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class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andrew Cooper" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5782339/2491334/2893523/s200_andrew.cooper.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Andrew Cooper</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/">Stockholm University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/Departments/Department_of_English/Documents">Department of English</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Graduate Student</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button 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data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">56</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">4</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;"><b>Address: </b>Stockholm, Stockholms Lan, Sweden<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 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Tolan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Université de Nantes</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5782339" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_English_Language"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper","location":"/AndrewCooper","scheme":"https","host":"su-se.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AndrewCooper","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" 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Grammar: A Linguists’ Guide for Language Teachers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Review of Rankin, Tom and Whong, Melinda. 2020. Grammar: A Linguists’ Guide for Language Teachers</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nordic Journal of English Studies </span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86783085"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86783085"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86783085; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86783085]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86783085]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86783085; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86783085']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86783085]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86783085,"title":"Review of Rankin, Tom and Whong, Melinda. 2020. 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By Bo Gräslund. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 149 Opia 64. Uppsala: Kungliga Vitterhetsakademien, 2018. Pp. 290. SEK 300." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Beowulfkvädet: Den nordiska bakgrunden. By Bo Gräslund. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 149 Opia 64. Uppsala: Kungliga Vitterhetsakademien, 2018. Pp. 290. SEK 300.</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of English and Germanic Philology</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86782961"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86782961"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86782961; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86782961]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86782961]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86782961; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86782961']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86782961]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86782961,"title":"Beowulfkvädet: Den nordiska bakgrunden. 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Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53087673/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32961761/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers">"We have learned your paper". Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/JosepSoler">Josep Soler</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals wi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. 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The Implications for Novice English L2 Writers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Unexpected Emails to Submit Your Work: Spam or Legitimate Offers? The Implications for Novice English L2 Writers</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Publications</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes the discourse of what have been termed ‘predatory publishers’, with a corpu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes the discourse of what have been termed ‘predatory publishers’, with a corpus of emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Equipped with sociolinguistic and discourse analytic tools, we argue that the interpretation of these texts as spam or as legitimate messages may not be as straightforward an operation as one may initially believe. We suggest that English L2 scholars might potentially be more affected by publishers who engage in these email practices in several ways, which we identify and discuss. However, we argue that examining academic inequalities in scholarly publishing based exclusively on the native/non-native English speaker divide might not be sufficient, nor may it be enough to simply raise awareness about such publishers. Instead, we argue in favor of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as a necessary first step if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86780151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86780151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86780151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86780151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86780151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86780151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86780151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86780151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86780151,"title":"Unexpected Emails to Submit Your Work: Spam or Legitimate Offers? 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The Implications for Novice English L2 Writers"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Unexpected_Emails_to_Submit_Your_Work_Spam_or_Legitimate_Offers_The_Implications_for_Novice_English_L2_Writers","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This article analyzes the discourse of what have been termed ‘predatory publishers’, with a corpus of emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Equipped with sociolinguistic and discourse analytic tools, we argue that the interpretation of these texts as spam or as legitimate messages may not be as straightforward an operation as one may initially believe. We suggest that English L2 scholars might potentially be more affected by publishers who engage in these email practices in several ways, which we identify and discuss. However, we argue that examining academic inequalities in scholarly publishing based exclusively on the native/non-native English speaker divide might not be sufficient, nor may it be enough to simply raise awareness about such publishers. Instead, we argue in favor of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as a necessary first step if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":1006,"name":"English for Academic Purposes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_for_Academic_Purposes"},{"id":37759,"name":"Academic Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Publishing"},{"id":51954,"name":"Indexicality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexicality"},{"id":808127,"name":"Predatory Publishers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predatory_Publishers"}],"urls":[{"id":23915882,"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/7/1/7"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86780151-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86779708"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/86779708/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘We have learned your paper’: Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">‘We have learned your paper’: Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals wit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown  publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts  point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such  predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86779708"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86779708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86779708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86779708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86779708]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86779708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86779708']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86779708]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86779708,"title":"‘We have learned your paper’: Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies"},"translated_abstract":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86779708/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:45:33.353-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4977,"name":"Academic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Mobility"},{"id":37759,"name":"Academic Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Publishing"},{"id":51954,"name":"Indexicality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexicality"},{"id":2680522,"name":"Predatory Open Access Journals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predatory_Open_Access_Journals"}],"urls":[{"id":23915651,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/33171002/TPCS_184_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers_by_Josep_Soler_and_Andrew_Cooper"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86779708-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86778877"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/86778877/For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Notes and Queries. vol. 67, Issue 1</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The etymologically obscure expression "taking the piss" appears in British, Australian and New Ze...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The etymologically obscure expression "taking the piss" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED),  a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms.  The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience.  A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86778877"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86778877"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778877; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778877]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778877]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778877; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86778877']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86778877]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86778877,"title":"For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1093/notesj/gjz159","abstract":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Notes and Queries. vol. 67, Issue 1"},"translated_abstract":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86778877/For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:25:57.835-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics"},{"id":36491,"name":"English language and linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_and_linguistics"},{"id":96072,"name":"Idioms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Idioms"},{"id":154137,"name":"Swearing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swearing"}],"urls":[{"id":23915268,"url":"https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/67/1/39/5688047"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86778877-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86778426"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/86778426/Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/Artjoms%C5%A0e%C4%BCa">Artjoms Šeļa</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature Human Behaviour</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several method...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86778426"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86778426"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778426; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778426]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778426]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778426; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86778426']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86778426]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86778426,"title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41562-021-01222-5","volume":"5","abstract":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","page_numbers":"1481–1483","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Nature Human Behaviour"},"translated_abstract":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86778426/Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:13:13.286-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":38806460,"work_id":86778426,"tagging_user_id":5782339,"tagged_user_id":814368,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***h@gmail.com","affiliation":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","display_order":1,"name":"Petr Plecháč","title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported"},{"id":38806461,"work_id":86778426,"tagging_user_id":5782339,"tagged_user_id":6931509,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***e@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Tartu","display_order":2,"name":"Artjoms Šeļa","title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":3908,"name":"Stylometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stylometrics"},{"id":4234,"name":"Old English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Literature"},{"id":14179,"name":"Old English Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Poetry"},{"id":17898,"name":"Beowulf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beowulf"},{"id":83801,"name":"Old English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English"},{"id":184999,"name":"Metrics and Prosody","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metrics_and_Prosody"}],"urls":[{"id":23915012,"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01222-5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86778426-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86265023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90757223/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV">Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-86265023-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-86265023-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491849/figure-1-the-corpus-data-showed-the-length-of-lines-in"><img alt="The corpus data showed the length of lines in syllables to be normally distributed, with a near-minimum of 80, an average of 100, and a quickly diminishing tail of lengths after 120. The 70 lines are all from Genesis A, and all contain infinitive weak verbs with an -ian suffix. The longest lines are mostly from the late and metrically divergent Battle of Maldon, and may contain some hypermetric lines not identified by Bliss (1962). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491869/table-3-tab-lengths-of-standard-lines-by-metrical-quantity"><img alt="Tab 4. Lengths of standard lines by metrical quantity. The quantity analysis is based on the phonological weight of words as described n sections 1 and 2. The figures for the lengths of the standard lines in moras ure shown in Table 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491878/figure-2-outliers-here-are-condensed-to-single-column-for"><img alt="Outliers here are condensed to a single column for ease of reference. These long lines are restricted to the metrically divergent Battle of Maldon, of which the longest is 23u. The data are visualised in figure 2. In Error! Reference source not found., the moraic quantity of the lines in the corpus is shown. The values are normally distributed with an average of 12u, and ask. Minimal and near-minimal lines of 8u and Qu are very few, less than 3%. There is a rightward skew towards longer lines, with less than 5% longer than 16u. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491889/figure-4-in-prototypical-lines-there-are-four-phonological"><img alt="In prototypical lines, there are four phonological words which are congruen with four verse feet. Each of these verse feet contain 3u according to the phonological generalisations given above. In example 1, a prototypical line, lons vowels (marked with a macron) have 2y, short (unmarked) vowels have 1u. Ir addition, each verse foot contains two metrical positions, one with two mora: (wu) on the left and another with only one mora (u-) on the right. Close matching between metrical structures and their equivalent prosodic structures is usua for prototypical and shorter lines. A prototypical 100/12 line in which verse feet and prosodic words overlap is shown in Ficure 8. In figure 4, a prototypical line is shown in which metrical and prosaic phonological structures exactly match. In this line, the four verse feet are congruent with four prosodic words, which are also graphological word. Each verse comprises three moras and has a prominent syllable on its left boundary. Note that the highest phonological category, the intonation phrase, is not included at the bottom of the figure, as the line very rarely represents a whole syntactic sentence, which is the usual domain of the intonation phrase (Selkirk, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491895/table-6-the-value-of-these-feet-depends-on-word-choice-which"><img alt="The value of these feet depends on word choice, which determines whether the syllables in the feet are long or short. A foot may be occupied by a single heavy syllable, or light four syllables, or anything in between. Metrical positions may be simple, with a single syllable, or resolved, with two light syllables. The verse foot, if minimal, can in turn be resolved, so that two 1p positions can unite ina single heavy syllable. These conditions allow for the development of a variably- sized verse foot with a minimum of 2u/10, and a maximum of 4/40. The possible arrangments of syllables are shown in table 6. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491910/figure-6-this-section-addresses-how-different-types-of-words"><img alt="This section addresses how different types of words occupy the heads of verse feet, and how relative metrical prominence is established between different word groups. It is argued that while nominals have a special status in relationship to prominent metrical positions, there is no need to posit further superordinate categories. A heuristic is described by which the head of a verse foot is shown to be filled by the most prosodically prominent word within the foot. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491920/table-7-syllable-sample-from-the-heliand-and-the-genesis-the"><img alt="Table 7. Syllable sample from the Heliand and the Genesis. The syllable lengths of Old Saxon lines has a flat distribution between 9 and 16 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491929/figure-8-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491937/figure-9-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491945/figure-7-metrical-quantity-in-the-rigspula-the-vluspa-and"><img alt="Figure 7. metrical quantity in the Rigspula, the Véluspa and the Hymiskvida. Old Icelandic syllable structure differs from the Old English primarily in that complex codas, including those with quasisyllabic endings are very common. This gives a preponderance of short lines with many more heavy syllables, particularly word-internally, than are found in Old English. The shortness of Old Icelandic lines means that the model presented for Old English is unsuitable. These data suggest that Old Icelandic verse lines are best described using a Sievers-like model predicated on lines composed of combinations of four or five syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491950/figure-11-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491956/table-1-the-texts-shown-in-provide-sample-of-oe-verse-with"><img alt="The texts shown in table 1 provide a sample of OE verse with a range of subject matter, metrical features and sources. In the figures which follow, degenerate and hypermetric lines are removed, as is Genesis B. Hypermetric lines are listed by Bliss (1962), and degenerate lines in the study are defined as any line not containing a caesura in editions. A total of 846 lines are removed from the figures in the next section. Of these, 209 are hypermetric (see list in Bliss, 1962), which I address separately elsewhere (Cooper, 2017), 617 are from Genesis B, which is metrically distinct from the rest of the poem, and 20 are degenerate. The data below comprise a reduced selection with only standard lines, for a total of 6107. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491961/table-2-the-texts-were-entered-and-annotated-manually-into"><img alt="The texts were entered and annotated manually into MSExcel with marking for metrical weight, stress marking and alliteration. Table 2 shows an example line with these annotations. In TAB , X in the Syll row marks the caesura, and XX the line end. The line is divided into syllables. The mora row shows metrical quantity values for each syllable. The stress row uses / for a stressed syllable, and x for an unstressed syllable. The allit row shows the alliterating syllables. The totals for each line and half-line were automatically calculated and compiled in MS Excel 2013. 3 Results " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491969/table-3-tab-line-lengths-by-syllables"><img alt="TAB. 3: Line lengths by syllables " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-86265023-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4165829a958081fbd52148f872bf3f7d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90757223,"asset_id":86265023,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90757223/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86265023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86265023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86265023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86265023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86265023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86265023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86265023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4165829a958081fbd52148f872bf3f7d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86265023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86265023,"title":"Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":90757223},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-07T01:34:35.929-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":90757223,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90757223/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90757223/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90757223/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_-libre.pdf?1662560793=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAndrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=GKeV3f8brnO2gPozsaNVg292oFCoYu-8p4Vy1aYRFMcjlr5-v3M~LWPyVhmPl66GuA0B9ZsA87hRheM5pMtdt0ZLgV8x~WrFRy5yrVTDeqiXzEWTMpa4hx-kac4tTFfENULatvRfebJrqfJGXguv-QenTv51O-qgiFlyZVt8wsxrgbNSWApO4Z~4UgE3Iq4mOCI9AfDrILs1-3aGvIjwcnn6pPZwRWaeaVb19ZOv4-3NQ19ieBVchIUBKFIQWFije0nOyP-P9Nvuspp4sah2sYKLMu9u8piPMnkCib85eRRYV2St3u7PQFh39tCNX9C-RKSHSt8v9~Xc6tjpwgWUSg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9150339-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Books" id="Books"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Books by Andrew Cooper</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38763290"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A unified account of the Old English metrical line" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line">A unified account of the Old English metrical line</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A unified account of the Old English metrical line</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding allit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.<br /><br />To complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-38763290-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-38763290-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619873/figure-4-the-corpus-analysis-showed-the-length-of-lines-in"><img alt="The corpus analysis showed the length of lines in syllables to be normally listributed, with a minimum of 8, an average of 10, and a quickly diminishing ail of lengths after 12. These values are reflected in Figure 4, to which a nor. mal distribution curve is added. Figure 4. Lengths of standard lines by syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619883/table-5-the-values-in-are-reflected-in-to-which-normal"><img alt="The values in Table 5 are reflected in Figure 5, to which a normal distri- bution curve is added. Figure 5. Lengths of standard lines by vocalic moras. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619893/figure-6-this-section-presents-binary-branching-model-of-the"><img alt="This section presents a binary branching model of the OE poetic line which has some variation at the most basic level, the level of the moraic value of the syllabic nucleus. Line length variation is created by variation in the length of verse feet. The line is divided into four feet, with a syntactic break preferred between the second and third feet, giving the impression of a line divided into two verses, which has informed standard editorial practice. Each standard line consists of four metrical feet, consisting of two metrical positions. In each foot, the left position is by default strong, meaning that it attracts prominence, such as primary stress, and is by preference long (up). The right position is by default weak, meaning that it does not attract prominence, and is short (-). This creates a binary branching structure with the feet shown in figure 6. Pa- rentheses are used to show the verse feet. In Figure 6, a metrical structure modelled on the prosodic hierarchy is shown (Selkirk, 1980, 1986). The categories are based on those from Golston and Riad (2003a) with the modification that the right metrical position (m) of each verse foot (VFt) is short by default. This leaves each VFt with 3 vocalic moras. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619900/figure-7-the-value-of-these-feet-depends-on-whether-the"><img alt="The value of these feet depends on whether the vowel in the syllable is long or short. A foot may be occupied by a single syllable with a long vowel, or four syllables with short vowels, or anything in between. The relationship considered metrically equiva possible arrangments of sylla' tween heavy syllables and pairs of light syllables before Sievers and was a fundamental part of his t ion allows for one short stressed syllable followed by one unstressed sylla of any length to be considered metrically equivalent to a long stressed sylla L+X=H). Classical resolution allows only that two short syllables may ent to one long syllable (L+L=H). This equiva- ence inspires the design of the metrical position described in this section. T gives a foot with a minimum size of 2u/ bles are shown in Figure 7. De- in OE verse dates back to heory. Sievers-type resolu- his o, and a maximum of 4u/40. The " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620077/table-15-possible-prosodic-realisations-of-peling-the-same"><img alt="Table 15. Possible prosodic realisations of @peling. The same constraints on a form with both a derivational suffix and an inflec- tional suffix @pel + ing + as produce a form with two stresses. This is shown in Table 16. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619909/figure-8-matching-between-metrical-structures-and-their"><img alt="matching between metrical structures and their equivalent prosodic structures is usual for prototypical and shorter lines, but not for longer lines, which are dealt with later in this chapter. A prototypical 100/12, line in which verse feet and prosodic words overlap is shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8, it is assumed that VC syllables are light (§2.1.4), so there is very close matching between the vowel mora count above and the prose quantity count below. Note that the highest phonological category, the intonation phrase, is not included at the bottom of the figure, as the line very rarely rep- resents a whole syntactic sentence, which is the usual domain of the intonation phrase (Selkirk, 1980, 1986). An actual sentence (and therefore intonation phrase) in OE can be any number of phrases (and therefore verses) long, and can start either at the beginning of the line or after the caesura. In Figure 8, it is shown that Genesis 17 has four verse feet which are exactly congruent with four graphological words which are also prosodic words. Each of these words therefore fulfils a default verse foot, and each has the prominent syllable on the left boundary. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619921/figure-9-two-positions-which-is-more-common-and-less-serious"><img alt="two positions, which is more common and a less serious breach. The com- pound noun wite/dac is written with ellipses to allow the feet to be placed above each vowel. With 5u, witelac must reach over two verse feet, but at only 30, it cannot occupy a verse on its own. With an inflectional suffix, such as in weras basnedon | witelaces** Gen 2419, both the minimum verse length re- quirement (at 40), and the quantity requirement for two feet (31 +3) are met. In 18b, however, witelac is aligned to the right edge of the line, where it oc- cupies the whole of the fourth foot and borrows the final mora of the third foot. This final mora is also part of the prosodic head of the third foot, as is demonstrated by the alliteration between the second and third feet. This line shows the effectiveness of the metrical template, even when tested with mul- iple breaches of the basic structure. Example 18b is analysed with the metrical structure divided into verse feet and with the prosodic structure divided into prosodic words in Figure 9. In Figure 9, a metrically complex line is shown, an ellipsis is added to allow the foot marking to be accommodated. Lines with so many disjunctions be- tween the PrWds and the VFt are rare and disfavoured. In shorter lines such " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619929/figure-10-verse-making-line-with-five-feet-this-can-be"><img alt="verse-making a line with five feet. This can be reflected in the binary ing analysis by allowing for a level HYPERMETRICVERSE (HyYPV). Each HypV oranc comprises one verse (V) and one VFt. The alliteration is still controlled by t V; there can be a maximum of two alliteration points in the a-verse, which are oriented to the left, the additional VFt on the right does not alliterate. primary alliteration point should occur in the first VFt of the b-verse, branching structure shown in Figure 10 is adduced, which allows the Ast he le N- ne ale Ft- primary alliteration point to remain in the first VFt of the V, while the final VFt has its alliteration blocked. This demonstrates that a VFt is only subject to alliteration when dominated by a V. This informs and is consistent with the alliteration constraints described in subsection 4.4.1. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619935/figure-12-vowel-moras-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 12. Vowel Moras in the Heliand and the Genesis.?” " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619939/figure-13-rhyme-moras-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 13. Rhyme Moras in the Heliand and the Genesis. branching generative structure would require an analysis with 32 possible fi- nal nodes, undergoing extremely frequent catalexis at several levels, a far more complex and flexible analysis than required for Old English, and one neither suggested by nor appropriate to the quantitative data shown in Figure 12. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619945/figure-14-syllables-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 14. Syllables in the Heliand and the Genesis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619954/figure-15-vowel-moras-in-the-rigspula-the-voluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 15. Vowel Moras in the RigsPula, the Voluspa and the Hymiskvida. as having 3 syllables, an issue which recurred in the ON data but not in the OE or OS. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619962/figure-16-rhyme-moras-in-the-rigspula-the-vluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 16. Rhyme Moras in the Rigspula, the Véluspa and the Hymiskvida. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619972/figure-17-syllables-in-the-rigspula-the-viluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 17. Syllables in the Rigspula, the Viluspa and the Hymiskvida. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619979/figure-14-en-stor-korpus-analyserades-centrerad-pa-de"><img alt="En stor korpus analyserades, centrerad pa de fornengelska dikterna Genesis och Andreas. Utvalda kortare dikter blev tillagda av sarskilda skal. Korpusen bestar av 6953 rader fran 14 dikter. S atistiska resultat fran korpusanalysen anvands for att faststalla fornengelska dikternas versdesign (Jakobson, 1960). Dessa resultat visar att om man raknar ihop radernas vokalvikt, en analys ut- vecklad fér Beowulf av Golston & Riad (2003a), far man en normal distribut- ion med en genomsnittslangd av 12 moror, med raderna férdelade mellan 8 och 16 moror i langd, som i figur 1. Figur 1. Standardradernas langder matt i vokaliska moror. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619987/figure-15-langd-ur-visas-den-metriska-strukturen-versraden"><img alt="langd. I Figur 2 visas den metriska strukturen versraden démdon drihtenes dugepum wéron ’[sin Herre] lovprisade, i Herrens harlighet voro [de saliga]’, och den prosodiska strukturen visas under den. Férkortningar inom figuren harleds fran de engelska termerna. I prototypiska rader, taécker versfoten det prosodiska ordet exakt, som i Figur 2. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619992/figure-16-dessa-aspekter-bidrar-till-en-frklaring-om-hur"><img alt="Dessa aspekter bidrar till en f6rklaring om hur meningar och fraser interagerar med versstrukturen fér att producera den stora inventarielista av acceptabla versformer, som har beskrivits i tidigare studier (Sievers, 1968; Bliss, 1962; Kendall 1991). Den uppenbara variationen i versfotens och versradens langd har orsakat att tidigare modeller har 6verproducerat acceptabla verserformer eller har utvecklat komplexa och detaljerade typologier av dussin- eller hund- ratals acceptabla former. Analysen pa en lang rad dar flera missanpassningar mellan versf6tterna och prosodiska orden forekommer visas i figur 3. Raden ar maximal, med 16 vokaliska moror éver fyra versfotter, efne swa wide | swa 04 witelac ’just sa vida | som férbannelsen [drabbade Sodom]’. Figur 3. Maximalrad med flera missanpassningar mellan den metriska mo- dellen och prosodiska orden. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620000/figure-17-ur-en-hypermetrisk-rad-med-dess-metriska-struktur"><img alt="Figur 4. En hypermetrisk rad med dess metriska struktur. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620005/table-1-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620008/table-2-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620011/table-3-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620018/table-2-in-in-the-sy-row-marks-the-caesura-and-xx-the-line"><img alt="In Table 2, X in the Sy// row marks the caesura, and XX the line end. The line is divided into syllables. The mora row shows vowel quantity values for each Table 2. Example line, Andreas 9, rofe rincas, | bonne rond ond hand, with phonological annotations. + The metrical analysis presented in the present study is based on a selected corpus of OE verse texts which were subjected to a line-by-line analysis for stress, vowel quantity, and alliteration patterns. The OE line is identifiable in verse texts because of alliteration. Some manuscripts (such as the Junius, see below) obligingly mark the lines and verses with punctuation. Texts without this marking have been arranged into an equivalent structure in edited ver- sions. The present study makes use of edited versions of all the poems, ulti- mately derived from Krapp & Dobbie (1931). In Table 2, an example line from the corpus is shown with annotation for vowel quantity, stress marking and alliteration. ey " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620020/table-6-these-texts-were-selected-from-the-corpus-in-order"><img alt="These texts were selected from the corpus in order to provide a sample with a range of subject matter and metrical features. The argumentation behind the inclusion of individual poems is presented below, in order of the manuscripts The corpus used for this analysis was collected from Krapp and Dobbie’s An. glo-Saxon Poetic Records (1931). For the shorter poems, the transcriptions were modified based on Mitchell and Robinson (1999), who have more de- tailed annotation. Because of the limitations of the historical record, it was decided early in the project that the corpus would consist of entire poems. rather than selected shorter samples. This choice causes balance to be sacri- ficed in favour of representativeness. Unbalanced corpora are unsuitable fo. statistical analysis, so only descriptive statistics have been used to show broac tendencies. Table 6 shows the poems used for the metrical analysis. The pro: portion of the poems in relation to the corpus as a whole is also given. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620025/table-6-in-the-row-sy-the-line-is-broken-into-syllables-an"><img alt="In the row Sy//, the line is broken into syllables. An X marks the end of a half- line, which is represented in OS editions with an extended space, and in ON with a line break. At the end of the second verse, XX is used to mark the end of the line, and totals for line lengths are calculated in this column. Under each syllable, a value is recorded for Moras in the nucleus of the syllable (vMora), " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620028/table-4-lengths-of-standard-lines-by-syllables"><img alt="Table 4. Lengths of standard lines by syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620031/table-6-theoretically-possible-foot-structures"><img alt="Table 6. Theoretically possible foot structures. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620034/table-7-foot-building-constraints-in-prototypical-line-in"><img alt="Table 7. Foot-building constraints in a prototypical line. * In Table 7, two possible parses are shown for And 20. In a prototypical line, four 31 verse feet match up with four prosodic words, creating a 12 line. In this example, both words in the on-verse have long vowels in the left position, and short in the second. The low-ranking constraint SyllParsePos is breached in the words in the b-verse, as these have two short syllables each in the left position, An attempt to reorder the foot structure in the a-verse breaches both the VerseFeetParsePrWd constraint and the two constraints preferring HL feet. Lines with inputs with different prosodic structures cause greater breaches of these constraints. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620037/table-9-grammatical-faithfulness-outranks-metre-prosody"><img alt="Table 9. Grammatical faithfulness outranks metre-prosody alignment As shown in Table 9, the metrical structure of the maximal line from Figure 9 is shown to be optimal. In the shorter lines, the phrase boundaries and the verse boundaries can be made to match without moras needing either to cross the caesura or to have a syllable shared between feet. This shows that metrical constraints and syntactic constraints interact within the verse line. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620040/table-10-supermaximal-lines-length-and-distribution-the"><img alt="Table 10. Supermaximal lines, length and distribution. The total number of supermaximal lines is very small, but not insignificant. and there is a greater incidence in Andreas than in Genesis A. In Andreas, 37 of 1722 (2.1%) are supermaximal. In Genesis A, the value is 16 of 232( (0.7%). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620045/table-11-monosyllable-word-in-prosodic-word-formation-the"><img alt="Table 11. Monosyllable word in prosodic word-formation. The strong masculine noun weald ‘wooded hill’ is from wesan to wuhte. | Uton gan on pysne weald innan, Gen 839." This constraint prevents OE words from having stress in their final syllable, so that a two-syllable root will always be stressed on its first syllable.°° How- ever, monosyllabic words have stress on their final (and only) syllable, while also having stress on their initial (and only) syllable. Ranking these constraints in the order shown in Table 11 allows monosyllabic roots to be stressed, while obliging disyllabic roots to have stress only on their initial syllable. The stress assignment in lexical monosyllabic words is shown in Table 11. Prosodic word boundaries are marked in parentheses, and primary stress is indicated by an acute accent. Nominal roots come with an input lexical stress. The competition in this tab- leau is between a weald with a stress (and therefore the status of a prosodic word), or one without. Unstressed words are prosodic clitics and do not un- dergo this process. Although very many OE words are monosyllabic in the nominative, two-syllable words are also prosodically optimal, as shown in Ta- ble 12. In this tableau, prosodic word boundaries in the candidates are marked (by parentheses). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620052/table-12-disyllabic-word-in-prosodic-word-formation-lab-or"><img alt="Table 12. Disyllabic word in prosodic word-formation. lab or more affixes, the alliteration patterns show t sition of the stress within the prosodic word. 1 syl optimal stress assignment in OE is a left-he h disyllabic words, the competition is rather whether the initial or final able should receive a stress, or whether both should. Here it is shown that aded PrWd including two syl- es. If a word undergoes further word-formation by being the host of one hat this does not affect the po- [he stress remains on the firs able of the root (§2.1). Due to the variabi certain syllables described for stress by Minkov of ble his word-formation generator. Minkova’s (2008) constraints are compati- with those shown here, and to a certain extent overlap. However, none o the items dealt with in later sections require variable stress on prefixes, and ity in the stress conditions o a (2008), prefixation is left ou the reranking of constraints which creates this variation. For the sake of ¢ streamlined analysis targeted at secondary stress they have been left out. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620058/table-13-the-prefixed-form-geweald-authority-is-from-and"><img alt="The prefixed form geweald ‘authority’ is from and wildu déor | on geweald geseald, Gen 1516.' Table 13. Prefixed word in prosodic word-formation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620063/table-14-prefixed-and-suffixed-word-in-prosodic-word"><img alt="Table 14. Prefixed and suffixed word in prosodic word formation Gewealde ‘control.DAT’ is from ides Egyptisc, | an on gewealde Gen 2229, ° " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620070/table-16-possible-metrical-renderings-of-epelingas"><img alt="Table 16. Possible metrical renderings of epelingas " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620083/table-17-possible-metrical-renderings-of-delstan-in-both"><img alt="Table 17. Possible metrical renderings of 4delstan In Table 17, both components of the compounds eel and stan are roots; so stan retains its underlying stress because ROOTSTRESS is higher than NON- FINAL. The process of compounding causes the second stress to become met- rically subordinate to the primary stress. Two minimal PrWds are combined into a maximal PrWd. Neverthe ess, the subordinate stress occupies the head of a PrWd, and the two small PrWds together form a single lexical item, which is roughly size of a Phonological Phrase, and therefore can occupy a whole verse as well as the heads of bo ondary stress, whether produced h verse feet. Within the verse design, a sec- by compounding, derivation, or borrowing ($6), may occupy the head of a verse foot separate from its primary stress, or be subordinated to its primary s ress within the same foot. This observation further demonstrates the distinction between the prosodic word and the verse foot. This analysis demonstrates the difference in metrical status between compound nouns and derivational nouns with similar segmental phonology, and between inflectional variations of derivational nouns.' Those words which do not come with lexical stress, but which occasionally occupy the heads of verse feet are shown to have a different status within the prosodic word in the following subsection. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620089/table-18-ot-treatment-of-alternative-alliteration"><img alt="Table 18. OT treatment of alternative alliteration preferences. This line comes from the beginning of Andreas, in which the Twelve Disciples are introduced in terms which portray them as a heroic band of Germanic war- riors. For the purpose of this description of the alliteration constraints, it has been assumed that the rhetorical function of this line is to emphasise the val- iant qualities of the Disciples, and that the war-related items in the b-verse are metaphorical. It has further been assumed that the lexical items could be re- placed with near-synonyms without disturbing the content of the text. This is a speculation which must be allowed in order to permit this sort of test, and which allows for semantic input to be fairly vague, leading to several options for individual lexical items. The grammatical input includes that the war-re- ated items be coordinated and that a subordinating conjunction is included. Syntactic constraints are excluded from this treatment, as the focus is on lexi- cal choice and alliteration. In the input field for Table 18, rough translations in modern English are given for the lexical words which are to be chosen. In the input, functions are given in SMALL CAPS, so that the coordinator and is given as CO, the subordinator introducing a temporal clause is given as TEMP.SUB. Syntactic relations are not shown. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620097/table-19-prototypical-prose-arrangement-for-oe-compound"><img alt="Table 19. Prototypical prose arrangement for OE compound numerals. It is usual for the enumerated item to be repeated at several points within the phrase and sometimes left out at the end. This example, 8,766 (the average number of hours in a year), comes from Byrhtferth’s manual where it is given " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620105/table-20-derived-second-base-numerals-showing-hund-group-anc"><img alt="Table 20. Derived second-base numerals, showing hund- group anc unprefixed group. This observation allows for the distinction between the -tig and the hund- ...-tig group to be motivated. Textual evidence shows that the hund- prefix (indexed hund;) does not alliterate or interfere with alliteration falling on its base and should be considered unstressed. Because of this, it is important that the und, affix be distinguished from the -hund multiplier (hund2). Hund? oc- curs after a simplex multiplier, sometimes with an intervening space, and often apparently occupies the head of a foot, as in example 65. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620116/table-21-numerals-rendered-in-latin-vulgate-and-oe-genesis"><img alt="Table 21. Numerals rendered in Latin Vulgate and OE Genesis, by Chapter and Verse The following annotations accompany the table: * numeral is rendered in the Latin but not the OE. ! numeral is rendered in the OE but is different from the Latin. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620126/table-23-each-of-these-instances-uses-different-strategy-to"><img alt="Each of these instances uses a different strategy to translate the Latin formula. The verbs of choice are (gejJican ‘increase’ with a dative object, and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620138/table-22-candidates-for-translations-of-the-age-of-jared-in"><img alt="Table 22. Candidates for translations of the age of Jared In table 22a, it is shown that the optimal candidate is one where a word in the a-verse alliterates with fvore ‘life’, even if this word has no exact correspond- ent in the input and causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics) along with éac. In Table 22b, it is shown that éac ‘also’ is needed to meet the minimum line structure requirements covered by OE LINE (GROUP), in this case the four- position principle (§§2.3, 4.2.3), even though adding it causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics). Changing fif ‘five’ to twa ‘two’ in Table 22c, there is no alliteration between the a- and b- verse and so Allit (group) is breached. In Table 22d, the most literal translation is given, in which hundtéontig alliterates with twa and syxtig but is not long enough to fulfil the four-position principle. In each case, vixitque ‘and he lived’ is rendered with on fvore lifde which causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics), because no and is included, and two breaches of Dep-IO (lexical items) because on ‘in’ and fvore ‘life’ are added to allow the verse to meet minimal syllabic requirements (§4.2.3). These findings on the interaction between lexical choice and alliteration in- form the description of alliteration in subsection 4.4.1. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620148/table-24-possible-metrical-structures-of-abraham-in-dative"><img alt="Table 24. Possible metrical structures of Abraham in Dative. In Table 24, it is shown that the variant Abrahame, with stresses on the first and third syllables, fulfils t he default phonological constraints for stress as- signment with no violations of the operative constraints. The realisation for variants of c.pe.ling should be the same as for a.bra.ham, as they have the same syllable structure. The conclusions drawn from this section inform the constraints developed for derivational nouns on the pattern of cepeling as dis- cussed in subsection 4.3.1 a DOVE. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_025.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620157/table-23-possible-metrical-structures-of-abraham-in"><img alt="Table 23. Possible metrical structures of Abraham in Nominative In Table 23, several possible renderings of Abraham are shown with foo boundaries and primary and secondary stress marking. The optimal candidate is shown to be a single left-headed verse foot. This reading takes into accoun a-verses like da Abraham | éhte l@dde Gen 1873.'* In this line, da is a time adverb, has a long vowel, and can occupy a foot alone, giving an xA|Ax allit eration pattern. In its suffixed form, however, it can shown that a more optima word structure is produced by parsing the four syllables into two minima PrWd. In the following tableau, it is assumed that the internal stress in Abra- ham is lexical. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_026.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620167/table-25-possible-metrical-renderings-of-andreas-in-the"><img alt="Table 25. Possible metrical renderings of Andreas In Table 25, the candidate most resembling Latin pronunciation (Andréas with the stress on the medial syllable) is dominated by the ROOTSTRESS constraint, which assigns a primary stress to the left boundary of the prosodic word, re- gardless of stress conditions in the source language. Note that in this candi- date, as in all polysyllabic words, the second stress must be a secondary stress, and two prosodic words are formed within one graphological word. For the purposes of prosodic word building, there is no reason to assume that only vowel moras are counted. It should rather be assumed that the usual phonology of OE applies, and so the coda should contribute to syllable weight. In contrast to Abraham, the first syllable of Andreas therefore contains two moras and so can form a PrWd alone (as discussed in §2.1.4). This can be supported by the interpretation of OE phonological foot structure presented by Minkova and Stockwell (1994). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_027.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620176/table-28-possible-metrical-renderings-of-caines-in-it-is"><img alt="Table 28. Possible metrical renderings of Caines In Table 27, it is shown that the input stress is rearranged from a right-headed PrWd, which is disfavoured in OE, to a left-headed form. Similarly, it is shown in Table 28 that a suffixed form with two stresses is preferred despite fact that the inserted primary stress causes a clash. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_028.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620185/table-27-possible-metrical-renderings-of-cain"><img alt="Table 27. Possible metrical renderings of Cain. 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However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","ai_title_tag":"Modeling Old English Metrical Variations","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"A unified account of the Old English metrical line"},"translated_abstract":"Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-04-10T06:07:36.283-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58851869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58851869/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58851869/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf?1738382491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=a-qvdeSoHW5NzT85AyaHp0n-PVwRHBdFnqdd4QtHC1HQoF43dGSOjceyMtXrBHiBGC9Ehv8o4UHBdNLwUilKn~D5c-ZsnGVADb1CMuUCGNLvHWH8RXCqgtV65Pp~vOtpZFuNT4iRhjv8unuzY61dK6UCfIqB9TZz-Xqv4s1Dce~9ljSJK6CQesdzskEDLfj9IsKA0q3ZuxCSdr0LaiI00L8EFpi~5hMmDC6rmOXqTiulZBIlDjfX16Uo2CuDxTkssVudZCPeqTQeshmNl2PXeCaFH3Gr74IQ2bbxMpKY13c~EhrLHR53YF4eSSAz~XbCKq0Mr-MFRMbytqJ04r0dug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","translated_slug":"","page_count":222,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[{"id":58851869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58851869/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58851869/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf?1738382491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=a-qvdeSoHW5NzT85AyaHp0n-PVwRHBdFnqdd4QtHC1HQoF43dGSOjceyMtXrBHiBGC9Ehv8o4UHBdNLwUilKn~D5c-ZsnGVADb1CMuUCGNLvHWH8RXCqgtV65Pp~vOtpZFuNT4iRhjv8unuzY61dK6UCfIqB9TZz-Xqv4s1Dce~9ljSJK6CQesdzskEDLfj9IsKA0q3ZuxCSdr0LaiI00L8EFpi~5hMmDC6rmOXqTiulZBIlDjfX16Uo2CuDxTkssVudZCPeqTQeshmNl2PXeCaFH3Gr74IQ2bbxMpKY13c~EhrLHR53YF4eSSAz~XbCKq0Mr-MFRMbytqJ04r0dug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4234,"name":"Old English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Literature"},{"id":23910,"name":"Metrical Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metrical_Phonology"},{"id":34620,"name":"Old English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Language"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-38763290-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Drafts" id="Drafts"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Drafts by Andrew Cooper</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40829162"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61112969/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition">Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cas-cz.academia.edu/PetrPlech%C3%A1%C4%8D">Petr Plecháč</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NagyBenjamin">Benjamin Nagy</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/Artjoms%C5%A0e%C4%BCa">Artjoms Šeļa</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative prof...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present "serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. In what follows we discuss each method separately following the order of the original article.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da3409ab0f2fa3f4f2e78a686feaf91c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61112969,"asset_id":40829162,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61112969/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40829162"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40829162"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40829162; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40829162]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40829162]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40829162; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40829162']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "da3409ab0f2fa3f4f2e78a686feaf91c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40829162]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40829162,"title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present \"serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition\" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. 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Grammar: A Linguists’ Guide for Language Teachers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Review of Rankin, Tom and Whong, Melinda. 2020. Grammar: A Linguists’ Guide for Language Teachers</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nordic Journal of English Studies </span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86783085"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86783085"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86783085; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86783085]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86783085]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86783085; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86783085']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86783085]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86783085,"title":"Review of Rankin, Tom and Whong, Melinda. 2020. 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By Bo Gräslund. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 149 Opia 64. Uppsala: Kungliga Vitterhetsakademien, 2018. Pp. 290. SEK 300." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Beowulfkvädet: Den nordiska bakgrunden. By Bo Gräslund. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 149 Opia 64. Uppsala: Kungliga Vitterhetsakademien, 2018. Pp. 290. SEK 300.</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of English and Germanic Philology</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86782961"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86782961"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86782961; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86782961]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86782961]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86782961; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86782961']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86782961]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86782961,"title":"Beowulfkvädet: Den nordiska bakgrunden. 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SEK 300.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of English and Germanic Philology"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86782961/Beowulfkv%C3%A4det_Den_nordiska_bakgrunden_By_Bo_Gr%C3%A4slund_Acta_Academiae_Regiae_Gustavi_Adolphi_149_Opia_64_Uppsala_Kungliga_Vitterhetsakademien_2018_Pp_290_SEK_300","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-17T01:10:15.114-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Beowulfkvädet_Den_nordiska_bakgrunden_By_Bo_Gräslund_Acta_Academiae_Regiae_Gustavi_Adolphi_149_Opia_64_Uppsala_Kungliga_Vitterhetsakademien_2018_Pp_290_SEK_300","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"sv","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":7870,"name":"Medieval Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology"},{"id":14179,"name":"Old English Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Poetry"},{"id":17898,"name":"Beowulf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beowulf"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86782961-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32961761"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32961761/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "We have learned your paper". Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53087673/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32961761/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers">"We have learned your paper". Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/JosepSoler">Josep Soler</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals wi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5220d92d0f31171c68f678a7a6117707" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53087673,"asset_id":32961761,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53087673/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32961761"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32961761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32961761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32961761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32961761]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32961761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32961761']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5220d92d0f31171c68f678a7a6117707" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32961761]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32961761,"title":"\"We have learned your paper\". 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The Implications for Novice English L2 Writers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Unexpected Emails to Submit Your Work: Spam or Legitimate Offers? The Implications for Novice English L2 Writers</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Publications</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes the discourse of what have been termed ‘predatory publishers’, with a corpu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes the discourse of what have been termed ‘predatory publishers’, with a corpus of emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Equipped with sociolinguistic and discourse analytic tools, we argue that the interpretation of these texts as spam or as legitimate messages may not be as straightforward an operation as one may initially believe. We suggest that English L2 scholars might potentially be more affected by publishers who engage in these email practices in several ways, which we identify and discuss. However, we argue that examining academic inequalities in scholarly publishing based exclusively on the native/non-native English speaker divide might not be sufficient, nor may it be enough to simply raise awareness about such publishers. Instead, we argue in favor of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as a necessary first step if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86780151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86780151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86780151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86780151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86780151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86780151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86780151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86780151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86780151,"title":"Unexpected Emails to Submit Your Work: Spam or Legitimate Offers? 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However, we argue that examining academic inequalities in scholarly publishing based exclusively on the native/non-native English speaker divide might not be sufficient, nor may it be enough to simply raise awareness about such publishers. 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Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts  point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such  predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86779708"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86779708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86779708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86779708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86779708]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86779708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86779708']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86779708]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86779708,"title":"‘We have learned your paper’: Academic inequality and the discourse of parasite publishers","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies"},"translated_abstract":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86779708/_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:45:33.353-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"_We_have_learned_your_paper_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"n this paper, we analyse the discourse of what has been termed predatory open-access journals with a corpus of scam emails sent to scholars by hitherto unknown publishers. Framed against the background of a sociolinguistics of mobility, these emails become interesting objects of analysis because of their different indexical values. In particular, beyond issues of ordered indexicalities, we argue that these texts point to the seriously flawed nature of the field of academic publishing and the associated inequalities that are currently present in this field. In the paper, we propose that examining such inequalities based exclusively on the native/non-native English speakers divide is not useful, nor is it enough to raise awareness against such predatory publishers. Instead, we argue in favour of a more sociologically informed analysis of academic publishing, something that we see as necessary if we wish to enhance more democratic means of access to key resources in publishing.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4977,"name":"Academic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Mobility"},{"id":37759,"name":"Academic Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Publishing"},{"id":51954,"name":"Indexicality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexicality"},{"id":2680522,"name":"Predatory Open Access Journals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predatory_Open_Access_Journals"}],"urls":[{"id":23915651,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/33171002/TPCS_184_Academic_inequality_and_the_discourse_of_parasite_publishers_by_Josep_Soler_and_Andrew_Cooper"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86779708-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86778877"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/86778877/For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Notes and Queries. vol. 67, Issue 1</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The etymologically obscure expression "taking the piss" appears in British, Australian and New Ze...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The etymologically obscure expression "taking the piss" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED),  a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms.  The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience.  A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86778877"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86778877"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778877; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778877]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778877]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778877; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86778877']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86778877]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86778877,"title":"For OED3: an additional meaning of to take the piss","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1093/notesj/gjz159","abstract":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Notes and Queries. vol. 67, Issue 1"},"translated_abstract":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86778877/For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:25:57.835-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"For_OED3_an_additional_meaning_of_to_take_the_piss","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The etymologically obscure expression \"taking the piss\" appears in British, Australian and New Zealand English, but is not found in American or international English, according to the OED. Dictionaries typically present the main meaning ‘to make fun (of), to mock, deride, satirize’ (OED), a usage confirmed in the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms. The Cambridge Dictionary has the rather weaker ‘to make a joke about someone or make someone look silly’. This note uses corpus data to argue that the principal meaning of the taking the piss in present-day English refers to passive-aggressive provocation. This typically involves competing for status, especially by trying someone’s patience. A consequence of this is that mockery should be considered a secondary, or subordinate denotation of this expression in present-day English.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics"},{"id":36491,"name":"English language and linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_and_linguistics"},{"id":96072,"name":"Idioms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Idioms"},{"id":154137,"name":"Swearing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swearing"}],"urls":[{"id":23915268,"url":"https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/67/1/39/5688047"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86778877-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86778426"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/86778426/Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/Artjoms%C5%A0e%C4%BCa">Artjoms Šeļa</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature Human Behaviour</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several method...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86778426"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86778426"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778426; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778426]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86778426]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86778426; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86778426']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86778426]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86778426,"title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41562-021-01222-5","volume":"5","abstract":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","page_numbers":"1481–1483","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Nature Human Behaviour"},"translated_abstract":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86778426/Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-16T23:13:13.286-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":38806460,"work_id":86778426,"tagging_user_id":5782339,"tagged_user_id":814368,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***h@gmail.com","affiliation":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","display_order":1,"name":"Petr Plecháč","title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported"},{"id":38806461,"work_id":86778426,"tagging_user_id":5782339,"tagged_user_id":6931509,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***e@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Tartu","display_order":2,"name":"Artjoms Šeļa","title":"Beowulf single authorship claim is unsupported"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Beowulf_single_authorship_claim_is_unsupported","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Neidorf et al.’s (2019) quantitative stylometric profile of Old English verse used several methods. Their study supports the unitary authorship of Beowulf and Cynewulfian authorship of Andreas, on the basis of the ostensible homogeneity of a variety of features. However, we argue that the methods presented are unsuitable for their purposes. Our replication study uses their unmodified data and text preprocessing steps, identifies errors in their analyses, questions the reliability of their results and shows marked stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":3908,"name":"Stylometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stylometrics"},{"id":4234,"name":"Old English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Literature"},{"id":14179,"name":"Old English Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Poetry"},{"id":17898,"name":"Beowulf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beowulf"},{"id":83801,"name":"Old English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English"},{"id":184999,"name":"Metrics and Prosody","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metrics_and_Prosody"}],"urls":[{"id":23915012,"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01222-5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-86778426-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86265023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90757223/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV">Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-86265023-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-86265023-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491849/figure-1-the-corpus-data-showed-the-length-of-lines-in"><img alt="The corpus data showed the length of lines in syllables to be normally distributed, with a near-minimum of 80, an average of 100, and a quickly diminishing tail of lengths after 120. The 70 lines are all from Genesis A, and all contain infinitive weak verbs with an -ian suffix. The longest lines are mostly from the late and metrically divergent Battle of Maldon, and may contain some hypermetric lines not identified by Bliss (1962). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491869/table-3-tab-lengths-of-standard-lines-by-metrical-quantity"><img alt="Tab 4. Lengths of standard lines by metrical quantity. The quantity analysis is based on the phonological weight of words as described n sections 1 and 2. The figures for the lengths of the standard lines in moras ure shown in Table 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491878/figure-2-outliers-here-are-condensed-to-single-column-for"><img alt="Outliers here are condensed to a single column for ease of reference. These long lines are restricted to the metrically divergent Battle of Maldon, of which the longest is 23u. The data are visualised in figure 2. In Error! Reference source not found., the moraic quantity of the lines in the corpus is shown. The values are normally distributed with an average of 12u, and ask. Minimal and near-minimal lines of 8u and Qu are very few, less than 3%. There is a rightward skew towards longer lines, with less than 5% longer than 16u. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491889/figure-4-in-prototypical-lines-there-are-four-phonological"><img alt="In prototypical lines, there are four phonological words which are congruen with four verse feet. Each of these verse feet contain 3u according to the phonological generalisations given above. In example 1, a prototypical line, lons vowels (marked with a macron) have 2y, short (unmarked) vowels have 1u. Ir addition, each verse foot contains two metrical positions, one with two mora: (wu) on the left and another with only one mora (u-) on the right. Close matching between metrical structures and their equivalent prosodic structures is usua for prototypical and shorter lines. A prototypical 100/12 line in which verse feet and prosodic words overlap is shown in Ficure 8. In figure 4, a prototypical line is shown in which metrical and prosaic phonological structures exactly match. In this line, the four verse feet are congruent with four prosodic words, which are also graphological word. Each verse comprises three moras and has a prominent syllable on its left boundary. Note that the highest phonological category, the intonation phrase, is not included at the bottom of the figure, as the line very rarely represents a whole syntactic sentence, which is the usual domain of the intonation phrase (Selkirk, " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491895/table-6-the-value-of-these-feet-depends-on-word-choice-which"><img alt="The value of these feet depends on word choice, which determines whether the syllables in the feet are long or short. A foot may be occupied by a single heavy syllable, or light four syllables, or anything in between. Metrical positions may be simple, with a single syllable, or resolved, with two light syllables. The verse foot, if minimal, can in turn be resolved, so that two 1p positions can unite ina single heavy syllable. These conditions allow for the development of a variably- sized verse foot with a minimum of 2u/10, and a maximum of 4/40. The possible arrangments of syllables are shown in table 6. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491910/figure-6-this-section-addresses-how-different-types-of-words"><img alt="This section addresses how different types of words occupy the heads of verse feet, and how relative metrical prominence is established between different word groups. It is argued that while nominals have a special status in relationship to prominent metrical positions, there is no need to posit further superordinate categories. A heuristic is described by which the head of a verse foot is shown to be filled by the most prosodically prominent word within the foot. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491920/table-7-syllable-sample-from-the-heliand-and-the-genesis-the"><img alt="Table 7. Syllable sample from the Heliand and the Genesis. The syllable lengths of Old Saxon lines has a flat distribution between 9 and 16 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491929/figure-8-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491937/figure-9-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491945/figure-7-metrical-quantity-in-the-rigspula-the-vluspa-and"><img alt="Figure 7. metrical quantity in the Rigspula, the Véluspa and the Hymiskvida. Old Icelandic syllable structure differs from the Old English primarily in that complex codas, including those with quasisyllabic endings are very common. This gives a preponderance of short lines with many more heavy syllables, particularly word-internally, than are found in Old English. The shortness of Old Icelandic lines means that the model presented for Old English is unsuitable. These data suggest that Old Icelandic verse lines are best described using a Sievers-like model predicated on lines composed of combinations of four or five syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491950/figure-11-andrew-cooper-quantitative-analysis-of-the-old"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491956/table-1-the-texts-shown-in-provide-sample-of-oe-verse-with"><img alt="The texts shown in table 1 provide a sample of OE verse with a range of subject matter, metrical features and sources. In the figures which follow, degenerate and hypermetric lines are removed, as is Genesis B. Hypermetric lines are listed by Bliss (1962), and degenerate lines in the study are defined as any line not containing a caesura in editions. A total of 846 lines are removed from the figures in the next section. Of these, 209 are hypermetric (see list in Bliss, 1962), which I address separately elsewhere (Cooper, 2017), 617 are from Genesis B, which is metrically distinct from the rest of the poem, and 20 are degenerate. The data below comprise a reduced selection with only standard lines, for a total of 6107. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491961/table-2-the-texts-were-entered-and-annotated-manually-into"><img alt="The texts were entered and annotated manually into MSExcel with marking for metrical weight, stress marking and alliteration. Table 2 shows an example line with these annotations. In TAB , X in the Syll row marks the caesura, and XX the line end. The line is divided into syllables. The mora row shows metrical quantity values for each syllable. The stress row uses / for a stressed syllable, and x for an unstressed syllable. The allit row shows the alliterating syllables. The totals for each line and half-line were automatically calculated and compiled in MS Excel 2013. 3 Results " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/29491969/table-3-tab-line-lengths-by-syllables"><img alt="TAB. 3: Line lengths by syllables " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90757223/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-86265023-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4165829a958081fbd52148f872bf3f7d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90757223,"asset_id":86265023,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90757223/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86265023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86265023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86265023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86265023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86265023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86265023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='86265023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4165829a958081fbd52148f872bf3f7d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=86265023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":86265023,"title":"Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":90757223},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-07T01:34:35.929-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":90757223,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90757223/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90757223/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90757223/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_-libre.pdf?1662560793=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAndrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=GKeV3f8brnO2gPozsaNVg292oFCoYu-8p4Vy1aYRFMcjlr5-v3M~LWPyVhmPl66GuA0B9ZsA87hRheM5pMtdt0ZLgV8x~WrFRy5yrVTDeqiXzEWTMpa4hx-kac4tTFfENULatvRfebJrqfJGXguv-QenTv51O-qgiFlyZVt8wsxrgbNSWApO4Z~4UgE3Iq4mOCI9AfDrILs1-3aGvIjwcnn6pPZwRWaeaVb19ZOv4-3NQ19ieBVchIUBKFIQWFije0nOyP-P9Nvuspp4sah2sYKLMu9u8piPMnkCib85eRRYV2St3u7PQFh39tCNX9C-RKSHSt8v9~Xc6tjpwgWUSg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[{"id":90757223,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90757223/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90757223/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90757223/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV_2019_-libre.pdf?1662560793=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAndrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=GKeV3f8brnO2gPozsaNVg292oFCoYu-8p4Vy1aYRFMcjlr5-v3M~LWPyVhmPl66GuA0B9ZsA87hRheM5pMtdt0ZLgV8x~WrFRy5yrVTDeqiXzEWTMpa4hx-kac4tTFfENULatvRfebJrqfJGXguv-QenTv51O-qgiFlyZVt8wsxrgbNSWApO4Z~4UgE3Iq4mOCI9AfDrILs1-3aGvIjwcnn6pPZwRWaeaVb19ZOv4-3NQ19ieBVchIUBKFIQWFije0nOyP-P9Nvuspp4sah2sYKLMu9u8piPMnkCib85eRRYV2St3u7PQFh39tCNX9C-RKSHSt8v9~Xc6tjpwgWUSg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9150339-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9066309" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38763290"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A unified account of the Old English metrical line" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line">A unified account of the Old English metrical line</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A unified account of the Old English metrical line</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding allit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.<br /><br />To complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-38763290-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-38763290-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619873/figure-4-the-corpus-analysis-showed-the-length-of-lines-in"><img alt="The corpus analysis showed the length of lines in syllables to be normally listributed, with a minimum of 8, an average of 10, and a quickly diminishing ail of lengths after 12. These values are reflected in Figure 4, to which a nor. mal distribution curve is added. Figure 4. Lengths of standard lines by syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619883/table-5-the-values-in-are-reflected-in-to-which-normal"><img alt="The values in Table 5 are reflected in Figure 5, to which a normal distri- bution curve is added. Figure 5. Lengths of standard lines by vocalic moras. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619893/figure-6-this-section-presents-binary-branching-model-of-the"><img alt="This section presents a binary branching model of the OE poetic line which has some variation at the most basic level, the level of the moraic value of the syllabic nucleus. Line length variation is created by variation in the length of verse feet. The line is divided into four feet, with a syntactic break preferred between the second and third feet, giving the impression of a line divided into two verses, which has informed standard editorial practice. Each standard line consists of four metrical feet, consisting of two metrical positions. In each foot, the left position is by default strong, meaning that it attracts prominence, such as primary stress, and is by preference long (up). The right position is by default weak, meaning that it does not attract prominence, and is short (-). This creates a binary branching structure with the feet shown in figure 6. Pa- rentheses are used to show the verse feet. In Figure 6, a metrical structure modelled on the prosodic hierarchy is shown (Selkirk, 1980, 1986). The categories are based on those from Golston and Riad (2003a) with the modification that the right metrical position (m) of each verse foot (VFt) is short by default. This leaves each VFt with 3 vocalic moras. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619900/figure-7-the-value-of-these-feet-depends-on-whether-the"><img alt="The value of these feet depends on whether the vowel in the syllable is long or short. A foot may be occupied by a single syllable with a long vowel, or four syllables with short vowels, or anything in between. The relationship considered metrically equiva possible arrangments of sylla' tween heavy syllables and pairs of light syllables before Sievers and was a fundamental part of his t ion allows for one short stressed syllable followed by one unstressed sylla of any length to be considered metrically equivalent to a long stressed sylla L+X=H). Classical resolution allows only that two short syllables may ent to one long syllable (L+L=H). This equiva- ence inspires the design of the metrical position described in this section. T gives a foot with a minimum size of 2u/ bles are shown in Figure 7. De- in OE verse dates back to heory. Sievers-type resolu- his o, and a maximum of 4u/40. The " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620077/table-15-possible-prosodic-realisations-of-peling-the-same"><img alt="Table 15. Possible prosodic realisations of @peling. The same constraints on a form with both a derivational suffix and an inflec- tional suffix @pel + ing + as produce a form with two stresses. This is shown in Table 16. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619909/figure-8-matching-between-metrical-structures-and-their"><img alt="matching between metrical structures and their equivalent prosodic structures is usual for prototypical and shorter lines, but not for longer lines, which are dealt with later in this chapter. A prototypical 100/12, line in which verse feet and prosodic words overlap is shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8, it is assumed that VC syllables are light (§2.1.4), so there is very close matching between the vowel mora count above and the prose quantity count below. Note that the highest phonological category, the intonation phrase, is not included at the bottom of the figure, as the line very rarely rep- resents a whole syntactic sentence, which is the usual domain of the intonation phrase (Selkirk, 1980, 1986). An actual sentence (and therefore intonation phrase) in OE can be any number of phrases (and therefore verses) long, and can start either at the beginning of the line or after the caesura. In Figure 8, it is shown that Genesis 17 has four verse feet which are exactly congruent with four graphological words which are also prosodic words. Each of these words therefore fulfils a default verse foot, and each has the prominent syllable on the left boundary. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619921/figure-9-two-positions-which-is-more-common-and-less-serious"><img alt="two positions, which is more common and a less serious breach. The com- pound noun wite/dac is written with ellipses to allow the feet to be placed above each vowel. With 5u, witelac must reach over two verse feet, but at only 30, it cannot occupy a verse on its own. With an inflectional suffix, such as in weras basnedon | witelaces** Gen 2419, both the minimum verse length re- quirement (at 40), and the quantity requirement for two feet (31 +3) are met. In 18b, however, witelac is aligned to the right edge of the line, where it oc- cupies the whole of the fourth foot and borrows the final mora of the third foot. This final mora is also part of the prosodic head of the third foot, as is demonstrated by the alliteration between the second and third feet. This line shows the effectiveness of the metrical template, even when tested with mul- iple breaches of the basic structure. Example 18b is analysed with the metrical structure divided into verse feet and with the prosodic structure divided into prosodic words in Figure 9. In Figure 9, a metrically complex line is shown, an ellipsis is added to allow the foot marking to be accommodated. Lines with so many disjunctions be- tween the PrWds and the VFt are rare and disfavoured. In shorter lines such " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619929/figure-10-verse-making-line-with-five-feet-this-can-be"><img alt="verse-making a line with five feet. This can be reflected in the binary ing analysis by allowing for a level HYPERMETRICVERSE (HyYPV). Each HypV oranc comprises one verse (V) and one VFt. The alliteration is still controlled by t V; there can be a maximum of two alliteration points in the a-verse, which are oriented to the left, the additional VFt on the right does not alliterate. primary alliteration point should occur in the first VFt of the b-verse, branching structure shown in Figure 10 is adduced, which allows the Ast he le N- ne ale Ft- primary alliteration point to remain in the first VFt of the V, while the final VFt has its alliteration blocked. This demonstrates that a VFt is only subject to alliteration when dominated by a V. This informs and is consistent with the alliteration constraints described in subsection 4.4.1. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619935/figure-12-vowel-moras-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 12. Vowel Moras in the Heliand and the Genesis.?” " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619939/figure-13-rhyme-moras-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 13. Rhyme Moras in the Heliand and the Genesis. branching generative structure would require an analysis with 32 possible fi- nal nodes, undergoing extremely frequent catalexis at several levels, a far more complex and flexible analysis than required for Old English, and one neither suggested by nor appropriate to the quantitative data shown in Figure 12. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619945/figure-14-syllables-in-the-heliand-and-the-genesis"><img alt="Figure 14. Syllables in the Heliand and the Genesis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619954/figure-15-vowel-moras-in-the-rigspula-the-voluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 15. Vowel Moras in the RigsPula, the Voluspa and the Hymiskvida. as having 3 syllables, an issue which recurred in the ON data but not in the OE or OS. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619962/figure-16-rhyme-moras-in-the-rigspula-the-vluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 16. Rhyme Moras in the Rigspula, the Véluspa and the Hymiskvida. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619972/figure-17-syllables-in-the-rigspula-the-viluspa-and-the"><img alt="Figure 17. Syllables in the Rigspula, the Viluspa and the Hymiskvida. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619979/figure-14-en-stor-korpus-analyserades-centrerad-pa-de"><img alt="En stor korpus analyserades, centrerad pa de fornengelska dikterna Genesis och Andreas. Utvalda kortare dikter blev tillagda av sarskilda skal. Korpusen bestar av 6953 rader fran 14 dikter. S atistiska resultat fran korpusanalysen anvands for att faststalla fornengelska dikternas versdesign (Jakobson, 1960). Dessa resultat visar att om man raknar ihop radernas vokalvikt, en analys ut- vecklad fér Beowulf av Golston & Riad (2003a), far man en normal distribut- ion med en genomsnittslangd av 12 moror, med raderna férdelade mellan 8 och 16 moror i langd, som i figur 1. Figur 1. Standardradernas langder matt i vokaliska moror. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619987/figure-15-langd-ur-visas-den-metriska-strukturen-versraden"><img alt="langd. I Figur 2 visas den metriska strukturen versraden démdon drihtenes dugepum wéron ’[sin Herre] lovprisade, i Herrens harlighet voro [de saliga]’, och den prosodiska strukturen visas under den. Férkortningar inom figuren harleds fran de engelska termerna. I prototypiska rader, taécker versfoten det prosodiska ordet exakt, som i Figur 2. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53619992/figure-16-dessa-aspekter-bidrar-till-en-frklaring-om-hur"><img alt="Dessa aspekter bidrar till en f6rklaring om hur meningar och fraser interagerar med versstrukturen fér att producera den stora inventarielista av acceptabla versformer, som har beskrivits i tidigare studier (Sievers, 1968; Bliss, 1962; Kendall 1991). Den uppenbara variationen i versfotens och versradens langd har orsakat att tidigare modeller har 6verproducerat acceptabla verserformer eller har utvecklat komplexa och detaljerade typologier av dussin- eller hund- ratals acceptabla former. Analysen pa en lang rad dar flera missanpassningar mellan versf6tterna och prosodiska orden forekommer visas i figur 3. Raden ar maximal, med 16 vokaliska moror éver fyra versfotter, efne swa wide | swa 04 witelac ’just sa vida | som férbannelsen [drabbade Sodom]’. Figur 3. Maximalrad med flera missanpassningar mellan den metriska mo- dellen och prosodiska orden. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620000/figure-17-ur-en-hypermetrisk-rad-med-dess-metriska-struktur"><img alt="Figur 4. En hypermetrisk rad med dess metriska struktur. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620005/table-1-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620008/table-2-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620011/table-3-unified-account-of-the-old-english-metrical-line"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620018/table-2-in-in-the-sy-row-marks-the-caesura-and-xx-the-line"><img alt="In Table 2, X in the Sy// row marks the caesura, and XX the line end. The line is divided into syllables. The mora row shows vowel quantity values for each Table 2. Example line, Andreas 9, rofe rincas, | bonne rond ond hand, with phonological annotations. + The metrical analysis presented in the present study is based on a selected corpus of OE verse texts which were subjected to a line-by-line analysis for stress, vowel quantity, and alliteration patterns. The OE line is identifiable in verse texts because of alliteration. Some manuscripts (such as the Junius, see below) obligingly mark the lines and verses with punctuation. Texts without this marking have been arranged into an equivalent structure in edited ver- sions. The present study makes use of edited versions of all the poems, ulti- mately derived from Krapp & Dobbie (1931). In Table 2, an example line from the corpus is shown with annotation for vowel quantity, stress marking and alliteration. ey " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620020/table-6-these-texts-were-selected-from-the-corpus-in-order"><img alt="These texts were selected from the corpus in order to provide a sample with a range of subject matter and metrical features. The argumentation behind the inclusion of individual poems is presented below, in order of the manuscripts The corpus used for this analysis was collected from Krapp and Dobbie’s An. glo-Saxon Poetic Records (1931). For the shorter poems, the transcriptions were modified based on Mitchell and Robinson (1999), who have more de- tailed annotation. Because of the limitations of the historical record, it was decided early in the project that the corpus would consist of entire poems. rather than selected shorter samples. This choice causes balance to be sacri- ficed in favour of representativeness. Unbalanced corpora are unsuitable fo. statistical analysis, so only descriptive statistics have been used to show broac tendencies. Table 6 shows the poems used for the metrical analysis. The pro: portion of the poems in relation to the corpus as a whole is also given. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620025/table-6-in-the-row-sy-the-line-is-broken-into-syllables-an"><img alt="In the row Sy//, the line is broken into syllables. An X marks the end of a half- line, which is represented in OS editions with an extended space, and in ON with a line break. At the end of the second verse, XX is used to mark the end of the line, and totals for line lengths are calculated in this column. Under each syllable, a value is recorded for Moras in the nucleus of the syllable (vMora), " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620028/table-4-lengths-of-standard-lines-by-syllables"><img alt="Table 4. Lengths of standard lines by syllables. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620031/table-6-theoretically-possible-foot-structures"><img alt="Table 6. Theoretically possible foot structures. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620034/table-7-foot-building-constraints-in-prototypical-line-in"><img alt="Table 7. Foot-building constraints in a prototypical line. * In Table 7, two possible parses are shown for And 20. In a prototypical line, four 31 verse feet match up with four prosodic words, creating a 12 line. In this example, both words in the on-verse have long vowels in the left position, and short in the second. The low-ranking constraint SyllParsePos is breached in the words in the b-verse, as these have two short syllables each in the left position, An attempt to reorder the foot structure in the a-verse breaches both the VerseFeetParsePrWd constraint and the two constraints preferring HL feet. Lines with inputs with different prosodic structures cause greater breaches of these constraints. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620037/table-9-grammatical-faithfulness-outranks-metre-prosody"><img alt="Table 9. Grammatical faithfulness outranks metre-prosody alignment As shown in Table 9, the metrical structure of the maximal line from Figure 9 is shown to be optimal. In the shorter lines, the phrase boundaries and the verse boundaries can be made to match without moras needing either to cross the caesura or to have a syllable shared between feet. This shows that metrical constraints and syntactic constraints interact within the verse line. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620040/table-10-supermaximal-lines-length-and-distribution-the"><img alt="Table 10. Supermaximal lines, length and distribution. The total number of supermaximal lines is very small, but not insignificant. and there is a greater incidence in Andreas than in Genesis A. In Andreas, 37 of 1722 (2.1%) are supermaximal. In Genesis A, the value is 16 of 232( (0.7%). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620045/table-11-monosyllable-word-in-prosodic-word-formation-the"><img alt="Table 11. Monosyllable word in prosodic word-formation. The strong masculine noun weald ‘wooded hill’ is from wesan to wuhte. | Uton gan on pysne weald innan, Gen 839." This constraint prevents OE words from having stress in their final syllable, so that a two-syllable root will always be stressed on its first syllable.°° How- ever, monosyllabic words have stress on their final (and only) syllable, while also having stress on their initial (and only) syllable. Ranking these constraints in the order shown in Table 11 allows monosyllabic roots to be stressed, while obliging disyllabic roots to have stress only on their initial syllable. The stress assignment in lexical monosyllabic words is shown in Table 11. Prosodic word boundaries are marked in parentheses, and primary stress is indicated by an acute accent. Nominal roots come with an input lexical stress. The competition in this tab- leau is between a weald with a stress (and therefore the status of a prosodic word), or one without. Unstressed words are prosodic clitics and do not un- dergo this process. Although very many OE words are monosyllabic in the nominative, two-syllable words are also prosodically optimal, as shown in Ta- ble 12. In this tableau, prosodic word boundaries in the candidates are marked (by parentheses). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620052/table-12-disyllabic-word-in-prosodic-word-formation-lab-or"><img alt="Table 12. Disyllabic word in prosodic word-formation. lab or more affixes, the alliteration patterns show t sition of the stress within the prosodic word. 1 syl optimal stress assignment in OE is a left-he h disyllabic words, the competition is rather whether the initial or final able should receive a stress, or whether both should. Here it is shown that aded PrWd including two syl- es. If a word undergoes further word-formation by being the host of one hat this does not affect the po- [he stress remains on the firs able of the root (§2.1). Due to the variabi certain syllables described for stress by Minkov of ble his word-formation generator. Minkova’s (2008) constraints are compati- with those shown here, and to a certain extent overlap. However, none o the items dealt with in later sections require variable stress on prefixes, and ity in the stress conditions o a (2008), prefixation is left ou the reranking of constraints which creates this variation. For the sake of ¢ streamlined analysis targeted at secondary stress they have been left out. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620058/table-13-the-prefixed-form-geweald-authority-is-from-and"><img alt="The prefixed form geweald ‘authority’ is from and wildu déor | on geweald geseald, Gen 1516.' Table 13. Prefixed word in prosodic word-formation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620063/table-14-prefixed-and-suffixed-word-in-prosodic-word"><img alt="Table 14. Prefixed and suffixed word in prosodic word formation Gewealde ‘control.DAT’ is from ides Egyptisc, | an on gewealde Gen 2229, ° " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620070/table-16-possible-metrical-renderings-of-epelingas"><img alt="Table 16. Possible metrical renderings of epelingas " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620083/table-17-possible-metrical-renderings-of-delstan-in-both"><img alt="Table 17. Possible metrical renderings of 4delstan In Table 17, both components of the compounds eel and stan are roots; so stan retains its underlying stress because ROOTSTRESS is higher than NON- FINAL. The process of compounding causes the second stress to become met- rically subordinate to the primary stress. Two minimal PrWds are combined into a maximal PrWd. Neverthe ess, the subordinate stress occupies the head of a PrWd, and the two small PrWds together form a single lexical item, which is roughly size of a Phonological Phrase, and therefore can occupy a whole verse as well as the heads of bo ondary stress, whether produced h verse feet. Within the verse design, a sec- by compounding, derivation, or borrowing ($6), may occupy the head of a verse foot separate from its primary stress, or be subordinated to its primary s ress within the same foot. This observation further demonstrates the distinction between the prosodic word and the verse foot. This analysis demonstrates the difference in metrical status between compound nouns and derivational nouns with similar segmental phonology, and between inflectional variations of derivational nouns.' Those words which do not come with lexical stress, but which occasionally occupy the heads of verse feet are shown to have a different status within the prosodic word in the following subsection. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620089/table-18-ot-treatment-of-alternative-alliteration"><img alt="Table 18. OT treatment of alternative alliteration preferences. This line comes from the beginning of Andreas, in which the Twelve Disciples are introduced in terms which portray them as a heroic band of Germanic war- riors. For the purpose of this description of the alliteration constraints, it has been assumed that the rhetorical function of this line is to emphasise the val- iant qualities of the Disciples, and that the war-related items in the b-verse are metaphorical. It has further been assumed that the lexical items could be re- placed with near-synonyms without disturbing the content of the text. This is a speculation which must be allowed in order to permit this sort of test, and which allows for semantic input to be fairly vague, leading to several options for individual lexical items. The grammatical input includes that the war-re- ated items be coordinated and that a subordinating conjunction is included. Syntactic constraints are excluded from this treatment, as the focus is on lexi- cal choice and alliteration. In the input field for Table 18, rough translations in modern English are given for the lexical words which are to be chosen. In the input, functions are given in SMALL CAPS, so that the coordinator and is given as CO, the subordinator introducing a temporal clause is given as TEMP.SUB. Syntactic relations are not shown. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620097/table-19-prototypical-prose-arrangement-for-oe-compound"><img alt="Table 19. Prototypical prose arrangement for OE compound numerals. It is usual for the enumerated item to be repeated at several points within the phrase and sometimes left out at the end. This example, 8,766 (the average number of hours in a year), comes from Byrhtferth’s manual where it is given " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620105/table-20-derived-second-base-numerals-showing-hund-group-anc"><img alt="Table 20. Derived second-base numerals, showing hund- group anc unprefixed group. This observation allows for the distinction between the -tig and the hund- ...-tig group to be motivated. Textual evidence shows that the hund- prefix (indexed hund;) does not alliterate or interfere with alliteration falling on its base and should be considered unstressed. Because of this, it is important that the und, affix be distinguished from the -hund multiplier (hund2). Hund? oc- curs after a simplex multiplier, sometimes with an intervening space, and often apparently occupies the head of a foot, as in example 65. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620116/table-21-numerals-rendered-in-latin-vulgate-and-oe-genesis"><img alt="Table 21. Numerals rendered in Latin Vulgate and OE Genesis, by Chapter and Verse The following annotations accompany the table: * numeral is rendered in the Latin but not the OE. ! numeral is rendered in the OE but is different from the Latin. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620126/table-23-each-of-these-instances-uses-different-strategy-to"><img alt="Each of these instances uses a different strategy to translate the Latin formula. The verbs of choice are (gejJican ‘increase’ with a dative object, and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620138/table-22-candidates-for-translations-of-the-age-of-jared-in"><img alt="Table 22. Candidates for translations of the age of Jared In table 22a, it is shown that the optimal candidate is one where a word in the a-verse alliterates with fvore ‘life’, even if this word has no exact correspond- ent in the input and causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics) along with éac. In Table 22b, it is shown that éac ‘also’ is needed to meet the minimum line structure requirements covered by OE LINE (GROUP), in this case the four- position principle (§§2.3, 4.2.3), even though adding it causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics). Changing fif ‘five’ to twa ‘two’ in Table 22c, there is no alliteration between the a- and b- verse and so Allit (group) is breached. In Table 22d, the most literal translation is given, in which hundtéontig alliterates with twa and syxtig but is not long enough to fulfil the four-position principle. In each case, vixitque ‘and he lived’ is rendered with on fvore lifde which causes one breach of Max-IO (semantics), because no and is included, and two breaches of Dep-IO (lexical items) because on ‘in’ and fvore ‘life’ are added to allow the verse to meet minimal syllabic requirements (§4.2.3). These findings on the interaction between lexical choice and alliteration in- form the description of alliteration in subsection 4.4.1. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620148/table-24-possible-metrical-structures-of-abraham-in-dative"><img alt="Table 24. Possible metrical structures of Abraham in Dative. In Table 24, it is shown that the variant Abrahame, with stresses on the first and third syllables, fulfils t he default phonological constraints for stress as- signment with no violations of the operative constraints. The realisation for variants of c.pe.ling should be the same as for a.bra.ham, as they have the same syllable structure. The conclusions drawn from this section inform the constraints developed for derivational nouns on the pattern of cepeling as dis- cussed in subsection 4.3.1 a DOVE. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_025.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620157/table-23-possible-metrical-structures-of-abraham-in"><img alt="Table 23. Possible metrical structures of Abraham in Nominative In Table 23, several possible renderings of Abraham are shown with foo boundaries and primary and secondary stress marking. The optimal candidate is shown to be a single left-headed verse foot. This reading takes into accoun a-verses like da Abraham | éhte l@dde Gen 1873.'* In this line, da is a time adverb, has a long vowel, and can occupy a foot alone, giving an xA|Ax allit eration pattern. In its suffixed form, however, it can shown that a more optima word structure is produced by parsing the four syllables into two minima PrWd. In the following tableau, it is assumed that the internal stress in Abra- ham is lexical. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_026.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620167/table-25-possible-metrical-renderings-of-andreas-in-the"><img alt="Table 25. Possible metrical renderings of Andreas In Table 25, the candidate most resembling Latin pronunciation (Andréas with the stress on the medial syllable) is dominated by the ROOTSTRESS constraint, which assigns a primary stress to the left boundary of the prosodic word, re- gardless of stress conditions in the source language. Note that in this candi- date, as in all polysyllabic words, the second stress must be a secondary stress, and two prosodic words are formed within one graphological word. For the purposes of prosodic word building, there is no reason to assume that only vowel moras are counted. It should rather be assumed that the usual phonology of OE applies, and so the coda should contribute to syllable weight. In contrast to Abraham, the first syllable of Andreas therefore contains two moras and so can form a PrWd alone (as discussed in §2.1.4). This can be supported by the interpretation of OE phonological foot structure presented by Minkova and Stockwell (1994). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_027.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620176/table-28-possible-metrical-renderings-of-caines-in-it-is"><img alt="Table 28. Possible metrical renderings of Caines In Table 27, it is shown that the input stress is rearranged from a right-headed PrWd, which is disfavoured in OE, to a left-headed form. Similarly, it is shown in Table 28 that a suffixed form with two stresses is preferred despite fact that the inserted primary stress causes a clash. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/58851869/table_028.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/53620185/table-27-possible-metrical-renderings-of-cain"><img alt="Table 27. Possible metrical renderings of Cain. 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However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","ai_title_tag":"Modeling Old English Metrical Variations","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"A unified account of the Old English metrical line"},"translated_abstract":"Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-04-10T06:07:36.283-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5782339,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58851869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58851869/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58851869/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf?1738382491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=a-qvdeSoHW5NzT85AyaHp0n-PVwRHBdFnqdd4QtHC1HQoF43dGSOjceyMtXrBHiBGC9Ehv8o4UHBdNLwUilKn~D5c-ZsnGVADb1CMuUCGNLvHWH8RXCqgtV65Pp~vOtpZFuNT4iRhjv8unuzY61dK6UCfIqB9TZz-Xqv4s1Dce~9ljSJK6CQesdzskEDLfj9IsKA0q3ZuxCSdr0LaiI00L8EFpi~5hMmDC6rmOXqTiulZBIlDjfX16Uo2CuDxTkssVudZCPeqTQeshmNl2PXeCaFH3Gr74IQ2bbxMpKY13c~EhrLHR53YF4eSSAz~XbCKq0Mr-MFRMbytqJ04r0dug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","translated_slug":"","page_count":222,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory.\n\nTo complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.","owner":{"id":5782339,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cooper","page_name":"AndrewCooper","domain_name":"su-se","created_at":"2013-09-26T18:05:58.105-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper"},"attachments":[{"id":58851869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58851869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58851869/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58851869/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line20190410-119830-z7r3g8.pdf?1738382491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_met.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=a-qvdeSoHW5NzT85AyaHp0n-PVwRHBdFnqdd4QtHC1HQoF43dGSOjceyMtXrBHiBGC9Ehv8o4UHBdNLwUilKn~D5c-ZsnGVADb1CMuUCGNLvHWH8RXCqgtV65Pp~vOtpZFuNT4iRhjv8unuzY61dK6UCfIqB9TZz-Xqv4s1Dce~9ljSJK6CQesdzskEDLfj9IsKA0q3ZuxCSdr0LaiI00L8EFpi~5hMmDC6rmOXqTiulZBIlDjfX16Uo2CuDxTkssVudZCPeqTQeshmNl2PXeCaFH3Gr74IQ2bbxMpKY13c~EhrLHR53YF4eSSAz~XbCKq0Mr-MFRMbytqJ04r0dug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4234,"name":"Old English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Literature"},{"id":23910,"name":"Metrical Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metrical_Phonology"},{"id":34620,"name":"Old English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_English_Language"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-38763290-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9855924" id="drafts"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40829162"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61112969/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition">Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cas-cz.academia.edu/PetrPlech%C3%A1%C4%8D">Petr Plecháč</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NagyBenjamin">Benjamin Nagy</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/Artjoms%C5%A0e%C4%BCa">Artjoms Šeļa</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative prof...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present "serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. In what follows we discuss each method separately following the order of the original article.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da3409ab0f2fa3f4f2e78a686feaf91c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61112969,"asset_id":40829162,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61112969/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40829162"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40829162"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40829162; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40829162]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40829162]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40829162; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40829162']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "da3409ab0f2fa3f4f2e78a686feaf91c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40829162]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40829162,"title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present \"serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition\" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. In what follows we discuss each method separately following the order of the original article.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":61112969},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-11-03T11:04:37.702-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":814368,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[{"id":33242589,"work_id":40829162,"tagging_user_id":814368,"tagged_user_id":5782339,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"f***l@hotmail.com","affiliation":"Stockholm University","display_order":1,"name":"Andrew Cooper","title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition"},{"id":33242590,"work_id":40829162,"tagging_user_id":814368,"tagged_user_id":135232846,"co_author_invite_id":6927263,"email":"b***y@adelaide.edu.au","display_order":2,"name":"Benjamin Nagy","title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition"},{"id":33242591,"work_id":40829162,"tagging_user_id":814368,"tagged_user_id":6931509,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***e@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Tartu","display_order":3,"name":"Artjoms Šeļa","title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61112969,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61112969/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1910.1292720191103-120605-1cxxyvs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61112969/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profil.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61112969/1910.1292720191103-120605-1cxxyvs-libre.pdf?1572808510=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profil.pdf\u0026Expires=1743560579\u0026Signature=hIrnAVoiMFtCvHbCnAMOoNwX5pQzWCSmxcsU1WKKgO9ERGyi7bEo2VgsJdj0ssp9f5dPR3-I3dqQFII-tFA-ByvHMz3QSNTCf-AT5hQ50ZhnvcOlri3wYwB9-NTGrIcHFHX9qtvLVOn4uSo2MZ26jiqUISJdoEyegEWVjs06QrVLRz-icvxqRvWPnGYeE4kyYfH8lMbmU3QCmRHfld41-zeNTS9W-U6mMFWhNP7QyRDDBhZuI3SPHQxvRLIk1xhedqPFbckZj0J5Ki6D1d5kpIPnN~wxYKeS3aaEWveHGfd0qLvoMdNQO11HHeqKY3wIluHKJA5tyxbSN51-zaawcA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present \"serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition\" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. 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