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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquired_angioedema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired_angioedema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acquired angioedema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired_angioedema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hereditary_angioedema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_angioedema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hereditary angioedema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_angioedema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allergic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Allergic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Drug induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hereditary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hereditary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquired" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Acquired</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophylaxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophylaxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Prophylaxis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophylaxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angioedema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وذمة وعائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وذمة وعائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedem" title="Angioedem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Angioedem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinckes_%C3%B8dem" title="Quinckes ødem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Quinckes ødem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincke-%C3%96dem" title="Quincke-Ödem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quincke-Ödem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειονευρωτικό οίδημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειονευρωτικό οίδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آنژیوادم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنژیوادم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92d%C3%A8me_de_Quincke" title="Œdème de Quincke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œdème de Quincke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%81utto" title="Ɓutto – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ɓutto" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga-%C3%A9id%C3%A9ime" title="Anga-éidéime – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anga-éidéime" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EB%B6%80%EC%A2%85" title="혈관부종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혈관부종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81" title="Անոթային այտուց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անոթային այտուց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB" title="वाहिकाशोफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाहिकाशोफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema_angioneurotik" title="Edema angioneurotik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edema angioneurotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אנגיואדמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגיואדמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjioedema" title="Anjioedema – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anjioedema" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angio-oedeem" title="Angio-oedeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Angio-oedeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="एञ्जियोइदिमा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एञ्जियोइदिमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%AE%E8%85%AB" title="血管性浮腫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="血管性浮腫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinckes_%C3%B8dem" title="Quinckes ødem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quinckes ødem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଞ୍ଜିଓଇଡିମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଞ୍ଜିଓଇଡିମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrz%C4%99k_naczynioruchowy" title="Obrzęk naczynioruchowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrzęk naczynioruchowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedem" title="Angioedem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Angioedem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Ангионевротический отёк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ангионевротический отёк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Angioedema" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedem" title="Angioedem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angioedem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангиоедем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ангиоедем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedem" title="Angioedem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Angioedem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angio%C3%B6deema" title="Angioödeema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Angioödeema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angio%C3%B6dem" title="Angioödem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Angioödem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="அங்கியோடீமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கியோடீமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Набряк Квінке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Набряк Квінке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Phù mạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù mạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Angioedema</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Angioedema, Quincke's edema, angioneurotic edema</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Angioedema2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Angioedema2010.JPG/220px-Angioedema2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Angioedema2010.JPG/330px-Angioedema2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Angioedema2010.JPG/440px-Angioedema2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="2716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Allergic angioedema: this child is unable to open his eyes due to the swelling.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allergy_and_immunology" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergy and immunology">Allergy and immunology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Area of swelling<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Minutes to hours<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a> mediated, <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a> mediated<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Family history<sup id="cite_ref-IAP2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAP2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-IAP2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAP2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAP2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAP2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">Intubation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricothyroidotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricothyroidotomy">cricothyroidotomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Histamine</b>: <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Bradykinin</b>: <a href="/wiki/C1_esterase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 esterase inhibitor">C1 esterase inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecallantide" title="Ecallantide">ecallantide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icatibant" title="Icatibant">icatibant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">fresh frozen plasma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~100,000 per year (US)<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Angioedema</b> is an area of swelling (<a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">lower layer of skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">tissue just under the skin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hab2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hab2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swelling may occur in the face, tongue, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, abdomen, or arms and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">hives</a>, which are swelling within the upper <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hab2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hab2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset is typically over minutes to hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The underlying mechanism typically involves <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version related to histamine is due to an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a> to agents such as insect bites, foods, or <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> problem known as <a href="/wiki/C1_esterase_inhibitor_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency">C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency</a>, medications known as <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors">angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Lymphoproliferative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoproliferative disorder">lymphoproliferative disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment to protect the <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a> may include <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cricothyroidotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricothyroidotomy">cricothyroidotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those with bradykinin-related disease a <a href="/wiki/C1_esterase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 esterase inhibitor">C1 esterase inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecallantide" title="Ecallantide">ecallantide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Icatibant" title="Icatibant">icatibant</a> may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</a> may be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States the disease affects about 100,000 people a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Angioedema" title="Special:EditPage/Angioedema">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angioedema2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Angioedema2013.JPG/260px-Angioedema2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Angioedema2013.JPG/390px-Angioedema2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Angioedema2013.JPG/520px-Angioedema2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption>Angioedema of half of the tongue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angioedema_of_the_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angioedema_of_the_face.jpg/260px-Angioedema_of_the_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Angioedema_of_the_face.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Angioedema of the face, most strikingly in the upper lip.</figcaption></figure> <p>The skin of the face, normally around the mouth, and the mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, swell over the period of minutes to hours. The swelling can also occur elsewhere, typically in the hands. The swelling can be <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itchy</a> or painful. There may also be slightly decreased sensation in the affected areas due to compression of the nerves. <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a> (hives) may develop simultaneously. </p><p>In severe cases, <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">stridor</a> of the airway occurs, with gasping or wheezy inspiratory breath sounds and decreasing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels. <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a> is required in these situations to prevent <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a> and risk of death. </p><p>Sometimes, the cause is recent exposure to an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>), but more often it is either <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> (unknown) or only weakly correlated to allergen exposure. </p><p>In hereditary angioedema (HAE), often no direct cause is identifiable, although mild <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, including dental work and other stimuli, can cause attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is usually no associated itch or urticaria, as it is not an allergic response. Patients with HAE can also have recurrent episodes (often called "attacks") of <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>, usually accompanied by intense vomiting, weakness, and in some cases, watery diarrhea, and an unraised, nonitchy splotchy/swirly rash. These stomach attacks can last one to five days on average and can require hospitalization for aggressive pain management and hydration. Abdominal attacks have also been known to cause a significant increase in the patient's white blood cell count, usually in the vicinity of 13,000 to 30,000. As the symptoms begin to diminish, the white count slowly begins to decrease, returning to normal when the attack subsides. As the symptoms and diagnostic tests are almost indistinguishable from an <a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">acute abdomen</a> (e.g. perforated <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>) it is possible for undiagnosed HAE patients to undergo <a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">laparotomy</a> (operations on the abdomen) or <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</a> (keyhole surgery) that turns out to have been unnecessary. </p><p>HAE may also cause swelling in a variety of other locations, most commonly the limbs, genitals, neck, throat and face. The pain associated with these swellings varies from mildly uncomfortable to agonizing pain, depending on its location and severity. Predicting where and when the next episode of edema will occur is impossible. Most patients have an average of one episode per month, but there are also patients who have weekly episodes or only one or two episodes per year. The triggers can vary and include infections, minor injuries, mechanical irritation, operations or stress. In most cases, edema develops over a period of 12–36 hours and then subsides within 2–5 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a> plays a critical role in all forms of hereditary angioedema.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> is a potent <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a> and increases vascular permeability, leading to rapid accumulation of fluid in the interstitium. This is most obvious in the face, where the skin has relatively little supporting <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, and edema develops easily. Bradykinin is released by various cell types in response to numerous different stimuli; it is also a <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> mediator. Dampening or inhibiting bradykinin has been shown to relieve HAE symptoms. </p><p>Various mechanisms that interfere with bradykinin production or degradation can lead to angioedema. ACE inhibitors block <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a>, the enzyme that among other actions, degrades bradykinin. In <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">hereditary angioedema</a>, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a> due to a deficiency in one of its prime inhibitors, C1-esterase (aka: C1-inhibitor or C1INH), and continuous production of <a href="/wiki/Kallikrein" title="Kallikrein">kallikrein</a>, another process inhibited by C1INH. This <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine protease inhibitor">serine protease inhibitor</a> (serpin) normally inhibits the association of C1r and C1s with C1q to prevent the formation of the C1-complex, which - in turn - activates other proteins of the complement system. Additionally, it inhibits various proteins of the <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> cascade, although effects of its deficiency on the development of <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> appear to be limited. </p><p>The three types of hereditary angioedema are: </p> <ul><li>Type I - decreased levels of C1INH (85%);</li> <li>Type II - normal levels, but decreased function of C1INH (15%);</li> <li>Type III - no detectable abnormality in C1INH, occurs in an <a href="/wiki/X-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked">X-linked</a> dominant fashion and therefore mainly affects women; it can be exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and use of <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal contraception</a> (exact frequency uncertain).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been linked with mutations in the <a href="/wiki/Factor_XII" title="Factor XII">factor XII</a> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Angioedema can be due to <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> formation against C1INH; this is an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorder</a>. This acquired angioedema is associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>. </p><p>Consumption of foods that are themselves vasodilators, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, can increase the probability of an angioedema episode in susceptible patients. If the episode occurs at all after the consumption of these foods, its onset may be delayed overnight or by some hours, making the correlation with their consumption somewhat difficult. In contrast, consumption of <a href="/wiki/Bromelain" title="Bromelain">bromelain</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> may be beneficial in reducing symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> may increase the probability of an episode in some patients. The use of <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a> typically has a smaller, but still present, increase in the probability of an episode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis is made on the clinical picture. Routine blood tests (<a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">kidney function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzyme">liver enzymes</a>) are typically performed. <a href="/wiki/Tryptase" title="Tryptase">Mast cell tryptase</a> levels may be elevated if the attack was due to an acute allergic (anaphylactic) reaction. When the patient has been stabilized, particular investigations may clarify the exact cause; <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a> levels, especially depletion of complement factors 2 and 4, may indicate deficiency of <i><a href="/wiki/C1-inhibitor" title="C1-inhibitor">C1-inhibitor</a></i>. HAE type III is a diagnosis of exclusion consisting of observed angioedema along with normal C1 levels and function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The hereditary form (HAE) often goes undetected for a long time, as its symptoms resemble those of more common disorders, such as allergy or intestinal colic. An important clue is the failure of hereditary angioedema to respond to <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">steroids</a>, a characteristic that distinguishes it from allergic reactions. It is particularly difficult to diagnose HAE in patients whose episodes are confined to the gastrointestinal tract. Besides a family history of the disease, only a laboratory analysis can provide final confirmation. In this analysis, it is usually a reduced complement factor C4, rather than the C1-INH deficiency itself, that is detected. The former is used during the reaction cascade in the complement system of immune defense, which is permanently overactive due to the lack of regulation by C1-INH. </p><p>Angioedema is classified as either hereditary or acquired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquired_angioedema">Acquired angioedema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acquired angioedema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acquired angioedema (AAE) can be immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a> and occurs together with other allergic symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>. It can also occur as a side effect to certain medications, particularly <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a>. It is characterized by repetitive episodes of swelling, frequently of the face, lips, tongue, limbs, and genitals. Edema of the gastrointestinal mucosa typically leads to severe abdominal pain; in the upper respiratory tract, it can be life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary_angioedema">Hereditary angioedema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hereditary angioedema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">Hereditary angioedema</a> (HAE) exists in three forms, all of which are caused by a genetic mutation inherited in an <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">autosomal dominant</a> form. They are distinguished by the underlying genetic abnormality. Types I and II are caused by mutations in the <i>SERPING1</i> gene, which result in either diminished levels of the <a href="/wiki/C1-inhibitor" title="C1-inhibitor">C1-inhibitor</a> protein (type I HAE) or dysfunctional forms of the same protein (type II HAE). Type III HAE has been linked with mutations in the <i>F12</i> gene, which encodes the coagulation protein <a href="/wiki/Factor_XII" title="Factor XII">factor XII</a>. All forms of HAE lead to abnormal activation of the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a>, and all forms can cause swelling elsewhere in the body, such as the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>. If HAE involves the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, it can cause life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pathogenesis of this disorder is suspected to be related to unopposed activation of the contact pathway by the initial generation of kallikrein and/or clotting factor XII by damaged endothelial cells. The end product of this cascade, bradykinin, is produced in large amounts and is believed to be the predominant mediator leading to increased vascular permeability and vasodilation that induces typical angioedema "attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic">Allergic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allergic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In allergic angioedema, avoidance of the allergen and use of antihistamines may prevent future attacks. <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">Cetirizine</a> is a commonly prescribed antihistamine for angioedema. Some patients have reported success with the combination of a nightly low dose of cetirizine to moderate the frequency and severity of attacks, followed by a much higher dose when an attack does appear. Severe angioedema cases may require desensitization to the putative allergen, as mortality can occur. Chronic cases require <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">steroid</a> therapy, which generally leads to a good response. In cases where allergic attack is progressing towards airway obstruction, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> may be life-saving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_induction">Drug induction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drug induction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors">ACE inhibitors</a> can induce angioedema.<sup id="cite_ref-sabroe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabroe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-israili_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israili-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACE inhibitors block the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a> so it can no longer degrade bradykinin; thus, bradykinin accumulates and can cause angioedema.<sup id="cite_ref-sabroe_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabroe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-israili_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israili-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complication appears more common in <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In people with ACE inhibitor angioedema, the drug needs to be discontinued and an alternative treatment needs to be found, such as an <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">angiotensin II receptor blocker</a> (ARB),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a similar mechanism but does not affect bradykinin. However, this is controversial, as small studies have shown some patients with ACE inhibitor angioedema can develop it with ARBs, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary">Hereditary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hereditary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">hereditary angioedema</a> (HAE), specific stimuli that have previously led to attacks may need to be avoided in the future. It does not respond to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine. Acute treatment consists of C1-INH (C1-esterase inhibitor) concentrate from donor blood, which must be administered intravenously. In an emergency, fresh frozen blood plasma, which also contains C1-INH, can also be used. However, in most European countries, C1-INH concentrate is only available to patients who are participating in special programmes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The medications <a href="/wiki/Ecallantide" title="Ecallantide">ecallantide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icatibant" title="Icatibant">icatibant</a> may be used to treat attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bern2017_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 these medications cost between 5,700 and 14,000 <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> per dose in the United States, prices that tripled in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2017)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In those given icatibant, specialists monitor is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquired">Acquired</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acquired"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In acquired angioedema, HAE types I and II, and nonhistaminergic angioedema, antifibrinolytics such as <a href="/wiki/Tranexamic_acid" title="Tranexamic acid">tranexamic acid</a> or ε-aminocaproic acid may be effective. <a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a> may also be useful because it blocks the activation of C4 and can be used in patients with liver disease, whereas androgens cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophylaxis">Prophylaxis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prophylaxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Future attacks of HAE can be prevented by the use of androgens such as <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">danazol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>. These agents increase the level of aminopeptidase P, an enzyme that inactivates <a href="/wiki/Kinins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinins">kinins</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kinins (especially bradykinin) are responsible for the manifestations of angioedema. </p><p>In 2018, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved <a href="/wiki/Lanadelumab" title="Lanadelumab">lanadelumab</a>, an injectable <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a>, to prevent attacks of HAE types I and II in people over age 12. Lanadelumab inhibits the plasma enzyme <a href="/wiki/Kallikrein" title="Kallikrein">kallikrein</a>, which liberates the <a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">kinins</a> bradykinin and <a href="/wiki/Kallidin" title="Kallidin">kallidin</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Kininogen" title="Kininogen">kininogen</a> precursors and is produced in excess in individuals with HAE types I and II.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S., there are as many as 80,000 to 112,000 <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> (ED) visits for angioedema annually, and it ranks as the top <a href="/wiki/Allergic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic disorder">allergic disorder</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Hospitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitalization">hospitalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Quincke" title="Heinrich Quincke">Heinrich Quincke</a> first described the clinical picture of angioedema in 1882,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there had been some earlier descriptions of the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> remarked in 1888 that some cases may have a hereditary basis; he coined the term "hereditary angio-neurotic edema".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The link with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency was proved in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The underground rapper <a href="/wiki/MF_Doom" title="MF Doom">MF DOOM</a> was diagnosed with angioedema in 2020 and later passed from the disease on October 31st. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_angioedema" title="Drug-induced angioedema">Drug-induced angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleich%27s_syndrome" title="Gleich's syndrome">Gleich's syndrome</a> (unexplained angioedema with high eosinophil counts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruconest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruconest">Ruconest</a> (C1-inhibitor)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bern2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern2017_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinCremonesiHoffmannHollingsworth2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, JA; Cremonesi, P; Hoffmann, TK; Hollingsworth, J (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389952">"Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management"</a>. <i>International Journal of Emergency Medicine</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12245-017-0141-z">10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389952">5389952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28405953">28405953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Angioedema+in+the+emergency+department%3A+a+practical+guide+to+differential+diagnosis+and+management.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28405953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12245-017-0141-z&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Cremonesi%2C+P&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+TK&rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngioedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAP2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAP2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAP2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAP2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaterinoKahan2003" class="citation book cs1">Caterino, Jeffrey M.; Kahan, Scott (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&pg=PA133"><i>In a Page: Emergency medicine</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405103572" title="Special:BookSources/9781405103572"><bdi>9781405103572</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+a+Page%3A+Emergency+medicine&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405103572&rft.aulast=Caterino&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Kahan%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0LwFPZDKbsC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngioedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hab2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hab2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hab2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabif2009" class="citation book cs1">Habif, Thomas P. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323080378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323080378"><bdi>978-0323080378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Dermatology+E-Book&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0323080378&rft.aulast=Habif&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDWlWR5UbqQC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngioedema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBork_KBarnstedt_Se2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bork K; Barnstedt Se (August 2003). 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angioedema&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Transient_hypogammaglobulinemia_of_infancy" title="Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy">Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dysgammaglobulinemia" title="Dysgammaglobulinemia">Dysgammaglobulinemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_immunoglobulin_A_deficiency" title="Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency">IgA deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgG_deficiency" title="IgG deficiency">IgG deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin M deficiency">IgM deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome" title="Hyper IgM syndrome">Hyper IgM syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_2" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_3" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_4" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_5" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperimmunoglobulin_E_syndrome" title="Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome">Hyper-IgE syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_variable_immunodeficiency" title="Common variable immunodeficiency">Common variable immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="ICF syndrome">ICF syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell_deficiency" title="T cell deficiency">T cell deficiency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thymic_hypoplasia" title="Thymic hypoplasia">thymic hypoplasia</a>:</i> <i>hypoparathyroid</i> (<a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">Di George's syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i>euparathyroid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nezelof_syndrome" title="Nezelof syndrome">Nezelof syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a>)</li></ul> <p><i>peripheral:</i> <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase_deficiency" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome" title="Hyper IgM syndrome">Hyper IgM syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="Severe combined immunodeficiency">Severe</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_immunodeficiencies" title="Combined immunodeficiencies">combined</a><br />(B+T)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>x-linked:</i> <a href="/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency">X-SCID</a><br /><i>autosomal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficiency" title="Adenosine deaminase deficiency">Adenosine deaminase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omenn_syndrome" title="Omenn syndrome">Omenn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP70_deficiency" title="ZAP70 deficiency">ZAP70 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_lymphocyte_syndrome" title="Bare lymphocyte syndrome">Bare lymphocyte syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency#acquired" title="Immunodeficiency">Acquired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">Leukopenia</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytopenia" title="Lymphocytopenia">Lymphocytopenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_CD4%2B_lymphocytopenia" title="Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia">Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complement_deficiency" title="Complement deficiency">Complement<br />deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/C1-inhibitor" title="C1-inhibitor">C1-inhibitor</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angioedema</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">Hereditary angioedema</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_2_deficiency" title="Complement 2 deficiency">Complement 2 deficiency</a>/<a href="/wiki/Complement_4_deficiency" title="Complement 4 deficiency">Complement 4 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBL_deficiency" title="MBL deficiency">MBL deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin_deficiency" title="Properdin deficiency">Properdin deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_3_deficiency" title="Complement 3 deficiency">Complement 3 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency" title="Terminal complement pathway deficiency">Terminal complement pathway deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement receptor deficiency">Complement receptor deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disorders_of_volume_state86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template talk:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disorders_of_volume_state86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disorders of <a href="/wiki/Volume_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume status">volume state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volume_contraction" title="Volume contraction">Volume contraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">Hypovolemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypervolemia" title="Hypervolemia">Hypervolemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">Anasarca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">Lymphedema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cause of fluid collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transudate" title="Transudate">transudate</a></li></ul></li> <li>By site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">hydrothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosalpinx" title="Hydrosalpinx">hydrosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperaemia" title="Hyperaemia">hyperaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129007" class="extiw" title="d:Q1129007">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D84.1">D84.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T78.3">T78.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=277.6">277.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=995.1">995.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/606860">606860</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/106100">106100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/610618">610618</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000799">D000799</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13606.htm">13606</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000846.htm">000846</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/32-overview">emerg/32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic135.htm#">med/135</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic101.htm#">ped/101</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/angio-oedema-pro">Angioedema</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Angioneurotic edema"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005030">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oedème angioneurotique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12257944m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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