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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><meta name="bingbot" content="nocache"/><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@voxdotcom"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="549923288395304"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Vox"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Vox"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vox" href="/rss/index.xml"/><title>Police unions, explained | Vox</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow,max-image-preview:large"/><meta name="description" content="Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government."/><meta property="og:title" content="How police unions became so powerful — and how they can be tamed"/><meta property="og:description" content="Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most 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government.","datePublished":"2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00","url":"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21290981/police-union-contracts-minneapolis-reform","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21290981/police-union-contracts-minneapolis-reform","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Vox","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/default-og-image.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0.13712291199202,100,99.725754176016","width":"1200","height":"628"}},"articleSection":"Politics","keywords":["Explainers","Future Perfect","Politics"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Dylan Matthews","url":"https://www.vox.com/authors/dylan-matthews"}],"image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,10.732984293194,100,78.534031413613","height":"3141","width":"6000"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100","height":"4000","width":"6000"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667,0,66.666666666667,100","height":"4000","width":"3999"}],"speakable":{"@type":"SpeakableSpecification","xpath":["/html/head/title","/html/head/meta[@name='description']/@content"]},"articleBody":"In the wake of George Floyd’s killing by now-former Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin, few have been inclined to defend Chauvin or his colleagues who stood by and watched as he suffocated Floyd to death. Few, that is, except Bob Kroll.\nIn a letter to membership, Kroll — the president of the MPD’s police union — referred to protesters outraged by police brutality as a “terrorist movement” and defended the officers who killed Floyd and were subsequently fired, arguing they were “terminated without due process” and lamenting, “What is not being told is the violent criminal history of George Floyd.” (Floyd had a criminal record, but mostly for nonviolent drug and theft charges.)\nKroll’s statements illustrate a central challenge in American efforts to transform policing: Police unions, the groups that represent police officers, are a powerful force that stands in the way of holding police accountable. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey told the New York Times that Kroll and his union are a major reason it’s hard to bring order to the Minneapolis Police Department, saying they create a “nearly impenetrable barrier” to reform.\nIt’s not just in Minneapolis. Around the country, as protesters take to the streets to condemn police violence and demand change, police unions have emerged as the protesters’ most vocal and implacable foe.\n[Image: A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all]\nIn Buffalo, the city’s Police Benevolent Association president John Evans has actively defended officers who pushed 75-year-old protester Martin Gugino to the ground. When the officers who pushed Gugino were seen leaving their arraignment on felony assault charges, a large crowd of police union members and sympathizers was seen cheering them on. In New York State broadly, police unions led opposition to newly signed legislation that prevents police from hiding misconduct complaints and criminalizes chokeholds.\nThese are hardly aberrations. Police unions in general have become the most vocal interest group opposing criminal justice reforms and especially reforms to police discipline and use of force. Historically, they have, unlike most unions, been profoundly conservative institutions that uphold a particular white ethnic, “law and order”-focused variant of right-wing politics. They have been among Donald Trump’s most fervent allies; Kroll spoke at a Trump rally in 2018, and the International Union of Police Associations has already endorsed Trump for reelection.\nThe foregrounding of police unions’ role in the warping of American law enforcement has also prompted some difficult conversations on the left. The presence of a segment of a union movement that’s unapologetically right-wing and hostile to Black communities has tested the limits of solidarity from more left-wing unionists.\nAs long as police forces exist, police unions will exist in some form as well, even if just as political pressure groups. It is therefore natural to think that reforming police unions in some way must be part of the broader agenda of changing policing in America. They are among the biggest stakeholders in the way the system works now; without addressing their power, other reforms may never get off the ground.\nA brief history of police, unions, and police unions\nThe creation of police unions was a somewhat ironic twist in American labor history, University of Minnesota labor historian Will Jones tells me, given that the creation of urban police forces was largely spurred by a desire to contain union activism and protest.\n“The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict,” Jones says. Police departments emerged and evolved as adjuncts to the sheriff’s departments and private detective agencies (like the Pinkertons) that bosses typically enlisted to fight union activists.\nThe (rough) anniversary of the Haymarket affair of 1886, a protest against anti-union violence by police in which an unknown assailant threw a bomb at Chicago police and a firefight broke out, is still commemorated on May 1 as International Workers’ Day in numerous countries worldwide. Union demonstrators and police would square off repeatedly in ensuing decades: in Cleveland in 1894, Philadelphia in 1910, Minneapolis in 1934, Chicago in 1937, and Hilo, Hawaii, in 1938, among many other incidents.\n[Image: People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all]\nThe anti-union role of police began to ebb in the first half of the 20th century with the coming of the New Deal and the Great Migration of Black workers from the South to Northern cities, says Aaron Bekemeyer, a doctoral candidate in history at Harvard whose dissertation documents the emergence of police unions in Philadelphia and nationally.\nThe New Deal, especially the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, legalized a lot of union activity, including strikes, and so shunted the task of managing labor conflict from local police to federal bureaucrats. The Great Migration, in turn, gave urban police another population to police, namely Black people. “Policing of Black neighborhoods, drug policing, gang policing become what these big-city police forces do,” Bekemeyer says.\nThe trend of allowing public sector unions began in New York City, when Mayor Robert Wagner Jr., the son of Sen. Robert Wagner who wrote the National Labor Relations Act, issued regulations that allowed collective bargaining by municipal employees in 1958. Wisconsin followed suit in 1959, and many states came after that. In 1962, the federal government under John F. Kennedy legalized collective bargaining for its employees. The spread of this idea helped fuel the growth of teachers unions, sanitation workers unions, and other public employee unions — including police unions.\nThe rise in violent crime in the 1960s, riots in places like Watts in 1965, Detroit and Newark in 1967, and nationwide in 1968, and the rise of tough-on-crime policing targeted at Black neighborhoods also enhanced the political power of police unions: “The police unions say, ‘Hey, we’re the ones doing this work and protecting you, implied white listener, from dangerous Black people, and you need the gains unions need. Union interests are public interests,’” says Bekemeyer.\nWhile the jobs are very different in obvious ways, the rhetoric parallels arguments that teachers unions under leaders like Al Shanker were making to the public around the same time: that the demands teachers were making would help students and parents too, and thus teachers deserve the public’s solidarity.\n“The stakes are very different because the jobs are very different, but it’s useful to see the police union movement as one of the most successful examples of social movement unionism,” Bekemeyer notes.\nPolice unions and white ethnic conservatism\nPolice unionism is just a very different kind of social movement unionism than that involved in, say, collaborations between civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin and union leaders like United Auto Workers head Walter Reuther during the postwar years.\nBekemeyer notes that police officers, especially in the Northeast, tended disproportionately in the 1950s through 1970s to be working-class “white ethnic” conservatives: mostly Irish, but occasionally Italian or Polish, too. “It’s a broader white ethnic politics that uses the language of tradition, neighborhood integrity, hard work, etc., to defend segregated institutions that they benefit from, from schools to certain union jobs in the trade to religious institutions,” Bekemeyer says.\nThis pattern comes through across the country, but Bekemeyer’s case study of Philadelphia is instructive, largely because one specific politician there embodied this identity better than any other American official of the time: Frank Rizzo, who served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1968 to 1971 and mayor from 1972 to 1980.\n[Image: Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all]\nRizzo was about as blatant a racist as led a major American city in the modern era. During his 1978 reelection bid, he urged supporters to “Vote White”; he fervently fought efforts to desegregate Philadelphia schools and build public housing in white neighborhoods. In a deposition, he stated he “considered public housing to be the same as Black housing in that most tenants of public housing are Black. Mayor Rizzo therefore felt that there should not be any public housing placed in White neighborhoods because people in White neighborhoods did not want Black people moving in with them.”\nThis extended to Rizzo’s governance of the police. He once famously declared that his treatment of protesters would “make Attila the Hun look like a fa**ot.” As commissioner, he ordered a raid on Black Panther headquarters in which suspects were publicly stripped in front of photographers, and at least once ordered police to beat stationary protesters with nightsticks.\nOn this, police unions were mostly a strong ally, echoing the role they would play in many cities as representatives of white ethnic conservative interests in ensuing decades. Alphonso Deal, a Black police officer in Philadelphia who began a separate union for Black officers who faced discrimination from leaders like Rizzo, once tried to run for the presidency of the Fraternal Order of Police local in the hope of breaking the police out of this mold, but Bekemeyer describes this attempt as “quixotic.” FOP was more interested in resisting affirmative action measures that it viewed as allowing officers who hadn’t “earned their place” to get in ahead of the white ethnics the union represented.\nThe Philadelphia case is especially vivid, but you see examples of this kind of behavior from police unions around the country from the 1960s to the present.\nIn one particularly glaring case, the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (since renamed the Police Benevolent Association for gender equality reasons) rioted around City Hall against David Dinkins, New York City’s first and to date only Black mayor, to protest Dinkins’s plan to create a civilian review board to oversee the police. Ten thousand protesters, mostly off-duty cops, appeared, and more than 4,000 broke through police barricades, surrounded City Hall, and took over Brooklyn Bridge. Protesters hurled the n-word and other racial slurs at Black people nearby, including city councilor Una Clarke.\nOne hears similar rhetoric, albeit with the sharp edges sanded down a bit, out of police unions today. Their rhetoric remains rooted in the notion that police are the one barrier between civilization and chaos. “The scenes we witnessed earlier this month — burning police vehicles, looted storefronts and violent clashes between protesters and police officers — will remain etched in New Yorkers’ collective memory. They are symbols of a breakdown in our social contract that none of us want to see repeated,” Pat Lynch of New York City’s Police Benevolent Association declared in a statement on June 17.\nWhere police unions fit into use of force problems\nIt is perhaps not surprising, given both police unions’ historic conservatism and their charge of defending members against unjust or arbitrary discipline, that defending and preventing discipline against police who kill or wound unarmed civilians, particularly Black civilians, has become a major preoccupation of police unions since the Black Lives Matter movement’s emergence.\nTellingly, when the International Union of Police Associations endorsed Trump for president in late 2015, they specifically cited as a root cause what they viewed as the Democratic presidential candidate’s slander of Darren Wilson, the white officer who in 2014 shot 18-year-old Black teenager Michael Brown to death in Ferguson, Missouri.\n“Every top Democrat currently running for this office has vilified the police and made criminals out to be victims,” union president Sam Cabral wrote. “Many of them still refer to the tragedy in Ferguson as a murder, despite the conclusions of every investigative inquiry to the contrary.” (A St. Louis County grand jury declined to indict Wilson for murder, and the US Department of Justice declined to prosecute him for civil rights violations. However, the DOJ also found a pattern of racial bias and brutality in the Ferguson police department.)\nIn local cases, this attitude has translated to a defense of officers who kill or wound innocent civilians. The Louisville Metro Police Department has been limited to just announcing its “intention” to fire Brett Hankison, a detective who shot his gun 10 times during the raid that killed Breonna Taylor, rather than actually firing him outright. This limitation is largely because of the city’s contract with the police union, which gives Hankison multiple opportunities to appeal. He is first allowed a “pretermination hearing” with counsel, and then, once terminated, an appeal to the police merit board, of which Hankison himself is a member.\nIn extreme cases, this resistance to discipline has translated into “depolicing,” in which police forces cease making arrests as a protest against civilian leaders and activists whom they perceive as demonizing police.\nThe NYPD conducted a work slowdown in late 2014 and early 2015 over perceived disrespect from Mayor Bill de Blasio — though crime actually fell during the slowdown according to a subsequent study analyzing the period (but that might just be because the slowdown was limited to low-level offenses). PBA president Pat Lynch called for another slowdown in 2019 when the police commissioner fired officer Daniel Pantaleo for choking Eric Garner to death five years earlier.\nIn Baltimore, a police slowdown known as “the pullback” ensued after the district attorney indicted officers for the death of Freddie Gray in 2015; many analysts, like ProPublica’s Alec MacGillis, attribute the 62 percent jump in homicides in 2015 at least in part to police just giving up on their jobs.\nThere is also some limited evidence that police unions themselves make use of force problems worse.\nUniversity of Chicago Law School’s Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard McAdams, and John Rappaport looked at a 2003 Florida Supreme Court decision that gave collective bargaining rights to sheriffs’ deputies. They use police departments, which were unaffected, as a control group, and find that in the wake of the decision, misconduct violations rose in sheriff’s offices but not in police departments. That suggests that collective bargaining itself caused a rise in misconduct, perhaps by making sheriff’s deputies feel like they could get away with it.\nAnother study by economists Rob Gillezeau, Jamein Cunningham, and Donna Feir, which has yet to be published but was discussed by one of its authors on NPR’s Planet Money podcast, used the varying times at which different states rolled out collective bargaining rights to police unions starting in the late 1950s to see if introducing police unions made a difference in police killings.\nThey found it did, Gillezeau told NPR:\n> We found that after officers gained access to collective bargaining rights that there was a substantial increase in killings of civilians — 0.026 to 0.029 additional civilians are killed in each county in each year, of whom the overwhelming majority are nonwhite. That’s about 60 to 70 per year civilians killed by the police in an era historically where there were a lot fewer police shootings. So that’s a humongous increase.\nAnother study by Oxford’s Abdul Rad found that police union contract provisions protecting police are correlated with greater police abuse, though the study warns that it’s hard to prove the relationship is causal.\nAnother way to look at this question is to examine the text of police union contracts. In 2018, Stephen Rushin, a law professor at Loyola University Chicago, examined 656 police union contracts and found that “the vast majority of these departments give police officers the ability to appeal disciplinary sanctions through multiple levels of appellate review. At the end of this process, the majority of departments allow officers to appeal disciplinary sanctions to an arbitrator selected, in part, by the local police union or the aggrieved officer.”\nRushin notes, “While each of these appellate procedures may be individually defensible, they combine in many police departments to create a formidable barrier to officer accountability.”\nRushin has found similar problems examining provisions of police contracts not related to the appeals process, including, for instance, rules giving officers a heads-up that they will be interviewed by internal affairs detectives or other investigators in a few days about a case of potential wrongdoing. “Most people, including myself, would say if you provide officers with delays telling them we’ll interview you in two days, that probably is a barrier to accountability,” Rushin told me.\n“Notifying that you’re about to talk gives them time to compare stories” and potentially come up with fake alibis or other lies. It’s a subtle matter, however: Notification that enables an officer to obtain legal representation seems like an essential due process provision, but notification long enough to enable cover stories goes too far.\nMuch of the difficulty in studying police unions is in how to think about these kinds of provisions, Rushin told me. “One thing I’ve learned going through this process is what one person calls due process, another person calls a problematic provision,” he says. “A lot is in the eye of who’s doing the coding.”\nPolice unions pose unique challenges for the labor left\nBeyond the difficulty police unions present as a state and local policy matter, they pose a particularly grave challenge to the labor movement at large.\nThe American left and labor have been close allies for more than a century, and often the struggle for racial equality and labor rights went hand in hand (see, for instance, A. Philip Randolph, whose Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized Black passenger train stewards to fight for both Black equality and economic gains).\nSome on the left want to abolish both police and the unions who organize them. Kim Kelly, a labor journalist and vocal activist within Writers Guild of America, East (of which I am also a member), led the charge to push police unions out of the labor movement in a New Republic article. Activism from her and others led WGA-E to call on its parent federation, the AFL-CIO, to disaffiliate from the International Union of Police Associations.\nSome veteran labor lawyers and academic labor activists are also opening up to the idea of sharply limiting police union power, recognizing this as an unusual case.\nA group of faculty at Cornell’s Industrial and Labor Relations school — Ifeoma Ajunwa, Virginia Doellgast, Shannon Gleeson, Kate Griffith, and Verónica Martínez-Matsuda — argued in a public statement that the labor movement “must also acknowledge that contemporary police unions have contributed to racism.” Benjamin Sachs, the Kestenbaum professor of labor and industry at Harvard Law School and a leading voice in labor law debates, published a blog post suggesting openness to limiting what issues police unions can legally bargain over, perhaps excluding from bargaining matters like discipline for police who beat or kill civilians.\n“The consequence of police abusing [collective bargaining] power is that people end up dead,” Sharon Block, executive director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law and a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President Obama, told me. “That is happening at a significant rate and that’s just a completely different context from the rest of the public sector” or unionism generally.\nSo far, these efforts have come to little. The AFL-CIO itself has firmly resisted calls to disaffiliate, and no limitations on police unions were included in House Democrats’ call to reform policing.\nMoreover, there are many in the labor movement who think calls for purging or outlawing police unions go much too far and risks endangering other public sector workers, like teachers, whose collective bargaining rights have been threatened in recent decades.\n“If you look back at prior incidents in American labor history where labor groups kicked out other labor groups over fundamental disagreements about strategy, about priorities, it generally didn’t turn out well for the cause of labor,” Catherine Fisk, a law professor at UC Berkeley and a prominent voice on labor law, told me.\nIdeas for fixing the police union problem\nThere are two extremes on the police union debate. On one end of the spectrum, there’s the attitude of local police union leaders like Pat Lynch and Bob Kroll, who state they are open to reform while in practice they fight almost every measure, even mild ones, meant to rein in police misconduct.\nOn the other is abolishing police and police unions, as advocated from the left by labor radicals like Kelly, or simply abolishing the unions, as advocated by many right-wing opponents of public sector unions generally. If police still existed in this world, they would of course be allowed to form organizations that advocated for their interests. But police departments would not be obliged to negotiate with those organizations on pay and discipline, as they are in most unionized jurisdictions today.\n[Image: Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all]\nMost police union experts I spoke with, though, fell in the middle: They believe that police unions can be usefully reformed without being abolished.\nThere are a number of possible models for this kind of reform. The organization Campaign Zero, co-founded by activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe, has been a leader in pushing for police union contract transparency; much of the research above relies on contracts they’ve surfaced publicly.\nThey recommend a bevy of contract changes, most of which involve removing provisions included in many union contracts or state laws known as Law Enforcement Officers’ Bills of Rights (LEOBRs), which provide similar protections to police officers as contracts do but are implemented as state legislation instead. Problematic provisions in contracts and LEOBRs include mandates that delay interrogations of officers (as Rushin highlighted), the ability to appeal to an arbitrator partially chosen by the police union, and bans on investigating misconduct that happened more than 100 days in the past.\nRushin has proposed allowing the public to observe collective bargaining between the police and state governments. That way, the public can exert pressure on city leaders not to yield to police union demands about discipline. A 2017 Reuters investigation found that in a number of cities, such as San Antonio, city leaders have given police unions concessions as an explicit trade-off for not offering high pay or limiting pay cuts. “If that trade-off is publicly visible, that our failure to compensate is causing cities to give significant concessions on discipline,” Rushin notes, then public pressure might force the city to increase police salaries rather than reducing accountability.\nL. Song Richardson, the dean of UC Irvine School of Law and an eminent criminal law expert, and Berkeley’s Catherine Fisk have proposed a system of “minority unionism” for police departments. The idea is to use the increasing racial diversity of many police departments to push for useful reforms by enabling the creation of groups like, say, a Black Lives Matter organization within a police department that also has the right to bargain around disciplinary issues with the department.\nMultiracial coalitions opposed to the current police union leadership could also form and gain power; Richardson and Fisk note that PBA president Pat Lynch faced energetic reelection challenges in the wake of his inflammatory statements about Eric Garner’s killing, suggesting a real minority within the NYPD was dissatisfied with his leadership. Black police officers, in polling data, seem to have vastly different political beliefs and are much more sympathetic to claims of racial discrimination than white officers. Pew Research Center found that while 92 percent of white officers say the US has “made the changes needed to give blacks equal rights with whites”; only 29 percent of Black officers agree.\nBeyond minority unionism, Fisk has another idea to better align cities’ incentives in bargaining: using Congress to partially overrule Monell v. Department of Social Services, a relatively obscure 1978 Supreme Court decision that among other holdings found that local governments cannot be forced to pay up in civil suits due to the actions of their employees.\nSuppose that a FedEx deliveryperson pushed you onto the sidewalk, causing a head injury when you fell. The deliveryperson would be liable in a civil suit, and so would FedEx. But it’s different with government. Qualified immunity generally protects police officers and other public employees from lawsuits; meanwhile, a principle called “vicarious liability” protects police departments and city governments from such lawsuits. Fisk argues that Congress should reverse Monell and allow governments to be held liable for police officers’ misconduct.\nThe most dramatic reform, short of outright abolishing collective bargaining rights for police unions, is one that Harvard’s Sachs suggested sympathy toward and the Boston Globe has editorialized in favor of: limiting police unions to simply bargaining on wages and hours, not on discipline. This change is already the law in Massachusetts. (Fisk argues this would go too far. “There’s two sides to the contract; why are we focused only on what unions are asking for rather than focusing on what cities are asking for?” she says.)\nReforming police unions is hardly the only important task in efforts to reform the police generally. But there is an emerging consensus that something significant has to change in these organizations. If not, they will remain unaccountable lobbies that frustrate even mild efforts to reform police departments and save the lives of unarmed civilians.\nSign up for the Future Perfect newsletter and we’ll send you a roundup of ideas and solutions for tackling the world’s biggest challenges — and how to get better at doing good."},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Politics","item":"https://www.vox.com/politics"}]}]</script><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, 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class="dz06u42"><span class="_160ma52s"><ul class="_1g6d7eud"><li class=""><a href="/politics" class="_1g6d7eu3 xkp0cg4">Politics</a></li></ul></span></div><div class=""><h1 class="h74scy2 h74scy0 xkp0cga xkp0cg8">How police unions became so powerful — and how they can be tamed</h1><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup h74scya h74scy8 xkp0cga">Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government.</p></div><div><div class="_1ugw7dw8 _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw22"><div style="transform:translateY(-4px)" class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw9" data-concert="article_sponsorship_headline_above_desktop"></div></div></div></div><div class="_160ma522 _160ma520 _160ma521e"><div class="_160ma527 _160ma52d"><div class="duet--article--article-byline xkp0cga _15r56j10"><p class=""><span>by</span> <span><span></span> <span class="_15r56j12 _15r56j14"><a href="/authors/dylan-matthews">Dylan Matthews</a></span></span></p></div><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o3 _1rf9w8o1 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 xkp0cga"><time dateTime="2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00">Jun 24, 2020, 1:00 PM UTC</time></span></div><div class="_160ma52g _160ma52e _160ma52k _160ma52l"><div class="_160ma52m"><span class="_160ma52s"><ul class="duet--article--share-buttons _9txrgw0"><li><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgw2" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M27.0174 21.7497L27.8495 16.3604H22.6403V12.8637C22.6403 11.3906 23.3668 9.95151 25.7019 9.95151H28.0714V5.36435C28.0714 5.36435 25.9212 5 23.866 5C19.5761 5 16.7707 7.57929 16.7707 12.2529V16.3604H12V21.7497H16.7707V34.7746C17.727 34.924 18.707 35 19.7055 35C20.704 35 21.6841 34.9214 22.6403 34.7746V21.7497H27.0174Z" fill=""></path></svg></button></li><li><div class="_9txrgw3"><button aria-label="Copy link" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgw2" width="40" height="40" fill="none" 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result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agbrixl _1agbrixu"><img alt="LAPD Chief of Police Michel Moore speaks with protesters in Los Angeles on May 30." data-chromatic="ignore" fetchPriority="high" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1j8ro0j7"><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl12">LAPD Chief of Police Michel Moore speaks with protesters in Los Angeles on May 30.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl11">| Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_17w4ahhc _1agbrix3"><div class="_1jvzqea2 _1jvzqea0"><div class="_1j8rw6n0"><div class="_1j8rw6n2"><img alt="Dylan Matthews" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" width="36" height="36" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="_1j8rw6n3" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/headshot_blueshirt_medium.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=3.55%2C4.8066592786263%2C71.2953125%2C47.559914713542&w=48 1x, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/headshot_blueshirt_medium.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=3.55%2C4.8066592786263%2C71.2953125%2C47.559914713542&w=96 2x" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/headshot_blueshirt_medium.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=3.55%2C4.8066592786263%2C71.2953125%2C47.559914713542&w=96"/></div><div class="_1j8rw6n4"><a class="_1j8rw6n5" href="/authors/dylan-matthews">Dylan Matthews</a> <span class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1j8rw6n6">is a senior correspondent and head writer for Vox’s Future Perfect section and has worked at Vox since 2014. He is particularly interested in global health and pandemic prevention, anti-poverty efforts, economic policy and theory, and conflicts about the right way to do philanthropy.</span></div></div><div class="_1jvzqea7 _1jvzqea6"><span class="_160ma52s"><ul class="duet--article--share-buttons _9txrgw0"><li><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgw2" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M27.0174 21.7497L27.8495 16.3604H22.6403V12.8637C22.6403 11.3906 23.3668 9.95151 25.7019 9.95151H28.0714V5.36435C28.0714 5.36435 25.9212 5 23.866 5C19.5761 5 16.7707 7.57929 16.7707 12.2529V16.3604H12V21.7497H16.7707V34.7746C17.727 34.924 18.707 35 19.7055 35C20.704 35 21.6841 34.9214 22.6403 34.7746V21.7497H27.0174Z" fill=""></path></svg></button></li><li><div class="_9txrgw3"><button aria-label="Copy link" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgw2" width="40" height="40" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Link</title><path d="M16.9691 32.9499C14.2358 35.6832 9.78321 35.6832 7.04996 32.9499C4.31671 30.2166 4.31665 25.764 7.04996 23.0307L12.5606 17.52C15.294 14.7867 19.7465 14.7867 22.4798 17.52C22.704 17.7383 22.8315 18.037 22.8337 18.3499C22.8359 18.6628 22.7125 18.9634 22.4912 19.1846C22.2702 19.4059 21.9693 19.5293 21.6568 19.5271C21.3439 19.5249 21.0449 19.3975 20.8266 19.1732C18.9805 17.3271 16.0599 17.3271 14.2137 19.1732L8.70306 24.6839C6.85694 26.53 6.85694 29.4507 8.70306 31.2968C10.5492 33.1429 13.4698 33.1426 15.3159 31.2968L20.551 26.0614V26.0617C20.7693 25.8375 21.0683 25.71 21.3811 25.7078C21.694 25.7056 21.9946 25.829 22.2159 26.0503C22.4368 26.2716 22.5602 26.5722 22.5581 26.885C22.5559 27.1979 22.4284 27.4966 22.2042 27.7149L16.9691 32.9499ZM27.4394 22.4796C24.706 25.2129 20.2535 25.2129 17.5202 22.4796V22.4799C17.296 22.2616 17.1685 21.9629 17.1663 21.65C17.1644 21.3372 17.2875 21.0366 17.5088 20.8153C17.7301 20.5941 18.0307 20.4707 18.3435 20.4728C18.6564 20.475 18.9551 20.6025 19.1734 20.8267C21.0195 22.6728 23.9401 22.6728 25.7863 20.8267L31.2969 15.316C33.1431 13.4699 33.1431 10.5493 31.2969 8.70316C29.4508 6.85704 26.5302 6.85704 24.6841 8.70316L19.449 13.9382C19.2307 14.1625 18.9317 14.2902 18.6189 14.2924C18.306 14.2946 18.0054 14.1712 17.7841 13.9499C17.5629 13.7286 17.4395 13.428 17.4417 13.1149C17.4438 12.802 17.5713 12.503 17.7958 12.285L23.0309 7.04999C25.7642 4.31667 30.2168 4.31667 32.95 7.04999C35.6833 9.7833 35.6834 14.2359 32.95 16.9691L27.4394 22.4798L27.4394 22.4796Z"></path></svg></button></div></li></ul></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--layout--entry-body-container uui04u0 _1agbrix3"><div class="uui04u1"><div class="duet--layout--entry-body _36bfln0"><div id="zephr-anchor" class="_1agbrixy"><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In the wake of George Floyd’s killing by now-former Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin, few have been inclined to defend Chauvin or his colleagues who stood by and watched as he suffocated Floyd to death. Few, that is, except Bob Kroll.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In a <a href="https://twitter.com/StribJany/status/1267471624397361162">letter to membership</a>, Kroll — the president of the MPD’s police union — referred to protesters outraged by police brutality as a “terrorist movement” and defended the officers who killed Floyd and were subsequently fired, arguing they were “terminated without due process” and lamenting, “What is not being told is the violent criminal history of George Floyd.” (Floyd had a criminal record, but mostly for <a href="https://www.snopes.com/news/2020/06/12/george-floyd-criminal-record/">nonviolent drug and theft charges</a>.)</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Kroll’s statements illustrate a central challenge in American efforts to transform policing: Police unions, the groups that represent police officers, are a powerful force that stands in the way of holding police accountable. Minneapolis Mayor <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2020/06/one-big-obstacle-for-minneapolis-police-abolitionists-the-cops-union-contract/">Jacob Frey</a> told the New York Times that Kroll and his union are a major reason it’s hard to bring order to the Minneapolis Police Department, saying they create a “nearly impenetrable barrier” to reform.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">It’s not just in Minneapolis. Around the country, as protesters take to the streets to condemn police violence and demand change, police unions have emerged as the protesters’ most vocal and implacable foe.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf3 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixi"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.499871" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3MjU4"><a href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="3871" data-pswp-width="5806" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl12">A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl11">Stephen Maturen/Getty Images</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In Buffalo, the city’s Police Benevolent Association president John Evans has <a href="https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/buffalo/public-safety/2020/06/12/buffalo-police-union-president-responds-to-calls-for-police-reform">actively defended officers</a> who <a href="/2020/6/7/21283148/buffalo-officers-charged-torgalski-mccabe-protest-cops">pushed 75-year-old protester Martin Gugino</a> to the ground. When the officers who pushed Gugino were seen leaving their arraignment on felony assault charges, a <a href="https://twitter.com/DaveGreber4/status/1269285791320223745">large crowd of police union members and sympathizers</a> was seen cheering them on. In New York State broadly, police unions led opposition to <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-cuomo-police-reform-disciplinary-records-20200612-5zryohkuwjew7ksjowhtswmsk4-story.html">newly signed legislation</a> that prevents police from hiding misconduct complaints and criminalizes chokeholds.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">These are hardly aberrations. Police unions in general have become the most vocal interest group opposing criminal justice reforms and especially reforms to police discipline and use of force. Historically, they have, unlike most unions, been profoundly conservative institutions that uphold a particular white ethnic, “law and order”-focused variant of right-wing politics. They have been among Donald Trump’s most fervent allies; <a href="https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2019/10/10/bob-kroll-head-of-minneapolis-police-union-speaks-at-trump-rally/">Kroll spoke at a Trump rally in 2018</a>, and the <a href="https://iupa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Trump-Re-election-Endorsement-Press-Release.pdf">International Union of Police Associations has already endorsed Trump</a> for reelection.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The foregrounding of police unions’ role in the warping of American law enforcement has also prompted some difficult conversations on the left. The presence of a segment of a union movement that’s unapologetically right-wing and hostile to Black communities has tested the limits of solidarity from more left-wing unionists.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">As long as police forces exist, police unions will exist in some form as well, even if just as political pressure groups. It is therefore natural to think that reforming police unions in some way must be part of the broader agenda of changing policing in America. They are among the biggest stakeholders in the way the system works now; without addressing their power, other reforms may never get off the ground.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup"><iframe src="https://open.spotify.com/embed-podcast/episode/3RDs8rErnC4gSa7fOYCGAY" width="100%" height="232" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="a-brief-history-of-police-unions-and-police-unions" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg0"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">A brief history of police, unions, and police unions</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The creation of police unions was a somewhat ironic twist in American labor history, University of Minnesota labor historian Will Jones tells me, given that the creation of urban police forces was largely spurred by a desire to contain union activism and protest.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict,” Jones says. Police departments emerged and evolved as adjuncts to the sheriff’s departments and private detective agencies (like the Pinkertons) that bosses typically enlisted to fight union activists.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The (rough) anniversary of the Haymarket affair of 1886, a protest against anti-union violence by police in which an unknown assailant threw a bomb at Chicago police and a firefight broke out, is still commemorated on May 1 as International Workers’ Day in numerous countries worldwide. Union demonstrators and police would square off repeatedly in ensuing decades: in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894">Cleveland in 1894</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)">Philadelphia in 1910</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934">Minneapolis in 1934</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937">Chicago in 1937</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo_massacre">Hilo, Hawaii, in 1938</a>, among many other incidents.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf3 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixi"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.5" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3MjY0"><a href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="2000" data-pswp-width="3000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl12">People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl11">Tim Boyle/Getty Images</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The anti-union role of police began to ebb in the first half of the 20th century with the coming of the New Deal and the Great Migration of Black workers from the South to Northern cities, says Aaron Bekemeyer, a doctoral candidate in history at Harvard whose dissertation documents the emergence of police unions in Philadelphia and nationally.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The New Deal, especially the <a href="https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act">National Labor Relations Act</a> (NLRA) of 1935, legalized a lot of union activity, including strikes, and so shunted the task of managing labor conflict from local police to federal bureaucrats. The Great Migration, in turn, gave urban police another population to police, namely Black people. “Policing of Black neighborhoods, drug policing, gang policing become what these big-city police forces do,” Bekemeyer says.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The trend of allowing public sector unions began in New York City, when <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jVBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT30&ots=d6e1I188DD&dq=%22executive%20order%2049%22%20wagner&pg=PT30#v=onepage&q=%22executive%20order%2049%22%20wagner&f=false">Mayor Robert Wagner Jr.</a>, the son of Sen. Robert Wagner who wrote the National Labor Relations Act, issued regulations that allowed collective bargaining by municipal employees in <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/man-put-public-employee-unions-map/">1958</a>. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/us/19union.html">Wisconsin followed suit in 1959</a>, and many states came after that. In 1962, the federal government under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10988">John F. Kennedy</a> legalized collective bargaining for its employees. The spread of this idea helped fuel the growth of teachers unions, <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/man-put-public-employee-unions-map/">sanitation workers unions</a>, and other public employee unions — including police unions.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The rise in violent crime in the 1960s, riots in places like Watts in 1965, Detroit and Newark in 1967, and nationwide in 1968, and the rise of tough-on-crime policing targeted at Black neighborhoods also enhanced the political power of police unions: “The police unions say, ‘Hey, we’re the ones doing this work and protecting you, implied white listener, from dangerous Black people, and you need the gains unions need. Union interests are public interests,’” says Bekemeyer.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">While the jobs are very different in obvious ways, the rhetoric parallels arguments that teachers unions under leaders like <a href="https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B0074MTUAS/">Al Shanker</a> were making to the public around the same time: that the demands teachers were making would help students and parents too, and thus teachers deserve the public’s solidarity.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“The stakes are very different because the jobs are very different, but it’s useful to see the police union movement as one of the most successful examples of social movement unionism,” Bekemeyer notes.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="police-unions-and-white-ethnic-conservatism" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg0"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Police unions and white ethnic conservatism</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Police unionism is just a very different <em>kind</em> of social movement unionism than that involved in, say, collaborations between civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin and union leaders like United Auto Workers head Walter Reuther during the postwar years.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Bekemeyer notes that police officers, especially in the Northeast, tended disproportionately in the 1950s through 1970s to be working-class “white ethnic” conservatives: mostly Irish, but occasionally Italian or Polish, too. “It’s a broader white ethnic politics that uses the language of tradition, neighborhood integrity, hard work, etc., to defend segregated institutions that they benefit from, from schools to certain union jobs in the trade to religious institutions,” Bekemeyer says.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">This pattern comes through across the country, but Bekemeyer’s case study of Philadelphia is instructive, largely because one specific politician there embodied this identity better than any other American official of the time: Frank Rizzo, who served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1968 to 1971 and mayor from 1972 to 1980.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf3 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixi"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.473385" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjcw"><a href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="2987" data-pswp-width="4401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl12">Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl11">Bettmann Archive/Getty Images</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Rizzo was about as blatant a racist as led a major American city in the modern era. During his 1978 reelection bid, he <a href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/09/the-polarizing-mayor-who-embodied-blue-collar-conservatism/570337/">urged supporters to “Vote White”</a>; he fervently fought efforts to <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9tDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT289&ots=ImaiM7ioDq&dq=frank%20rizzo%20desegregation&pg=PT294#v=onepage&q&f=false">desegregate Philadelphia schools</a> and build public housing in white neighborhoods. <a href="https://whyy.org/articles/mayor-rizzo-s-discriminatory-housing-policies-confronting-our-past-and-present/">In a deposition</a>, he stated he “considered public housing to be the same as Black housing in that most tenants of public housing are Black. Mayor Rizzo therefore felt that there should not be any public housing placed in White neighborhoods because people in White neighborhoods did not want Black people moving in with them.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">This extended to Rizzo’s governance of the police. He once famously declared that his treatment of protesters would <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DRVCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT83&ots=VdWRrPXfzh&dq=%22I’ll%20make%20Attila%20the%20Hun%20look%20like%20a%20faggot%22&pg=PT83#v=onepage&q&f=false">“make Attila the Hun look like a fa**ot.”</a> As commissioner, he ordered a raid on Black Panther headquarters in which suspects were publicly stripped in front of photographers, and at least once ordered police to beat stationary protesters with nightsticks.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">On this, police unions were mostly a strong ally, echoing the role they would play in many cities as representatives of white ethnic conservative interests in ensuing decades. Alphonso Deal, a Black police officer in Philadelphia who began a separate union for Black officers who faced discrimination from leaders like Rizzo, once tried to run for the presidency of the Fraternal Order of Police local in the hope of breaking the police out of this mold, but Bekemeyer describes this attempt as “quixotic.” FOP was more interested in resisting affirmative action measures that it viewed as allowing officers who hadn’t “earned their place” to get in ahead of the white ethnics the union represented.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The Philadelphia case is especially vivid, but you see examples of this kind of behavior from police unions around the country from the 1960s to the present.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In one particularly glaring case, the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (since renamed the Police Benevolent Association for gender equality reasons) <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/17/nyregion/officers-rally-and-dinkins-is-their-target.html">rioted around City Hall against David Dinkins, New York City’s first and to date only Black mayor</a>, to protest Dinkins’s plan to create a civilian review board to oversee the police. Ten thousand protesters, mostly off-duty cops, appeared, and more than 4,000 broke through police barricades, surrounded City Hall, and took over Brooklyn Bridge. Protesters hurled the n-word and other racial slurs at Black people nearby, including <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/nyregion/rally-puts-police-under-new-scrutiny.html">city councilor Una Clarke</a>.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">One hears similar rhetoric, albeit with the sharp edges sanded down a bit, out of police unions today. Their rhetoric remains rooted in the notion that police are the one barrier between civilization and chaos. “The scenes we witnessed earlier this month — burning police vehicles, looted storefronts and violent clashes between protesters and police officers — will remain etched in New Yorkers’ collective memory. They are symbols of a breakdown in our social contract that none of us want to see repeated,” <a href="https://www.nycpba.org/press-releases/2020/pba-to-ag-no-plan-no-strategy-no-support-in-protest-chaos/">Pat Lynch</a> of New York City’s Police Benevolent Association declared in a statement on June 17.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="where-police-unions-fit-into-use-of-force-problems" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg0"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Where police unions fit into use of force problems</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">It is perhaps not surprising, given both police unions’ historic conservatism and their charge of defending members against unjust or arbitrary discipline, that defending and preventing discipline against police who kill or wound unarmed civilians, particularly Black civilians, has become a major preoccupation of police unions since the Black Lives Matter movement’s emergence.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Tellingly, when the International Union of Police Associations <a href="https://iupa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Trump-Re-election-Endorsement-Press-Release.pdf">endorsed Trump for president</a> in late 2015, they specifically cited as a root cause what they viewed as the Democratic presidential candidate’s slander of Darren Wilson, the white officer who in 2014 shot 18-year-old Black teenager Michael Brown to death in Ferguson, Missouri.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--related _1agbrixi ocbnk80"><h3 class="ocbnk83 ocbnk81">Related:</h3><ul class="ocbnk85"><li class="ocbnk88 ocbnk86"><a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/12/18/7415135/police-unions" class="ocbnk89">Why police unions protect the worst cops</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“Every top Democrat currently running for this office has vilified the police and made criminals out to be victims,” union president Sam Cabral wrote. “Many of them still refer to the tragedy in Ferguson as a murder, despite the conclusions of every investigative inquiry to the contrary.” (A St. Louis County grand jury declined to indict Wilson for murder, and the US Department of Justice <a href="/2015/5/31/17937838/michael-brown-shooting-darren-wilson-investigations">declined to prosecute him for civil rights violations</a>. However, the DOJ also found a pattern of racial bias and brutality in the Ferguson police department.)</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In local cases, this attitude has translated to a defense of officers who kill or wound innocent civilians. The Louisville Metro Police Department has been <a href="https://www.wdrb.com/in-depth/louisville-police-to-fire-brett-hankison-detective-in-breonna-taylor-shooting-for-use-of-deadly/article_db0cc026-b242-11ea-8339-db83227f9e0f.html">limited to just announcing its “intention” to fire</a> Brett Hankison, a detective who shot his gun 10 times during the raid that killed Breonna Taylor, rather than actually firing him outright. This limitation is largely because of the city’s contract with the police union, which gives Hankison multiple opportunities to appeal. He is <a href="https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/metro-government/2020/06/19/breonna-taylor-protests-brett-hankison-fired-lmpd/3222004001/">first allowed a “pretermination hearing” with counsel</a>, and then, once terminated, an appeal to the police merit board, of which Hankison himself is a member.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In extreme cases, this resistance to discipline has translated into “depolicing,” in which police forces cease making arrests as a protest against civilian leaders and activists whom they perceive as demonizing police.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The NYPD <a href="https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-proactive-policing-crime-20170925-story.html">conducted a work slowdown</a> in late 2014 and early 2015 over perceived disrespect from Mayor Bill de Blasio — though <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0211-5">crime actually fell</a> during the slowdown according to a subsequent study analyzing the period (but that might just be because the slowdown was limited to low-level offenses). <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-union-suggests-work-slowdown-after-nypd-officer-fired-eric-n1044486">PBA president Pat Lynch called for another slowdown in 2019</a> when the police commissioner fired officer Daniel Pantaleo for choking Eric Garner to death five years earlier.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">In Baltimore, a police slowdown known as “the pullback” ensued after the district attorney indicted officers for the death of Freddie Gray in 2015; many analysts, like <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/magazine/baltimore-tragedy-crime.html">ProPublica’s Alec MacGillis</a>, attribute the 62 percent jump in homicides in 2015 at least in part to police just giving up on their jobs.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">There is also some limited evidence that police unions themselves make use of force problems worse.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0"><a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2145&context=public_law_and_legal_theory">University of Chicago Law School’s Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard McAdams, and John Rappaport</a> looked at a 2003 Florida Supreme Court decision that gave collective bargaining rights to sheriffs’ deputies. They use police departments, which were unaffected, as a control group, and find that in the wake of the decision, misconduct violations rose in sheriff’s offices but not in police departments. That suggests that collective bargaining itself caused a rise in misconduct, perhaps by making sheriff’s deputies feel like they could get away with it.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Another study by economists Rob Gillezeau, Jamein Cunningham, and Donna Feir, which has yet to be published but was discussed by one of its authors on <a href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/871298161">NPR’s <em>Planet Money</em> podcast</a>, used the varying times at which different states rolled out collective bargaining rights to police unions starting in the late 1950s to see if introducing police unions made a difference in police killings.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">They found it did, Gillezeau told NPR:</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><blockquote class="duet--article--blockquote _1c7w9tz0 xkp0cg8"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1c7w9tz8 xkp0cg0">We found that after officers gained access to collective bargaining rights that there was a substantial increase in killings of civilians — 0.026 to 0.029 additional civilians are killed in each county in each year, of whom the overwhelming majority are nonwhite. That’s about 60 to 70 per year civilians killed by the police in an era historically where there were a lot fewer police shootings. So that’s a humongous increase.</p></blockquote></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Another study by <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3246419">Oxford’s Abdul Rad</a> found that police union contract provisions protecting police are correlated with greater police abuse, though the study warns that it’s hard to prove the relationship is causal.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Another way to look at this question is to examine the text of police union contracts. In 2018, Stephen Rushin, a law professor at Loyola University Chicago, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3134718">examined 656 police union contracts</a> and found that “the vast majority of these departments give police officers the ability to appeal disciplinary sanctions through multiple levels of appellate review. At the end of this process, the majority of departments allow officers to appeal disciplinary sanctions to an arbitrator selected, in part, by the local police union or the aggrieved officer.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Rushin notes, “While each of these appellate procedures may be individually defensible, they combine in many police departments to create a formidable barrier to officer accountability.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Rushin has <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3246419">found similar problems</a> examining provisions of police contracts not related to the appeals process, including, for instance, rules giving officers a heads-up that they will be interviewed by internal affairs detectives or other investigators in a few days about a case of potential wrongdoing. “Most people, including myself, would say if you provide officers with delays telling them we’ll interview you in two days, that probably is a barrier to accountability,” Rushin told me.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“Notifying that you’re about to talk gives them time to compare stories” and potentially come up with fake alibis or other lies. It’s a subtle matter, however: Notification that enables an officer to obtain legal representation seems like an essential due process provision, but notification long enough to enable cover stories goes too far.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Much of the difficulty in studying police unions is in how to think about these kinds of provisions, Rushin told me. “One thing I’ve learned going through this process is what one person calls due process, another person calls a problematic provision,” he says. “A lot is in the eye of who’s doing the coding.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="police-unions-pose-unique-challenges-for-the-labor-left" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg0"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Police unions pose unique challenges for the labor left</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Beyond the difficulty police unions present as a state and local policy matter, they pose a particularly grave challenge to the labor movement at large.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The American left and labor have been close allies for more than a century, and often the struggle for racial equality and labor rights went hand in hand (see, for instance, <a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/randolph-philip">A. Philip Randolph</a>, whose Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized Black passenger train stewards to fight for both Black equality and economic gains).</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf2 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--article-pullquote _1iohv3z0"><div class="_1iohv3z1"></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1iohv3z2 xkp0cg8">“The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict”</p></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Some on the left want to abolish both police and the unions who organize them. Kim Kelly, a labor journalist and vocal activist within Writers Guild of America, East (of which I am also a member), led the charge to push police unions out of the labor movement in a <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/157918/no-cop-unions">New Republic article</a>. Activism from her and others led WGA-E to call on its parent federation, the AFL-CIO, to <a href="https://www.wgaeast.org/writers-guild-of-america-east-unanimously-passes-resolution-calling-on-the-afl-cio-to-disaffiliate-with-the-international-union-of-police-associations/">disaffiliate from the International Union of Police Associations</a>.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Some veteran labor lawyers and academic labor activists are also opening up to the idea of sharply limiting police union power, recognizing this as an unusual case.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">A <a href="https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/news/blog-post-call-radical-labor-solidarity-blacklivesmatter-movement">group of faculty at Cornell’s Industrial and Labor Relations school</a> — Ifeoma Ajunwa, Virginia Doellgast, Shannon Gleeson, Kate Griffith, and Verónica Martínez-Matsuda — argued in a public statement that the labor movement “must also acknowledge that contemporary police unions have contributed to racism.” Benjamin Sachs, the Kestenbaum professor of labor and industry at Harvard Law School and a leading voice in labor law debates, published a blog post suggesting openness to <a href="https://www.onlabor.org/police-unions-its-time-to-change-the-law/">limiting what issues police unions can legally bargain over</a>, perhaps excluding from bargaining matters like discipline for police who beat or kill civilians.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“The consequence of police abusing [collective bargaining] power is that people end up dead,” Sharon Block, executive director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law and a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President Obama, told me. “That is happening at a significant rate and that’s just a completely different context from the rest of the public sector” or unionism generally.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">So far, these efforts have come to little. The AFL-CIO itself has <a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-labor-movement-faces-a-reckoning-over-police-unions_n_5eda9958c5b640424ef70cd2?lz">firmly resisted calls to disaffiliate</a>, and no limitations on police unions were included in House Democrats’ call to reform policing.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Moreover, there are many in the labor movement who think calls for purging or outlawing police unions go much too far and risks endangering other public sector workers, like teachers, whose collective bargaining rights have been threatened in recent decades.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">“If you look back at prior incidents in American labor history where labor groups kicked out other labor groups over fundamental disagreements about strategy, about priorities, it generally didn’t turn out well for the cause of labor,” Catherine Fisk, a law professor at UC Berkeley and a prominent voice on labor law, told me.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="ideas-for-fixing-the-police-union-problem" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg0"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Ideas for fixing the police union problem</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">There are two extremes on the police union debate. On one end of the spectrum, there’s the attitude of local police union leaders like Pat Lynch and Bob Kroll, who state they are open to reform while in practice they fight almost every measure, even mild ones, meant to rein in police misconduct.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">On the other is abolishing police and police unions, as advocated from the left by labor radicals like Kelly, or simply abolishing the unions, as advocated by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS794US794&sxsrf=ALeKk03GJbOtXmvFenoF7qfADvqaql7NEQ%3A1592242862529&ei=rrLnXqveH_iqwbkP1IaD0A4&q=police+unions+site%3Anationalreview.com&oq=police+unions+site%3Anationalreview.com&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQR1DREFivK2DILGgAcAF4AIABAIgBAJIBAJgBEKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXo&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwir7d3xroTqAhV4VTABHVTDAOoQ4dUDCAw&uact=5">many right-wing opponents of public sector unions</a> generally. If police still existed in this world, they would of course be allowed to form organizations that advocated for their interests. But police departments would not be obliged to negotiate with those organizations on pay and discipline, as they are in most unionized jurisdictions today.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf3 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixi"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.5" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjcz"><a href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="3388" data-pswp-width="5082" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl12">Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg1 xptnl11">Drew Angerer/Getty Images</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Most police union experts I spoke with, though, fell in the middle: They believe that police unions can be usefully reformed without being abolished.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">There are a number of possible models for this kind of reform. The organization <a href="https://www.joincampaignzero.org/contracts">Campaign Zero</a>, co-founded by activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe, has been a leader in pushing for police union contract transparency; much of the research above relies on contracts they’ve surfaced publicly.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">They recommend a bevy of contract changes, most of which involve removing provisions included in many union contracts or state laws known as <a href="https://reason.com/2012/10/19/how-special-rights-for-law-enforcement-m/">Law Enforcement Officers’ Bills of Rights (LEOBRs)</a>, which provide similar protections to police officers as contracts do but are implemented as state legislation instead. Problematic provisions in contracts and LEOBRs include mandates that delay interrogations of officers (as Rushin highlighted), the ability to appeal to an arbitrator partially chosen by the police union, and bans on investigating misconduct that happened more than 100 days in the past.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Rushin has <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2833088">proposed</a> allowing the public to observe collective bargaining between the police and state governments. That way, the public can exert pressure on city leaders not to yield to police union demands about discipline. A <a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-police-unions/">2017 Reuters investigation</a> found that in a number of cities, such as San Antonio, city leaders have given police unions concessions as an explicit trade-off for not offering high pay or limiting pay cuts. “If that trade-off is publicly visible, that our failure to compensate is causing cities to give significant concessions on discipline,” Rushin notes, then public pressure might force the city to increase police salaries rather than reducing accountability.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">L. Song Richardson, the dean of UC Irvine School of Law and an eminent criminal law expert, and Berkeley’s Catherine Fisk have proposed a <a href="http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf">system of “minority unionism” for police departments</a>. The idea is to use the increasing racial diversity of many police departments to push for useful reforms by enabling the creation of groups like, say, a Black Lives Matter organization within a police department that also has the right to bargain around disciplinary issues with the department.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Multiracial coalitions opposed to the current police union leadership could also form and gain power; Richardson and Fisk note that PBA president Pat Lynch faced <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/nyregion/patrick-lynch-re-elected-to-lead-new-york-police-union.html">energetic reelection challenges</a> in the wake of his inflammatory statements about Eric Garner’s killing, suggesting a real minority within the NYPD was dissatisfied with his leadership. Black police officers, in polling data, seem to have vastly different political beliefs and are much more sympathetic to claims of racial discrimination than white officers. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/03/10-things-we-know-about-race-and-policing-in-the-u-s/">Pew Research Center</a> found that while 92 percent of white officers say the US has “made the changes needed to give blacks equal rights with whites”; only 29 percent of Black officers agree.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Beyond minority unionism, Fisk has another idea to better align cities’ incentives in bargaining: using Congress to partially overrule <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York"><em>Monell v. Department of Social Services</em></a>, a relatively obscure 1978 Supreme Court decision that among other holdings found that local governments cannot be forced to pay up in civil suits due to the actions of their employees.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Suppose that a FedEx deliveryperson pushed you onto the sidewalk, causing a head injury when you fell. The deliveryperson would be liable in a civil suit, and so would FedEx. But it’s different with government. <a href="/2020/6/3/21277104/qualified-immunity-cops-constitution-shaniz-west-supreme-court">Qualified immunity</a> generally protects police officers and other public employees from lawsuits; meanwhile, a principle called “vicarious liability” protects police departments and city governments from such lawsuits. Fisk argues that Congress should reverse <em>Monell</em> and allow governments to be held liable for police officers’ misconduct.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">The most dramatic reform, short of outright abolishing collective bargaining rights for police unions, is one that Harvard’s Sachs suggested sympathy toward and the <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/04/opinion/dont-let-labor-agreements-thwart-police-accountability/?et_rid=726644833&s_campaign=todaysheadlines:newsletter">Boston Globe has editorialized in favor of</a>: limiting police unions to simply bargaining on wages and hours, not on discipline. This change is already the law in Massachusetts. (Fisk argues this would go too far. “There’s two sides to the contract; why are we focused only on what unions are asking for rather than focusing on what cities are asking for?” she says.)</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0">Reforming police unions is hardly the only important task in efforts to reform the police generally. But there is an emerging consensus that something significant has to change in these organizations. If not, they will remain unaccountable lobbies that frustrate even mild efforts to reform police departments and save the lives of unarmed civilians.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixh lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg0"><a href="/future-perfect-newsletter"><em><strong>Sign up for the Future Perfect newsletter</strong></em></a><em> and we’ll send you a roundup of ideas and solutions for tackling the world’s biggest challenges — and how to get better at doing good.</em></p></div><aside class="_1tzd3in0 _1agbrixx"><p class="_1tzd3in1">You’ve read 1 article in the last month</p><div class="_1tzd3in2"><div class="_1tzd3in3"><p class="_1tzd3in4">Here at Vox, we're unwavering in our commitment to covering the issues that matter most to you — threats to democracy, immigration, reproductive rights, the environment, and the rising polarization across this country.</p><p class="_1tzd3in4">Our mission is to provide clear, accessible journalism that empowers you to stay informed and engaged in shaping our world. 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24733268/1258742824.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.385834696188%2C0%2C65.228330607624%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24733268/1258742824.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.385834696188%2C0%2C65.228330607624%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24733268/1258742824.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.385834696188%2C0%2C65.228330607624%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="A damning new DOJ report accuses the Minneapolis Police Department of civil rights abuses" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 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src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24733268/1258742824.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.0787520442823%2C0%2C97.842495911435%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/policy/23763738/minneapolis-police-department-report-department-of-justice-merrick-garland-consent-decree">A damning new DOJ report accuses the Minneapolis Police Department of civil rights abuses</a></div></div><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Constance Grady</span></span><span><span class="u2goo40"> and </span><span>Anna North</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb2 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb8 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="These 3 cities began boldly reimagining policing after George Floyd’s murder" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' 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Yes, it’s concerning.</div></a></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="x2c1mg2 x2c1mg7"><div><div class="_1ugw7dw1s _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw22"><div class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw1t" data-concert="medium_rectangle_gamestop"></div></div><div class="_1ugw7dw1k _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw22"><div class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw1l" data-concert="connatix_right_rail"></div></div></div></div><div class="x2c1mg2 x2c1mg6 x2c1mg7"><div><form class="mr4kua0 _1agbrixx _1agbrixi mr4kua4"><div class="duet--cta--newsletter mr4kua7"><div class="mr4kuaa"><h2 class="mr4kuad">Today, Explained</h2><p class="mr4kuae"><span class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Understand the world with a daily explainer plus the most compelling stories of the day.</span></p></div><div class="mr4kual mr4kuam"><fieldset><div class="mr4kuao"><div class="duet--cta--form-field-text bwzmda0 mr4kuar"><label for="email" class="_1vr06930 _142ra0g0">Email (required)</label><div class="bwzmda1"><input id="email" class="_1vr06931" aria-invalid="false" name="email" type="email" required="" placeholder="Enter your email"/></div></div><button class="duet--cta--button bl2rg41 bl2rg40 mr4kuav" type="submit"><span>Sign Up</span></button></div></fieldset><div class="mr4kuaz"><div class="mr4kuaf">By submitting your email, you agree to our <a href="https://www.voxmedia.com/legal/terms-of-use" class="mr4kuay">Terms</a> and <a href="https://www.voxmedia.com/legal/privacy-notice" class="mr4kuay">Privacy Notice</a>. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" class="mr4kuay">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" class="mr4kuay">Terms of Service</a> apply.</div></div></div></div></form></div></div><div class="duet--ad--native-ad-rail _1yq350v9 hidden x2c1mg7 x2c1mg2" data-native-ad-id="container"><div><div class="hidden"><div class="dynamic-native-ad-native_ad_latest"></div></div><a href="/" aria-label="Native Ad Placement"><div class="_1yq350v0"><div class="_1yq350va"><span data-native-ad-id="preamble" class="_1yq350v6">Advertiser Content From</span><div class="_1yq350vf"><img data-native-ad-id="sponsored_logo" src="" alt="Sponsor Logo" class="_1yq350ve"/></div><h3 class="_1yq350vg" data-native-ad-id="title">This is the title for the native ad</h3></div><div class="_1yq350vb"><div class="_1yq350vc"><img data-native-ad-id="thumbnail" src="" alt="Sponsor thumbnail" class="_1yq350vd"/></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="x2c1mg2 x2c1mg7"><div class="_1ugw7dw1g _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw22"><div class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw1h" data-concert="btf_medium_rectangle_variable"></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class=""><div class="duet--layout--article-recirc _1ot72dd1 _1agbrix3"><div class="_1ot72dd3"><div class="duet--layout--header-pattern"><div class="_1iaikll3"><div class="_1yizdi80"><div class="_1yizdi8j _1yizdi8f"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1yizdi8o _1yizdi8l xkp0cg1 xkp0cg0">More in <a href=/politics>Politics</a></h2></div><div class="sticky-nav-trigger"></div></div></div><div class="_1iaikll4"><div><div class="a0d76n0"><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. Yes, it’s concerning." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/trump-administration/388627/fbi-background-checks-trump-gaetz-hegseth-nominees-senate-congress-transition">No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. Yes, it’s concerning.</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="Trump’s win is part of a mysterious — and ominous — worldwide trend" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/politics/388284/trump-2024-win-global-anti-incumbent-system">Trump’s win is part of a mysterious — and ominous — worldwide trend</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="Will Trump’s pick for labor secretary be able to act on her pro-union ideas?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/politics/388384/trump-pro-union-labor-secretary-chavez-deremer">Will Trump’s pick for labor secretary be able to act on her pro-union ideas?</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="America is incredibly polarized. It’s bad for our health." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/even-better/388130/polarization-political-partisan-health-rfk-jr">America is incredibly polarized. It’s bad for our health.</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="Israel and Hezbollah seem headed for a ceasefire. Here’s what we know." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/world-politics/388407/ceasefire-lebanon-israel-hezbollah-biden-netanyahu-us">Israel and Hezbollah seem headed for a ceasefire. Here’s what we know.</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2"><img alt="The stunning success of vaccines in America, in one chart" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/future-perfect/386215/trump-rfk-jr-vaccines-health-measles-chart">The stunning success of vaccines in America, in one chart</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="a0d76n2"><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0 _1agz5xbj"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. Yes, it’s concerning." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.331608280255%2C0%2C67.33678343949%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. Yes, it’s concerning." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=96 96w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2180628742.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0.49758596906099%2C100%2C99.004828061878&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4">Trump Administration</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-28T12:00:00+00:00">Nov 28</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/trump-administration/388627/fbi-background-checks-trump-gaetz-hegseth-nominees-senate-congress-transition">No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. Yes, it’s concerning.</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">The background checks aren’t legally required but they can reveal crucial information about nominees.</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Ellen Ioanes</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="Trump’s win is part of a mysterious — and ominous — worldwide trend" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Trump’s win is part of a mysterious — and ominous — worldwide trend" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2176992055.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4">Politics</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-27T12:15:00+00:00">Nov 27</time></span><span class="_1k0rii2"><span class="xkp0cg5 xkp0cg4 _1onxz3m1 _1onxz3m0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="11" height="10" fill="none" class="_1onxz3m4" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="#000" d="m5.5 0 1.123 3.455h3.632L7.316 5.59 8.44 9.045 5.5 6.91 2.561 9.045 3.684 5.59.744 3.455h3.633L5.5 0Z"></path></svg>Member Exclusive</span></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/politics/388284/trump-2024-win-global-anti-incumbent-system">Trump’s win is part of a mysterious — and ominous — worldwide trend</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Why are people all over the world angry at “the system”?</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Zack Beauchamp</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="Will Trump’s pick for labor secretary be able to act on her pro-union ideas?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Will Trump’s pick for labor secretary be able to act on her pro-union ideas?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2179792678.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4 _1k0riia">Trump 2.0, explained</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-27T11:30:00+00:00">Nov 27</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/politics/388384/trump-pro-union-labor-secretary-chavez-deremer">Will Trump’s pick for labor secretary be able to act on her pro-union ideas?</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Naming a union-friendly nominee might not necessarily translate to pro-worker policies.</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Li Zhou</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="America is incredibly polarized. It’s bad for our health." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="America is incredibly polarized. It’s bad for our health." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/Healthcare_US_04.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4">Even Better</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-27T11:00:00+00:00">Nov 27</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/even-better/388130/polarization-political-partisan-health-rfk-jr">America is incredibly polarized. It’s bad for our health.</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Could RFK Jr.’s ascent change anything?</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Keren Landman, MD</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="Israel and Hezbollah seem headed for a ceasefire. Here’s what we know." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Israel and Hezbollah seem headed for a ceasefire. Here’s what we know." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/gettyimages-2186002985.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4">World Politics</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-27T00:00:00+00:00">Nov 27</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/world-politics/388407/ceasefire-lebanon-israel-hezbollah-biden-netanyahu-us">Israel and Hezbollah seem headed for a ceasefire. Here’s what we know.</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">What’s in the ceasefire deal, and what could come next.</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Ellen Ioanes</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0 _1agz5xbk"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh"><img alt="The stunning success of vaccines in America, in one chart" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=9.8220244716351%2C0%2C80.35595105673%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=9.8220244716351%2C0%2C80.35595105673%2C100&w=32 32w, 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2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=9.8220244716351%2C0%2C80.35595105673%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=9.8220244716351%2C0%2C80.35595105673%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="The stunning success of vaccines in America, in one chart" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=48 48w, 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2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/GettyImages-80925411.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.5179032853451%2C100%2C82.96419342931&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii3 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg6 xkp0cg4">Future Perfect</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg4 _1agbrixq"><time dateTime="2024-11-26T18:52:12+00:00">Nov 26</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg8 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/future-perfect/386215/trump-rfk-jr-vaccines-health-measles-chart">The stunning success of vaccines in America, in one chart</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">America, before and after vaccines.</p><div class="_1k0riid _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg4"><span><span>Dylan Scott</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div 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All Rights Reserved</p></div></div></footer></div></div><div id="mixer-modal-root"></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"_sentryTraceData":"c2961a58ea81481c895f390eeac44707-80fa69e023898d59-0","_sentryBaggage":"sentry-environment=production,sentry-release=EWm9pzHNtQ0Q5BNzpbnkA,sentry-public_key=dda62d08b807fc79b0fff14e1d7dd23d,sentry-trace_id=c2961a58ea81481c895f390eeac44707,sentry-transaction=%2Fresource%2Fcontent%2Fpost%2F%5BnodeId%5D,sentry-sampled=false","hydration":{"responses":[{"operationName":"PostLayoutQuery","variables":{"nodeId":"dngyOnBvc3Q6NDcyOTc="},"data":{"node":{"__typename":"PostResourceType","id":"dngyOnBvc3Q6NDcyOTc=","title":"How police unions became so powerful — and how they can be tamed","permalink":"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21290981/police-union-contracts-minneapolis-reform","customCss":"","comments":{"enabled":false,"mode":"standard"},"chorusUuid":"588f7199-18c9-41fe-aae1-3b9ede8d1011","chorusId":21055022,"path":"/policy-and-politics/21290981/police-union-contracts-minneapolis-reform","resourceType":"post","template":"fullWidth","isAccessibleForFree":true,"authors":[{"id":"dngyOmF1dGhvclByb2ZpbGU6MzI2Nw==","name":"Dylan Matthews","permalink":"https://www.vox.com/authors/dylan-matthews","shortBio":[{"html":"is a senior correspondent and head writer for Vox\u0026#8217;s Future Perfect section and has worked at Vox since 2014. He is particularly interested in global health and pandemic prevention, anti-poverty efforts, economic policy and theory, and conflicts about the right way to do philanthropy."}],"profileImage":{"thumbnails":{"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/headshot_blueshirt_medium.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=3.55,4.8066592786263,71.2953125,47.559914713542"}},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjM2MzA0MQ=="}}],"primaryCampaign":null,"articlePackage":null,"categories":[{"title":"Explainers","path":"/explainers","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjE0OTg=","slug":"explainers","isHub":true},{"title":"Future Perfect","path":"/future-perfect","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5Ojk0MA==","slug":"future-perfect","isHub":true},{"title":"Politics","path":"/politics","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwMQ==","slug":"politics","isHub":true}],"primaryCategory":{"newsletter":null,"id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwMQ==","title":"Politics","path":"/politics","parent":null,"slug":"politics","permalink":"https://www.vox.com/politics","isHub":true},"internalCategories":[{"slug":"category-explainers","id":"dngyOmludGVybmFsQ2F0ZWdvcnk6MjA4OA=="}],"games":{"nodes":[]},"blocks":[{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In the wake of George Floyd\u0026rsquo;s killing by now-former Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin, few have been inclined to defend Chauvin or his colleagues who stood by and watched as he suffocated Floyd to death. Few, that is, except Bob Kroll."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StribJany/status/1267471624397361162\"\u003eletter to membership\u003c/a\u003e, Kroll \u0026mdash; the president of the MPD\u0026rsquo;s police union \u0026mdash; referred to protesters outraged by police brutality as a \u0026ldquo;terrorist movement\u0026rdquo; and defended the officers who killed Floyd and were subsequently fired, arguing they were \u0026ldquo;terminated without due process\u0026rdquo; and lamenting, \u0026ldquo;What is not being told is the violent criminal history of George Floyd.\u0026rdquo; (Floyd had a criminal record, but mostly for \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/news/2020/06/12/george-floyd-criminal-record/\"\u003enonviolent drug and theft charges\u003c/a\u003e.)"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Kroll\u0026rsquo;s statements illustrate a central challenge in American efforts to transform policing: Police unions, the groups that represent police officers, are a powerful force that stands in the way of holding police accountable. Minneapolis Mayor \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2020/06/one-big-obstacle-for-minneapolis-police-abolitionists-the-cops-union-contract/\"\u003eJacob Frey\u003c/a\u003e told the New York Times that Kroll and his union are a major reason it\u0026rsquo;s hard to bring order to the Minneapolis Police Department, saying they create a \u0026ldquo;nearly impenetrable barrier\u0026rdquo; to reform."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"It\u0026rsquo;s not just in Minneapolis. Around the country, as protesters take to the streets to condemn police violence and demand change, police unions have emerged as the protesters\u0026rsquo; most vocal and implacable foe."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"wide","credit":{"html":"Stephen Maturen/Getty Images","plaintext":"Stephen Maturen/Getty Images"},"caption":{"html":"A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers.","plaintext":"A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.499871,"originalHeight":3871,"originalWidth":5806,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3MjU4","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In Buffalo, the city\u0026rsquo;s Police Benevolent Association president John Evans has \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/buffalo/public-safety/2020/06/12/buffalo-police-union-president-responds-to-calls-for-police-reform\"\u003eactively defended officers\u003c/a\u003e who \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2020/6/7/21283148/buffalo-officers-charged-torgalski-mccabe-protest-cops\"\u003epushed 75-year-old protester Martin Gugino\u003c/a\u003e to the ground. When the officers who pushed Gugino were seen leaving their arraignment on felony assault charges, a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DaveGreber4/status/1269285791320223745\"\u003elarge crowd of police union members and sympathizers\u003c/a\u003e was seen cheering them on. In New York State broadly, police unions led opposition to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-cuomo-police-reform-disciplinary-records-20200612-5zryohkuwjew7ksjowhtswmsk4-story.html\"\u003enewly signed legislation\u003c/a\u003e that prevents police from hiding misconduct complaints and criminalizes chokeholds."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"These are hardly aberrations. Police unions in general have become the most vocal interest group opposing criminal justice reforms and especially reforms to police discipline and use of force. Historically, they have, unlike most unions, been profoundly conservative institutions that uphold a particular white ethnic, \u0026ldquo;law and order\u0026rdquo;-focused variant of right-wing politics. They have been among Donald Trump\u0026rsquo;s most fervent allies; \u003ca href=\"https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2019/10/10/bob-kroll-head-of-minneapolis-police-union-speaks-at-trump-rally/\"\u003eKroll spoke at a Trump rally in 2018\u003c/a\u003e, and the \u003ca href=\"https://iupa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Trump-Re-election-Endorsement-Press-Release.pdf\"\u003eInternational Union of Police Associations has already endorsed Trump\u003c/a\u003e for reelection."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The foregrounding of police unions\u0026rsquo; role in the warping of American law enforcement has also prompted some difficult conversations on the left. The presence of a segment of a union movement that\u0026rsquo;s unapologetically right-wing and hostile to Black communities has tested the limits of solidarity from more left-wing unionists."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"As long as police forces exist, police unions will exist in some form as well, even if just as political pressure groups. It is therefore natural to think that reforming police unions in some way must be part of the broader agenda of changing policing in America. They are among the biggest stakeholders in the way the system works now; without addressing their power, other reforms may never get off the ground."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHTMLBlockType","__typename":"CoreHTMLBlockType","markup":"\u003ciframe src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed-podcast/episode/3RDs8rErnC4gSa7fOYCGAY\" width=\"100%\" height=\"232\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allow=\"encrypted-media\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e","placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"A brief history of police, unions, and police unions"},"headingId":"a-brief-history-of-police-unions-and-police-unions","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The creation of police unions was a somewhat ironic twist in American labor history, University of Minnesota labor historian Will Jones tells me, given that the creation of urban police forces was largely spurred by a desire to contain union activism and protest."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict,\u0026rdquo; Jones says. Police departments emerged and evolved as adjuncts to the sheriff\u0026rsquo;s departments and private detective agencies (like the Pinkertons) that bosses typically enlisted to fight union activists."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The (rough) anniversary of the Haymarket affair of 1886, a protest against anti-union violence by police in which an unknown assailant threw a bomb at Chicago police and a firefight broke out, is still commemorated on May 1 as International Workers\u0026rsquo; Day in numerous countries worldwide. Union demonstrators and police would square off repeatedly in ensuing decades: in \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894\"\u003eCleveland in 1894\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)\"\u003ePhiladelphia in 1910\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934\"\u003eMinneapolis in 1934\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937\"\u003eChicago in 1937\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo_massacre\"\u003eHilo, Hawaii, in 1938\u003c/a\u003e, among many other incidents."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"wide","credit":{"html":"Tim Boyle/Getty Images","plaintext":"Tim Boyle/Getty Images"},"caption":{"html":"People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators.","plaintext":"People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.5,"originalHeight":2000,"originalWidth":3000,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3MjY0","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The anti-union role of police began to ebb in the first half of the 20th century with the coming of the New Deal and the Great Migration of Black workers from the South to Northern cities, says Aaron Bekemeyer, a doctoral candidate in history at Harvard whose dissertation documents the emergence of police unions in Philadelphia and nationally."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The New Deal, especially the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act\"\u003eNational Labor Relations Act\u003c/a\u003e (NLRA) of 1935, legalized a lot of union activity, including strikes, and so shunted the task of managing labor conflict from local police to federal bureaucrats. The Great Migration, in turn, gave urban police another population to police, namely Black people. \u0026ldquo;Policing of Black neighborhoods, drug policing, gang policing become what these big-city police forces do,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer says."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The trend of allowing public sector unions began in New York City, when \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jVBQAAQBAJ\u0026lpg=PT30\u0026ots=d6e1I188DD\u0026dq=%22executive%20order%2049%22%20wagner\u0026pg=PT30#v=onepage\u0026q=%22executive%20order%2049%22%20wagner\u0026f=false\"\u003eMayor Robert Wagner Jr.\u003c/a\u003e, the son of Sen. Robert Wagner who wrote the National Labor Relations Act, issued regulations that allowed collective bargaining by municipal employees in \u003ca href=\"https://prospect.org/labor/man-put-public-employee-unions-map/\"\u003e1958\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/us/19union.html\"\u003eWisconsin followed suit in 1959\u003c/a\u003e, and many states came after that. In 1962, the federal government under \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10988\"\u003eJohn F. Kennedy\u003c/a\u003e legalized collective bargaining for its employees. The spread of this idea helped fuel the growth of teachers unions, \u003ca href=\"https://prospect.org/labor/man-put-public-employee-unions-map/\"\u003esanitation workers unions\u003c/a\u003e, and other public employee unions \u0026mdash; including police unions."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The rise in violent crime in the 1960s, riots in places like Watts in 1965, Detroit and Newark in 1967, and nationwide in 1968, and the rise of tough-on-crime policing targeted at Black neighborhoods also enhanced the political power of police unions: \u0026ldquo;The police unions say, \u0026lsquo;Hey, we\u0026rsquo;re the ones doing this work and protecting you, implied white listener, from dangerous Black people, and you need the gains unions need. Union interests are public interests,\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; says Bekemeyer."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"While the jobs are very different in obvious ways, the rhetoric parallels arguments that teachers unions under leaders like \u003ca href=\"https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B0074MTUAS/\"\u003eAl Shanker\u003c/a\u003e were making to the public around the same time: that the demands teachers were making would help students and parents too, and thus teachers deserve the public\u0026rsquo;s solidarity."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;The stakes are very different because the jobs are very different, but it\u0026rsquo;s useful to see the police union movement as one of the most successful examples of social movement unionism,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer notes."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"Police unions and white ethnic conservatism"},"headingId":"police-unions-and-white-ethnic-conservatism","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Police unionism is just a very different \u003cem\u003ekind\u003c/em\u003e of social movement unionism than that involved in, say, collaborations between civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin and union leaders like United Auto Workers head Walter Reuther during the postwar years."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Bekemeyer notes that police officers, especially in the Northeast, tended disproportionately in the 1950s through 1970s to be working-class \u0026ldquo;white ethnic\u0026rdquo; conservatives: mostly Irish, but occasionally Italian or Polish, too. \u0026ldquo;It\u0026rsquo;s a broader white ethnic politics that uses the language of tradition, neighborhood integrity, hard work, etc., to defend segregated institutions that they benefit from, from schools to certain union jobs in the trade to religious institutions,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer says."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"This pattern comes through across the country, but Bekemeyer\u0026rsquo;s case study of Philadelphia is instructive, largely because one specific politician there embodied this identity better than any other American official of the time: Frank Rizzo, who served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1968 to 1971 and mayor from 1972 to 1980."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"wide","credit":{"html":"Bettmann Archive/Getty Images","plaintext":"Bettmann Archive/Getty Images"},"caption":{"html":"Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens.","plaintext":"Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.473385,"originalHeight":2987,"originalWidth":4401,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjcw","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Rizzo was about as blatant a racist as led a major American city in the modern era. During his 1978 reelection bid, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/09/the-polarizing-mayor-who-embodied-blue-collar-conservatism/570337/\"\u003eurged supporters to \u0026ldquo;Vote White\u0026rdquo;\u003c/a\u003e; he fervently fought efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9tDwAAQBAJ\u0026lpg=PT289\u0026ots=ImaiM7ioDq\u0026dq=frank%20rizzo%20desegregation\u0026pg=PT294#v=onepage\u0026q\u0026f=false\"\u003edesegregate Philadelphia schools\u003c/a\u003e and build public housing in white neighborhoods. \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org/articles/mayor-rizzo-s-discriminatory-housing-policies-confronting-our-past-and-present/\"\u003eIn a deposition\u003c/a\u003e, he stated he \u0026ldquo;considered public housing to be the same as Black housing in that most tenants of public housing are Black. Mayor Rizzo therefore felt that there should not be any public housing placed in White neighborhoods because people in White neighborhoods did not want Black people moving in with them.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"This extended to Rizzo\u0026rsquo;s governance of the police. He once famously declared that his treatment of protesters would \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=9DRVCwAAQBAJ\u0026lpg=PT83\u0026ots=VdWRrPXfzh\u0026dq=%22I’ll%20make%20Attila%20the%20Hun%20look%20like%20a%20faggot%22\u0026pg=PT83#v=onepage\u0026q\u0026f=false\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;make Attila the Hun look like a fa**ot.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/a\u003e As commissioner, he ordered a raid on Black Panther headquarters in which suspects were publicly stripped in front of photographers, and at least once ordered police to beat stationary protesters with nightsticks."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"On this, police unions were mostly a strong ally, echoing the role they would play in many cities as representatives of white ethnic conservative interests in ensuing decades. Alphonso Deal, a Black police officer in Philadelphia who began a separate union for Black officers who faced discrimination from leaders like Rizzo, once tried to run for the presidency of the Fraternal Order of Police local in the hope of breaking the police out of this mold, but Bekemeyer describes this attempt as \u0026ldquo;quixotic.\u0026rdquo; FOP was more interested in resisting affirmative action measures that it viewed as allowing officers who hadn\u0026rsquo;t \u0026ldquo;earned their place\u0026rdquo; to get in ahead of the white ethnics the union represented."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The Philadelphia case is especially vivid, but you see examples of this kind of behavior from police unions around the country from the 1960s to the present."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In one particularly glaring case, the Patrolmen\u0026rsquo;s Benevolent Association (since renamed the Police Benevolent Association for gender equality reasons) \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/17/nyregion/officers-rally-and-dinkins-is-their-target.html\"\u003erioted around City Hall against David Dinkins, New York City\u0026rsquo;s first and to date only Black mayor\u003c/a\u003e, to protest Dinkins\u0026rsquo;s plan to create a civilian review board to oversee the police. Ten thousand protesters, mostly off-duty cops, appeared, and more than 4,000 broke through police barricades, surrounded City Hall, and took over Brooklyn Bridge. Protesters hurled the n-word and other racial slurs at Black people nearby, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/nyregion/rally-puts-police-under-new-scrutiny.html\"\u003ecity councilor Una Clarke\u003c/a\u003e."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"One hears similar rhetoric, albeit with the sharp edges sanded down a bit, out of police unions today. Their rhetoric remains rooted in the notion that police are the one barrier between civilization and chaos. \u0026ldquo;The scenes we witnessed earlier this month \u0026mdash; burning police vehicles, looted storefronts and violent clashes between protesters and police officers \u0026mdash; will remain etched in New Yorkers\u0026rsquo; collective memory. They are symbols of a breakdown in our social contract that none of us want to see repeated,\u0026rdquo; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nycpba.org/press-releases/2020/pba-to-ag-no-plan-no-strategy-no-support-in-protest-chaos/\"\u003ePat Lynch\u003c/a\u003e of New York City\u0026rsquo;s Police Benevolent Association declared in a statement on June 17."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"Where police unions fit into use of force problems"},"headingId":"where-police-unions-fit-into-use-of-force-problems","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"It is perhaps not surprising, given both police unions\u0026rsquo; historic conservatism and their charge of defending members against unjust or arbitrary discipline, that defending and preventing discipline against police who kill or wound unarmed civilians, particularly Black civilians, has become a major preoccupation of police unions since the Black Lives Matter movement\u0026rsquo;s emergence."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Tellingly, when the International Union of Police Associations \u003ca href=\"https://iupa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Trump-Re-election-Endorsement-Press-Release.pdf\"\u003eendorsed Trump for president\u003c/a\u003e in late 2015, they specifically cited as a root cause what they viewed as the Democratic presidential candidate\u0026rsquo;s slander of Darren Wilson, the white officer who in 2014 shot 18-year-old Black teenager Michael Brown to death in Ferguson, Missouri."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"RelatedPostsBlockType","__typename":"RelatedPostsBlockType","links":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2014/12/18/7415135/police-unions","title":"Why police unions protect the worst cops"}],"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;Every top Democrat currently running for this office has vilified the police and made criminals out to be victims,\u0026rdquo; union president Sam Cabral wrote. \u0026ldquo;Many of them still refer to the tragedy in Ferguson as a murder, despite the conclusions of every investigative inquiry to the contrary.\u0026rdquo; (A St. Louis County grand jury declined to indict Wilson for murder, and the US Department of Justice \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/31/17937838/michael-brown-shooting-darren-wilson-investigations\"\u003edeclined to prosecute him for civil rights violations\u003c/a\u003e. However, the DOJ also found a pattern of racial bias and brutality in the Ferguson police department.)"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In local cases, this attitude has translated to a defense of officers who kill or wound innocent civilians. The Louisville Metro Police Department has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wdrb.com/in-depth/louisville-police-to-fire-brett-hankison-detective-in-breonna-taylor-shooting-for-use-of-deadly/article_db0cc026-b242-11ea-8339-db83227f9e0f.html\"\u003elimited to just announcing its \u0026ldquo;intention\u0026rdquo; to fire\u003c/a\u003e Brett Hankison, a detective who shot his gun 10 times during the raid that killed Breonna Taylor, rather than actually firing him outright. This limitation is largely because of the city\u0026rsquo;s contract with the police union, which gives Hankison multiple opportunities to appeal. He is \u003ca href=\"https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/metro-government/2020/06/19/breonna-taylor-protests-brett-hankison-fired-lmpd/3222004001/\"\u003efirst allowed a \u0026ldquo;pretermination hearing\u0026rdquo; with counsel\u003c/a\u003e, and then, once terminated, an appeal to the police merit board, of which Hankison himself is a member."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In extreme cases, this resistance to discipline has translated into \u0026ldquo;depolicing,\u0026rdquo; in which police forces cease making arrests as a protest against civilian leaders and activists whom they perceive as demonizing police."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The NYPD \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-proactive-policing-crime-20170925-story.html\"\u003econducted a work slowdown\u003c/a\u003e in late 2014 and early 2015 over perceived disrespect from Mayor Bill de Blasio \u0026mdash; though \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0211-5\"\u003ecrime actually fell\u003c/a\u003e during the slowdown according to a subsequent study analyzing the period (but that might just be because the slowdown was limited to low-level offenses). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-union-suggests-work-slowdown-after-nypd-officer-fired-eric-n1044486\"\u003ePBA president Pat Lynch called for another slowdown in 2019\u003c/a\u003e when the police commissioner fired officer Daniel Pantaleo for choking Eric Garner to death five years earlier."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In Baltimore, a police slowdown known as \u0026ldquo;the pullback\u0026rdquo; ensued after the district attorney indicted officers for the death of Freddie Gray in 2015; many analysts, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/magazine/baltimore-tragedy-crime.html\"\u003eProPublica\u0026rsquo;s Alec MacGillis\u003c/a\u003e, attribute the 62 percent jump in homicides in 2015 at least in part to police just giving up on their jobs."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"There is also some limited evidence that police unions themselves make use of force problems worse."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u003ca href=\"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2145\u0026context=public_law_and_legal_theory\"\u003eUniversity of Chicago Law School\u0026rsquo;s Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard McAdams, and John Rappaport\u003c/a\u003e looked at a 2003 Florida Supreme Court decision that gave collective bargaining rights to sheriffs\u0026rsquo; deputies. They use police departments, which were unaffected, as a control group, and find that in the wake of the decision, misconduct violations rose in sheriff\u0026rsquo;s offices but not in police departments. That suggests that collective bargaining itself caused a rise in misconduct, perhaps by making sheriff\u0026rsquo;s deputies feel like they could get away with it."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Another study by economists Rob Gillezeau, Jamein Cunningham, and Donna Feir, which has yet to be published but was discussed by one of its authors on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/871298161\"\u003eNPR\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003ePlanet Money\u003c/em\u003e podcast\u003c/a\u003e, used the varying times at which different states rolled out collective bargaining rights to police unions starting in the late 1950s to see if introducing police unions made a difference in police killings."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"They found it did, Gillezeau told NPR:"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreQuoteBlockType","__typename":"CoreQuoteBlockType","children":[{"__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"We found that after officers gained access to collective bargaining rights that there was a substantial increase in killings of civilians \u0026mdash; 0.026 to 0.029 additional civilians are killed in each county in each year, of whom the overwhelming majority are nonwhite. That\u0026rsquo;s about 60 to 70 per year civilians killed by the police in an era historically where there were a lot fewer police shootings. So that\u0026rsquo;s a humongous increase."}}],"citation":{"html":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Another study by \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3246419\"\u003eOxford\u0026rsquo;s Abdul Rad\u003c/a\u003e found that police union contract provisions protecting police are correlated with greater police abuse, though the study warns that it\u0026rsquo;s hard to prove the relationship is causal."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Another way to look at this question is to examine the text of police union contracts. In 2018, Stephen Rushin, a law professor at Loyola University Chicago, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3134718\"\u003eexamined 656 police union contracts\u003c/a\u003e and found that \u0026ldquo;the vast majority of these departments give police officers the ability to appeal disciplinary sanctions through multiple levels of appellate review. At the end of this process, the majority of departments allow officers to appeal disciplinary sanctions to an arbitrator selected, in part, by the local police union or the aggrieved officer.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Rushin notes, \u0026ldquo;While each of these appellate procedures may be individually defensible, they combine in many police departments to create a formidable barrier to officer accountability.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Rushin has \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3246419\"\u003efound similar problems\u003c/a\u003e examining provisions of police contracts not related to the appeals process, including, for instance, rules giving officers a heads-up that they will be interviewed by internal affairs detectives or other investigators in a few days about a case of potential wrongdoing. \u0026ldquo;Most people, including myself, would say if you provide officers with delays telling them we\u0026rsquo;ll interview you in two days, that probably is a barrier to accountability,\u0026rdquo; Rushin told me."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;Notifying that you\u0026rsquo;re about to talk gives them time to compare stories\u0026rdquo; and potentially come up with fake alibis or other lies. It\u0026rsquo;s a subtle matter, however: Notification that enables an officer to obtain legal representation seems like an essential due process provision, but notification long enough to enable cover stories goes too far."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Much of the difficulty in studying police unions is in how to think about these kinds of provisions, Rushin told me. \u0026ldquo;One thing I\u0026rsquo;ve learned going through this process is what one person calls due process, another person calls a problematic provision,\u0026rdquo; he says. \u0026ldquo;A lot is in the eye of who\u0026rsquo;s doing the coding.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"Police unions pose unique challenges for the labor left"},"headingId":"police-unions-pose-unique-challenges-for-the-labor-left","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Beyond the difficulty police unions present as a state and local policy matter, they pose a particularly grave challenge to the labor movement at large."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The American left and labor have been close allies for more than a century, and often the struggle for racial equality and labor rights went hand in hand (see, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/randolph-philip\"\u003eA. Philip Randolph\u003c/a\u003e, whose Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized Black passenger train stewards to fight for both Black equality and economic gains)."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CorePullquoteBlockType","__typename":"CorePullquoteBlockType","contents":{"html":"“The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict”"},"citation":{"html":""},"placement":"left"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Some on the left want to abolish both police and the unions who organize them. Kim Kelly, a labor journalist and vocal activist within Writers Guild of America, East (of which I am also a member), led the charge to push police unions out of the labor movement in a \u003ca href=\"https://newrepublic.com/article/157918/no-cop-unions\"\u003eNew Republic article\u003c/a\u003e. Activism from her and others led WGA-E to call on its parent federation, the AFL-CIO, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wgaeast.org/writers-guild-of-america-east-unanimously-passes-resolution-calling-on-the-afl-cio-to-disaffiliate-with-the-international-union-of-police-associations/\"\u003edisaffiliate from the International Union of Police Associations\u003c/a\u003e."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Some veteran labor lawyers and academic labor activists are also opening up to the idea of sharply limiting police union power, recognizing this as an unusual case."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/news/blog-post-call-radical-labor-solidarity-blacklivesmatter-movement\"\u003egroup of faculty at Cornell\u0026rsquo;s Industrial and Labor Relations school\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Ifeoma Ajunwa, Virginia Doellgast, Shannon Gleeson, Kate Griffith, and Ver\u0026oacute;nica Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Matsuda \u0026mdash; argued in a public statement that the labor movement \u0026ldquo;must also acknowledge that contemporary police unions have contributed to racism.\u0026rdquo; Benjamin Sachs, the Kestenbaum professor of labor and industry at Harvard Law School and a leading voice in labor law debates, published a blog post suggesting openness to \u003ca href=\"https://www.onlabor.org/police-unions-its-time-to-change-the-law/\"\u003elimiting what issues police unions can legally bargain over\u003c/a\u003e, perhaps excluding from bargaining matters like discipline for police who beat or kill civilians."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;The consequence of police abusing [collective bargaining] power is that people end up dead,\u0026rdquo; Sharon Block, executive director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law and a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President Obama, told me. \u0026ldquo;That is happening at a significant rate and that\u0026rsquo;s just a completely different context from the rest of the public sector\u0026rdquo; or unionism generally."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"So far, these efforts have come to little. The AFL-CIO itself has \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-labor-movement-faces-a-reckoning-over-police-unions_n_5eda9958c5b640424ef70cd2?lz\"\u003efirmly resisted calls to disaffiliate\u003c/a\u003e, and no limitations on police unions were included in House Democrats\u0026rsquo; call to reform policing."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Moreover, there are many in the labor movement who think calls for purging or outlawing police unions go much too far and risks endangering other public sector workers, like teachers, whose collective bargaining rights have been threatened in recent decades."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u0026ldquo;If you look back at prior incidents in American labor history where labor groups kicked out other labor groups over fundamental disagreements about strategy, about priorities, it generally didn\u0026rsquo;t turn out well for the cause of labor,\u0026rdquo; Catherine Fisk, a law professor at UC Berkeley and a prominent voice on labor law, told me."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"Ideas for fixing the police union problem"},"headingId":"ideas-for-fixing-the-police-union-problem","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"There are two extremes on the police union debate. On one end of the spectrum, there\u0026rsquo;s the attitude of local police union leaders like Pat Lynch and Bob Kroll, who state they are open to reform while in practice they fight almost every measure, even mild ones, meant to rein in police misconduct."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"On the other is abolishing police and police unions, as advocated from the left by labor radicals like Kelly, or simply abolishing the unions, as advocated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS794US794\u0026sxsrf=ALeKk03GJbOtXmvFenoF7qfADvqaql7NEQ%3A1592242862529\u0026ei=rrLnXqveH_iqwbkP1IaD0A4\u0026q=police+unions+site%3Anationalreview.com\u0026oq=police+unions+site%3Anationalreview.com\u0026gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQR1DREFivK2DILGgAcAF4AIABAIgBAJIBAJgBEKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXo\u0026sclient=psy-ab\u0026ved=0ahUKEwir7d3xroTqAhV4VTABHVTDAOoQ4dUDCAw\u0026uact=5\"\u003emany right-wing opponents of public sector unions\u003c/a\u003e generally. If police still existed in this world, they would of course be allowed to form organizations that advocated for their interests. But police departments would not be obliged to negotiate with those organizations on pay and discipline, as they are in most unionized jurisdictions today."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"wide","credit":{"html":"Drew Angerer/Getty Images","plaintext":"Drew Angerer/Getty Images"},"caption":{"html":"Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct.","plaintext":"Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.5,"originalHeight":3388,"originalWidth":5082,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjcz","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Most police union experts I spoke with, though, fell in the middle: They believe that police unions can be usefully reformed without being abolished."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"There are a number of possible models for this kind of reform. The organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.joincampaignzero.org/contracts\"\u003eCampaign Zero\u003c/a\u003e, co-founded by activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe, has been a leader in pushing for police union contract transparency; much of the research above relies on contracts they\u0026rsquo;ve surfaced publicly."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"They recommend a bevy of contract changes, most of which involve removing provisions included in many union contracts or state laws known as \u003ca href=\"https://reason.com/2012/10/19/how-special-rights-for-law-enforcement-m/\"\u003eLaw Enforcement Officers\u0026rsquo; Bills of Rights (LEOBRs)\u003c/a\u003e, which provide similar protections to police officers as contracts do but are implemented as state legislation instead. Problematic provisions in contracts and LEOBRs include mandates that delay interrogations of officers (as Rushin highlighted), the ability to appeal to an arbitrator partially chosen by the police union, and bans on investigating misconduct that happened more than 100 days in the past."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Rushin has \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2833088\"\u003eproposed\u003c/a\u003e allowing the public to observe collective bargaining between the police and state governments. That way, the public can exert pressure on city leaders not to yield to police union demands about discipline. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-police-unions/\"\u003e2017 Reuters investigation\u003c/a\u003e found that in a number of cities, such as San Antonio, city leaders have given police unions concessions as an explicit trade-off for not offering high pay or limiting pay cuts. \u0026ldquo;If that trade-off is publicly visible, that our failure to compensate is causing cities to give significant concessions on discipline,\u0026rdquo; Rushin notes, then public pressure might force the city to increase police salaries rather than reducing accountability."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"L. Song Richardson, the dean of UC Irvine School of Law and an eminent criminal law expert, and Berkeley\u0026rsquo;s Catherine Fisk have proposed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf\"\u003esystem of \u0026ldquo;minority unionism\u0026rdquo; for police departments\u003c/a\u003e. The idea is to use the increasing racial diversity of many police departments to push for useful reforms by enabling the creation of groups like, say, a Black Lives Matter organization within a police department that also has the right to bargain around disciplinary issues with the department."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Multiracial coalitions opposed to the current police union leadership could also form and gain power; Richardson and Fisk note that PBA president Pat Lynch faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/nyregion/patrick-lynch-re-elected-to-lead-new-york-police-union.html\"\u003eenergetic reelection challenges\u003c/a\u003e in the wake of his inflammatory statements about Eric Garner\u0026rsquo;s killing, suggesting a real minority within the NYPD was dissatisfied with his leadership. Black police officers, in polling data, seem to have vastly different political beliefs and are much more sympathetic to claims of racial discrimination than white officers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/03/10-things-we-know-about-race-and-policing-in-the-u-s/\"\u003ePew Research Center\u003c/a\u003e found that while 92 percent of white officers say the US has \u0026ldquo;made the changes needed to give blacks equal rights with whites\u0026rdquo;; only 29 percent of Black officers agree."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Beyond minority unionism, Fisk has another idea to better align cities\u0026rsquo; incentives in bargaining: using Congress to partially overrule \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonell v. Department of Social Services\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, a relatively obscure 1978 Supreme Court decision that among other holdings found that local governments cannot be forced to pay up in civil suits due to the actions of their employees."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Suppose that a FedEx deliveryperson pushed you onto the sidewalk, causing a head injury when you fell. The deliveryperson would be liable in a civil suit, and so would FedEx. But it\u0026rsquo;s different with government. \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2020/6/3/21277104/qualified-immunity-cops-constitution-shaniz-west-supreme-court\"\u003eQualified immunity\u003c/a\u003e generally protects police officers and other public employees from lawsuits; meanwhile, a principle called \u0026ldquo;vicarious liability\u0026rdquo; protects police departments and city governments from such lawsuits. Fisk argues that Congress should reverse \u003cem\u003eMonell\u003c/em\u003e and allow governments to be held liable for police officers\u0026rsquo; misconduct."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The most dramatic reform, short of outright abolishing collective bargaining rights for police unions, is one that Harvard\u0026rsquo;s Sachs suggested sympathy toward and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/04/opinion/dont-let-labor-agreements-thwart-police-accountability/?et_rid=726644833\u0026s_campaign=todaysheadlines:newsletter\"\u003eBoston Globe has editorialized in favor of\u003c/a\u003e: limiting police unions to simply bargaining on wages and hours, not on discipline. This change is already the law in Massachusetts. (Fisk argues this would go too far. \u0026ldquo;There\u0026rsquo;s two sides to the contract; why are we focused only on what unions are asking for rather than focusing on what cities are asking for?\u0026rdquo; she says.)"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Reforming police unions is hardly the only important task in efforts to reform the police generally. But there is an emerging consensus that something significant has to change in these organizations. If not, they will remain unaccountable lobbies that frustrate even mild efforts to reform police departments and save the lives of unarmed civilians."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/future-perfect-newsletter\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSign up for the Future Perfect newsletter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e and we\u0026rsquo;ll send you a roundup of ideas and solutions for tackling the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest challenges \u0026mdash; and how to get better at doing good.\u003c/em\u003e"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false}],"__isResolvedResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","wpId":47297,"featuredImage":{"image":{"originalUrl":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all","wpId":47284,"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjg0","title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":4000,"originalWidth":6000,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.732984293194,100,78.534031413613","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":78.53403141361257,"width":100}}}}},"__isContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","dek":{"plaintext":"Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government.","html":"Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government."},"robots":{"index":true,"follow":true},"canonicalUrlOverride":"","originalPublishedAt":"2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00","publishedAt":"2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00","__isFeedContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","seo":{"headline":"Police unions, explained","description":"Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government."},"social":{"headline":"How police unions became so powerful — and how they can be tamed","description":"Over about half a century, police unions have become one of the most powerful lobbies in local government.","image":null},"promo":{"headline":"How police unions became so powerful — and how they can be tamed"},"ledeMedia":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","image":{"title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":4000,"originalWidth":6000,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.732984293194,100,78.534031413613","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":78.53403141361257,"width":100}},"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=16.666666666667,0,66.666666666667,100","cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":66.66666666666666}}},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjg0"}},"updatedAt":"2020-06-24T19:40:00+00:00","createdAt":"2020-06-24T13:00:00+00:00","hasAffiliateLinks":false,"additionalBylines":"","status":"publish","wordCount":4264,"package":null,"streams":{"nodes":[{"id":"dngyOnN0cmVhbToxMTAwOQ==","chorusId":21038885}]},"liveStatus":{"startAt":null,"status":false,"endAt":null},"seoArticleBody":"In the wake of George Floyd\u0026rsquo;s killing by now-former Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin, few have been inclined to defend Chauvin or his colleagues who stood by and watched as he suffocated Floyd to death. Few, that is, except Bob Kroll.\nIn a letter to membership, Kroll \u0026mdash; the president of the MPD\u0026rsquo;s police union \u0026mdash; referred to protesters outraged by police brutality as a \u0026ldquo;terrorist movement\u0026rdquo; and defended the officers who killed Floyd and were subsequently fired, arguing they were \u0026ldquo;terminated without due process\u0026rdquo; and lamenting, \u0026ldquo;What is not being told is the violent criminal history of George Floyd.\u0026rdquo; (Floyd had a criminal record, but mostly for nonviolent drug and theft charges.)\nKroll\u0026rsquo;s statements illustrate a central challenge in American efforts to transform policing: Police unions, the groups that represent police officers, are a powerful force that stands in the way of holding police accountable. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey told the New York Times that Kroll and his union are a major reason it\u0026rsquo;s hard to bring order to the Minneapolis Police Department, saying they create a \u0026ldquo;nearly impenetrable barrier\u0026rdquo; to reform.\nIt\u0026rsquo;s not just in Minneapolis. Around the country, as protesters take to the streets to condemn police violence and demand change, police unions have emerged as the protesters\u0026rsquo; most vocal and implacable foe.\n[Image: A man holds up a sign reading “Kroll Must Go” in Minneapolis on June 6. There have been calls for Minneapolis Police Union chief Bob Kroll to resign in the wake of the killing of George Floyd on May 25 by MPD officers. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048898/GettyImages_1218023546.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nIn Buffalo, the city\u0026rsquo;s Police Benevolent Association president John Evans has actively defended officers who pushed 75-year-old protester Martin Gugino to the ground. When the officers who pushed Gugino were seen leaving their arraignment on felony assault charges, a large crowd of police union members and sympathizers was seen cheering them on. In New York State broadly, police unions led opposition to newly signed legislation that prevents police from hiding misconduct complaints and criminalizes chokeholds.\nThese are hardly aberrations. Police unions in general have become the most vocal interest group opposing criminal justice reforms and especially reforms to police discipline and use of force. Historically, they have, unlike most unions, been profoundly conservative institutions that uphold a particular white ethnic, \u0026ldquo;law and order\u0026rdquo;-focused variant of right-wing politics. They have been among Donald Trump\u0026rsquo;s most fervent allies; Kroll spoke at a Trump rally in 2018, and the International Union of Police Associations has already endorsed Trump for reelection.\nThe foregrounding of police unions\u0026rsquo; role in the warping of American law enforcement has also prompted some difficult conversations on the left. The presence of a segment of a union movement that\u0026rsquo;s unapologetically right-wing and hostile to Black communities has tested the limits of solidarity from more left-wing unionists.\nAs long as police forces exist, police unions will exist in some form as well, even if just as political pressure groups. It is therefore natural to think that reforming police unions in some way must be part of the broader agenda of changing policing in America. They are among the biggest stakeholders in the way the system works now; without addressing their power, other reforms may never get off the ground.\nA brief history of police, unions, and police unions\nThe creation of police unions was a somewhat ironic twist in American labor history, University of Minnesota labor historian Will Jones tells me, given that the creation of urban police forces was largely spurred by a desire to contain union activism and protest.\n\u0026ldquo;The whole creation of the police force in the late 19th century was largely in response to labor conflict,\u0026rdquo; Jones says. Police departments emerged and evolved as adjuncts to the sheriff\u0026rsquo;s departments and private detective agencies (like the Pinkertons) that bosses typically enlisted to fight union activists.\nThe (rough) anniversary of the Haymarket affair of 1886, a protest against anti-union violence by police in which an unknown assailant threw a bomb at Chicago police and a firefight broke out, is still commemorated on May 1 as International Workers\u0026rsquo; Day in numerous countries worldwide. Union demonstrators and police would square off repeatedly in ensuing decades: in Cleveland in 1894, Philadelphia in 1910, Minneapolis in 1934, Chicago in 1937, and Hilo, Hawaii, in 1938, among many other incidents.\n[Image: People walk near the Haymarket Memorial in Chicago, Illinois. The memorial marks the spot of the Haymarket affair of 1886 where police fired on a crowd of labor demonstrators. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048919/GettyImages_51355640.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nThe anti-union role of police began to ebb in the first half of the 20th century with the coming of the New Deal and the Great Migration of Black workers from the South to Northern cities, says Aaron Bekemeyer, a doctoral candidate in history at Harvard whose dissertation documents the emergence of police unions in Philadelphia and nationally.\nThe New Deal, especially the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, legalized a lot of union activity, including strikes, and so shunted the task of managing labor conflict from local police to federal bureaucrats. The Great Migration, in turn, gave urban police another population to police, namely Black people. \u0026ldquo;Policing of Black neighborhoods, drug policing, gang policing become what these big-city police forces do,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer says.\nThe trend of allowing public sector unions began in New York City, when Mayor Robert Wagner Jr., the son of Sen. Robert Wagner who wrote the National Labor Relations Act, issued regulations that allowed collective bargaining by municipal employees in 1958. Wisconsin followed suit in 1959, and many states came after that. In 1962, the federal government under John F. Kennedy legalized collective bargaining for its employees. The spread of this idea helped fuel the growth of teachers unions, sanitation workers unions, and other public employee unions \u0026mdash; including police unions.\nThe rise in violent crime in the 1960s, riots in places like Watts in 1965, Detroit and Newark in 1967, and nationwide in 1968, and the rise of tough-on-crime policing targeted at Black neighborhoods also enhanced the political power of police unions: \u0026ldquo;The police unions say, \u0026lsquo;Hey, we\u0026rsquo;re the ones doing this work and protecting you, implied white listener, from dangerous Black people, and you need the gains unions need. Union interests are public interests,\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; says Bekemeyer.\nWhile the jobs are very different in obvious ways, the rhetoric parallels arguments that teachers unions under leaders like Al Shanker were making to the public around the same time: that the demands teachers were making would help students and parents too, and thus teachers deserve the public\u0026rsquo;s solidarity.\n\u0026ldquo;The stakes are very different because the jobs are very different, but it\u0026rsquo;s useful to see the police union movement as one of the most successful\u0026nbsp;examples of social movement unionism,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer notes.\nPolice unions and white ethnic conservatism\nPolice unionism is just a very different kind of social movement unionism than that involved in, say, collaborations between civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin and union leaders like United Auto Workers head Walter Reuther during the postwar years.\nBekemeyer notes that police officers, especially in the Northeast, tended disproportionately in the 1950s through 1970s to be working-class \u0026ldquo;white ethnic\u0026rdquo; conservatives: mostly Irish, but occasionally Italian or Polish, too. \u0026ldquo;It\u0026rsquo;s a broader white ethnic politics that uses the language of tradition, neighborhood integrity, hard work, etc., to defend segregated institutions that they benefit from, from schools to certain union jobs in the trade to religious institutions,\u0026rdquo; Bekemeyer says.\nThis pattern comes through across the country, but Bekemeyer\u0026rsquo;s case study of Philadelphia is instructive, largely because one specific politician there embodied this identity better than any other American official of the time: Frank Rizzo, who served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1968 to 1971 and mayor from 1972 to 1980.\n[Image: Frank Rizzo, seen here with President Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972, was Philadelphia’s police commissioner and later mayor. He vehemently fought integration in housing and education, and oversaw a regime of police brutality against Black citizens. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048942/GettyImages_515399106.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nRizzo was about as blatant a racist as led a major American city in the modern era. During his 1978 reelection bid, he urged supporters to \u0026ldquo;Vote White\u0026rdquo;; he fervently fought efforts to desegregate Philadelphia schools and build public housing in white neighborhoods. In a deposition, he stated he \u0026ldquo;considered public housing to be the same as Black housing in that most tenants of public housing are Black. Mayor Rizzo therefore felt that there should not be any public housing placed in White neighborhoods because people in White neighborhoods did not want Black people moving in with them.\u0026rdquo;\nThis extended to Rizzo\u0026rsquo;s governance of the police. He once famously declared that his treatment of protesters would \u0026ldquo;make Attila the Hun look like a fa**ot.\u0026rdquo; As commissioner, he ordered a raid on Black Panther headquarters in which suspects were publicly stripped in front of photographers, and at least once ordered police to beat stationary protesters with nightsticks.\nOn this, police unions were mostly a strong ally, echoing the role they would play in many cities as representatives of white ethnic conservative interests in ensuing decades. Alphonso Deal, a Black police officer in Philadelphia who began a separate union for Black officers who faced discrimination from leaders like Rizzo, once tried to run for the presidency of the Fraternal Order of Police local in the hope of breaking the police out of this mold, but Bekemeyer describes this attempt as \u0026ldquo;quixotic.\u0026rdquo; FOP was more interested in resisting affirmative action measures that it viewed as allowing officers who hadn\u0026rsquo;t \u0026ldquo;earned their place\u0026rdquo; to get in ahead of the white ethnics the union represented.\nThe Philadelphia case is especially vivid, but you see examples of this kind of behavior from police unions around the country from the 1960s to the present.\nIn one particularly glaring case, the Patrolmen\u0026rsquo;s Benevolent Association (since renamed the Police Benevolent Association for gender equality reasons) rioted around City Hall against David Dinkins, New York City\u0026rsquo;s first and to date only Black mayor, to protest Dinkins\u0026rsquo;s plan to create a civilian review board to oversee the police. Ten thousand protesters, mostly off-duty cops, appeared, and more than 4,000 broke through police barricades, surrounded City Hall, and took over Brooklyn Bridge. Protesters hurled the n-word and other racial slurs at Black people nearby, including city councilor Una Clarke.\nOne hears similar rhetoric, albeit with the sharp edges sanded down a bit, out of police unions today. Their rhetoric remains rooted in the notion that police are the one barrier between civilization and chaos. \u0026ldquo;The scenes we witnessed earlier this month \u0026mdash; burning police vehicles, looted storefronts and violent clashes between protesters and police officers \u0026mdash; will remain etched in New Yorkers\u0026rsquo; collective memory. They are symbols of a breakdown in our social contract that none of us want to see repeated,\u0026rdquo; Pat Lynch of New York City\u0026rsquo;s Police Benevolent Association declared in a statement on June 17.\nWhere police unions fit into use of force problems\nIt is perhaps not surprising, given both police unions\u0026rsquo; historic conservatism and their charge of defending members against unjust or arbitrary discipline, that defending and preventing discipline against police who kill or wound unarmed civilians, particularly Black civilians, has become a major preoccupation of police unions since the Black Lives Matter movement\u0026rsquo;s emergence.\nTellingly, when the International Union of Police Associations endorsed Trump for president in late 2015, they specifically cited as a root cause what they viewed as the Democratic presidential candidate\u0026rsquo;s slander of Darren Wilson, the white officer who in 2014 shot 18-year-old Black teenager Michael Brown to death in Ferguson, Missouri.\n\u0026ldquo;Every top Democrat currently running for this office has vilified the police and made criminals out to be victims,\u0026rdquo; union president Sam Cabral wrote. \u0026ldquo;Many of them still refer to the tragedy in Ferguson as a murder, despite the conclusions of every investigative inquiry to the contrary.\u0026rdquo; (A St. Louis County grand jury declined to indict Wilson for murder, and the US Department of Justice declined to prosecute him for civil rights violations. However, the DOJ also found a pattern of racial bias and brutality in the Ferguson police department.)\nIn local cases, this attitude has translated to a defense of officers who kill or wound innocent civilians. The Louisville Metro Police Department has been limited to just announcing its \u0026ldquo;intention\u0026rdquo; to fire Brett Hankison, a detective who shot his gun 10 times during the raid that killed Breonna Taylor, rather than actually firing him outright. This limitation is largely because of the city\u0026rsquo;s contract with the police union, which gives Hankison multiple opportunities to appeal. He is first allowed a \u0026ldquo;pretermination hearing\u0026rdquo; with counsel, and then, once terminated, an appeal to the police merit board, of which Hankison himself is a member.\nIn extreme cases, this resistance to discipline has translated into \u0026ldquo;depolicing,\u0026rdquo; in which police forces cease making arrests as a protest against civilian leaders and activists whom they perceive as demonizing police.\nThe NYPD conducted a work slowdown in late 2014 and early 2015 over perceived disrespect from Mayor Bill de Blasio \u0026mdash; though crime actually fell during the slowdown according to a subsequent study analyzing the period (but that might just be because the slowdown was limited to low-level offenses). PBA president Pat Lynch called for another slowdown in 2019 when the police commissioner fired officer Daniel Pantaleo for choking Eric Garner to death five years earlier.\nIn Baltimore, a police slowdown known as \u0026ldquo;the pullback\u0026rdquo; ensued after the district attorney indicted officers for the death of Freddie Gray in 2015; many analysts, like ProPublica\u0026rsquo;s Alec MacGillis, attribute the 62 percent jump in homicides in 2015 at least in part to police just giving up on their jobs.\nThere is also some limited evidence that police unions themselves make use of force problems worse.\nUniversity of Chicago Law School\u0026rsquo;s Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard McAdams, and John Rappaport looked at a 2003 Florida Supreme Court decision that gave collective bargaining rights to sheriffs\u0026rsquo; deputies. They use police departments, which were unaffected, as a control group, and find that in the wake of the decision, misconduct violations rose in sheriff\u0026rsquo;s offices but not in police departments. That suggests that collective bargaining itself caused a rise in misconduct, perhaps by making sheriff\u0026rsquo;s deputies feel like they could get away with it.\nAnother study by economists Rob Gillezeau, Jamein Cunningham, and Donna Feir, which has yet to be published but was discussed by one of its authors on NPR\u0026rsquo;s Planet Money podcast, used the varying times at which different states rolled out collective bargaining rights to police unions starting in the late 1950s to see if introducing police unions made a difference in police killings.\nThey found it did, Gillezeau told NPR:\n\u003e We found that after officers gained access to collective bargaining rights that there was a substantial increase in killings of civilians \u0026mdash; 0.026 to 0.029 additional civilians are killed in each county in each year, of whom the overwhelming majority are nonwhite. That\u0026rsquo;s about 60 to 70 per year civilians killed by the police in an era historically where there were a lot fewer police shootings. So that\u0026rsquo;s a humongous increase.\nAnother study by Oxford\u0026rsquo;s Abdul Rad found that police union contract provisions protecting police are correlated with greater police abuse, though the study warns that it\u0026rsquo;s hard to prove the relationship is causal.\nAnother way to look at this question is to examine the text of police union contracts. In 2018, Stephen Rushin, a law professor at Loyola University Chicago, examined 656 police union contracts and found that \u0026ldquo;the vast majority of these departments give police officers the ability to appeal disciplinary sanctions through multiple levels of appellate review. At the end of this process, the majority of departments allow officers to appeal disciplinary sanctions to an arbitrator selected, in part, by the local police union or the aggrieved officer.\u0026rdquo;\nRushin notes, \u0026ldquo;While each of these appellate procedures may be individually defensible, they combine in many police departments to create a formidable barrier to officer accountability.\u0026rdquo;\nRushin has found similar problems examining provisions of police contracts not related to the appeals process, including, for instance, rules giving officers a heads-up that they will be interviewed by internal affairs detectives or other investigators in a few days about a case of potential wrongdoing. \u0026ldquo;Most people, including myself, would say if you provide officers with delays telling them we\u0026rsquo;ll interview you in two days, that probably is a barrier to accountability,\u0026rdquo; Rushin told me.\n\u0026ldquo;Notifying that you\u0026rsquo;re about to talk gives them time to compare stories\u0026rdquo; and potentially come up with fake alibis or other lies. It\u0026rsquo;s a subtle matter, however: Notification that enables an officer to obtain legal representation seems like an essential due process provision, but notification long enough to enable cover stories goes too far.\nMuch of the difficulty in studying police unions is in how to think about these kinds of provisions, Rushin told me. \u0026ldquo;One thing I\u0026rsquo;ve learned going through this process is what one person calls due process, another person calls a problematic provision,\u0026rdquo; he says. \u0026ldquo;A lot is in the eye of who\u0026rsquo;s doing the coding.\u0026rdquo;\nPolice unions pose unique challenges for the labor left\nBeyond the difficulty police unions present as a state and local policy matter, they pose a particularly grave challenge to the labor movement at large.\nThe American left and labor have been close allies for more than a century, and often the struggle for racial equality and labor rights went hand in hand (see, for instance, A. Philip Randolph, whose Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized Black passenger train stewards to fight for both Black equality and economic gains).\nSome on the left want to abolish both police and the unions who organize them. Kim Kelly, a labor journalist and vocal activist within Writers Guild of America, East (of which I am also a member), led the charge to push police unions out of the labor movement in a New Republic article. Activism from her and others led WGA-E to call on its parent federation, the AFL-CIO, to disaffiliate from the International Union of Police Associations.\nSome veteran labor lawyers and academic labor activists are also opening up to the idea of sharply limiting police union power, recognizing this as an unusual case.\nA group of faculty at Cornell\u0026rsquo;s Industrial and Labor Relations school \u0026mdash; Ifeoma Ajunwa, Virginia Doellgast, Shannon Gleeson, Kate Griffith, and Ver\u0026oacute;nica Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Matsuda \u0026mdash; argued in a public statement that the labor movement \u0026ldquo;must also acknowledge that contemporary police unions have contributed to racism.\u0026rdquo; Benjamin Sachs, the Kestenbaum professor of labor and industry at Harvard Law School and a leading voice in labor law debates, published a blog post suggesting openness to limiting what issues police unions can legally bargain over, perhaps excluding from bargaining matters like discipline for police who beat or kill civilians.\n\u0026ldquo;The consequence of police abusing [collective bargaining] power is that people end up dead,\u0026rdquo; Sharon Block, executive director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law and a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President Obama, told me. \u0026ldquo;That is happening at a significant rate and that\u0026rsquo;s just a completely different context from the rest of the public sector\u0026rdquo; or unionism generally.\nSo far, these efforts have come to little. The AFL-CIO itself has firmly resisted calls to disaffiliate, and no limitations on police unions were included in House Democrats\u0026rsquo; call to reform policing.\nMoreover, there are many in the labor movement who think calls for purging or outlawing police unions go much too far and risks endangering other public sector workers, like teachers, whose collective bargaining rights have been threatened in recent decades.\n\u0026ldquo;If you look back at prior incidents in American labor history where labor groups kicked out other labor groups over fundamental disagreements about strategy, about priorities, it generally didn\u0026rsquo;t turn out well for the cause of labor,\u0026rdquo; Catherine Fisk, a law professor at UC Berkeley and a prominent voice on labor law, told me.\nIdeas for fixing the police union problem\nThere are two extremes on the police union debate. On one end of the spectrum, there\u0026rsquo;s the attitude of local police union leaders like Pat Lynch and Bob Kroll, who state they are open to reform while in practice they fight almost every measure, even mild ones, meant to rein in police misconduct.\nOn the other is abolishing police and police unions, as advocated from the left by labor radicals like Kelly, or simply abolishing the unions, as advocated by many right-wing opponents of public sector unions generally. If police still existed in this world, they would of course be allowed to form organizations that advocated for their interests. But police departments would not be obliged to negotiate with those organizations on pay and discipline, as they are in most unionized jurisdictions today.\n[Image: Pat Lynch, president of the NYC Police Benevolent Association, has fought reform measures that seek to rein in police misconduct. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048998/GettyImages_1162752521.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nMost police union experts I spoke with, though, fell in the middle: They believe that police unions can be usefully reformed without being abolished.\nThere are a number of possible models for this kind of reform. The organization Campaign Zero, co-founded by activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe, has been a leader in pushing for police union contract transparency; much of the research above relies on contracts they\u0026rsquo;ve surfaced publicly.\nThey recommend a bevy of contract changes, most of which involve removing provisions included in many union contracts or state laws known as Law Enforcement Officers\u0026rsquo; Bills of Rights (LEOBRs), which provide similar protections to police officers as contracts do but are implemented as state legislation instead. Problematic provisions in contracts and LEOBRs include mandates that delay interrogations of officers (as Rushin highlighted), the ability to appeal to an arbitrator partially chosen by the police union, and bans on investigating misconduct that happened more than 100 days in the past.\nRushin has proposed allowing the public to observe collective bargaining between the police and state governments. That way, the public can exert pressure on city leaders not to yield to police union demands about discipline. A 2017 Reuters investigation found that in a number of cities, such as San Antonio, city leaders have given police unions concessions as an explicit trade-off for not offering high pay or limiting pay cuts. \u0026ldquo;If that trade-off is publicly visible, that our failure to compensate is causing cities to give significant concessions on discipline,\u0026rdquo; Rushin notes, then public pressure might force the city to increase police salaries rather than reducing accountability.\nL. Song Richardson, the dean of UC Irvine School of Law and an eminent criminal law expert, and Berkeley\u0026rsquo;s Catherine Fisk have proposed a system of \u0026ldquo;minority unionism\u0026rdquo; for police departments. The idea is to use the increasing racial diversity of many police departments to push for useful reforms by enabling the creation of groups like, say, a Black Lives Matter organization within a police department that also has the right to bargain around disciplinary issues with the department.\nMultiracial coalitions opposed to the current police union leadership could also form and gain power; Richardson and Fisk note that\u0026nbsp;PBA president Pat Lynch faced energetic reelection challenges in the wake of his inflammatory statements about Eric Garner\u0026rsquo;s killing, suggesting a real minority within the NYPD was dissatisfied with his leadership. Black police officers, in polling data, seem to have vastly different political beliefs and are much more sympathetic to claims of racial discrimination than white officers. Pew Research Center found that while 92 percent of white officers say the US has \u0026ldquo;made the changes needed to give blacks equal rights with whites\u0026rdquo;; only 29 percent of Black officers agree.\nBeyond minority unionism, Fisk has another idea to better align cities\u0026rsquo; incentives in bargaining: using Congress to partially overrule Monell v. Department of Social Services, a relatively obscure 1978 Supreme Court decision that among other holdings found that local governments cannot be forced to pay up in civil suits due to the actions of their employees.\nSuppose that a FedEx deliveryperson pushed you onto the sidewalk, causing a head injury when you fell. The deliveryperson would be liable in a civil suit, and so would FedEx. But it\u0026rsquo;s different with government. Qualified immunity generally protects police officers and other public employees from lawsuits; meanwhile, a principle called \u0026ldquo;vicarious liability\u0026rdquo; protects police departments and city governments from such lawsuits. Fisk argues that Congress should reverse Monell and allow governments to be held liable for police officers\u0026rsquo; misconduct.\nThe most dramatic reform, short of outright abolishing collective bargaining rights for police unions, is one that Harvard\u0026rsquo;s Sachs suggested sympathy toward and the Boston Globe has editorialized in favor of: limiting police unions to simply bargaining on wages and hours, not on discipline. This change is already the law in Massachusetts. (Fisk argues this would go too far. \u0026ldquo;There\u0026rsquo;s two sides to the contract; why are we focused only on what unions are asking for rather than focusing on what cities are asking for?\u0026rdquo; she says.)\nReforming police unions is hardly the only important task in efforts to reform the police generally. But there is an emerging consensus that something significant has to change in these organizations. If not, they will remain unaccountable lobbies that frustrate even mild efforts to reform police departments and save the lives of unarmed civilians.\nSign up for the Future Perfect newsletter and we\u0026rsquo;ll send you a roundup of ideas and solutions for tackling the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest challenges \u0026mdash; and how to get better at doing good.","excludedFromHomepage":false,"packages":{"nodes":[]},"ledeMediaData":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","caption":{"html":"LAPD Chief of Police Michel Moore speaks with protesters in Los Angeles on May 30.","plaintext":"LAPD Chief of Police Michel Moore speaks with protesters in Los Angeles on May 30."},"credit":{"plaintext":"Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images","html":"Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images"},"hideCredit":false,"image":{"thumbnails":{"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100"},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=16.666666666667,0,66.666666666667,100"},"vertical":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/20048888/GettyImages_1216711856.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=25.2,0,53.333333333333,100"}},"title":"","credit":{"plaintext":"Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images","html":"Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images"},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjQ3Mjg0"}}}}},{"operationName":"ArticleCategoryRecircContainerQuery","variables":{"categoryNodeId":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwMQ==","excludeLatest":0},"data":{"node":{"__typename":"CategoryResourceType","title":"Politics","path":"/politics","recirc":{"nodes":[{"__typename":"PostResourceType","__isFeedContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","id":"dngyOnBvc3Q6Mzg4NjI3","wpId":388627,"chorusId":null,"chorusUuid":null,"resourceType":"post","dek":{"html":"The background checks aren’t legally required but they can reveal crucial information about nominees."},"permalink":"https://www.vox.com/trump-administration/388627/fbi-background-checks-trump-gaetz-hegseth-nominees-senate-congress-transition","title":"No, FBI checks aren’t required for Trump’s nominees. 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