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aria-controls="toc-In_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Upper surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undersurface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersurface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Undersurface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersurface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3.1</span> <span>Extrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3.2</span> <span>Intrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Lymphatic drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mastication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mastication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Mastication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mastication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Intimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Medication delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Figures_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Figures of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gestures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Body art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representational_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representational_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Representational art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representational_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tongue</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 160 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-160" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">160 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong" title="Tong – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tong" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge" title="Zunge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zunge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B5" title="ምላስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምላስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge" title="Tunge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tunge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_(anatom%C3%ADa)" title="Luenga (anatomía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luenga (anatomía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%97%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%90)" title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܗܕܡܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܗܕܡܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="জিভা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জিভা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_(mu%C3%A9rganu)" title="Llingua (muérganu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua (muérganu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oterni" title="Oterni – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Oterni" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%A9" title="Kũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="МацӀ (лага) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МацӀ (лага)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_(anatomiya)" title="Dil (anatomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dil (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="জিহ্বা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিহ্বা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilat" title="Ilat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ilat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B9i-chi%CC%8Dh" title="Chhùi-chi̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhùi-chi̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Език (анатомия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Език (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="ལྕེ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕེ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(anatomija)" title="Jezik (anatomija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jezik (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod" title="Teod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_(m%C3%BAscul)" title="Llengua (múscul) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua (múscul)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Чĕлхе (анатоми) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕлхе (анатоми)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(org%C3%A1n)" title="Jazyk (orgán) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazyk (orgán)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurimi" title="Rurimi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rurimi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafod" title="Tafod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tafod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinli" title="Zinli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zinli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge" title="Tunge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tunge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لسان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لسان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge" title="Zunge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zunge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AB" title="ދޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_(anatoomia)" title="Keel (anatoomia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keel (anatoomia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_(%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Γλώσσα (ανατομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα (ανατομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_(anatom%C3%ADa)" title="Lengua (anatomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua (anatomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango_(anatomio)" title="Lango (anatomio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lango (anatomio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihi" title="Mihi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mihi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="زبان (کالبدشناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان (کالبدشناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Langue (anatomie humaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue (anatomie humaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonge" title="Tonge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tonge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_(anatama%C3%ADocht)" title="Teanga (anatamaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga (anatamaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_(ronsaghey-kirpey)" title="Çhengey (ronsaghey-kirpey) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey (ronsaghey-kirpey)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga" title="Teanga – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teanga" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(anatom%C3%ADa)" title="Lingua (anatomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua (anatomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E9%A0%AD" title="舌頭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="舌頭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AD" title="જીભ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જીભ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%8Dt-m%C3%A0" title="Sa̍t-mà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa̍t-mà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%80" title="혀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshe_(ga%C9%93a)" title="Harshe (gaɓa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshe (gaɓa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82_(%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Լեզու (օրգան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզու (օրգան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD" title="जीभ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीभ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(anatomija)" title="Jezik (anatomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezik (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango" title="Lango – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lango" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah" title="Lidah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lidah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(anatomia)" title="Lingua (anatomia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqaq" title="Uqaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uqaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunga" title="Tunga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tunga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(anatomia)" title="Lingua (anatomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8)" title="לשון (איבר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון (איבר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilat" title="Ilat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ilat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%CA%8Bl%CA%8Bm%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ನಾಲಿಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಲಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D)" title="ენა (ორგანო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენა (ორგანო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A0%D9%88" title="زؠو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زؠو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тіл (анатомия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіл (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururimi_(umubiri)" title="Ururimi (umubiri) – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ururimi (umubiri)" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimi" title="Ulimi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulimi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_(%C3%B2gan)" title="Lang (ògan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang (ògan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman_(endam)" title="Ziman (endam) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ziman (endam)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тил (анатомия) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Маз (чурх) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Маз (чурх)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(anatomia)" title="Lingua (anatomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93le" title="Mēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zong" title="Zong – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%C5%BEuvis" title="Liežuvis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liežuvis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ng" title="Tóng – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tóng" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol%C3%A9mu" title="Lolému – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lolému" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_(digestion)" title="Lengua (digestion) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua (digestion)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv_(testr%C3%A9sz)" title="Nyelv (testrész) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelv (testrész)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Јазик (орган) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазик (орган)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lela" title="Lela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="നാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD" title="जीभ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीभ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D)" title="ნინა (ორგანო) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნინა (ორგანო)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="زوون (آناتومی) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زوون (آناتومی)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah" title="Lidah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lidah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯂꯩꯌꯦꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯌꯦꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3i-si%C4%95k" title="Chói-siĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chói-siĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="လျှာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_(anatomie)" title="Tong (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tong (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="जिब्रो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जिब्रो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="मे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8C" title="舌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="舌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge" title="Tunge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge" title="Tunge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_(anatomia)" title="Lenga (anatomia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AD" title="ଜିଭ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜିଭ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraba" title="Arraba – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Arraba" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AD" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਜੀਭ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਜੀਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%BE" title="جیبھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیبھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A)" title="ژبه (اناتومي) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبه (اناتومي)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(anatomia)" title="Język (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua" title="Língua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_(anatomie)" title="Limbă (anatomie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhib_(korposki)" title="Chhib (korposki) – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chhib (korposki)" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieunga" title="Lieunga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lieunga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallu" title="Qallu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Язык (анатомія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Язык (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Язык (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язык (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sema%27" title="sema' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sema'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="जिह्वा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जिह्वा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_(organ)" title="Gjuha (organ) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha (organ)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(anatum%C3%ACa)" title="Lingua (anatumìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua (anatumìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tongue" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%84%DA%80" title="ڄڀ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڄڀ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(org%C3%A1n)" title="Jazyk (orgán) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazyk (orgán)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(organ)" title="Jezik (organ) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezik (organ)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="زمان (ئەندام) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمان (ئەندام)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Језик (орган) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Језик (орган)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(anatomija)" title="Jezik (anatomija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jezik (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tah" title="Létah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Létah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieli_(anatomia)" title="Kieli (anatomia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kieli (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunga" title="Tunga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tunga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="நாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тел (анатомия) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тел (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="నాలుక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాలుక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ลิ้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิ้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Забон (андом) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забон (андом)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ನಾಲಯಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಲಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_(organ)" title="Dil (organ) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dil (organ)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lyem_(vam)" title="A̱lyem (vam) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lyem (vam)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Язик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Язик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD)" title="زبان (تشریح) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبان (تشریح)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95)" title="تىل (ئاناتومىيە) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىل (ئاناتومىيە)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linx" title="Linx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1i" title="Lưỡi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưỡi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiil_(anatoomia)" title="Kiil (anatoomia) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiil (anatoomia)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwe" title="Linwe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linwe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toenge_(anatomie)" title="Toenge (anatomie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toenge (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%A4%B4" title="舌头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="舌头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="צונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n" title="Ahọ́n – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ahọ́n" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan_(organ)" title="Zıwan (organ) – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwan (organ)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tongue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tongue (disambiguation)">Tongue (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Tongue</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_tongue.jpg/250px-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_tongue.jpg/500px-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_tongue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The human tongue</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal arches">Pharyngeal arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lingual_swelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lingual swelling">lateral lingual swelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculum_impar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculum impar">tuberculum impar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alimentary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary tract">Alimentary tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">gustatory system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lingual_artery" title="Lingual artery">Lingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branch_of_the_facial_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonsillar branch of the facial artery">tonsillar branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascending_pharyngeal_artery" title="Ascending pharyngeal artery">ascending pharyngeal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lingual_veins" title="Lingual veins">Lingual</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Sensory</b><br />Anterior two-thirds: <a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">Lingual</a> (sensation) and <a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">chorda tympani</a> (taste)<br />Posterior one-third: <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a> (IX)<br /><b>Motor</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a> (XII), except <a href="/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle" title="Palatoglossus muscle">palatoglossus muscle</a> supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve">pharyngeal plexus</a> via <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus</a> (X)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Deep cervical lymph nodes">Deep cervical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_lymph_nodes" title="Submandibular lymph nodes">submandibular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submental_lymph_nodes" title="Submental lymph nodes">submental</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>lingua</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014059">D014059</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.1.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.1.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2820">2820</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma54640">54640</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614" class="extiw" title="d:Q9614">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>tongue</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> of a typical <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a>. It manipulates food for chewing and swallowing as part of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive process</a>, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by <a href="/wiki/Taste_buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste buds">taste buds</a> housed in numerous <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual papilla">lingual papillae</a>. It is sensitive and kept moist by <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and is richly supplied with <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major function of the tongue is to enable speech in humans and <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">vocalization</a> in other animals. </p><p>The human tongue is divided into two parts, an <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral</a> part at the front and a <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharyngeal</a> part at the back. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">fibrous tissue</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_septum" title="Lingual septum">lingual septum</a>) that results in a groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's surface. </p><p>There are two groups of glossal muscles. The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue and are not attached to bone. The four paired extrinsic muscles change the position of the tongue and are anchored to bone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <b>tongue</b> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>tunge</i>, which comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>tungōn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>—for example <i>tonge</i> in <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, <i>tong</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <i>Zunge</i> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <i>tunge</i> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <i>tunga</i> in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. The <i>ue</i> ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some used the spelling <i>tunge</i> and <i>tonge</i> as late as the sixteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_humans">In humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG/175px-Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG/263px-Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG/350px-Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The underside of a human tongue, showing its rich blood supply.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tongue is a <a href="/wiki/Muscular_hydrostat" title="Muscular hydrostat">muscular hydrostat</a> that forms part of the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">oral cavity</a>. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_septum" title="Lingual septum">lingual septum</a>. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior and posterior</a> parts by the terminal sulcus, which is a "V"-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is a remnant of the median <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_diverticulum" title="Thyroid diverticulum">thyroid diverticulum</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryonic development</a>. The anterior <i>oral</i> part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior <i>pharyngeal</i> part is the part closest to the <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a>, roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryological development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innervation" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervation">nerve supply</a>. </p><p>The anterior tongue is, at its apex, thin and narrow. It is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisor</a> teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hyoglossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoglossi">hyoglossi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genioglossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Genioglossi">genioglossi</a> muscles and the <a href="/wiki/Hyoglossal_membrane" title="Hyoglossal membrane">hyoglossal membrane</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> by three <a href="/wiki/Glossoepiglottic_folds" title="Glossoepiglottic folds">glossoepiglottic folds</a> of mucous membrane, with the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Glossopalatine_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopalatine arches">glossopalatine arches</a>, and with the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle" title="Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle">superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a>. It also forms the anterior wall of the <a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">oropharynx</a>. </p><p>The average length of the human tongue from the <a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">oropharynx</a> to the tip is 10 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 99g and for adult females 79g.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, a distinction is made between the <b>tip</b> of the tongue and the <b>blade</b> (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>, while those made with the tongue blade are said to be <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_surface">Upper surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upper surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foramen_caecum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Foramen_caecum.png/250px-Foramen_caecum.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Foramen_caecum.png/330px-Foramen_caecum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Foramen_caecum.png/500px-Foramen_caecum.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Foramen cecum and terminal sulcus labelled above</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tongue.svg/250px-Tongue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tongue.svg/330px-Tongue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tongue.svg/500px-Tongue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Features of the tongue surface</figcaption></figure> <p>The upper surface of the tongue, the dorsal surface, is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the <b>median sulcus</b>. The <b>foramen cecum</b> marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the <b>terminal sulcus</b>. The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct" title="Thyroglossal duct">thyroglossal duct</a> and is formed during the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_diverticulum" title="Thyroid diverticulum">thyroid diverticulum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryonic development</a>. </p><p>The terminal sulcus is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a <i>V</i> shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharyngeal</a> part and an anterior <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">oral</a> part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal nerve</a> and the oral part is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a> (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>) for somatosensory perception and by the <a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">chorda tympani</a> (a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste perception</a>. </p><p>Both parts of the tongue develop from different <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Undersurface">Undersurface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Undersurface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the undersurface, the ventral surface, of the tongue is a fold of mucous membrane called the <a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of tongue">frenulum</a> that tethers the tongue at the midline to the floor of the mouth. On either side of the frenulum are small prominences called <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland#Structure" title="Submandibular gland">sublingual caruncles</a> that the major salivary <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular glands</a> drain into. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muscles">Muscles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either <i>intrinsic</i> or <i>extrinsic</i>. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extrinsic">Extrinsic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyoglossus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/220px-Hyoglossus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/330px-Hyoglossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/440px-Hyoglossus.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Lateral view of the tongue, with extrinsic muscles highlighted</figcaption></figure> <p>The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. They are the <a href="/wiki/Genioglossus" title="Genioglossus">genioglossus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hyoglossus" title="Hyoglossus">hyoglossus</a> (often including the <a href="/wiki/Chondroglossus" title="Chondroglossus">chondroglossus</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Styloglossus" title="Styloglossus">styloglossus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palatoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatoglossus">palatoglossus</a>. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genioglossus arises from the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward. </p><p>The hyoglossus, arises from the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a> and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle. </p><p>The styloglossus arises from the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_styloid_process" title="Temporal styloid process">styloid process</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a> and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing. </p><p>The palatoglossus arises from the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_aponeurosis" title="Palatine aponeurosis">palatine aponeurosis</a>, and depresses the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a>, moves the <i>palatoglossal fold</i> towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intrinsic">Intrinsic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray1020.png/250px-Gray1020.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray1020.png/500px-Gray1020.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Coronal section of tongue, showing intrinsic muscles</figcaption></figure> <p>Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the <a href="/wiki/Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue" title="Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue">superior longitudinal muscle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_longitudinal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior longitudinal muscle">inferior longitudinal muscle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_muscle_of_tongue" title="Vertical muscle of tongue">vertical muscle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_muscle_of_tongue" title="Transverse muscle of tongue">transverse muscle</a>. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in <a href="/wiki/Tongue_rolling" title="Tongue rolling">tongue rolling</a>, and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and functions to shorten and curl the tongue upward. It originates near the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>, from the median fibrous septum. </p><p>The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle. It functions to shorten and curl the tongue downward. </p><p>The vertical muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. It functions to flatten the tongue. </p><p>The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> that run along the sides. It functions to lengthen and narrow the tongue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray559.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/250px-Gray559.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/330px-Gray559.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/500px-Gray559.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Blood supply of the tongue</figcaption></figure> <p>The tongue receives its <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> supply primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_artery" title="Lingual artery">lingual artery</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">external carotid artery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lingual_veins" title="Lingual veins">lingual veins</a> drain into the <a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">internal jugular vein</a>. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a secondary blood supply to the root of tongue from the <a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branch_of_the_facial_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonsillar branch of the facial artery">tonsillar branch of the facial artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_pharyngeal_artery" title="Ascending pharyngeal artery">ascending pharyngeal artery</a>. </p><p>An area in the neck sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Pirogov_triangle" title="Pirogov triangle">Pirogov triangle</a> is formed by the intermediate tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Digastric_muscle" title="Digastric muscle">digastric muscle</a>, the posterior border of the <a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle" title="Mylohyoid muscle">mylohyoid muscle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglossal">hypoglossal</a> nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a> from the tongue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">special sensory</a> fibers for taste, and <a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent">general sensory</a> fibers for sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Motor supply for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">efferent motor nerve fibers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">hypoglossal nerve</a> (CN XII), with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Palatoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatoglossus">palatoglossus</a>, which is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> (CN X).<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures (<a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a> 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Anterior two-thirds of tongue (anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papilla#Circumvallate_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual papilla">vallate papillae</a>): <ul><li>Taste: chorda tympani branch of the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a> (CN VII) via <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">special visceral afferent</a> fibers</li> <li>Sensation: lingual branch of the mandibular (V3) division of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> (CN V) via <a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent">general visceral afferent</a> fibers</li></ul></li> <li>Posterior one third of tongue: <ul><li>Taste and sensation: <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal nerve</a> (CN IX) via a mixture of special and general visceral afferent fibers</li></ul></li> <li>Base of tongue <ul><li>Taste and sensation: internal branch of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">superior laryngeal nerve</a> (itself a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>, CN X)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lymphatic_drainage">Lymphatic drainage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lymphatic drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tip of tongue drains to the submental nodes. The left and right halves of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue drains to <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_lymph_nodes" title="Submandibular lymph nodes">submandibular lymph nodes</a>, while the posterior one-third of the tongue drains to the jugulo-omohyoid nodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_tongue_(251_09)_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg/250px-Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg/330px-Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg/500px-Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Section through the human tongue; stained <a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin_and_eosin_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin and eosin stain">H&E</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The upper surface of the tongue is covered in <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa#Classification" title="Oral mucosa">masticatory mucosa</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>, which is of <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa#Types" title="Oral mucosa">keratinized stratified squamous epithelium</a>. Embedded in this are numerous <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual papilla">papillae</a>, some of which house the <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lingual papillae consist of <a href="/wiki/Filiform_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Filiform papillae">filiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungiform_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungiform papillae">fungiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallate_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallate papillae">vallate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foliate_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliate papillae">foliate papillae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds. </p><p>The tongue can divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lingual papillae covers the dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove. The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray979.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray979.png/220px-Gray979.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray979.png/330px-Gray979.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray979.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Floor of pharynx at about 26 days showing lateral swellings at first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch).</figcaption></figure> <p>The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">embryonic development</a> from a median swelling – the <a href="/wiki/Median_tongue_bud" title="Median tongue bud">median tongue bud</a> (tuberculum impar) of the <a href="/wiki/First_pharyngeal_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="First pharyngeal arch">first pharyngeal arch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fifth week a pair of <b>lateral lingual swellings</b>, one on the right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the median tongue bud. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two-thirds of the length of the tongue, and continue to develop through <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a>. The line of their fusion is marked by the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue">median sulcus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fourth week, a swelling appears from the second <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a>, in the midline, called the <a href="/wiki/Copula_linguae" title="Copula linguae">copula</a>. During the fifth and sixth weeks, the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the <a href="/wiki/Hypopharyngeal_eminence" title="Hypopharyngeal eminence">hypopharyngeal eminence</a>, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third and the posterior most part of the tongue is developed from the fourth pharyngeal arch). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminal sulcus is shaped like a <i>V</i> with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue">foramen cecum</a>, which is the point of attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct" title="Thyroglossal duct">thyroglossal duct</a> where the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> begins to descend.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:508px;max-width:508px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongue_and_taste_buds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Human tongue and taste buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tongue_and_taste_buds.jpg/250px-Tongue_and_taste_buds.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tongue_and_taste_buds.jpg/500px-Tongue_and_taste_buds.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1402_The_Tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taste receptors in papillae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1402_The_Tongue.jpg/250px-1402_The_Tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1402_The_Tongue.jpg/375px-1402_The_Tongue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1402_The_Tongue.jpg/500px-1402_The_Tongue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Taste receptors are present on the human tongue in papillae</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taste">Taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supertaster" title="Supertaster">Supertaster</a></div> <p>Chemicals that stimulate <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptor</a> cells are known as <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex#Tastant_concentration-dependent_neuronal_activity" title="Gustatory cortex">tastants</a>. Once a tastant is dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, it can make contact with the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tongue is equipped with many <a href="/wiki/Taste_buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste buds">taste buds</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umami receptor cells are the least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Common_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Common misconception">common misconception</a> that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different <a href="/wiki/Basic_taste" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic taste">basic tastes</a>. Although widely taught in schools in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue_map" title="Tongue map">tongue map</a>, this is incorrect; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although certain parts are more sensitive to certain tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-times_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mastication">Mastication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mastication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tongue is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> on the tongue's upper, or dorsal surface is <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinised</a>. Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speech">Speech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tongue is one of the primary articulators in the production of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, and this is facilitated by both the extrinsic muscles that move the tongue and the intrinsic muscles that change its shape. Specifically, different <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> are <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulated</a> by changing the tongue's height and retraction to alter the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">resonant</a> properties of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>. These resonant properties amplify specific <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic frequencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a>) that are different for each vowel, while attenuating other harmonics. For example, [a] is produced with the tongue <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">lowered and centered</a> and [i] is produced with the tongue <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">raised and fronted</a>. <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> are articulated by constricting airflow through the vocal tract, and many consonants feature a constriction between the tongue and some other part of the vocal tract. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonants</a> like [s] and [n] are articulated with the tongue against the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">velar consonants</a> like [k] and [g] are articulated with the tongue dorsum against the soft palate (velum). Tongue shape is also relevant to speech articulation, for example in <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex consonants">retroflex consonants</a>, where the tip of the tongue is curved backward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intimacy">Intimacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tongue plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Physical_intimacy" title="Physical intimacy">physical intimacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>. The tongue is part of the <a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">erogenous zone</a> of the mouth and can be used in intimate contact, as in the <a href="/wiki/French_kiss" title="French kiss">French kiss</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease">Disease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tongue_disease" title="Tongue disease">Tongue disease</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorder</a> of the tongue is that of <a href="/wiki/Ankyloglossia" title="Ankyloglossia">ankyloglossia</a> also known as <i>tongue-tie</i>. The tongue is <i>tied</i> to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened <a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of tongue">frenulum</a> and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing. </p><p>The tongue is prone to several <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathologies</a> including <a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">glossitis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Geographic_tongue" title="Geographic tongue">geographic tongue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">median rhomboid glossitis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome" title="Burning mouth syndrome">burning mouth syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_hairy_leukoplakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral hairy leukoplakia">oral hairy leukoplakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">oral candidiasis</a> (thrush), <a href="/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue" title="Black hairy tongue">black hairy tongue</a>, bifid tongue (due to failure in fusion of two lingual swellings of first pharyngeal arch) and <a href="/wiki/Fissured_tongue" title="Fissured tongue">fissured tongue</a>. </p><p>There are several types of <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a> that mainly affect the tongue. Mostly these are <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food debris, <a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">desquamated</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> often form a visible tongue coating.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coating has been identified as a major factor contributing to <a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">bad breath</a> (halitosis),<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be managed by using a <a href="/wiki/Tongue_cleaner" title="Tongue cleaner">tongue cleaner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medication_delivery">Medication delivery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medication delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">sublingual</a> region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">administration</a> of certain medications into the body. The <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vascular</a> quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a> (apart from <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Glyceryl_trinitrate_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)">nitroglycerin</a> to a patient suffering chest pain from <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg/220px-Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg/330px-Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg/440px-Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Giraffe's tongue</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg/140px-Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg/210px-Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg/280px-Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5069" data-file-height="6488" /></a><figcaption>Extended proboscis of a long tongued <i><a href="/wiki/Macroglossum" title="Macroglossum">Macroglossum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The muscles of the tongue evolved in <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital</a> <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a>. Most amphibians show a proper tongue after their <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, most <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—have tongues (the <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Pipidae" title="Pipidae">pipids</a> lack tongue). In mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body by <a href="/wiki/Licking" title="Licking">licking</a>. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture, which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg, which can result in a <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">skin condition</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Lick_granuloma" title="Lick granuloma">lick granuloma</a>. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a> have <a href="/wiki/Prehensility" title="Prehensility">prehensile</a> tongues. </p><p>Other animals may have organs that are <a href="/wiki/Analogy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (biology)">analogous</a> to tongues, such as a <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusc</a>, but these are not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with the tongues found in vertebrates and often have little resemblance in function. For example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-412-61390-5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-412-61390-5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figures_of_speech">Figures of speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Figures of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tongue can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> for <i>language</i>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the Bible, in the Book of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' disciples on the Day of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> received a type of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gift</a>: "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>, and began to speak with other tongues ....", which amazed the crowd of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, who were from various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> but could now understand what was being preached. The phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a></i> is used as a child's first language. Many languages<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have the same word for "tongue" and "<a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>", as did the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>A common temporary failure in word <a href="/wiki/Recollection" class="mw-redirect" title="Recollection">retrieval</a> from <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue"> <i>tip-of-the-tongue</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a>. The expression <i><a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue in cheek</a></i> refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A <i><a href="/wiki/Tongue_twister" title="Tongue twister">tongue twister</a></i> is a phrase very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a <a href="/wiki/Ankyloglossia" title="Ankyloglossia">medical condition</a>, "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a <a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a>. The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gift</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a> is a common phrase used to describe <i>glossolalia</i>, which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a <a href="/wiki/Forked_tongue" title="Forked tongue">forked tongue</a>, and a smooth-talking person is said to have a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/silver_tongue" class="extiw" title="wikt:silver tongue">silver tongue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gestures">Gestures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gestures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of <a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">rudeness</a> or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> it is considered a greeting.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a farmer from <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a>, Italy, was convicted and fined by <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Italy)">Italy's highest court</a> for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing - proof of the affront had been captured with a cell-phone camera.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_art">Body art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Body art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tongue_piercing" title="Tongue piercing">Tongue piercing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongue_splitting" title="Tongue splitting">splitting</a> have become more common in western countries in recent decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> One study found that one-fifth of young adults in Israel had at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-DTLEVIN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTLEVIN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representational_art">Representational art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Representational art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protruding tongues appear in the art of several <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">Beef tongue</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tongue" title="Special:EditPage/Tongue">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes prized as delicacies. Hot-tongue sandwiches frequently appear on menus in <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessens</a> in America. <a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">Taco de lengua</a> (<i>lengua</i> being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with <a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">beef tongue</a>, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. As part of Colombian gastronomy, Tongue in Sauce (Lengua en Salsa) is a dish prepared by frying the tongue and adding tomato sauce, onions and salt. Tongue can also be prepared as <a href="/wiki/Birria" title="Birria">birria</a>. Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">Duck</a> tongues are sometimes employed in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a> dishes, while <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb (food)">lamb</a>'s tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> "tongue" is a relatively common part of fish meals in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar (<i>lengua a la vinagreta</i>). In the Czech Republic and in Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy, and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jellied; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common. Both cow and moose tongues are popular toppings on open-top-sandwiches in Norway, the latter usually amongst hunters. </p><p>Tongues of seals and whales have been eaten, sometimes in large quantities, by sealers and whalers, and in various times and places have been sold for food on shore.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongue.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human tongue"><img alt="Human tongue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/105px-Tongue.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/157px-Tongue.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/210px-Tongue.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human tongue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spots on the tongue"><img alt="Spots on the tongue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg/120px-Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg/180px-Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg/240px-Spots_on_the_tongue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spots on the tongue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapitongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue"><img alt="An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Okapitongue.jpg/120px-Okapitongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Okapitongue.jpg/250px-Okapitongue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a> cleaning its <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">muzzle</a> with its tongue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A4hnende,_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yawning cat's tongue is comb-like"><img alt="A yawning cat's tongue is comb-like" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg/120px-G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg/180px-G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg/240px-G%C3%A4hnende%2C_liegende_graue_Katze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A yawning <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>'s tongue is <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a>-like</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tongue" title="Electronic tongue">Electronic tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_map" title="Tongue map">Tongue map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">Vocal tract</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPennisi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pennisi, Elizabeth (May 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/how-tongue-shaped-life-on-earth">"How the tongue shaped life on Earth"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>380</b> (6647). American Association for the Advancement of Science: <span class="nowrap">786–</span>791. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adi8563">10.1126/science.adi8563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37228192">37228192</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=How+the+tongue+shaped+life+on+Earth&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6647&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E786-%3C%2Fspan%3E791&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adi8563&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37228192&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fhow-tongue-shaped-life-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/1125/mode/2up">page 1125</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syllabus.med.unc.edu/courseware/embryo_images/unit-hednk/hednk_htms/hednk024.htm">hednk-024</a></i>—Embryo Images at <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea; Hopkins, Jean; McLaughlin, Charles William; Johnson, Susan; Warner, Maryanna Quon; LaHart, David; Wright, Jill D. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1"><bdi>0-13-981176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+US&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Jean&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Charles+William&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Susan&rft.au=Warner%2C+Maryanna+Quon&rft.au=LaHart%2C+David&rft.au=Wright%2C+Jill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tongue">"Tongue"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Tongue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtongue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerrod1997" class="citation book cs1">Kerrod, Robin (1997). <i>MacMillan's Encyclopedia of Science</i>. Vol. 6. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864558-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864558-8"><bdi>0-02-864558-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacMillan%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Science&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-02-864558-8&rft.aulast=Kerrod&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNashi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nashi, Nadia (Aug 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592392/">"Lingual fat at autopsy"</a>. <i>Laryngoscope</i>. <b>117</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1467–</span>1473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMLG.0b013e318068b566">10.1097/MLG.0b013e318068b566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592392">17592392</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ole Daniel Enersen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whonamedit%3F+-+A+dictionary+of+medical+eponyms&rft.atitle=Pirogov%27s+triangle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whonamedit.com%2Fsynd.cfm%2F3186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamrozikWender1952" class="citation journal cs1">Jamrozik, T.; Wender, W. (January 1952). "Topographic anatomy of lingual arterial anastomoses; Pirogov-Belclard's triangle". <i>Folia Morphologica</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13010300">13010300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Morphologica&rft.atitle=Topographic+anatomy+of+lingual+arterial+anastomoses%3B+Pirogov-Belclard%27s+triangle&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1952-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13010300&rft.aulast=Jamrozik&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Wender%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDudek2014" class="citation book cs1">Dudek, Dr Ronald W. 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanembryology0003lars/page/372">372</a>–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-06583-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-06583-7"><bdi>0-443-06583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+embryology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=372-374&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-443-06583-7&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanembryology0003lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2008" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. 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Benjamin Cummings. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321559807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321559807"><bdi>978-0321559807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=Human+Physiology%3A+An+integrated+approach&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0321559807&rft.aulast=Silverhorn&rft.aufirst=Dee+Unglaub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchacterGilbertWegner2009" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel Todd; Wegner, Daniel M. (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Claim%3A+The+tongue+is+mapped+into+four+areas+of+taste&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Anahad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Fhealth%2F11real.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Martin E. (2013). <i>Anatomy for Dental Students</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199234462" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199234462"><bdi>978-0199234462</bdi></a>. <q>the tongue is also responsible for the shaping of the bolus as food passes from the mouth to the rest of the alimentary canal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+for+Dental+Students&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199234462&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622051333/http://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/index.htm">"Oral Cancer Facts"</a>. 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"Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting". <i><a href="/wiki/Pfl%C3%BCgers_Archiv:_European_Journal_of_Physiology" title="Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology">Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology</a></i>. <b>367</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00583652">10.1007/BF00583652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6768">0031-6768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1034283">1034283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23295086">23295086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pfl%C3%BCgers+Archiv%3A+European+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Lingual+blood+flow+and+its+hypothalamic+control+in+the+dog+during+panting&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1976-01&rft.issn=0031-6768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23295086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1034283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00583652&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6nert&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Pleschka%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-412-61390-5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-412-61390-5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardsDavies1977" class="citation book cs1">Richards, O. W.; Davies, R. G. (1977). <i>Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development, Volume 2: Classification and Biology</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-61390-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-61390-5"><bdi>0-412-61390-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imms%27+General+Textbook+of+Entomology%3A+Volume+1%3A+Structure%2C+Physiology+and+Development%2C+Volume+2%3A+Classification+and+Biology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-412-61390-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=O.+W.&rft.au=Davies%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. <span class="nowrap">298–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingsley1912" class="citation book cs1">Kingsley, John Sterling (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924002902389"><i>Comparative anatomy of vertebrates</i></a>. P. Blackiston's Son & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924002902389/page/n232">217</a>–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-112-23645-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-112-23645-7"><bdi>1-112-23645-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+anatomy+of+vertebrates&rft.pages=217-220&rft.pub=P.+Blackiston%27s+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=1-112-23645-7&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=John+Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924002902389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> <i>tong</i>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <i>tunge</i>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>gjuha</i>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <i>lezu</i> (լեզու); <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>glóssa</i> (γλώσσα); <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <i>teanga</i>; <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> <i>çhengey</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>lingua</i>; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <i>llengua</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>langue</i>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>língua</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>lengua</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> <i>limba</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> <i>ezik</i> (език); <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>język</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>yazyk</i> (язык); <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <i>jazyk</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <i>jezik</i> (језик); <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <i>ziman</i> (زمان); <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <i>zabān</i> (زبان); <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>lisān</i> (لسان); <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <i>liššānā</i> (ܠܫܢܐ/לשנא); <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i>lāšon</i> (לָשׁוֹן); <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <i>ilsien</i>; <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <i>keel</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <i>kieli</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <i>nyelv</i>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>dil</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a> <i>til</i> (тіл)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDresser1997" class="citation news cs1">Dresser, Norine (8 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-08-me-51420-story.html">"On Sticking Out Your Tongue"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=On+Sticking+Out+Your+Tongue&rft.date=1997-11-08&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Norine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-nov-08-me-51420-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Press_International2009" class="citation news cs1">United Press International (19 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2009/12/19/Sticking-out-your-tongue-ruled-illegal/UPI-71761261272837/">"Sticking out your tongue ruled illegal"</a>. Rome, Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sticking+out+your+tongue+ruled+illegal&rft.date=2009-12-19&rft.au=United+Press+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FOdd_News%2F2009%2F12%2F19%2FSticking-out-your-tongue-ruled-illegal%2FUPI-71761261272837%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTLEVIN-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DTLEVIN_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiranYehudaTal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liran, Levin; Yehuda, Zadik; Tal, Becker (December 2005). "Oral and dental complications of intra-oral piercing". <i>Dent Traumatol</i>. <b>21</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-9657.2005.00395.x">10.1111/j.1600-9657.2005.00395.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16262620">16262620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dent+Traumatol&rft.atitle=Oral+and+dental+complications+of+intra-oral+piercing&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-9657.2005.00395.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16262620&rft.aulast=Liran&rft.aufirst=Levin&rft.au=Yehuda%2C+Zadik&rft.au=Tal%2C+Becker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeilhet-Fisk1973" class="citation book cs1">Teilhet-Fisk, Jehanne, ed. (1973) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLEzAQAAIAAJ"><i>Dimensions of Polynesia: Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, October 7-November 25, 1973</i></a>. Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego. p. 115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The mouth forms of Polynesia are expressive and contain a great deal of variation, from the snarling lips of Hawaiian sculture to the tight-lipped, pursed mouths of the Easter Island statues. [...] The presence or absence of a tongue is helpful in considering the meaning of the mouth forms. The mouth forms showing protrusion of the tongue occur in the Marginal Islands (New Zealand, Hawaii, and the Marquesas), Central Polynesia (Tahiti and the Cook Islands) and the Australs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+Polynesia%3A+Fine+Arts+Gallery+of+San+Diego%2C+October+7-November+25%2C+1973&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Gallery+of+San+Diego&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLEzAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawes1924" class="citation book cs1">Hawes, Charles Boardman (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whaling00hawe"><i>Whaling</i></a>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Hawes&rft.aufirst=Charles+Boardman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhaling00hawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATongue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tongues" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tongues">Tongues</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/tongue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/tongue">tongue</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406071244/http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm">University of Manitoba, Anatomy of the Vocal Tract</a></li></ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_mouth139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mouth_anatomy" title="Template:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mouth_anatomy" title="Template talk:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mouth_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_mouth139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_border" title="Vermilion border">Vermilion border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_bow" title="Cupid's bow">Cupid's bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_lower_lip" title="Frenulum of lower lip">Frenulum of lower lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial_commissure_of_mouth" title="Labial commissure of mouth">Labial commissure of mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">Philtrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_roll" title="White roll">White roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_fat_pad" title="Buccal fat pad">Buccal fat pad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">Hard palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">Soft palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_raphe" title="Palatine raphe">Palatine raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incisive_papilla" title="Incisive papilla">Incisive papilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">Gums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_papilla" title="Interdental papilla">Interdental papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">Gingival sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_margin" title="Gingival margin">Gingival margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_fibers" title="Gingival fibers">Gingival fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epithelium" title="Junctional epithelium">Junctional epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucogingival_junction" title="Mucogingival junction">Mucogingival junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">Sulcular epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling_(dentistry)" title="Stippling (dentistry)">Stippling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">Periodontium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">Cementum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">Philtrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">Gingiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_fiber" title="Periodontal fiber">Periodontal ligament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" title="Parotid gland">Parotid gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_duct" title="Parotid duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">Submandibular gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_duct" title="Submandibular duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_gland" title="Sublingual gland">Sublingual gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_sublingual_duct" title="Major sublingual duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubarial_salivary_gland" title="Tubarial salivary gland">Tubarial salivary gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Teeth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tooth_anatomy" title="Template:Tooth anatomy">tooth anatomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tongue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Top <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">Taste bud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue">Median sulcus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue">Terminal sulcus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue">Foramen cecum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_tonsils" title="Lingual tonsils">Lingual tonsils</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underside <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of tongue">Frenulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriated_fold_of_tongue" title="Fimbriated fold of tongue">Fimbriated fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_caruncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual caruncle">Sublingual caruncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossoepiglottic_folds" title="Glossoepiglottic folds">Glossoepiglottic folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_septum" title="Lingual septum">Lingual septum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back of mouth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_the_fauces" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of the fauces">fauces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plica_semilunaris_of_the_fauces" title="Plica semilunaris of the fauces">Plica semilunaris of the fauces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvula" title="Uvula">Uvula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatoglossal_arch" title="Palatoglossal arch">Palatoglossal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatopharyngeal_arch" title="Palatopharyngeal arch">Palatopharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_fossa" title="Tonsillar fossa">Tonsillar fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_tonsil" title="Palatine tonsil">Palatine tonsil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_taste56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gustatory_system" title="Template:Gustatory system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gustatory_system" title="Template talk:Gustatory system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gustatory_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gustatory system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_taste56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">taste</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tongue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">Taste bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual papilla">Lingual papilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallate_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallate papilla">Vallate papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliate papilla">Foliate papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungiform_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungiform papilla">Fungiform papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiform_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Filiform papilla">Filiform papilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">Solitary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">Ventral posteromedial nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste#Basic_tastes" title="Taste">Basic tastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent_fiber" title="Special visceral afferent fiber">Special visceral afferent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taste73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taste" title="Template:Taste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taste" title="Template talk:Taste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taste73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste#Basic_tastes" title="Taste">Basic tastes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste#Bitterness" title="Taste">Bitterness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">Saltiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourness">Sourness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">Umami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">Epiglottis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">Pharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">Soft palate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gustology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgeusia" title="Dysgeusia">Dysgeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftertaste" title="Aftertaste">Aftertaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquired_taste" title="Acquired taste">Acquired taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">Pungency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoville_scale" title="Scoville scale">Scoville scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertaster" title="Supertaster">Supertaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_map" title="Tongue map">Tongue map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Smell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Touch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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