CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Carignan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4f12c9fa-e610-4423-9439-2f242b45fbd7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Carignan","wgTitle":"Carignan","wgCurRevisionId":1232406646,"wgRevisionId":1232406646,"wgArticleId":294263,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Grape varieties of Spain","Red wine grape varieties"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Carignan","wgRelevantArticleId":294263,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q251054","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1389"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="926"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="741"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Carignan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Carignan rootpage-Carignan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Carignan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Carignan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Carignan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Carignan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viticulture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_and_confusion_with_other_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_and_confusion_with_other_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relationship and confusion with other grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_and_confusion_with_other_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carignan_blanc_and_gris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carignan_blanc_and_gris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Carignan blanc and gris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carignan_blanc_and_gris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wine regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Old_World_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Old_World_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other Old World regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Old_World_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_New_World_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_New_World_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other New World regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_New_World_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carignan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinyena_(uga)" title="Carinyena (uga) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carinyena (uga)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Каринян – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каринян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinyena" title="Carinyena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carinyena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Кариньян – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кариньян" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karinyeno" title="Karinyeno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karinyeno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan_noir" title="Carignan noir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carignan noir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(uva)" title="Cariñena (uva) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cariñena (uva)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(mahatsa)" title="Cariñena (mahatsa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cariñena (mahatsa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan_N" title="Carignan N – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carignan N" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%83%A5" title="까리냥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="까리냥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carignan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קריניאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קריניאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carignan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan_(blauw_druivenras)" title="Carignan (blauw druivenras) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carignan (blauw druivenras)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3" title="カリニャン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリニャン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carignan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan_(winoro%C5%9Bl)" title="Carignan (winorośl) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carignan (winorośl)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan_(uva)" title="Carignan (uva) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carignan (uva)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Кариньян (виноград) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кариньян (виноград)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carignan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carignan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Кариньян (виноград) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кариньян (виноград)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E5%88%A9%E9%85%BF" title="佳利酿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佳利酿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Carignan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carignan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carignan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Carignan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Carignan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&oldid=1232406646" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Carignan&id=1232406646&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarignan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarignan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Carignan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carignan_(c%C3%A9page)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251054" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Red wine grape variety</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carignan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carignan (disambiguation)">Carignan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plant de Ledenon" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Plant De Ledenon, see <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bois Dur" redirects here. For another wine grape that shares this as well as several other synonyms, see <a href="/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano">Graciano</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Carignan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg/220px-Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg/330px-Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg/440px-Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="741" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Carignan in Viala & Vermorel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Noir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Carignane#Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carignane">list of synonyms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena,_Aragon" title="Cariñena, Aragon">Cariñena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Catalonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable wines</th><td class="infobox-data">Historically <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariñena (DO)">Cariñena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> but little used now</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hazards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">Rot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobesia_botrana" title="Lobesia botrana">grape worms</a>. Late budding and ripening</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=2098">2098</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carignan</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kaʁiɲɑ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-carignan.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; also known as <b>Mazuelo</b>, <b>Bovale Grande</b>, <b>Cariñena</b>, <b>Carinyena</b>, <b>Samsó</b>, <b>Carignane</b>, and <b>Carignano</b>) is a red <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">grape variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish (wine)">Spanish</a> origin that is more commonly found in <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a> but is widely planted throughout the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and around the globe. Along with <a href="/wiki/Aramon_(grape)" title="Aramon (grape)">Aramon</a>, it was considered one of the main grapes responsible for France's <a href="/wiki/Wine_lake" title="Wine lake">wine lake</a> and was a substantial producer in <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wine</a> production in <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California's</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a> but in recent years, it has been reborn as a flagship wine for many cellars in the south of France as well as in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-w6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ampelographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographers">Ampelographers</a> believe that the grape likely originated in <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena,_Aragon" title="Cariñena, Aragon">Cariñena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and was later transplanted to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Italy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (wine)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria (wine)">Algeria</a>, and much of the <a href="/wiki/New_World_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World (wine)">New World</a>. The variety was historically a component of <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a>'s red wine blend. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares (410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. That year, in a drive to increase the overall quality of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">European wine</a> and to reduce the growing wine lake phenomenon, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> started an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Vine_pull_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine pull scheme">vine pull scheme</a> where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines. Out of all the French wine varieties, Carignan was the most widely affected dropping by 2000 to 95,700 ha (236,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>) and being surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> as the most widely planted grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of Carignan was largely tied to its ability to produce very large <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> in the range of 200 <a href="/wiki/Hectoliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliter">hl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> (11 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a>). The vine does face significant <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticultural</a> hazards with significant sensitivity to several <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">viticultural hazards</a> including rot, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lobesia_botrana" title="Lobesia botrana">grape worms</a>. Carignan is a late budding and ripening grape which requires a warm climate in order to achieve full <a href="/wiki/Physiological_ripeness" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological ripeness">physiological ripeness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vine also develops very thick stalk around the grape clusters which makes <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical harvesting">mechanical harvesting</a> difficult. It has an upright growth habit and can be grown without a <a href="/wiki/Grape_vine_trellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape vine trellis">trellis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A white <a href="/wiki/Grape_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape mutation">grape mutation</a> known as <i>Carignan blanc</i> and a pink-berried <i>Carignan gris</i> also exists in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roussillon (wine)">Roussillon</a> in small plantings of around 411 hectares (1,020 acres) and 1 hectare (2.5 acres), respectively, reported in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg/220px-Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg/330px-Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg/440px-Aragonese_Empire_1443.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>In the mid-15th century, the Crown of Aragon stretched from Eastern Spain, across Sardinia and mainland Italy all the way to the eastern Mediterranean. It is during this time that ampelographers believe that Carignan, which likely originated in Aragon, may have been introduced to these lands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Italian wine writers speculated that Carignan, known as Carignano in several parts of Italy, was a <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician wine">Phoenician wine</a> grape variety that was brought to the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> in the 9th century BC. From there the grape is believed to have spread to other <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonies">Phoenician colonies</a>, including the settlement at <a href="/wiki/Sulcis" title="Sulcis">Sulcis</a>, eventually being brought to the Italian mainland and carried around the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans (wine)">ancient Romans</a>. Today, ampelographers largely discount this theory due to the lack of historical documentation or evidence from <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> suggesting a Phoenician or Italian origin. Instead, the evidence points more strongly to a Spanish origin of the grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ampelographers do believe that Carignan is likely a very old variety due to its widespread plantings and the proliferation of numerous different synonyms that give testament to the grape's long history in different wine regions. The grape likely originated in the Aragon region of northwest Spain where it possibly named after the town of <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena,_Aragon" title="Cariñena, Aragon">Cariñena</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zaragoza" title="Province of Zaragoza">province of Zaragoza</a>. However, in Zaragoza and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the grape is sometimes called <i>Samsó</i> which is also used as a synonym for the French wine grape <a href="/wiki/Cinsault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinsault">Cinsault</a>, adding to confusion over Carignan's history in the region. Another Spanish synonym, Mazuelo, which is used in the Rioja wine region, is believed by ampelographers and wine historians to come from the commune of <a href="/wiki/Mazuela" title="Mazuela">Mazuela</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Burgos" title="Province of Burgos">province of Burgos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> region of northwest Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, DNA profiling suggested a parent-offspring relationship between Carignan and the Rioja wine grape <a href="/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano">Graciano</a> though it was not yet clear which variety is the parent and which is the offspring. However, some grape geneticist and ampelographers such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vouillamoz" class="mw-redirect" title="José Vouillamoz">José Vouillamoz</a> dispute the 2006 findings and believe that the DNA profiles of both grapes are too distinct to have a close parent-offspring relationship at all. It is more likely, Vouillamoz and others suggest, that Carignan and Graciano were the result of two separate spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Crossings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossings (plant)">crossings</a> of unknown <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> parents that occurred somewhere in northeast Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carignan was likely introduced to Sardinia sometime between 1323 and 1720 when the island <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">was under the Spanish influence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. Here the grape developed in isolation to form distinct <a href="/wiki/Clones_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clones (plant)">clones</a> under the synonyms <i>Bovale di Spagna</i> and <i>Bovale Grande</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point the grape reached Algeria where it became a high yielding "workhorse" variety that was widely exported to France to add color and weight to French wine blends. After the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloxera epidemic">phylloxera epidemic</a> devastated French vineyards in the mid to late 19th century, plantings of Carignan grew in popularity on the French mainland. Plantings increased even more when Algeria gained independence in 1962. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares (410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. However, as France's wine lake problem became more of a concern, authorities within the French government and European Union started an aggressive vine pull scheme where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg/220px-Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg/330px-Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg/440px-Carignan_-_Feuilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Carignan leaf.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carignan is a late budding and late ripening variety that is often one of the last grapes to be <a href="/wiki/Harvested_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvested (wine)">harvested</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a>. The vine is very vigorous and high yielding, able to easily produce 200 <a href="/wiki/Hectoliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliter">hectoliters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> (approximately 10.4 tons/acres), if not kept in check by winter <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_harvest" class="mw-redirect" title="Green harvest">green harvesting</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">growing season</a>. The late ripening nature of the grape means that it rarely achieves full ripeness unless planted in <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soil">vineyard soils</a> in very warm climates such as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a> where the grape originated in or the hot Central Valley of California.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carignan's tendency to produce short shoots with clusters that grow closely to the trunk of the vine means that it is a difficult variety to harvest mechanically. However, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economy of scale</a> for blending varieties or grapes destined for lower priced box and jug wines often do not work well with the expense and labor cost of hand-harvesting. Among the viticultural hazards that Carignan is susceptible to include powdery mildew and infestation of the vine from grape worms and the <a href="/wiki/European_Grapevine_Moth" class="mw-redirect" title="European Grapevine Moth">European Grapevine Moth</a>. The vine has some slight resistance to the fungal disease of <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_bunch_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Botrytis bunch rot">botrytis bunch rot</a>, downy mildew, and <a href="/wiki/Phomopsis" title="Phomopsis">phomopsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_and_confusion_with_other_grapes">Relationship and confusion with other grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship and confusion with other grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinsault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cinsault.jpg/220px-Cinsault.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cinsault.jpg/330px-Cinsault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cinsault.jpg/440px-Cinsault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Despite sharing several synonyms, such as Samsó in Catalonia, Carignan and Cinsault <i>(pictured)</i> are genetically distinct.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, DNA evidence confirmed that Carignan/Cariñena was the same variety as the Mazuelo (or Mazuela) grape of Rioja. This was followed by the discovery in 2007 that the Bovale di Spagna and Bovale Grande grapes of Sardinia were also identical to Carignan. DNA profiling was also able to distinguish Carignan as a distinct variety from other varieties known as <a href="/wiki/Bovale" title="Bovale">Bovale</a> (including Graciano which is known on Sardinia as Bovale Sardo and Bovale Cagnulari) as well as the Valencia wine grape <a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a> which is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Field_blend" class="mw-redirect" title="Field blend">field blended</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariñena (DO)">Cariñena (DO)</a> with Carignan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other varieties sometimes confused with Carignan but have been conclusively proven by DNA analysis to be distinct include the Sardinian wine grape <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieddera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieddera (page does not exist)">Nieddera</a> that is related to the <a href="/wiki/Pascale_di_Cagliari" title="Pascale di Cagliari">Pascale di Cagliari</a> grape which also grown on the island, Cinsault which shares the synonym Samsó in Catalonia with Carignan, the Italian wine grape <a href="/wiki/Tintilia_del_Molise" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintilia del Molise">Tintilia del Molise</a> that is grown in the <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> wine regions of central Italy and the Spanish wine grape <a href="/wiki/Parraleta" title="Parraleta">Parraleta</a> that is grown in the <a href="/wiki/Somontano" title="Somontano">Somontano</a> DO of Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grapes that are also unrelated to Carignan but share synonyms include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan_Boushet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carignan Boushet (page does not exist)">Carignan Boushet</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Petit_Bouschet" title="Petit Bouschet">Petit Bouschet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morrastel" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrastel">Morrastel</a> cross),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a> (a Spanish wine grape that is also known as Carignan d'Espagne),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aubun" title="Aubun">Aubun</a> (a French wine grape that is also known as Carignan de Bedoin, Carignan de Bedouin, and Carignan de Gigondas),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a> (French <a href="/wiki/Teinturier" class="mw-redirect" title="Teinturier">teinturier</a> grape that is also known as Carignan jaune),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Grenache (which is also known as Carignan rouge, Carignane rosso, and Carignane rousse).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years Carignan has been crossed with several varieties to create new wine grapes including with <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Cabernet" title="Ruby Cabernet">Ruby Cabernet</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portuguese wine</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Souz%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Souzão">Souzão</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Argaman_(grape)" title="Argaman (grape)">Argaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carignan_blanc_and_gris">Carignan blanc and gris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carignan blanc and gris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roussillon_in_France_(1789).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg/220px-Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg/330px-Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg/440px-Roussillon_in_France_%281789%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Carignan blanc and Carignan gris can be found to a limited extent in the French wine region of Roussillon along the Spanish border.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and Grenache, Carignan has mutated to produce white-berried and pink-berried color mutations known as Carignan blanc and Carignan gris, respectively. Carignan blanc is a white mutation of the Carignan grape found primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Roussillon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roussillon (wine)">Roussillon</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First discovered in the early 20th century, there were 1,652 hectares (4,080 acres) of the grape planted in France in the 1960s but by 2009 that figure had dropped to 411 hectares (1,020 acres). In Spain, Carignan blanc (known as Cariñena blanca throughout most of the country, Samsó blanco in Catalonia, and Carinyena blanc in the <a href="/wiki/Empord%C3%A0_(DO)" title="Empordà (DO)">Empordà (DO)</a>) is even more rarely found with only 3 hectares (7.4 acres) planted throughout the country in 2008. Here the grape is mostly used for blending with <a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a>, with a very few varietal examples produced. </p><p>Like Carignan noir, both Carignan blanc and Carignan gris are late budding and late ripening varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew. According to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Wine" title="Master of Wine">Master of Wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a>, Carignan blanc tends to produce <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full-bodied</a> white wines that can have high acid and alcohol levels with very little <a href="/wiki/Aromatics_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatics (wine)">aromatics</a>. While the wines tend to be "shy" in the nose, Robinson notes that the palate can be "luscious" with light, citrus notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, the grape is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Color_of_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Color of wine">deep coloring</a> component in blends, rather than being made in a <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> form with some exceptions. Carignan can be a difficult variety for winemakers to work due to its naturally high <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astringency" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringency">astringency</a> which requires a lot of skill to produce a wine of finesse and elegance. Some winemakers have experimented with <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">carbonic maceration</a> and adding small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Cinsault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinsault">Cinsault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> with some positive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrah and Grenache are considered its best blending partners being capable of yielding a softer wine with rustic fruit and perfume. In California, <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Vineyards" title="Ridge Vineyards">Ridge Vineyards</a> has found some success with a varietal wine made from Carignan vines that were planted in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carignan is found around the globe with the vast majority of plantings in <a href="/wiki/France_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="France (wine)">France</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Spain_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain (wine)">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (wine)">Italy</a> where it is a permitted grape variety in several <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC), <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">denominación de origen</a></i> (DO) and <i><a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">Denominazione di origine controllata</a></i> (DOC) regions. Elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East, plantings of the grape can be found in <a href="/wiki/Croatia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia (wine)">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus (wine)">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta (wine)">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey (wine)">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel (wine)">Israel</a>. In Africa, plantings of Carignan are also found in the north African <a href="/wiki/Wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-producing countries">wine-producing countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morocco_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco (wine)">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia (wine)">Tunisia</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (wine)">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_World_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World (wine)">New World</a>, Carignan is planted in several <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a> (AVA)s of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States (wine)">United States</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State (wine)">Washington State</a>. Elsewhere in North America, plantings of the grape can be found in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (wine)">Mexico</a>. In South America, Carignan is planted in <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile (wine)">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay (wine)">Uruguay</a>. In recent years, plantings of the grape have slowly increased in <a href="/wiki/China_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="China (wine)">China</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departments_growing_Carignan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Departments_growing_Carignan.png/220px-Departments_growing_Carignan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Departments_growing_Carignan.png/330px-Departments_growing_Carignan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Departments_growing_Carignan.png/440px-Departments_growing_Carignan.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>French departments where Carignan is grown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carignan is most widely found in southern France, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc wine">Languedoc wine</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a> where it is often made as <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_ordinaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vin ordinaire">Vin ordinaire</a></i> and in some <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_de_pays" title="Vin de pays">Vin de pays</a></i> wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, there were over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of the grape planted in the Aude and Hérault departments alone but by 2009 the total plantings of Carignan throughout France had dropped to 53,155 hectares (131,350 acres). While plantings of the grape in France were more than 9 times higher than the next major Carignan producing country (Spain), this drop in plantings is indicative of the global trend of decline in "workhorse varieties" like Carignan in favor of what the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> designates as "improving varieties" such as <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourvedre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourvedre">Mourvedre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantings of Carignan are mostly limited to the warm <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean climates">Mediterranean climates</a> of southern France due to the grape's inability to sufficiently ripen much further north in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> of central France or in the damp <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">Southwest France</a>. Other departments with significant plantings of Carignan include the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinyes_del_Priorat,_l%27Ermita,_Gratallops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg/220px-Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg/330px-Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg/440px-Vinyes_del_Priorat%2C_l%27Ermita%2C_Gratallops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="3055" /></a><figcaption>Old bushvine plantings of Carignan can be found in the Priorat region <i>(vineyard pictured)</i> of Catalonia</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, Spain had around 7,000 ha (17,300 acres) of Carignan planted. By 2008 that number has dropped to around 6,130 hectares (15,100 acres),<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 5,644 hectares (13,950 acres) in 2015. The grape (traditionally called Cariñena, but now officially called Mazuelo, but also spelled Mazuela) has seen plantings sharply decline in its ancestral home of Aragon where it was once a secondary component of wine from the <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">denominación de origen protegida</a></i> (DOP) of <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariñena (DO)">Cariñena</a> region after Grenache.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Aragon has just 926 hectares (2,290 acres) dedicated to the grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape has found an increasing prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Catalan wine</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Priorat_(DOQ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priorat (DOQ)">Priorat</a>, where it is the main variety in the <a href="/wiki/Schistous" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistous">schistous</a> <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soils">vineyard soils</a> of the northern half of the appellation. Around the villages of <a href="/wiki/Poboleda" title="Poboleda">Poboleda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porrera" title="Porrera">Porrera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona" title="Province of Tarragona">province of Tarragona</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bushvines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushvines">bushvines</a> of the grape that are more than 100 years old that are used to make <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> wines. The grape is also found in the DOPs of <a href="/wiki/Costers_del_Segre" title="Costers del Segre">Costers del Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montsant_DO" title="Montsant DO">Montsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pened%C3%A8s" title="Penedès">Penedès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona_(DO)" title="Tarragona (DO)">Tarragona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Alta_(DO)" title="Terra Alta (DO)">Terra Alta</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> the grape is called Samsó or Carinyena, though it is not related to Cinsault which is also known as Samsó in Catalonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Catalonia, Mazuelo is mostly a secondary blending variety used to add acidity to the <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>-based wines of <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> though a few producers, such as <a href="/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Murrieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqués de Murrieta">Marqués de Murrieta</a>, do make varietal examples of the grape. In 2008, there were 1,193 hectares (2,950 acres) of the grape in Rioja. In 2009, there were 697 hectares (1,720 acres) and 515 hectares (1,270 acres) of Carignan planted in the nearby wine regions of <a href="/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile-La Mancha">Castile-La Mancha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarra_(DO)" title="Navarra (DO)">Navarra</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Old_World_regions">Other Old World regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other Old World regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg/220px-Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg/330px-Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg/440px-Presentable_countryside_in_Sardinia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>More than 97% of Italian Carignan plantings are found in Sardinia <i>(vineyard pictured)</i> where the grape is also known as Bovale Grande.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, more than 97% of Italy's 1,748 hectares (4,320 acres) of Carignan plantings were in Sardinia with a few scattered plantings throughout <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri_DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerveteri DOC">Cerveteri DOC</a>, where it is often used in <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignano_del_Sulcis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carignano del Sulcis (page does not exist)">Carignano del Sulcis</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">Denominazione di origine controllata</a></i> (DOC) features a Carignan-based <i>rosso</i> from the Sardinian islands of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_(Sardinia)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pietro (Sardinia)">San Pietro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the grape is known as Bovale Grande and is also featured in the DOC wines of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campidano_di_Terralba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campidano di Terralba (page does not exist)">Campidano di Terralba</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrolisai_(DOC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrolisai (DOC) (page does not exist)">Mandrolisai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape is still popular in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Carignan also played an important role in the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israeli wine</a> industry. Though it is not as prominent today, it is still the country's third most widely planted red grape variety after <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first serious and consistent efforts to produce quality Carignan was at 2002 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assaf_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assaf Paz (page does not exist)">Assaf Paz</a>, the Bordeaux trained Enologist of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitkin_winery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitkin winery (page does not exist)">Vitkin winery</a> . His persistence to produce high quality old vine Carignan encourages other producers to follow and today Israel presents an impressive range of faire to excellent examples of this verity </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World wine</a> producing countries with significant Carignan plantings include Croatia with 210 hectares (520 acres) in 2009, Cyprus with 366 hectares (900 acres), Malta with 10 hectares (25 acres) and Turkey with 134 hectares (330 acres) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Chinese winemakers</a> have also experimented with growing Carignan in some of their warmer wine regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg/220px-Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg/330px-Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg/440px-Carlo_Rossi_jug_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>For many years Carignan was the third most widely planted grape in California where it was a major component in the production of many varieties of jug wines.</figcaption></figure> <p>At one point in <a href="/wiki/History_of_California_wine" title="History of California wine">California's wine history</a>, Carignane (as it is known there) was the third most widely planted grape variety but has since dropped considerably in production. The majority of the vines were planted in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a> and used to make inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">box</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wines</a>. In the 1970s and 1980s, Californian Carignane was one of the leading "home winemaking" grapes in production.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, there were 1,373 hectares (3,390 acres) of the grape planted in the state with <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County_wine" title="Mendocino County wine">Mendocino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_wine" title="Sonoma County wine">Sonoma</a> counties seeing a slight increase in interest while plantings the Central Valley have declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of California, plantings of the grape can be found in <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State (wine)">Washington State</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Missouri_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri (wine)">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas (wine)">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_New_World_regions">Other New World regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other New World regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mexico, plantings of Carignan are found in the states of <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>. In Chile, old vines of plantings of Carignan are grown without irrigation in the Maule region which accounted for the majority of the country's 675 hectares (1,670 acres) plantings of the grape in 2008. In Argentina there was just 30 hectares (74 acres) of the grape while Uruguay had 486 hectares (1,200 acres) planted in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia the grape was often confused with the <a href="/wiki/Bonvedro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonvedro">Bonvedro</a> vine, which is similarly prone to diseases, but in recent years Australian winemakers have been able to identify true Carignan.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Australian plantings of Carignan are found in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia</a> where the grape is primarily used for blending. In South Africa, there were 80 hectares (200 acres) of the grape planted in 2012 with the majority found on the shale vineyard soils of the <a href="/wiki/Paardeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Paardeberg">Paardeberg</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Swartland" title="Swartland">Swartland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carignan_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Carignan_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Carignan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grape is known under a variety of <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> through the world. In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> it is known as Cariñena (particularly in Aragon), with Cariñano (also in Aragon), Mazuelo, Tinto Mazuelo, Crujillon (in Aragon) and Samsó (in Catalonia) also being used in Spain. The recent use of Samsó has been controversial because this seems to be an error, as there is a different grape called Samsó, which is France's <a href="/wiki/Cinsault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinsault">Cinsault</a> but this change was implemented due to name Cariñena (in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> the grape is still generally called, 'Carinyena') being claimed by the DO body in Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinologue_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinologue-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In California it is spelled with an extra vowel on the end as Carignane. In Italy it is known as Gragnano while in Sardinia it is known as Bovale Grande and Carignano. In Portugal it is known as Pinot Evara even though it has no relation to the <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot family</a> of grapes. Other French synonyms include Carignan noir, Bois Dur, Catalan, Roussillonen, Monestel, and Plant de Lédenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other recognized synonyms for Carignan include: Axina de Spagna, Babonenc, Babounenc, Blaue Shopatna, Blaue Sopatna, Blauer Carignan, Blauer Carignant, Boi Dur, Bois de Fer, Bois dure, Bovale Grande di Spagna, Bovale Mannu, Bove Duro, Bove Duro di Spagna, Cafalan Cagnolaro, Cagnolaro tinto, Calignan, Carignan Crni, Carignan Frances, Carignan Mouillan, Carignan noir, Carignane Mouilla, Carignane noir, Carignane noire, Carignane violette, Carignanne, Carignano, Carignano di Carmignano, Carignena, Carinena, Carinena Mazuela, Carinena negra, Cencibel, Crignane, Crinana, Crusillo, Girard, Girarde, Grenache du Bois, Grenache du Bois Dur, Karinjan, Karinyan, Kek Carignan, Legno Duro, Legno Duro di Portoferraio, Manuelo Tinto, Manzuela (in Rioja), Marocain, Mazuela, Mollard (in Rioja), Mounesteou, Pinot d'Evora, Plant d'Espagne, Plant de Ledenon, Pokovec, Pokovez, Samso, Samso Crusillo, Sanso, Soptna blau, Tinto Mazuela, and Uva di Spagna.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synonyms for the white-berried mutation Carignan blanc include: Feher Carignan and Karinjan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synonyms for the pink-berried mutation Carignan gris include: Szuerke Carignan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-w6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w6_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiquel_Hudin" class="citation web cs1">Miquel Hudin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wineonsix.com/the-grand-carignan-tasting/">"The Grand Carignan Tasting"</a>. Wine on VI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Carignan+Tasting&rft.pub=Wine+on+VI&rft.au=Miquel+Hudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwineonsix.com%2Fthe-grand-carignan-tasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarignan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz Clarke <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i> pg 58 Harcourt Books 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4">0-15-100714-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> Third Edition pg 139 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_Grapes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz <i>Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i> pgs 616-619 Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2">978-1-846-14446-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2096">Carignan Bouschet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195442/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2096#">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=1493">Bobal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002227/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=1493#">Archived</a> 2014-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=761">Aubun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180209/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=761">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=304">Alicante Bouschet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195340/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=304#">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=4461">Garnacha Tinta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214021524/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=4461#">Archived</a> 2013-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Jancis Robinson's Wine Course</i> Third Edition pg 101 Abbeville Press 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0883-0">0-7892-0883-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_grape-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_grape_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Vines, Grapes & Wines</i> pg 143-145 Mitchell Beazley 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6">1-85732-999-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appellation American <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Carignane.html">Carignan</a>"</i>, Accessed: August 14th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinologue-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vinologue_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiquel_Hudin_&_Elia_Varela_Serra2012" class="citation cs2">Miquel Hudin & Elia Varela Serra (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinologue.com/books/emporda/"><i>Vinologue Empordà</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinologue" title="Vinologue">Vinologue</a>, p. 360, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-983-77184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-983-77184-5"><bdi>978-0-983-77184-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vinologue+Empord%C3%A0&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Vinologue&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-983-77184-5&rft.au=Miquel+Hudin+%26+Elia+Varela+Serra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinologue.com%2Fbooks%2Femporda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarignan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIVC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2098">Carignan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001841/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2098#">Archived</a> 2014-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2095">Carignan blanc</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513100608/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2095#">Archived</a> 2012-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2097">Carignan gris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141633/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=2097#">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: July 16th, 2013</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carignan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carignan-renaissance.fr/">Carignan Renaissance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wineonsix.com/tag/carignan/">Carignan at Wine on VI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carignan&oldid=1232406646">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carignan&oldid=1232406646</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grape_varieties_of_Spain" title="Category:Grape varieties of Spain">Grape varieties of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Red_wine_grape_varieties" title="Category:Red wine grape varieties">Red wine grape varieties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 July 2024, at 15:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carignan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-xl25r","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.692","walltime":"0.962","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3140,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":77329,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20777,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":61030,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 788.523 1 -total"," 25.77% 203.181 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.43% 145.301 1 Template:Wines"," 18.15% 143.105 1 Template:Navboxes"," 17.45% 137.559 1 Template:IPA"," 17.20% 135.664 3 Template:Navbox"," 14.64% 115.408 1 Template:Cite_web"," 9.43% 74.393 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.00% 63.087 1 Template:Infobox_grape_variety"," 7.48% 58.954 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.404","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19820969,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7mq5n","timestamp":"20241125145130","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Carignan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carignan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q251054","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q251054","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-11T21:00:18Z","dateModified":"2024-07-03T15:36:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Carignan_Viala_et_Vermorel.jpg","headline":"red wine grape variety"}</script> </body> </html>