CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Neelie Kroes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bb6214f3-ef0a-48a0-b32b-f338629d02b9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Neelie_Kroes","wgTitle":"Neelie Kroes","wgCurRevisionId":1258689770,"wgRevisionId":1258689770,"wgArticleId":954842,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Pages with Dutch IPA","Commons category link from Wikidata","S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'unknown'","S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'","1941 births","Living people","Businesspeople from Rotterdam", "Dutch academic administrators","Dutch corporate directors","Dutch chief executives in the finance industry","Dutch European commissioners","Dutch expatriates in Belgium","Dutch financial advisors","Dutch lobbyists","Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church","Dutch nonprofit directors","Dutch nonprofit executives","Dutch women academics","20th-century Dutch businesswomen","20th-century Dutch businesspeople","Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni","European commissioners for competition","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau","Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion","Ministers of transport and water management of the Netherlands","Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)","Merrill (company) people","Municipal councillors of Rotterdam","Academic staff of Nyenrode Business University","People from Wassenaar","People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians","Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands", "Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class","Rectors of universities in the Netherlands","State Secretaries for Transport of the Netherlands","Women European commissioners","Women government ministers of the Netherlands","Women heads of universities and colleges","20th-century Dutch economists","20th-century Dutch educators","20th-century Dutch women politicians","20th-century Dutch politicians","21st-century Dutch businesswomen","21st-century Dutch businesspeople","21st-century Dutch economists","21st-century Dutch women politicians","21st-century Dutch politicians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Neelie_Kroes","wgRelevantArticleId":954842,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q234485","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="854"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Neelie Kroes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Neelie_Kroes rootpage-Neelie_Kroes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neelie+Kroes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neelie+Kroes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neelie+Kroes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neelie+Kroes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Career_before_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_before_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Career before politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_before_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_and_national_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_and_national_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Local and national politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_and_national_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_National_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_National_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>After National Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_National_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>European Commission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_Commission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European Commission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioner_for_Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioner_for_Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commissioner for Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioner_for_Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Commissioner for Digital Agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Corporate boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-profit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-profit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Non-profit organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-profit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neelie Kroes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroesov%C3%A1" title="Neelie Kroesová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neelie Kroesová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="네일리 크루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네일리 크루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نيلى كروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيلى كروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ネリー・クルース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネリー・クルース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Крус, Нели – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крус, Нели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="Neelie Kroes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neelie Kroes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Нелі Крус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нелі Крус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neelie_Kroes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neelie_Kroes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neelie_Kroes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Neelie_Kroes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Neelie_Kroes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&oldid=1258689770" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Neelie_Kroes&id=1258689770&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeelie_Kroes"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeelie_Kroes"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Neelie_Kroes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neelie_Kroes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Neelie_Kroes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234485" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Neelie Kroes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neelie_Kroes_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg/220px-Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg/330px-Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg/440px-Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="679" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kroes in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">European Commissioner</a> <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Portfolios"><a href="#endnote_Portfolios">[Portfolios]</a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 2004 – 1 November 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a> <br /> <small>Competition</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a> <br /> <small>Information Society and Media</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a> <br /> <small>Competition</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Oettinger" title="Günther Oettinger">Günther Oettinger</a> <br /> <small>Digital Economy and Society</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Andrus_Ansip" title="Andrus Ansip">Andrus Ansip</a> <br /> <small>Digital Single Market</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands">Minister of Transport and <br /> Water Management</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 November 1982 – 7 November 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henk_Zeevalking" title="Henk Zeevalking">Henk Zeevalking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanja_Maij-Weggen" title="Hanja Maij-Weggen">Hanja Maij-Weggen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_State_Secretaries_for_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands">State Secretary for Transport <br /> and Water Management</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 December 1977 – 11 September 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Dries van Agt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_Hulten" title="Michel van Hulten">Michel van Hulten</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_van_der_Doef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap van der Doef (page does not exist)">Jaap van der Doef</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Member of the House <br /> of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 June 1986 – 14 July 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 August 1981 – 4 November 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 August 1971 – 28 December 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for <br /> Freedom and Democracy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Neelie Kroes</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1941-07-19</span>) </span>19 July 1941<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 83)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for <br /> Freedom and Democracy</a> <br /> <small>(from 1966)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Wouter Jan Smit</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="5 June 1965">1965</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1991)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bram_Peper" title="Bram Peper">Bram Peper</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1991; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2003)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Yvo Smit (born 1970)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Wassenaar" title="Wassenaar">Wassenaar</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Rotterdam School of Economics</a> <br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">BEc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Economics" title="Master of Economics">M.Econ</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a> · <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Researcher</a> · <a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Corporate director</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit director</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbyist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neelie Kroes</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːli<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkrus]</a></span>; born 19 July 1941) is a retired <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> politician of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a> (VVD) and businessperson who served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">European Commissioner</a> from 22 November 2004 to 1 November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kroes studied <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Rotterdam School of Economics</a> obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Economics" title="Master of Economics">Master of Economics</a> degree. Kroes worked as a researcher at her alma mater from September 1963 to April 1968, and as a corporate director for a transport company in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> from April 1968 until August 1971, and for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chamber of commerce</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> from July 1969 until August 1971. Kroes became a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Member of the House of Representatives</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/1971_Dutch_general_election" title="1971 Dutch general election">election of 1971</a> on 3 August 1971, and served as a <a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">frontbencher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Water_Management" title="Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management">Transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1977_Dutch_general_election" title="1977 Dutch general election">election of 1977</a> Kroes was appointed as State Secretary for Transport and Water Management in the <a href="/wiki/First_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="First Van Agt cabinet">Cabinet Van Agt–Wiegel</a> taking office on 28 December 1977. After the <a href="/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election" title="1981 Dutch general election">election of 1981</a> Kroes returned to the House of Representatives on 25 August 1981, and again served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Transport. After the <a href="/wiki/1982_Dutch_general_election" title="1982 Dutch general election">election of 1982</a> Kroes was appointed as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands">Minister of Transport and Water Management</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="First Lubbers cabinet">Cabinet Lubbers I</a> taking office on 4 November 1982. After the <a href="/wiki/1986_Dutch_general_election" title="1986 Dutch general election">election of 1986</a> Kroes continued her office in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Second Lubbers cabinet">Cabinet Lubbers II</a>. In June 1989, Kroes announced that she wouldn't stand for the <a href="/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election" title="1989 Dutch general election">election of 1989</a>. </p><p>Kroes semi-retired from active politics and became active in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sectors</a> as a corporate and non-profit director and served on several <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatscommissie" class="extiw" title="nl:Staatscommissie">state commissions</a> and councils on behalf of the government, and served as Rector Magnificus of the <a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a> from June 1991 until January 2000. In October 2004, Kroes was nominated as the next <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">European Commissioner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission#First_college" title="Barroso Commission">First Barroso Commission</a>, and was given the heavy portfolio of <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">Competition</a> taking office on 22 November 2004. In November 2009, Kroes was re-nominated for a second term in the <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission#Second_college" title="Barroso Commission">Second Barroso Commission</a>, and was given the heavy portfolio of <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Digital_Economy_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society">Digital Agenda</a> and was appointed as one of the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a> serving from 9 February 2010 until 1 November 2014. </p><p>Kroes retired from active politics at the age of 73 and again became active in the private and public sectors as a corporate and non-profit director and served as an occasional diplomat for several economic delegations on behalf of the government. Following her retirement Kroes continued to be active as an advocate and lobbyist for promoting <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. She holds the distinction as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_members_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of female cabinet members of the Netherlands">female</a> Minister of Transport starting an informal tradition of women serving as Dutch Transport Ministers that has continued since 1982 (save for two exceptions <a href="/wiki/First_Balkenende_cabinet" title="First Balkenende cabinet">2002–2003</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Balkenende_cabinet" title="Fourth Balkenende cabinet">2007–2010</a>) for over 42 year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_before_politics">Career before politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career before politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neelie Kroes was born on 19 July 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Her father owned the transport company Zwatra.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kroes attended a Protestant <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">grammar school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. She continued to a Protestant high school. In 1958, she went to study economics at the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University</a> in Rotterdam. In 1961, Kroes was praeses of the R.V.S.V. (the largest Rotterdam <a href="/wiki/Sorority" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorority">sorority</a>). She was also elected as a member of the University Council. After obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">Bachelor of Economics</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Economics" title="Master of Economics">Master of Economics</a> degree in 1965, she became a research fellow at the economic faculty at that university. During this period Kroes was involved in the women's organisation within the VVD. In this period she also was member of the board of heavy transporting company "ZwaTra", the company of her father. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_,_close,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg/220px-Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg/330px-Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg/440px-Regeringsverklaring_Kabinet_Lubbers_II_minister_Smit_Kroes_%2C_close%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="3682" /></a><figcaption>Minister Neelie Kroes in the House of Representatives on 30 July 1986.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K,_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg/220px-Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg/330px-Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg/440px-Opdracht_Financieel_Dagblad_Meet_the_Netherlands_Government_minister_Smit_K%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-9867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="2507" /></a><figcaption>Minister Neelie Kroes and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> at a press conference in The Hague on 20 May 1987.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_(6242737219).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg/220px-Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg/330px-Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg/440px-Premjers_piedal%C4%81s_BEREC_atkl%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81_%286242737219%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister of Latvia</a> <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Dombrovskis" title="Valdis Dombrovskis">Valdis Dombrovskis</a> and European Commissioner Neelie Kroes at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> on 14 October 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg/220px-Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg/330px-Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg/440px-Mark_Rutte_Neelie_Kroes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>European Commissioner Neelie Kroes and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs" title="Ministry of General Affairs">Ministry of General Affairs</a> on 28 October 2011.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_and_national_politics">Local and national politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Local and national politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neelie Kroes was first elected member of the Rotterdam <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> for the VVD in 1970. </p><p>In 1971, she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands">House of Representatives</a>, forcing her to stop her fellowship. In parliament, she became spokesperson for education. She remained a member of parliament until 1977, when she became State Secretary for Transport, Public Works and Water Management in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_cabinet_Van_Agt-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands cabinet Van Agt-1">First Van Agt Cabinet</a>, responsible for Postal and Telephone Services and Transport. In 1981, she briefly returned to the House of Representatives, while her party, VVD, was in the opposition. In 1982 she returned to office in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_cabinet_Lubbers-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands cabinet Lubbers-1">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_cabinet_Lubbers-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands cabinet Lubbers-2">Second Lubbers Cabinets</a>, now as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport,_Public_Works_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands)">Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management</a>, a post that she held until 1989. As a minister she was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of the Postgiro (Postbank, initially a part of the PTT), the Post and Telephone Services, the Harbour Pilotage services, as well as the commissioning of the <a href="/wiki/Betuweroute" title="Betuweroute">Betuwe</a> Railway. </p><p>Kroes refused to become <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Minister of Defence</a> in 1988. </p><p>During her tenure as minister, she was involved in the so-called TCR affair, about the illegal sale of warships. She had also a business relationship with a tank cleaning company (TCR), which illegally received governmental subsidies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_National_Politics">After National Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After National Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After her ministerial career, Kroes spent two years working on two projects as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Miert" class="mw-redirect" title="Karel van Miert">Karel van Miert</a>, at that time European Commissioner for Transport.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also became a member of the Rotterdam Chamber of Commerce, furthermore she served as a board member for <a href="/wiki/Ballast_Nedam" title="Ballast Nedam">Ballast Nedam</a> (shipping), ABP-PGGM Capital Holdings N.V. (a joint subsidiary of the pension funds <a href="/wiki/Stichting_Pensioenfonds_ABP" title="Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP">ABP</a> and <a href="/wiki/PGGM" class="mw-redirect" title="PGGM">PGGM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">NIB</a> (an investment bank), <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Nedlloyd" title="Nedlloyd">Nedlloyd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a> (the Dutch railroad company). </p><p>In 1991, Kroes became chairperson of <a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_Universiteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyenrode Business Universiteit">Nyenrode University</a>, a private business school. During this period Kroes also was a member of the Advisory Board of the Prof.Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, the scientific bureau of VVD. </p><p>According to her husband, Bram Peper, from 1993 to 2001, Kroes relied on astrologers and clairvoyants for personal and business advice. Until 2004 Kroes maintained an office in the castle of Jan-Dirk Paarlberg, a real estate mogul who was convicted to four and a half years in prison for money-laundering and extortion. One of the astrologers advising Kroes during that time was Lenie Drent, who had been providing business advice to Paarlberg for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kroes has held and still holds many side offices, mainly in cultural and social organisations. She is chairperson of <i>Poets of all Nations</i>, the <i>Delta Psychiatric Hospital</i> and of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_House_Museum" title="Rembrandt House Museum">Rembrandt House Museum</a>. Also, she was a member of several boards of commissioners, for instance at <a href="/wiki/Nedlloyd" title="Nedlloyd">Nedlloyd</a> (a shipping company) and <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a> (an information and communication technologies company). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Commission">European Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioner_for_Competition">Commissioner for Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commissioner for Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, Kroes was appointed the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioner for Competition</a>. At the time, her nomination was heavily criticised because of her ties to big business and alleged involvement in shady arms deals. Kroes has tried to uphold her integrity; whenever she has to deal with issues concerning competition in branches of industry in which she used to be active as a board member, Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Charles_McCreevy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles McCreevy">McCreevy</a> takes over her responsibilities. </p><p>As chairperson of <a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a>, Kroes awarded an honorary doctorate to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> in 1996. As a European Commissioner for Competition one of her first tasks in 2004 was to oversee the sanctions against Microsoft by the European Commission, known as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Microsoft competition case">European Union Microsoft competition case</a>. This case resulted in the requirement to release documents to aid commercial <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> and included a €497 million fine for Microsoft. </p><p>Kroes attended conferences organized by the <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a> every year between 2005 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, she was transferred to another European Commissioner post, namely ICT and Telecom. She was also appointed as one of the vice-presidents of the European Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda">Commissioner for Digital Agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commissioner for Digital Agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, she became <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Digital Agenda">European Commissioner for Digital Agenda</a> in the second <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a>. The Digital Agenda for Europe<sup id="cite_ref-europa.eu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was proposed by the European Commission on 19 May 2010. </p><p>The Digital Agenda for Europe<sup id="cite_ref-europa.eu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is supported by the EU Digital Competitiveness Report<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched also on 19 May 2010. She is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source Software">Free and Open Source Software</a>. </p><p>Since 2010, she has served as a Commissioner for the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Commission_for_Digital_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Commission for Digital Development">Broadband Commission for Digital Development</a> which leverages broadband technologies as a key enabler for social and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, it was suggested that she would become <a href="/wiki/Prime-minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-minister">prime-minister</a> in the Netherlands, when <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> would stay in parliament due to difficulties in the formations in the new Cabinet. However, eventually Rutte became <a href="/wiki/Prime-minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-minister">prime-minister</a>. </p><p>In December 2011, Kroes invited <a href="/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg</a> who had resigned as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)">German Minister of Defence</a> in March 2011, due to plagiarism charges – as advisor to the European Commission as part of its <i>No Disconnect Strategy</i> designed to promote <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012, Kroes made international news when she said her advisers at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> had been the victims of <a href="/wiki/Computer_hacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer hacking">computer hacking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroes is currently leading <i>StartupDelta</i>, a public-private initiative to help promote the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as a destination for <a href="/wiki/Startup_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Startup companies">startup companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European elections</a>, she was brought into the European election campaign by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats</a> (Open VLD) in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Kroes has been holding a variety of paid and unpaid positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 1980s, intensive research into environmental crime among chemical waste processing companies ended in a fiasco.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Kroes had conceived the plan to provide subsidies to the companies TCA and TCR (Tanker Cleaning Amsterdam and Rotterdam, respectively). Even though she was made aware of the company's criminal activities, including mixing chemical waste into fuel oil, she pushed through with the subsidies. The resulting TCR affair sparked a parliamentary inquiry in 1997. Kroes was accused by the investigative committee that she had helped a rogue company with a government subsidy into the saddle, which made the environmental crimes possible. </p><p>In the mid-1990s, Kroes was involved in the frigate affair: the failed purchase of six Dutch frigates (amounting to 1.2 billion euros) by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. As chairman of a consortium of Holland Signaal, Ballast Nedam and Koninklijke Schelde (supported by the navy, the Port of Rotterdam Authority and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs), Kroes attempted to exchange the frigates for oil supplies. When it turned out that she was also using her chairmanship to serve the business interests of a personal friend, the businessman Joop van Caldenborgh, she was removed from her position by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in 2011 that it became known that she had also put <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" title="Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Prince Bernhard</a> forward as a lobbyist in this deal, in violation of the agreements that Bernhard had made with the Den Uyl cabinet after the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals" title="Lockheed bribery scandals">Lockheed affair</a>. The frigate affair brought Kroes into contact with Jordanian investor Amin Badr-El-Din, with whom she would run the company Mint Holdings some years later, which was planning to take over part of Enron.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, leaks to the <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> (who also oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a> leaks) revealed that from 2001 to 2009 Kroes was the director of Mint Holdings, a company registered in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBahamas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PoliticoBahamas_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoliticoBahamas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTBahamas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTBahamas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the EU rules, a commissioner is obliged to declare previous and current economic interests, but she did not declare her directorship of the Bahamas company.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBahamas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PoliticoBahamas_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoliticoBahamas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, EU commissioners are not allowed to hold outside directorships while in office (Kroes was in office 2004–2014).<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBahamas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTBahamas_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTBahamas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to her lawyer, Kroes acknowledged the situation, calling it an "oversight", and declared that she would take full responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBahamas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The “Uber files”, leaked documents in 2022, revealing active and irregular efforts of Uber in lobbying regulators, revealed that Kroes prepared her appointment at the taxi company when she was still in office. She did not disclose the numerous appointments she had with firms executives when European Commissioner for competition and then new technologies (a position she held until November 2014). After resigning from the European Commission, she actively helped Uber bending regulations by opening her contacts to the company, including Netherlands then Prime Minister Mark Rutte, breaking her 18-months duty of réserve that ex commissioner must apply. She finally joins Uber Public Affairs team in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroes was married to <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">social democratic</a> minister and mayor <a href="/wiki/Bram_Peper" title="Bram Peper">Bram Peper</a>. She is a confidant of <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>, known for her criticism of Islam and having a fatwa issued, and persuaded her to switch allegiance from the social democratic PvdA to the VVD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_boards">Corporate boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corporate boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, Member of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Policy">Public Policy</a> Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a>, Non-Executive Board Board of Directors (since 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-profit_organizations">Non-profit organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-profit organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Institute" title="Open Data Institute">Open Data Institute</a>, Non-Executive Member of the Board (since 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroes was International Road Federation Man of the Year of 1993. </p><p>Kroes made the <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_The_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women">The World's 100 Most Powerful Women</a> list multiple times: as number 53 in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 47 in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 59 in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations">Decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="5"><b>Honours</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:80px;">Ribbon bar</th> <th>Honour</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_(Knight)_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/160px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_%28Knight%29_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Knight</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>26 October 1981 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg/80px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg/120px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg/160px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>1 May 2008 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/80px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/120px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/160px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Knight Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Order of Orange-Nassau">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>19 November 2015 </td> <td><small>Elevated from Grand Officer (20 November 1989)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degrees</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>University</th> <th>Field</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_the_Netherlands" title="Open University of the Netherlands">Open University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>26 September 2014 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/23389933/__Neelie_Kroes_erelid_VVD__.html">Neelie Kroes erelid VVD</a>, Telegraaf, 29 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprout.nl/artikel/startups/dit-wil-neelie-kroes-haar-laatste-jaar-als-startup-ambassadeur">Dit wil Neelie Kroes in haar laatste jaar als startup-ambassadeur</a>, Sprout.nl, 2 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraaf.nl/dft/nieuws_dft/23817357/__Neelie_Kroes_lobbyt_voor_zakenbank__.html">Neelie Kroes adviseur van Bank of America Merrill Lynch</a>, Telegraaf, 18 March 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/01716">Drs. N. Kroes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.com/">Parlement & Politiek</a>. Retrieved on 2010-03-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imre De Roo (22 September 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/the-networker/">The Networker</a> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="European Voice">European Voice</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/2437064/2011/05/25/Bram-Peper-Astrologe-adviseerde-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml">http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/2437064/2011/05/25/Bram-Peper-Astrologe-adviseerde-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2686%2FBinnenland%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F2437064%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2FBram-Peper-Astrologe-adviseerde-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013034848/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=358df7bd-7a54-41e4-9366-df1733597c30&k=96354">"Secretive Bilderberg over but was world domination discussed?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=358df7bd-7a54-41e4-9366-df1733597c30&k=96354">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretive+Bilderberg+over+but+was+world+domination+discussed%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D358df7bd-7a54-41e4-9366-df1733597c30%26k%3D96354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114083158/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html">"Meeting 2010 Participants - Bilderberg Meetings"</a>. <i>bilderbergmeetings.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bilderbergmeetings.org&rft.atitle=Meeting+2010+Participants+-+Bilderberg+Meetings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilderbergmeetings.org%2Fparticipants_2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa.eu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europa.eu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europa.eu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:EN:PDF">"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - A Digital Agenda for Europe"</a>. European Commission. 19 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communication+from+the+Commission+to+the+European+Parliament%2C+the+Council%2C+the+European+Economic+and+Social+Committee+and+the+Committee+of+the+Regions+-+A+Digital+Agenda+for+Europe&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCOM%3A2010%3A0245%3AFIN%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/documents/edcr.pdf">"Digital Agenda for Europe - A Europe 2020 Initiative"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Agenda for Europe</i>. 1 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Agenda+for+Europe&rft.atitle=Digital+Agenda+for+Europe+-+A+Europe+2020+Initiative&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finformation_society%2Fdigital-agenda%2Fdocuments%2Fedcr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725102130/http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html">"Commissioners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commissioners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandcommission.org%2Fcommissioners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-1525_en.htm">"Digital Agenda: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg invited by Kroes to promote internet freedom"</a>. European Commission. 12 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Agenda%3A+Karl-Theodor+zu+Guttenberg+invited+by+Kroes+to+promote+internet+freedom&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-11-1525_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3news.co.nz/Internet-security-conference-hacked/tabid/412/articleID/276517/Default.aspx">"Internet security conference hacked"</a>. 3 News NZ. 13 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+security+conference+hacked&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3news.co.nz%2FInternet-security-conference-hacked%2Ftabid%2F412%2FarticleID%2F276517%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://startupdelta.org/about">"StartupDelta"</a>. <i>startupdelta.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=startupdelta.org&rft.atitle=StartupDelta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstartupdelta.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eline Schaart (12 March 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/former-top-dutch-eu-official-commissioner-neelie-kroes-running-in-eu-election-vld/">Former Commissioner Neelie Kroes running in European election</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.2doc.nl/documentaires/series/2doc/2017/december/beerput-nederland.html">"Beerput Nederland"</a>. 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beerput+Nederland&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.2doc.nl%2Fdocumentaires%2Fseries%2F2doc%2F2017%2Fdecember%2Fbeerput-nederland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohmen2004" class="citation news cs1">Dohmen, Joep (27 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2004/09/27/de-belangen-van-een-onbezoldigd-kaasmeisje-7703638-a1030283">"De belangen van een 'onbezoldigd kaasmeisje'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NRC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRC&rft.atitle=De+belangen+van+een+%27onbezoldigd+kaasmeisje%27&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.aulast=Dohmen&rft.aufirst=Joep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2004%2F09%2F27%2Fde-belangen-van-een-onbezoldigd-kaasmeisje-7703638-a1030283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/39681/nbsp/article/detail/4381113/2016/09/21/De-Arabische-connectie-van-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml">"De Arabische connectie van Neelie Kroes"</a>. 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Arabische+connectie+van+Neelie+Kroes&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F39681%2Fnbsp%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F4381113%2F2016%2F09%2F21%2FDe-Arabische-connectie-van-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianBahamas-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBahamas_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/sep/21/ex-eu-commissioner-neelie-kroes-failed-to-declare-directorship-of-offshore-firm">"Ex-EU commissioner Neelie Kroes failed to declare directorship of offshore firm"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ex-EU+commissioner+Neelie+Kroes+failed+to+declare+directorship+of+offshore+firm&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fsep%2F21%2Fex-eu-commissioner-neelie-kroes-failed-to-declare-directorship-of-offshore-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoliticoBahamas-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticoBahamas_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticoBahamas_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.eu/article/neelie-kroes-named-in-bahamas-offshore-leaks-tax-avoidance/">"Neelie Kroes under fire after leak reveals offshore business"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 22 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Neelie+Kroes+under+fire+after+leak+reveals+offshore+business&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fneelie-kroes-named-in-bahamas-offshore-leaks-tax-avoidance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTBahamas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTBahamas_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTBahamas_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/424e146a-803d-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4">"Bahamas leak shines spotlight on Neelie Kroes"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 22 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bahamas+leak+shines+spotlight+on+Neelie+Kroes&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F424e146a-803d-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/07/12/uber-files-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-uber-et-la-commissaire-europeenne-neelie-kroes_6134525_4408996.html">"« Uber Files » : les liaisons dangereuses entre Uber et la commissaire européenne Neelie Kroes"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=%C2%AB+Uber+Files+%C2%BB+%3A+les+liaisons+dangereuses+entre+Uber+et+la+commissaire+europ%C3%A9enne+Neelie+Kroes&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpixels%2Farticle%2F2022%2F07%2F12%2Fuber-files-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-uber-et-la-commissaire-europeenne-neelie-kroes_6134525_4408996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@UberPubPolicy/announcing-ubers-public-policy-advisory-board-f7e6758ba9bd">"Announcing Uber's Public Policy Advisory Board"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Announcing+Uber%27s+Public+Policy+Advisory+Board&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40UberPubPolicy%2Fannouncing-ubers-public-policy-advisory-board-f7e6758ba9bd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Hook and Richard Waters (4 May 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/9354d5b2-11cd-11e6-839f-2922947098f0">Uber picks up Neelie Kroes to navigate policy roadblocks</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startupfesteurope.com/site/featured-speaker/neelie-kroes/">"Neelie Kroes | Startup Fest Europe"</a>. <i>Startup Fest Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Startup+Fest+Europe&rft.atitle=Neelie+Kroes+%7C+Startup+Fest+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startupfesteurope.com%2Fsite%2Ffeatured-speaker%2Fneelie-kroes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theodi.org/news/global-data-leader-and-former-european-commissioner-for-digital-agenda-neelie-kroes-joins-odi-board">"Global data leader and former European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, Neelie Kroes joins ODI Board"</a>. <i>theODI.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theODI.org&rft.atitle=Global+data+leader+and+former+European+Commissioner+for+Digital+Agenda%2C+Neelie+Kroes+joins+ODI+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodi.org%2Fnews%2Fglobal-data-leader-and-former-european-commissioner-for-digital-agenda-neelie-kroes-joins-odi-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html">"#53 Neelie Kroes"</a>. <i>The 100 Most Powerful Women</i>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. 19 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+100+Most+Powerful+Women&rft.atitle=%2353+Neelie+Kroes&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2009%2F11%2Fpower-women-09_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html">"#47 Neelie Kroes; Competition commissioner, European Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_The_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women">Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women</a></i>. 27 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Magazine%27s+List+of+The+World%27s+100+Most+Powerful+Women&rft.atitle=%2347+Neelie+Kroes%3B+Competition+commissioner%2C+European+Union&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2008%2F11%2Fbiz_powerwomen08_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeelie+Kroes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neelie_Kroes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neelie Kroes">Neelie Kroes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neelie_Kroes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Neelie Kroes">Neelie Kroes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Portfolios"><sup><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioner for Competition</a> (2004–2010), <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Digital_Economy_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society">Digital Agenda</a> (2010–2014), <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-President of the European Commission</a> (2010–2014)</sup></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Official</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llfemfyf/n_neelie_kroes">Dr. N. (Neelie) Kroes</a> Parlement & Politiek</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_Hulten" title="Michel van Hulten">Michel van Hulten</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_State_Secretaries_for_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands">State Secretary for Transport <br /> and Water Management</a> </b><br />1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_van_der_Doef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap van der Doef (page does not exist)">Jaap van der Doef</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henk_Zeevalking" title="Henk Zeevalking">Henk Zeevalking</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands">Minister of Transport and <br /> Water Management</a> </b><br />1982–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hanja_Maij-Weggen" title="Hanja Maij-Weggen">Hanja Maij-Weggen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein" title="Frits Bolkestein">Frits Bolkestein</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">European Commissioner <br /> from the Netherlands</a> </b><br />2004–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioner <br /> for Competition</a> </b><br />2004–2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a> <br /> <small>as European Commissioner for <br /> Information Society and Media</small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Digital_Economy_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society">European Commissioner <br /> for Digital Agenda</a> </b><br />2010–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Oettinger" title="Günther Oettinger">Günther Oettinger</a> <br /> <small>as European Commissioner for <br /> Digital Economy and Society</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrus_Ansip" title="Andrus Ansip">Andrus Ansip</a> <br /> <small>as European Commissioner for <br /> Digital Single Market</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ffcc66;">Business positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barend_Biesheuvel" title="Barend Biesheuvel">Barend Biesheuvel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairwoman of the <br /> <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a> of the <br /> <a href="/wiki/NIBC_Bank" title="NIBC Bank">NIBC Bank</a> </b><br />1991–2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Unknown</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Unknown</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairwoman of the <br /> <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a> of the <br /> <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_House_Museum" title="Rembrandt House Museum">Rembrandt House Museum</a> </b><br />2000–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Unknown</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Rector Magnificus of the <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a> </b><br />1991–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Van_Miert" title="Karel Van Miert">Karel Van Miert</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Commissioners_for_Competition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="Template:European Commissioner for Competition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="Template talk:European Commissioner for Competition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Commissioner for Competition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Commissioners_for_Competition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioners for Competition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_der_Groeben" title="Hans von der Groeben">von der Groeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_Sassen" title="Maan Sassen">Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Borschette" title="Albert Borschette">Borschette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Vouel" title="Raymond Vouel">Vouel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Andriessen" title="Frans Andriessen">Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sutherland" title="Peter Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan,_Baron_Brittan_of_Spennithorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Van_Miert" title="Karel Van Miert">Van Miert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Monti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Almunia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/75px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/113px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/150px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Commissioners_from_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Commissioners_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template:European Commissioners from the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Commissioners_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:European Commissioners from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Commissioners_from_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Commissioners from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Commissioners_from_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">European Commissioners from the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicco_Mansholt" title="Sicco Mansholt">Sicco Mansholt</a> (1958–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_Sassen" title="Maan Sassen">Maan Sassen</a> (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lardinois" title="Pierre Lardinois">Pierre Lardinois</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Vredeling" title="Henk Vredeling">Henk Vredeling</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Andriessen" title="Frans Andriessen">Frans Andriessen</a> (1981–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_den_Broek" title="Hans van den Broek">Hans van den Broek</a> (1993–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein" title="Frits Bolkestein">Frits Bolkestein</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a> (2004–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a> (2014–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wopke_Hoekstra" title="Wopke Hoekstra">Wopke Hoekstra</a> (since 2023)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Commission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/European_Commission.svg/100px-European_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/European_Commission.svg/150px-European_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/European_Commission.svg/200px-European_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_transport_and_water_management_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Ministers of Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Ministers of Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_transport_and_water_management_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of ministers of infrastructure of the Netherlands">Ministers of transport and water management of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Ministry of Transport and Water Management</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Lely" title="Cornelis Lely">Lely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Christiaan_de_Marez_Oyens" title="Johannes Christiaan de Marez Oyens">De Marez Oyens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kraus" title="Jacob Kraus">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Veegens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Veegens (page does not exist)">Veegens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kraus" title="Jacob Kraus">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bevers" title="Jean Bevers">Bevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syb_Talma" title="Syb Talma">Talma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Regout" title="Louis Regout">Regout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Lely" title="Cornelis Lely">Lely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrianus_K%C3%B6nig" title="Adrianus König">König</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_van_Swaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard van Swaay (page does not exist)">Van Swaay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Bongaerts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Bongaerts (page does not exist)">Bongaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_van_der_Vegte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik van der Vegte (page does not exist)">Van der Vegte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Reymer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Reymer (page does not exist)">Reymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kalff" title="Jacob Kalff">Kalff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrikus_Colijn" title="Hendrikus Colijn">Colijn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Lidth_de_Jeude" title="Otto van Lidth de Jeude">Van Lidth de Jeude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_van_Buuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan van Buuren (page does not exist)">Van Buuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Lidth_de_Jeude" title="Otto van Lidth de Jeude">Van Lidth de Jeude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Albarda" title="Willem Albarda">Albarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Wijffels" title="Frans Wijffels">Wijffels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Tromp" title="Theo Tromp">Tromp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steef_van_Schaik" title="Steef van Schaik">S. Van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hein_Vos" title="Hein Vos">Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_van_Schaik" title="Josef van Schaik">J. Van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derk_Spitzen" title="Derk Spitzen">Spitzen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Wemmers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Wemmers (page does not exist)">Wemmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Algera" title="Jacob Algera">Algera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Witte" title="Herman Witte">Witte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Aartsen" title="Jan van Aartsen">Van Aartsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Korthals" title="Henk Korthals">Korthals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Aartsen" title="Jan van Aartsen">Van Aartsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Suurhoff" title="Ko Suurhoff">Suurhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bogaers" title="Pieter Bogaers">Bogaers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Suurhoff" title="Ko Suurhoff">Suurhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Quay" title="Jan de Quay">De Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_Bakker" title="Joop Bakker">Bakker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees_Jr." title="Willem Drees Jr.">Drees Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9_Udink" title="Bé Udink">Udink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjerk_Westerterp" title="Tjerk Westerterp">Westerterp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dany_Tuijnman" title="Dany Tuijnman">Tuijnman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Zeevalking" title="Henk Zeevalking">Zeevalking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja_Maij-Weggen" title="Hanja Maij-Weggen">Maij-Weggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koos_Andriessen" title="Koos Andriessen">Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Jorritsma" title="Annemarie Jorritsma">Jorritsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tineke_Netelenbos" title="Tineke Netelenbos">Netelenbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelf_de_Boer" title="Roelf de Boer">De Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karla_Peijs" title="Karla Peijs">Peijs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camiel_Eurlings" title="Camiel Eurlings">Eurlings</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_secretaries_for_transport_and_water_management_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_Secretaries_for_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:State Secretaries for Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:State_Secretaries_for_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:State Secretaries for Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_Secretaries_for_Transport_and_Water_Management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State Secretaries for Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_secretaries_for_transport_and_water_management_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_infrastructure_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_state_secretaries_for_infrastructure" title="List of ministers of infrastructure of the Netherlands">State secretaries for transport and water management of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Ministry of Transport and Water Management</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Stijkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddie Stijkel (page does not exist)">Stijkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Keyzer" title="Mike Keyzer">Keyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siep_Posthumus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siep Posthumus (page does not exist)">Posthumus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_de_Block" title="Leo de Block">De Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Keyzer" title="Mike Keyzer">Keyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelof_Kruisinga" title="Roelof Kruisinga">Kruisinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_Hulten" title="Michel van Hulten">Van Hulten</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kroes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_van_der_Doef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap van der Doef (page does not exist)">Van der Doef</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Scherpenhuizen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Scherpenhuizen (page does not exist)">Scherpenhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_de_Vries" title="Monique de Vries">De Vries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Schultz_van_Haegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanie Schultz van Haegen">Schultz van Haegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tineke_Huizinga" title="Tineke Huizinga">Huizinga</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barroso_Commission_II_(2009–2014)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Barroso_Commission" title="Template:Second Barroso Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Barroso_Commission" title="Template talk:Second Barroso Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Barroso_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Barroso Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barroso_Commission_II_(2009–2014)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a> II (2009–2014)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a><sup>1</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="27" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Manuel_Barroso,_EU-kommissionens_ordforande,_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jose Manuel Barroso, 12th President of the European Commission"><img alt="Jose Manuel Barroso, 12th President of the European Commission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg/100px-Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg/150px-Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg/200px-Jose_Manuel_Barroso%2C_EU-kommissionens_ordforande%2C_under_ett_mote_i_Folketinget_2006-05-19_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice,_Fundamental_Rights_and_Citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship">Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Reicherts" title="Martine Reicherts">Martine Reicherts</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">Competition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siim_Kallas" title="Siim Kallas">Siim Kallas</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Digital_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Digital Agenda">Digital Agenda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Industry_and_Entrepreneurship" title="European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship">Industry and Entrepreneurship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Antonio Tajani</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Nelli_Feroci" title="Ferdinando Nelli Feroci">Ferdinando Nelli Feroci</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Inter-Institutional_Relations_and_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration">Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D" title="Maroš Šefčovič">Maroš Šefčovič</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs_and_the_Euro" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro">Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olli_Rehn" title="Olli Rehn">Olli Rehn</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyrki_Katainen" title="Jyrki Katainen">Jyrki Katainen</a><sup>2</sup> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for the Environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Janez Potočnik">Janez Potočnik</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andris_Piebalgs" title="Andris Piebalgs">Andris Piebalgs</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Internal_Market_and_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services">Internal Market and Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Education,_Culture,_Multilingualism_and_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth">Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androulla_Vassiliou" title="Androulla Vassiliou">Androulla Vassiliou</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union,_Audit_and_Anti-Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud">Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_%C5%A0emeta" title="Algirdas Šemeta">Algirdas Šemeta</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Trade" title="European Commissioner for Trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht" title="Karel De Gucht">Karel De Gucht</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Health_and_Consumer_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalli" title="John Dalli">John Dalli</a> (2010-12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Borg" title="Tonio Borg">Tonio Borg</a> (2012–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Research,_Innovation_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science">Research, Innovation and Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Geoghegan-Quinn" title="Máire Geoghegan-Quinn">Máire Geoghegan-Quinn</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Financial_Programming_and_the_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget">Financial Programming and the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Lewandowski" title="Janusz Lewandowski">Janusz Lewandowski</a> (2010–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Dominik" title="Jacek Dominik">Jacek Dominik</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Damanaki" title="Maria Damanaki">Maria Damanaki</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_International_Cooperation,_Humanitarian_Aid_and_Crisis_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response">International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Energy" title="European Commissioner for Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Oettinger" title="Günther Oettinger">Günther Oettinger</a><sup>2</sup> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Regional_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Regional Policy">Regional Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Climate_Action" title="European Commissioner for Climate Action">Climate Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Hedegaard" title="Connie Hedegaard">Connie Hedegaard</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Enlargement_and_European_Neighbourhood_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy">Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_F%C3%BCle" title="Štefan Füle">Štefan Füle</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Employment,_Social_Affairs_and_Inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion">Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Andor" title="László Andor">László Andor</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Home_Affairs" title="European Commissioner for Home Affairs">Home Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="Cecilia Malmström">Cecilia Malmström</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development">Agriculture and Rural Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Dacian Cioloș</a> (2010–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Health_and_Consumer_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy">Consumer Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neven_Mimica" title="Neven Mimica">Neven Mimica</a> (2013–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1 = <small><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">First Vice President</a>.</small> 2 = <small><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice President</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barroso_Commission_I_(2004–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Barroso_Commission" title="Template:First Barroso Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Barroso_Commission" title="Template talk:First Barroso Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Barroso_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Barroso Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barroso_Commission_I_(2004–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a> I (2004–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a></b><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barrot" title="Jacques Barrot">Jacques Barrot</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Borg" title="Joe Borg">Joe Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht" title="Karel De Gucht">Karel De Gucht</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavros_Dimas" title="Stavros Dimas">Stavros Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benita_Ferrero-Waldner" title="Benita Ferrero-Waldner">Benita Ferrero-Waldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Fige%C4%BE" title="Ján Figeľ">Ján Figeľ</a><sup>10</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Franco Frattini</a><sup>2, 5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariann_Fischer_Boel" title="Mariann Fischer Boel">Mariann Fischer Boel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuta_H%C3%BCbner" title="Danuta Hübner">Danuta Hübner</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siim_Kallas" title="Siim Kallas">Siim Kallas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_(politician)" title="László Kovács (politician)">László Kovács</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva" title="Meglena Kuneva">Meglena Kuneva</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markos_Kyprianou" title="Markos Kyprianou">Markos Kyprianou</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_McCreevy" title="Charlie McCreevy">Charlie McCreevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Michel" title="Louis Michel">Louis Michel</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Orban" title="Leonard Orban">Leonard Orban</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andris_Piebalgs" title="Andris Piebalgs">Andris Piebalgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Janez Potočnik">Janez Potočnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olli_Rehn" title="Olli Rehn">Olli Rehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Samecki" title="Paweł Samecki">Paweł Samecki</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D" title="Maroš Šefčovič">Maroš Šefčovič</a><sup>10</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_%C5%A0emeta" title="Algirdas Šemeta">Algirdas Šemeta</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0pidla" title="Vladimír Špidla">Vladimír Špidla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Antonio Tajani</a><sup>2, 5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androulla_Vassiliou" title="Androulla Vassiliou">Androulla Vassiliou</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen" title="Günter Verheugen">Günter Verheugen</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Wallstr%C3%B6m" title="Margot Wallström">Margot Wallström</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller;"><div>1 = <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a>. 2 = <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice President</a>. 3 = Served from 1 January 2007. 4 = Vassiliou replaced Kyprianou on 3 March 2008. 5 = Tajani replaced Frattini on 18 June 2008. 6 = Ashton replaced Mandelson on 3 October 2008. 7 = Šemeta replaced Grybauskaitė on 1 July 2009. 8 = Samecki replaced Hübner on 4 July 2009. 9 = De Gucht replaced Michel on 17 July 2009. 10 = Šefčovič replaced Figeľ on 1 October 2009.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Lubbers_cabinet_(1986–1989)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Template:Second Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Template talk:Second Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Lubbers_cabinet_(1986–1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Second Lubbers cabinet">Second Lubbers cabinet</a> (1986–1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="First Lubbers cabinet">First Lubbers cabinet</a></li> <li>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Third_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Third Lubbers cabinet">Third Lubbers cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs" title="Ministry of General Affairs">General Affairs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_de_Korte" title="Rudolf de Korte">Rudolf de Korte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Dijk" title="Kees van Dijk">Kees van Dijk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>) <small>(1986–1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs</a>) <small>(<i>Ad interim</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Dijk" title="Kees van Dijk">Kees van Dijk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>) <small>(from 1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_den_Broek" title="Hans van den Broek">Hans van den Broek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onno_Ruding" title="Onno Ruding">Onno Ruding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Korthals_Altes" title="Frits Korthals Altes">Frits Korthals Altes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_van_Eekelen" title="Wim van Eekelen">Wim van Eekelen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) <small>(1986–1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Bukman" title="Piet Bukman">Piet Bukman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) <small>(<i>ad interim</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein" title="Frits Bolkestein">Frits Bolkestein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) <small>(from 1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elco_Brinkman" title="Elco Brinkman">Elco Brinkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Welfare, Health and Culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs</a>) <small>(1986–1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louw_de_Graaf" title="Louw de Graaf">Louw de Graaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a>) <small>(<i>Ad interim</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs</a>) <small>(from 1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Deetman" title="Wim Deetman">Wim Deetman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>) <small>(1986–1989)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Braks" title="Gerrit Braks">Gerrit Braks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>) <small>(<i>Ad interim</i>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Transport and Water Management</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Braks" title="Gerrit Braks">Gerrit Braks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Agriculture and Fisheries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Nijpels" title="Ed Nijpels">Ed Nijpels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Bukman" title="Piet Bukman">Piet Bukman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Trade_and_Development_Cooperation_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (Netherlands)">Development Cooperation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">State Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dieuwke_de_Graaff-Nauta" title="Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta">Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_van_der_Linden" title="René van der Linden">René van der Linden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>) <small>(1986–1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berend-Jan_van_Voorst_tot_Voorst" title="Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst">Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>) <small>(from 1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Koning" title="Henk Koning">Henk Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginie_Korte-van_Hemel" title="Virginie Korte-van Hemel">Virginie Korte-van Hemel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enne%C3%BCs_Heerma" title="Enneüs Heerma">Enneüs Heerma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>) <small>(1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_van_Rooy" title="Yvonne van Rooy">Yvonne van Rooy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>) <small>(from 1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert-Jan_Evenhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert-Jan Evenhuis (page does not exist)">Albert-Jan Evenhuis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>) <small>(1986–1989)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Houwelingen_(politician)" title="Jan van Houwelingen (politician)">Jan van Houwelingen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Dees" title="Dick Dees">Dick Dees</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Welfare, Health and Culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louw_de_Graaf" title="Louw de Graaf">Louw de Graaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Ginjaar-Maas" title="Nell Ginjaar-Maas">Nell Ginjaar-Maas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Brokx" title="Gerrit Brokx">Gerrit Brokx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a>) <small>(1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enne%C3%BCs_Heerma" title="Enneüs Heerma">Enneüs Heerma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a>) <small>(from 1986)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Lubbers_cabinet_(1982–1986)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Template:First Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Template talk:First Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Lubbers cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Lubbers_cabinet_(1982–1986)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Lubbers_cabinet" title="First Lubbers cabinet">First Lubbers cabinet</a> (1982–1986)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Third_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Third Van Agt cabinet">Third Van Agt cabinet</a></li> <li>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Second_Lubbers_cabinet" title="Second Lubbers cabinet">Second Lubbers cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs" title="Ministry of General Affairs">General Affairs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_van_Aardenne" title="Gijs van Aardenne">Gijs van Aardenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koos_Rietkerk" title="Koos Rietkerk">Koos Rietkerk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>) <small>(1982–1986) (<a href="/wiki/Death_in_office" title="Death in office">†</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Korthals_Altes" title="Frits Korthals Altes">Frits Korthals Altes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>) <small>(<i>Ad interim</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_de_Korte" title="Rudolf de Korte">Rudolf de Korte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>) <small>(from 1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_den_Broek" title="Hans van den Broek">Hans van den Broek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onno_Ruding" title="Onno Ruding">Onno Ruding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Korthals_Altes" title="Frits Korthals Altes">Frits Korthals Altes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_de_Ruiter" title="Job de Ruiter">Job de Ruiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elco_Brinkman" title="Elco Brinkman">Elco Brinkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Welfare, Health and Culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Deetman" title="Wim Deetman">Wim Deetman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Transport and Water Management</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Braks" title="Gerrit Braks">Gerrit Braks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Agriculture and Fisheries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Winsemius" title="Pieter Winsemius">Pieter Winsemius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eegje_Schoo" title="Eegje Schoo">Eegje Schoo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Trade_and_Development_Cooperation_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (Netherlands)">Development Cooperation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">State Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marius_van_Amelsvoort" title="Marius van Amelsvoort">Marius van Amelsvoort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_van_Eekelen" title="Wim van Eekelen">Wim van Eekelen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Koning" title="Henk Koning">Henk Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginie_Korte-van_Hemel" title="Virginie Korte-van Hemel">Virginie Korte-van Hemel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_van_Zeil" title="Piet van Zeil">Piet van Zeil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein" title="Frits Bolkestein">Frits Bolkestein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Houwelingen_(politician)" title="Jan van Houwelingen (politician)">Jan van Houwelingen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charl_Schwietert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charl Schwietert (page does not exist)">Charl Schwietert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) <small>(1982)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Hoekzema" title="Willem Hoekzema">Willem Hoekzema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) <small>(from 1982)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_van_der_Reijden" title="Joop van der Reijden">Joop van der Reijden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Welfare, Health and Culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louw_de_Graaf" title="Louw de Graaf">Louw de Graaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelien_Kappeyne_van_de_Coppello" title="Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello">Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs and Employment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Ginjaar-Maas" title="Nell Ginjaar-Maas">Nell Ginjaar-Maas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Leijenhorst" title="Gerard van Leijenhorst">Gerard van Leijenhorst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Scherpenhuizen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Scherpenhuizen (page does not exist)">Jaap Scherpenhuizen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Transport and Water Management</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Ploeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Ploeg (page does not exist)">Ad Ploeg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Agriculture and Fisheries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Brokx" title="Gerrit Brokx">Gerrit Brokx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment">Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Van_Agt_cabinet_(1977–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Template:First Van Agt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Template talk:First Van Agt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Van Agt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Van_Agt_cabinet_(1977–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="First Van Agt cabinet">First Van Agt cabinet</a> (1977–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Den_Uyl_cabinet" title="Den Uyl cabinet">Den Uyl cabinet</a></li> <li>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Second_Van_Agt_cabinet" title="Second Van Agt cabinet">Second Van Agt cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Dries van Agt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs" title="Ministry of General Affairs">General Affairs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wiegel" title="Hans Wiegel">Hans Wiegel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_van_der_Klaauw" title="Chris van der Klaauw">Chris van der Klaauw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Andriessen" title="Frans Andriessen">Frans Andriessen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>) (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_van_Aardenne" title="Gijs van Aardenne">Gijs van Aardenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>) (<i>Ad interim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fons_van_der_Stee" title="Fons van der Stee">Fons van der Stee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Kingdom_Relations_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Kingdom Relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands Antilles Affairs</a>) (from 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_de_Ruiter" title="Job de Ruiter">Job de Ruiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_van_Aardenne" title="Gijs van Aardenne">Gijs van Aardenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelof_Kruisinga" title="Roelof Kruisinga">Roelof Kruisinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) (1977–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) (<i>Ad interim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Scholten" title="Willem Scholten">Willem Scholten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) (1978–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Geus" title="Pieter de Geus">Pieter de Geus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>) (from 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_Ginjaar" title="Leendert Ginjaar">Leendert Ginjaar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Health and Environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil_Albeda" title="Wil Albeda">Wil Albeda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Pais" title="Arie Pais">Arie Pais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dany_Tuijnman" title="Dany Tuijnman">Dany Tuijnman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Transport and Water Management</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fons_van_der_Stee" title="Fons van der Stee">Fons van der Stee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Agriculture and Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Kingdom_Relations_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Kingdom Relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands Antilles Affairs</a>) (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Braks" title="Gerrit Braks">Gerrit Braks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Agriculture and Fisheries</a>) (from 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Beelaerts_van_Blokland" title="Pieter Beelaerts van Blokland">Pieter Beelaerts van Blokland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing and Spatial Planning</a>) (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dany_Tuijnman" title="Dany Tuijnman">Dany Tuijnman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing and Spatial Planning</a>) (from 1981) (<i>Ad interim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Til_Gardeniers-Berendsen" title="Til Gardeniers-Berendsen">Til Gardeniers-Berendsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Culture, Recreation and Social Work</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Ministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Koning_(Christian_Democratic_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal)">Jan de Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Trade_and_Development_Cooperation_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (Netherlands)">Development Cooperation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinus_Peijnenburg" title="Rinus Peijnenburg">Rinus Peijnenburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Education_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_Ministers_without_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands">Science Policy</a>) (1977–1979) (<a href="/wiki/Death_in_office" title="Death in office">†</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_Ginjaar" title="Leendert Ginjaar">Leendert Ginjaar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Education_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_Ministers_without_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands">Science Policy</a>) (<i>Ad interim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ton_van_Trier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton van Trier (page does not exist)">Ton van Trier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Education_of_the_Netherlands#List_of_Ministers_without_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands">Science Policy</a>) (from 1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">State Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Koning" title="Henk Koning">Henk Koning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations" title="Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations">Interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durk_van_der_Mei" title="Durk van der Mei">Durk van der Mei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Nooteboom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Nooteboom (page does not exist)">Ad Nooteboom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>) (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_van_Amelsvoort" title="Marius van Amelsvoort">Marius van Amelsvoort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Finance</a>) (from 1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Haars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Haars (page does not exist)">Bert Haars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ted_Hazekamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ted Hazekamp (page does not exist)">Ted Hazekamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Has_Beyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Has Beyen (page does not exist)">Has Beyen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Policy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands)">Economic Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cees_van_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cees van Lent (page does not exist)">Cees van Lent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_van_Eekelen" title="Wim van Eekelen">Wim van Eekelen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Veder-Smit" title="Els Veder-Smit">Els Veder-Smit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Health and Environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louw_de_Graaf" title="Louw de Graaf">Louw de Graaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment">Social Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_de_Jong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas de Jong (page does not exist)">Klaas de Jong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hermes" title="Ad Hermes">Ad Hermes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Education and Sciences</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neelie Kroes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Water_Management_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)">Transport and Water Management</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Brokx" title="Gerrit Brokx">Gerrit Brokx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Housing and Spatial Planning</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeltien_Kraaijeveld-Wouters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeltien Kraaijeveld-Wouters (page does not exist)">Jeltien Kraaijeveld-Wouters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Culture, Recreation and Social Work</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Wallis_de_Vries" title="Gerard Wallis de Vries">Gerard Wallis de Vries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Culture, Recreation and Social Work</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234485#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234485#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234485#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000357621417">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/200733636">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxJGXjVJ7WmH8P37y68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1017432910">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2012020955">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1017432910.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&oldid=1258689770">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&oldid=1258689770</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_births" title="Category:1941 births">1941 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Rotterdam" title="Category:Businesspeople from Rotterdam">Businesspeople from Rotterdam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_academic_administrators" title="Category:Dutch academic administrators">Dutch academic administrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_corporate_directors" title="Category:Dutch corporate directors">Dutch corporate directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_chief_executives_in_the_finance_industry" title="Category:Dutch chief executives in the finance industry">Dutch chief executives in the finance industry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_European_commissioners" title="Category:Dutch European commissioners">Dutch European commissioners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_expatriates_in_Belgium" title="Category:Dutch expatriates in Belgium">Dutch expatriates in Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_financial_advisors" title="Category:Dutch financial advisors">Dutch financial advisors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_lobbyists" title="Category:Dutch lobbyists">Dutch lobbyists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_members_of_the_Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Category:Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_nonprofit_directors" title="Category:Dutch nonprofit directors">Dutch nonprofit directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_nonprofit_executives" title="Category:Dutch nonprofit executives">Dutch nonprofit executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_women_academics" title="Category:Dutch women academics">Dutch women academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_businesswomen" title="Category:20th-century Dutch businesswomen">20th-century Dutch businesswomen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_businesspeople" title="Category:20th-century Dutch businesspeople">20th-century Dutch businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Erasmus_University_Rotterdam_alumni" title="Category:Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni">Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_commissioners_for_competition" title="Category:European commissioners for competition">European commissioners for competition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion">Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_transport_and_water_management_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Ministers of transport and water management of the Netherlands">Ministers of transport and water management of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Merrill_(company)_people" title="Category:Merrill (company) people">Merrill (company) people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_councillors_of_Rotterdam" title="Category:Municipal councillors of Rotterdam">Municipal councillors of Rotterdam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Nyenrode Business University">Academic staff of Nyenrode Business University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Wassenaar" title="Category:People from Wassenaar">People from Wassenaar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy_politicians" title="Category:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Church_Christians_from_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands">Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana,_2nd_Class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class">Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rectors_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Rectors of universities in the Netherlands">Rectors of universities in the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_Secretaries_for_Transport_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:State Secretaries for Transport of the Netherlands">State Secretaries for Transport of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_European_commissioners" title="Category:Women European commissioners">Women European commissioners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_government_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Women government ministers of the Netherlands">Women government ministers of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_heads_of_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Women heads of universities and colleges">Women heads of universities and colleges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_economists" title="Category:20th-century Dutch economists">20th-century Dutch economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_educators" title="Category:20th-century Dutch educators">20th-century Dutch educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_women_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Dutch women politicians">20th-century Dutch women politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Dutch politicians">20th-century Dutch politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_businesswomen" title="Category:21st-century Dutch businesswomen">21st-century Dutch businesswomen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_businesspeople" title="Category:21st-century Dutch businesspeople">21st-century Dutch businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_economists" title="Category:21st-century Dutch economists">21st-century Dutch economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_women_politicians" title="Category:21st-century Dutch women politicians">21st-century Dutch women politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_politicians" title="Category:21st-century Dutch politicians">21st-century Dutch politicians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)">Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Dutch_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Dutch IPA">Pages with Dutch IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:S-aft:_%27after%27_parameter_includes_the_word_%27unknown%27" title="Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'unknown'">S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'unknown'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:S-bef:_%27before%27_parameter_includes_the_word_%27unknown%27" title="Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'">S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 01:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelie_Kroes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-ggd95","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.919","walltime":"1.148","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17275,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":230464,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26800,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":174810,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 963.956 1 -total"," 36.24% 349.293 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 15.69% 151.260 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.56% 121.101 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 11.04% 106.441 1 Template:IPA"," 11.03% 106.346 18 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 91.383 9 Template:Navbox"," 7.45% 71.824 31 Template:Main_other"," 7.31% 70.508 1 Template:European_Commissioner_for_Competition"," 7.08% 68.236 1 Template:Plainlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.511","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25232650,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-v2f7m","timestamp":"20241130154336","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neelie Kroes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neelie_Kroes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q234485","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q234485","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-03T15:52:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T01:44:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/Neelie_Kroes_%282018%29.jpg","headline":"Dutch politician"}</script> </body> </html>