First, the samples were taken from different adjacent places and medium distances from the road, each place being located exactly by Google earth and GPS. Digestion was done through burning dry material and hydrochloric acid and their ashes were analyzed by atomic absorption to determine (Pb, Cr, Cd) accumulations. In this experiments effects of 2 following factors were examined as a variable: Garden distance from the main road with levels 1: For 50 meters, 2: For 120-200 meters, 3: For above 800 meters, and plant organ with levels 1: For fruit, 2: For leaves. At the end, the results were processed by SPSS software. 3.54 ppm, the most lead quantity, was at sample No. 54 in fruits with 800 meters distance from the road and 1.00 ppm was the least lead quantity at sample No. 50 in fruits with 1000 meters from the road. In leaves, the most lead quantity was 19.16 ppm at sample No. 15 with 50 meters distance from the road and the least quantity was 1.41 ppm at sample No. 31 with 50 meters from the road. Pb uptake is significantly different at 50 meters and 200 meters distance. It means that Pb uptake near the main road is the highest. But this result is not true for others elements. Distance has not a meaningful effect on Cr uptake. The result of analysis of variation in distance and plant organ for Cd showed that between fruit and leaf, Cd uptake is significantly different. But distance and interaction between distance and plant organ is not meaningful. There is neither meaningful interaction between these elements uptakes in fruits nor in leaves. If leaves and fruits, assumed all together, showed a very meaningful integration between heavy metal accumulations. It means that each of these elements causes uptake others without considering special organs. In the tested area, it became clear that, from the accumulation of heavy metals perspective, there is no meaningful difference in existing distance between road and garden. There is a meaningful difference among heavy metals accumulation. In other words, increase ratio of one metal to another was different from the resulted differences shown in corresponding graphs. Interaction among elements and distance between garden and road was not meaningful. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitis%20vinifera%20L." title="Vitis vinifera L.">Vitis vinifera L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals%20accumulation" title=" heavy metals accumulation"> heavy metals accumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead" title=" lead"> lead</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title=" chromium"> chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadmium" title=" cadmium"> cadmium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32715/phytoremediation-pb-cr-and-cd-accumulation-in-fruits-and-leaves-of-vitis-vinifera-l-from-air-pollutions-and-intraction-between-their-uptake-based-on-the-distance-from-the-main-road" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1378</span> Review on Implementation of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Controlling Traffic and Avoiding Accidents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Singh">Neha Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shristi%20Singh"> Shristi Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accidents involving motor vehicles are more likely to cause serious injuries and fatalities. It also has a host of other perpetual issues, such as the regular loss of life and goods in accidents. To solve these issues, appropriate measures must be implemented, such as establishing an autonomous incident detection system that makes use of machine learning and artificial intelligence. In order to reduce traffic accidents, this article examines the overview of artificial intelligence and machine learning in autonomous event detection systems. The paper explores the major issues, prospective solutions, and use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in road transportation systems for minimising traffic accidents. There is a lot of discussion on additional, fresh, and developing approaches that less frequent accidents in the transportation industry. The study structured the following subtopics specifically: traffic management using machine learning and artificial intelligence and an incident detector with these two technologies. The internet of vehicles and vehicle ad hoc networks, as well as the use of wireless communication technologies like 5G wireless networks and the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence for the planning of road transportation systems, are elaborated. In addition, safety is the primary concern of road transportation. Route optimization, cargo volume forecasting, predictive fleet maintenance, real-time vehicle tracking, and traffic management, according to the review's key conclusions, are essential for ensuring the safety of road transportation networks. In addition to highlighting research trends, unanswered problems, and key research conclusions, the study also discusses the difficulties in applying artificial intelligence to road transport systems. Planning and managing the road transportation system might use the work as a resource. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incident%20detector" title=" incident detector"> incident detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20transport%20systems" title=" road transport systems"> road transport systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20management" title=" traffic management"> traffic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20incident%20detection" title=" automatic incident detection"> automatic incident detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159822/review-on-implementation-of-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-for-controlling-traffic-and-avoiding-accidents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159822.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1377</span> Evaluation of the Impact of Pavement Roughness on Vehicle Emissions by HDM-4</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Azhar">Muhammad Azhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arshad%20Hussain"> Arshad Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vehicular emissions have increased in recent years due to rapid growth in world traffic resulting in an increase in associated problems such as air pollution and climate change, therefore it’s necessary to control vehicle emissions. This study looks at the effect of road maintenance on vehicle emissions. The Highway Development and Management Tool (HDM-4) was used to find the effect of road maintenance on vehicle emissions. Key data collected were traffic volume and composition, vehicle characteristics, pavement characteristics and climate data of the study area. Two options were analysed using the HDM-4 software; the base case or do nothing while the second is overlay maintenance. The study also showed a strong correlation between average roughness and yearly emission levels in both the alternatives. Finally, the study showed that proper maintenance reduces the roughness and emissions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20emissions" title="vehicle emissions">vehicle emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20roughness" title=" road roughness"> road roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IRI" title=" IRI"> IRI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HDM-4" title=" HDM-4"> HDM-4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2" title=" CO2"> CO2</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91331/evaluation-of-the-impact-of-pavement-roughness-on-vehicle-emissions-by-hdm-4" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1376</span> Modelling the Effect of Physical Environment Factors on Child Pedestrian Severity Collisions in Malaysia: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhamad%20N.%20Borhan">Muhamad N. Borhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20S.%20Darus"> Nur S. Darus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Z.%20Ishak"> Siti Z. Ishak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rozmi%20Ismail"> Rozmi Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20F.%20M.%20Razali"> Siti F. M. Razali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children are at the greater risk to be involved in road traffic collisions due to the complex interaction of various elements in our transportation system. It encompasses interactions between the elements of children and driver behavior along with physical and social environment factors. The present study examined the effect between the collisions severity and physical environment factors on child pedestrian collisions. The severity of collisions is categorized into four injury outcomes: fatal, serious injury, slight injury, and damage. The sample size comprised of 2487 cases of child pedestrian-vehicle collisions in which children aged 7 to 12 years old was involved in Malaysia for the years 2006-2015. A multinomial logistic regression was applied to establish the effect between severity levels and physical environment factors. The results showed that eight contributing factors influence the probability of an injury road surface material, traffic system, road marking, control type, lighting condition, type of location, land use and road surface condition. Understanding the effect of physical environment factors may contribute to the improvement of physical environment design and decrease the collision involvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20pedestrian" title="child pedestrian">child pedestrian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collisions" title=" collisions"> collisions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20school" title=" primary school"> primary school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20injuries" title=" road injuries"> road injuries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98329/modelling-the-effect-of-physical-environment-factors-on-child-pedestrian-severity-collisions-in-malaysia-a-multinomial-logistic-regression-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1375</span> Optimizing the Location of Parking Areas Adapted for Dangerous Goods in the European Road Transport Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Dolores%20Caro">María Dolores Caro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugenio%20M.%20Fedriani"> Eugenio M. Fedriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81ngel%20F.%20Tenorio"> Ángel F. Tenorio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transportation of dangerous goods by lorries throughout Europe must be done by using the roads conforming the European Road Transport Network. In this network, there are several parking areas where lorry drivers can park to rest according to the regulations. According to the "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road", parking areas where lorries transporting dangerous goods can park to rest, must follow several security stipulations to keep safe the rest of road users. At this respect, these lorries must be parked in adapted areas with strict and permanent surveillance measures. Moreover, drivers must satisfy several restrictions about resting and driving time. Under these facts, one may expect that there exist enough parking areas for the transport of this type of goods in order to obey the regulations prescribed by the European Union and its member countries. However, the already-existing parking areas are not sufficient to cover all the stops required by drivers transporting dangerous goods. Our main goal is, starting from the already-existing parking areas and the loading-and-unloading location, to provide an optimal answer to the following question: how many additional parking areas must be built and where must they be located to assure that lorry drivers can transport dangerous goods following all the stipulations about security and safety for their stops? The sense of the word “optimal” is due to the fact that we give a global solution for the location of parking areas throughout the whole European Road Transport Network, adjusting the number of additional areas to be as lower as possible. To do so, we have modeled the problem using graph theory since we are working with a road network. As nodes, we have considered the locations of each already-existing parking area, each loading-and-unloading area each road bifurcation. Each road connecting two nodes is considered as an edge in the graph whose weight corresponds to the distance between both nodes in the edge. By applying a new efficient algorithm, we have found the additional nodes for the network representing the new parking areas adapted for dangerous goods, under the fact that the distance between two parking areas must be less than or equal to 400 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trans-european%20transport%20network" title="trans-european transport network">trans-european transport network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dangerous%20goods" title=" dangerous goods"> dangerous goods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20areas" title=" parking areas"> parking areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph-based%20modeling" title=" graph-based modeling"> graph-based modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29859/optimizing-the-location-of-parking-areas-adapted-for-dangerous-goods-in-the-european-road-transport-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1374</span> Implementation of Congestion Management Strategies on Arterial Roads: Case Study of Geelong</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Das">A. Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Hitihamillage"> L. Hitihamillage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Moridpour"> S. Moridpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural disasters are inevitable to the biodiversity. Disasters such as flood, tsunami and tornadoes could be brutal, harsh and devastating. In Australia, flooding is a major issue experienced by different parts of the country. In such crisis, delays in evacuation could decide the life and death of the people living in those regions. Congestion management could become a mammoth task if there are no steps taken before such situations. In the past to manage congestion in such circumstances, many strategies were utilised such as converting the road shoulders to extra lanes or changing the road geometry by adding more lanes. However, expansion of road to resolving congestion problems is not considered a viable option nowadays. The authorities avoid this option due to many reasons, such as lack of financial support and land space. They tend to focus their attention on optimising the current resources they possess and use traffic signals to overcome congestion problems. Traffic Signal Management strategy was considered a viable option, to alleviate congestion problems in the City of Geelong, Victoria. Arterial road with signalised intersections considered in this paper and the traffic data required for modelling collected from VicRoads. Traffic signalling software SIDRA used to model the roads, and the information gathered from VicRoads. In this paper, various signal parameters utilised to assess and improve the corridor performance to achieve the best possible Level of Services (LOS) for the arterial road. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congestion" title="congestion">congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constraints" title=" constraints"> constraints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LOS" title=" LOS"> LOS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77772/implementation-of-congestion-management-strategies-on-arterial-roads-case-study-of-geelong" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1373</span> E-Government, China Internet Plus, and the One Belt One Road Initiative: The Africa Connection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Kofi%20Mensah">Isaac Kofi Mensah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mi%20Jianing"> Mi Jianing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lack of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure in African countries is hampering the successful adoption, development and implementation of e-government in Africa. Electronic government is the use of ICTs to modernize government public administration processes and to provide government services to citizens with a purpose to enhance efficiency, accountability, and transparency in government’s interaction with the citizenry. ICT application in public administration has the potential to modernize and create smarter government and improvement in public service delivery. China’s Internet Plus policy and One Belt One Road strategy present a golden opportunity for countries in Africa to attract the huge financial investment through Chinese IT companies to develop and close Africa’s ICT infrastructure gap. This study recommends the establishment of One Belt One Road ICT Infrastructure Fund for Africa (OBOR ICT Fund for Africa) to enable countries in Africa to source solely for the purpose of ICT infrastructure development in the public sector/government machinery which would in turn promote the adoption and development of e-government in the public sectors of respective countries in Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-government" title="e-government">e-government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20service%20delivery" title=" public service delivery"> public service delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20plus" title=" internet plus"> internet plus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20belt%20one%20road%20initiative" title=" one belt one road initiative"> one belt one road initiative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51045/e-government-china-internet-plus-and-the-one-belt-one-road-initiative-the-africa-connection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">678</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1372</span> China’s Health Silk Road in Southeast Asia and Europe during COVID-19</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanda%20Luen-Wun%20Siu">Wanda Luen-Wun Siu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaowen%20Zhang"> Xiaowen Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an opportune time for China to deploy its health diplomacy around the world. This paper focused on China’s health diplomacy along the path of its Health Silk Road, with particular emphasis on the Middle East and Europe amid COVID-19. This paper employed a retrospective literature review, analyzed China’s health diplomacy in such regions to cultivate bilateral and multilateral relationships. And findings argued that such health diplomacy is a success, and Beijing has assumed a leadership role in the world’s health governance. This research contributes to the literature in health diplomacy and suggests that amid the ever changing international order, China has exerted great effort in its health diplomacy and established itself as a responsible world power. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=china%E2%80%99s%20health%20silk%20road" title="china’s health silk road">china’s health silk road</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=europe" title=" europe"> europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middle%20east" title=" middle east"> middle east</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141912/chinas-health-silk-road-in-southeast-asia-and-europe-during-covid-19" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1371</span> Analysis of Truck Drivers’ Distraction on Crash Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20%20Nderitu%20Muchiri">Samuel Nderitu Muchiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracy%20Wangechi%20Maina"> Tracy Wangechi Maina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Truck drivers face a myriad of challenges in their profession. Enhancements in logistics effectiveness can be pivotal in propelling economic developments. The specific objective of the study was to assess the influence of driver distraction on crash risk. The study is significant as it elucidates best practices that truck drivers can embrace in an effort to enhance road safety. These include amalgamating behaviors that enable drivers to fruitfully execute multifaceted functions such as finding and following routes, evading collisions, monitoring speed, adhering to road regulations, and evaluating vehicle systems’ conditions. The analysis involved an empirical review of ten previous studies related to the research topic. The articles revealed that driver distraction plays a substantial role in road accidents and other crucial road security incidents across the globe. Africa depends immensely on the freight transport sector to facilitate supply chain operations. Several studies indicate that drivers who operate primarily on rural roads, such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa, have an increased propensity to engage in distracted activities such as cell phone usage while driving. The findings also identified the need for digitalization in truck driving operations, including carrier management techniques such as fatigue management, artificial intelligence, and automating functions like cell phone usage controls. The recommendations can aid policymakers and commercial truck carriers in deepening their understanding of driver distraction and enforcing mitigations to foster road safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20drivers" title="truck drivers">truck drivers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distraction" title=" distraction"> distraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digitalization" title=" digitalization"> digitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20risk" title=" crash risk"> crash risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185139/analysis-of-truck-drivers-distraction-on-crash-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1370</span> Human Development Outcomes and Macroeconomic Indicators Nexus in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Risikat%20Oladoyin%20S.%20Dauda">Risikat Oladoyin S. Dauda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onyebuchi%20Iwegbu"> Onyebuchi Iwegbu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the response of human development outcomes to selected macroeconomic indicators in Nigeria. Human development outcomes is measured by human development index while the selected macroeconomic variables are inflation rate, real interest rate, government capital expenditure, real exchange rate, current account balance, and savings. Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) technique is employed in examining the response of human development index to the macroeconomic shocks. The result from the forecast error variance decomposition and Impulse-Response analysis reveals that fiscal policy (government capital expenditure) shock is the greatest determinant of human development outcomes. This result reiterates the role which the government plays in improving the welfare of the citizenry. The fiscal policy tool is pivotal in human development which comes in the form of investment in education, health, housing, and infrastructure. Further conclusion drawn from this study is that human development outcome positively and significantly responds to shocks from real interest rate, a monetary policy transmission variable and is felt greatly in the short run period. The policy implication of this study is that if capital budget implementation falls below expectations, human development will be engendered. Hence, efforts should be made to ensure that full implementation and appraisal of government capital expenditure is taken sacrosanct as any shock from such plan, engenders human development outcome. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20development%20outcome" title="human development outcome">human development outcome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroeconomic%20outcomes" title=" macroeconomic outcomes"> macroeconomic outcomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20vector%20autoregression" title=" structural vector autoregression"> structural vector autoregression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SVAR" title=" SVAR"> SVAR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95572/human-development-outcomes-and-macroeconomic-indicators-nexus-in-nigeria-an-empirical-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1369</span> The Asia-European Union (EU) Traffic Safety Benchmarking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghazwan%20Al-Haji">Ghazwan Al-Haji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic safety has become a major concern in Southeast Asia due to the increasing number of road accidents resulting in fatalities and injuries. Southeast Asia has one of the highest road traffic fatality rates in the world, in terms of both population and number of cars, nearly six times higher than the EU region. One of the reasons for this concerning trend is the increasing share of motorcycles as a form of transportation throughout Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study is to benchmark traffic safety situations and statistics in six countries in Asia and the EU, which Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Italy, Portugal and Sweden. The research will assess the priorities and causes of road accidents in the target nations. Further, the study will analyze the existing practices and promote best practices that can be implemented toward safer roads in Asian target countries. In order to achieve this goal, the study categorizes various factors contributing to traffic accidents and best practices into 4 pillars (Safer Behavior, Safer Roads, Safer Vehicles and Road Safety Management). The result of the study consists of a list of recommendations that can be applied by policymakers to promote safer roads in Asia towards 2030. The study is co-financed by the EU project ASIASAFE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20safety" title="traffic safety">traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASIASAFE" title=" ASIASAFE"> ASIASAFE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southeast%20Asia" title=" Southeast Asia"> Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EU%20project" title=" EU project"> EU project</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166078/the-asia-european-union-eu-traffic-safety-benchmarking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1368</span> Non-parametric Linear Technique for Measuring the Efficiency of Winter Road Maintenance in the Arctic Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahshid%20Hatamzad">Mahshid Hatamzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geanette%20Polanco"> Geanette Polanco</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving the performance of Winter Road Maintenance (WRM) can increase the traffic safety and reduce the cost as well as environmental impacts. This study evaluates the efficiency of WRM technique, named salting, in the Arctic area by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is a non-parametric linear method to measure the efficiencies of decision-making units (DMUs) based on handling multiple inputs and multiple outputs at the same time that their associated weights are not known. Here, roads are considered as DMUs for which the efficiency must be determined. The three input variables considered are traffic flow, road area and WRM cost. In addition, the two output variables included are level of safety in the roads and environment impacts resulted from WRM, which is also considered as an uncontrollable factor in the second scenario. The results show the performance of DMUs from the most efficient WRM to the inefficient/least efficient one and this information provides decision makers with technical support and the required suggested improvements for inefficient WRM, in order to achieve a cost-effective WRM and a safe road transportation during wintertime in the Arctic areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impacts" title="environmental impacts">environmental impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DEA" title=" DEA"> DEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20and%20safety" title=" risk and safety"> risk and safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WRM" title=" WRM"> WRM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110314/non-parametric-linear-technique-for-measuring-the-efficiency-of-winter-road-maintenance-in-the-arctic-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1367</span> The Budget Profile of the Municipality of AtaleIa-MG in the Context of the Micro-Region of Teofilo Otoni in Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeferson%20Gomes%20Dos%20Santos">Jeferson Gomes Dos Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirelle%20Cristina%20De%20Abreu%20Quintela"> Mirelle Cristina De Abreu Quintela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering that after the 1988 Constitution, in Brazil, municipalities have acquired new roles in the face of a financial reality that jeopardizes more substantial actions, the Public Budget is essential for the establishment of guidelines for action, within each budgetary reality. Within this, the present work sought to understand the budget profile of the mining municipality of Ataleia, with a view to identifying its budget composition, in relation to the main sources of revenue and expenditure. To achieve the purposes of the study, information was collected on the municipality's finances, from the years 2000 to 2016, visualizing the progress of its revenues in terms of funding and origin, and expenses in terms of nature and purpose. It was evidenced that the municipality, having its budget revenue in the period, still shows great dependence on intergovernmental transfers, as the own collection was relatively low. The budget expenditure of the period was mainly influenced by social expenditures, but it must be said that the municipality complied with the limits of spending, minimum and maximum, established by law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expenses" title="expenses">expenses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20budget" title=" municipal budget"> municipal budget</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning" title=" planning"> planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=revenue" title=" revenue"> revenue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89560/the-budget-profile-of-the-municipality-of-ataleia-mg-in-the-context-of-the-micro-region-of-teofilo-otoni-in-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1366</span> Assessing the Impact of the Rome II Regulation's General Rule on Cross-Border Road Traffic Accidents: A Critique of Recent Case Law </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emma%20Roberts">Emma Roberts</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Rome II Regulation has established a uniform regime of conflict of law rules across the European Union (except for Denmark) which determines the law applicable in non-contractual obligations disputes. It marks a significant development towards the Europeanization of private international law and aims to provide the most appropriate connecting factors to achieve both legal certainty and justice in individual cases. Many non-contractual obligations are recognised to present such distinct factors that, to achieve these aims, a special rule is provided for determining the applicable law in cases in respect of product liability and environmental torts, for example. Throughout the legislative process, the European Parliament sought to establish a separate rule for road traffic accidents, recognising that these cases too present such novel situations that a blanket application of a lex loci damni approach would not provide an appropriate answer. Such attempts were rejected and, as a result, cases arising out of road traffic accidents are subject to the Regulation’s general lex loci damni rule along with its escape clause and limited exception. This paper offers a critique of the Regulation’s response to cross-border road traffic accident cases. In England and Wales, there have been few cases that have applied the Regulation’s provisions to date, but significantly the majority of such cases are in respect of road traffic accidents. This paper examines the decisions in those cases and challenges the legislators’ decision not to provide a special rule for such incidences. Owing to the diversity in compensation systems globally, applying the Regulation’s general rule to cases of road traffic accidents – given the breadth of matters that are to be subject to the lex cause – cannot ensure an outcome that provides ‘justice in individual cases’ as is assured by the Regulation's recitals. Not only does this paper suggest that the absence of a special rule for road traffic accidents means that the Regulation fails to achieve one of its principal aims, but it further makes out a compelling case for the legislative body of the European Union to implement a corrective instrument. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidents%20abroad" title="accidents abroad">accidents abroad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applicable%20law" title=" applicable law"> applicable law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-border%20torts" title=" cross-border torts"> cross-border torts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-contractual%20obligations" title=" non-contractual obligations"> non-contractual obligations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic%20accidents" title=" road traffic accidents"> road traffic accidents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67055/assessing-the-impact-of-the-rome-ii-regulations-general-rule-on-cross-border-road-traffic-accidents-a-critique-of-recent-case-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1365</span> Developing Pavement Structural Deterioration Curves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gregory%20Kelly">Gregory Kelly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gary%20Chai"> Gary Chai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sittampalam%20Manoharan"> Sittampalam Manoharan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deborah%20Delaney"> Deborah Delaney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A Structural Number (SN) can be calculated for a road pavement from the properties and thicknesses of the surface, base course, sub-base, and subgrade. Historically, the cost of collecting structural data has been very high. Data were initially collected using Benkelman Beams and now by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The structural strength of pavements weakens over time due to environmental and traffic loading factors, but due to a lack of data, no structural deterioration curve for pavements has been implemented in a Pavement Management System (PMS). International Roughness Index (IRI) is a measure of the road longitudinal profile and has been used as a proxy for a pavement’s structural integrity. This paper offers two conceptual methods to develop Pavement Structural Deterioration Curves (PSDC). Firstly, structural data are grouped in sets by design Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA). An ‘Initial’ SN (ISN), Intermediate SN’s (SNI) and a Terminal SN (TSN), are used to develop the curves. Using FWD data, the ISN is the SN after the pavement is rehabilitated (Financial Accounting ‘Modern Equivalent’). Intermediate SNIs, are SNs other than the ISN and TSN. The TSN was defined as the SN of the pavement when it was approved for pavement rehabilitation. The second method is to use Traffic Speed Deflectometer data (TSD). The road network already divided into road blocks, is grouped by traffic loading. For each traffic loading group, road blocks that have had a recent pavement rehabilitation, are used to calculate the ISN and those planned for pavement rehabilitation to calculate the TSN. The remaining SNs are used to complete the age-based or if available, historical traffic loading-based SNI’s. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual" title="conceptual">conceptual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20structural%20number" title=" pavement structural number"> pavement structural number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20structural%20deterioration%20curve" title=" pavement structural deterioration curve"> pavement structural deterioration curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20management%20system" title=" pavement management system"> pavement management system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83307/developing-pavement-structural-deterioration-curves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">544</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1364</span> Quantitative Assessment of Road Infrastructure Health Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Zhaoming">Wang Zhaoming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shao%20Shegang"> Shao Shegang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Xiaorong"> Chen Xiaorong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Yanan"> Qi Yanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian%20Lei"> Tian Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Jian"> Wang Jian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study conducts a comparative analysis of the spectral curves of asphalt pavements at various aging stages to improve road information extraction from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. By examining the distinguishing capabilities and spectral characteristics, the research aims to establish a pavement information extraction methodology based on China's high-resolution satellite images. The process begins by analyzing the spectral features of asphalt pavements to construct a spectral assessment model suitable for evaluating pavement health. This model is then tested at a national highway traffic testing site in China, validating its effectiveness in distinguishing different pavement aging levels. The study's findings demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately assess road health, offering a valuable tool for road maintenance planning and infrastructure management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20analysis" title="spectral analysis">spectral analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20pavement%20aging" title=" asphalt pavement aging"> asphalt pavement aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-resolution%20remote%20sensing" title=" high-resolution remote sensing"> high-resolution remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20health%20assessment" title=" pavement health assessment"> pavement health assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189326/quantitative-assessment-of-road-infrastructure-health-using-high-resolution-remote-sensing-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1363</span> Road Vehicle Recognition Using Magnetic Sensing Feature Extraction and Classification </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao%20Chen">Xiao Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Kong"> Xiaoying Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Xu"> Min Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a road vehicle detection approach for the intelligent transportation system. This approach mainly uses low-cost magnetic sensor and associated data collection system to collect magnetic signals. This system can measure the magnetic field changing, and it also can detect and count vehicles. We extend Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients to analyze vehicle magnetic signals. Vehicle type features are extracted using representation of cepstrum, frame energy, and gap cepstrum of magnetic signals. We design a 2-dimensional map algorithm using Vector Quantization to classify vehicle magnetic features to four typical types of vehicles in Australian suburbs: sedan, VAN, truck, and bus. Experiments results show that our approach achieves a high level of accuracy for vehicle detection and classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20classification" title="vehicle classification">vehicle classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic%20model" title=" road traffic model"> road traffic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20sensing" title=" magnetic sensing"> magnetic sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86644/road-vehicle-recognition-using-magnetic-sensing-feature-extraction-and-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1362</span> Intelligent Rescheduling Trains for Air Pollution Management </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kainat%20Affrin">Kainat Affrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Reshma"> P. Reshma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Narendra%20Kumar"> G. Narendra Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optimization of timetable is the need of the day for the rescheduling and routing of trains in real time. Trains are scheduled in parallel with the road transport vehicles to the same destination. As the number of trains is restricted due to single track, customers usually opt for road transport to use frequently. The air pollution increases as the density of vehicles on road transport is increased. Use of an alternate mode of transport like train helps in reducing air-pollution. This paper mainly aims at attracting the passengers to Train transport by proper rescheduling of trains using hybrid of stop-skip algorithm and iterative convex programming algorithm. Rescheduling of train bi-directionally is achieved on a single track with dynamic dual time and varying stops. Introduction of more trains attract customers to use rail transport frequently, thereby decreasing the pollution. The results are simulated using Network Simulator (NS-2). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AODV" title=" AODV"> AODV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=re-scheduling" title=" re-scheduling"> re-scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WSNs" title=" WSNs"> WSNs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65307/intelligent-rescheduling-trains-for-air-pollution-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a 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