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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_metrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_metrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Performance metrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_metrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pixel_counts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pixel_counts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pixel counts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pixel_counts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Dynamic range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_film_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_film_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with film photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_film_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with film photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_film_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages_already_in_consumer_level_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_already_in_consumer_level_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Advantages already in consumer level cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_already_in_consumer_level_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_professional_digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_professional_digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Advantages of professional digital cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_professional_digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Disadvantages of digital cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Equivalent features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_aspect_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_aspect_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Frame aspect ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_aspect_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Market impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digitally_altered_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitally_altered_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Digitally altered imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitally_altered_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_photography_and_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_photography_and_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Digital photography and social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_photography_and_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_research_and_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_research_and_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recent research and innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_research_and_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital photography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_fotografie" title="Digitale fotografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Digitale fotografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تصوير رقمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير رقمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99msal_fotoqrafiya" title="Rəqəmsal fotoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqəmsal fotoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лічбавая фатаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лічбавая фатаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="डिजिटल फोटोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डिजिटल फोटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цифрова фотография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цифрова фотография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_digital" title="Fotografia digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotografia digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_fotografie" title="Digitální fotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalfotografie" title="Digitalfotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digitalfotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaalfotograafia" title="Digitaalfotograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Digitaalfotograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_digital" title="Fotografía digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argazkigintza_digital" title="Argazkigintza digital – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argazkigintza digital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عکاسی دیجیتال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی دیجیتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie_num%C3%A9rique" title="Photographie numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photographie numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie_digjit%C3%A2l" title="Fotografie digjitâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fotografie digjitâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianghrafad%C3%B3ireacht_dhigiteach" title="Grianghrafadóireacht dhigiteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianghrafadóireacht dhigiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_dixital" title="Fotografía dixital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotografía dixital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="디지털 사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_fotografija" title="Digitalna fotografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digitalna fotografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_digital" title="Fotografi digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotografi digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuthwebula_kwezezibhangqiwe" title="Ukuthwebula kwezezibhangqiwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuthwebula kwezezibhangqiwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_digitale" title="Fotografia digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotografia digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99" title="צילום דיגיטלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צילום דיגיטלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_dhigital" title="Fotografi dhigital – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotografi dhigital" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaitmenin%C4%97_fotografija" title="Skaitmeninė fotografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skaitmeninė fotografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_digitale" title="Fotografia digitale – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fotografia digitale" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дигитална фотографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дигитална фотографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_digital" title="Fotografi digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotografi digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_fotografie" title="Digitale fotografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitale fotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="デジタル写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタル写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_diggetale" title="Fotografia diggetale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fotografia diggetale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_fotografi" title="Digital fotografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital fotografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_cyfrowa" title="Fotografia cyfrowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotografia cyfrowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_digital" title="Fotografia digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotografia digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цифровая фотография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифровая фотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_digjitale" title="Fotografia digjitale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotografia digjitale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital photography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lna_fotografia" title="Digitálna fotografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Digitálna fotografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дигитална фотографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дигитална фотографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_fotografija" title="Digitalna fotografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Digitalna fotografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaalinen_valokuvaus" title="Digitaalinen valokuvaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digitaalinen valokuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Photography with a digital camera</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Digital_photography" title="Talk:Digital photography">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/220px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/330px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/440px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a> selected by NASA in 1986 (costing US$44 million) contains a 32-bit radiation-hardened 10 MHz processor and 12 MB of <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>, then considered state of the art.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D700-400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/D700-400.jpg/220px-D700-400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/D700-400.jpg/330px-D700-400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/D700-400.jpg/440px-D700-400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D700" title="Nikon D700">Nikon D700</a> — a 12.1-megapixel full-frame DSLR</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_powershot_a95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Canon_powershot_a95.jpg/220px-Canon_powershot_a95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Canon_powershot_a95.jpg/330px-Canon_powershot_a95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Canon_powershot_a95.jpg/440px-Canon_powershot_a95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_A" title="Canon PowerShot A">Canon PowerShot A</a>95</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Digital photography</b> uses <a href="/wiki/Cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameras">cameras</a> containing arrays of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetectors</a> interfaced to an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC) to produce <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> focused by a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a>, as opposed to an exposure on <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitized</a> image is stored as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> ready for further digital processing, viewing, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printing</a>. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a> based on gathering <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> (or for scientific instruments, light in various ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>). </p><p>Until the advent of such technology, <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a> were made by exposing light-sensitive photographic film and paper, which was <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">processed in liquid chemical solutions</a> to develop and stabilize the image. <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">Digital photographs</a> are typically created solely by computer-based <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric</a> and mechanical techniques, without wet bath chemical processing. </p><p>In consumer markets, apart from enthusiast <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">digital single-lens reflex cameras</a> (DSLR), most digital cameras now come with an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder" title="Electronic viewfinder">electronic viewfinder</a>, which approximates the final photograph in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a>. This enables the user to review, <a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">adjust</a>, or delete a captured photograph within seconds, making this a form of <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant photography</a>, in contrast to most photochemical cameras from the preceding era. </p><p>Moreover, the onboard computational resources can usually perform <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> adjustment and <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> adjustment (via inbuilt <a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">servomotors</a>) as well as set the <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> level automatically, so these technical burdens are removed from the photographer unless the photographer feels competent to intercede (and the camera offers traditional controls). Electronic by nature, most digital cameras are instant, mechanized, and automatic in some or all functions. Digital cameras may choose to emulate traditional manual controls (<a href="/wiki/Focus_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus ring">rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode_dial" title="Mode dial">dials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">sprung levers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Push-button" title="Push-button">buttons</a>) or it may instead provide a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> interface for all functions; most <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phones</a> fall into the latter category. </p><p>Digital photography spans a wide range of applications with a long history. Much of the technology originated in the <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space industry</a>, where it pertains to highly customized, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> combined with sophisticated remote <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>. Any electronic <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> can be digitized; this was achieved in 1951. The modern era in digital photography is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a>, which evolved later. An early semiconductor milestone was the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>, first demonstrated in April 1970; since then, the field has advanced rapidly, with concurrent advances in <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithographic fabrication</a>. </p><p>The first consumer <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">digital cameras</a> were marketed in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professionals gravitated to digital slowly, converting as their professional work required using digital files to fulfill demands for faster turnaround than conventional methods could allow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting around 2000, digital cameras were incorporated into cell phones; in the following years, cell phone cameras became widespread, particularly due to their connectivity to <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. Since 2010, the digital point-and-shoot and DSLR cameras have also seen competition from the <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_digital_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless digital camera">mirrorless digital cameras</a>, which typically provide better image quality than point-and-shoot or cell phone cameras but are smaller in size and shape than typical DSLRs. Many mirrorless cameras accept interchangeable lenses and have advanced features through an electronic viewfinder, which replaces the through-the-lens viewfinder of <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">single-lens reflex cameras</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_camera#Digital_cameras" title="History of the camera">History of the camera § Digital cameras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_image#History" title="Digital image">Digital image § History</a></div> <p>While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. The history of digital photography began in the 1950s. In 1951, the first digital signals were saved to magnetic tape via the first video tape recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later, in 1957, the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a> was produced through a computer by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirsch" title="Russell Kirsch">Russell Kirsch</a>. It was an image of his son.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NBSFirstScanImage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/220px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/330px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/440px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4869" data-file-height="5933" /></a><figcaption>First digital image ever created, by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirsch" title="Russell Kirsch">Russell Kirsch</a>. It is an image of his son, Walden.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first semiconductor image sensor was the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD), invented by physicists <a href="/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard S. Boyle">Willard S. Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> at Bell Labs in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While researching the <a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide semiconductor">metal-oxide semiconductor</a> (MOS) process, they realized that an electric charge was analogous to a magnetic bubble and that the charge could be stored on a tiny MOS <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>. As it was fairly straightforward to <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">fabricate</a> a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to the capacitors so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This semiconductor circuit was later used in the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video camera">digital video cameras</a> for <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its invention was recognized by a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first close-up image of Mars was taken as <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> flew by it on July 15, 1965, with a digital camera system designed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>. In 1976, the twin Mars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_Landers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking Landers (page does not exist)"><i>Viking</i> Landers</a> produced the first images from the surface of Mars. The imaging process was different from that of a modern digital camera, though the result was similar; Viking used a mechanically scanned facsimile camera rather than a mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid state</a> sensor elements.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This produced a digital image that was stored on tape for later, relatively slow transmission back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first published color digital photograph was produced in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Tompsett" title="Michael Francis Tompsett">Michael Francis Tompsett</a> using CCD sensor technology and was featured on the cover of <i>Electronics Magazine</i>. It was a picture of his wife, Margaret Tompsett.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cromemco_Cyclops" title="Cromemco Cyclops">Cromemco Cyclops</a>, a digital camera developed as a commercial product and interfaced to a microcomputer, was featured in the February 1975 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i> magazine. It used MOS technology for its <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>. </p><p>An important development in digital <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a> technology was the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> technique first proposed by <a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a> while he was working at the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DCT compression is used in the <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image standard, which was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-t81_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG compresses images down to much smaller file sizes, and has become the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">image file format</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JPEG standard was largely responsible for popularizing digital photography.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first self-contained (portable) digital camera was created in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sasson" title="Steven Sasson">Steven Sasson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sasson's camera used CCD image sensor chips developed by <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black-and-white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was not until 1981 that the first consumer camera was produced by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, the groundwork for digital imaging and photography had been laid.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital single-lens reflex">digital single-lens reflex</a> (DSLR) camera was the <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> SVC prototype demonstrated in 1986, followed by the commercial Nikon QV-1000C released in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first widely commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1; it also sold as the <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> Fotoman. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, and connected directly to a computer for downloading images.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally offered to professional photographers for a hefty price, by the mid-to-late 1990s, due to technology advancements, digital cameras were commonly available to the general public. </p><p>The advent of digital photography also gave way to cultural changes in the field of photography. Unlike film photography, dark rooms and hazardous chemicals were no longer required for the post-production of an image – images could now be processed and enhanced from a personal computer. This allowed photographers to be more creative with their processing and editing techniques. As the field became more popular, digital photography and photographers diversified. Digital photography expanded the field of photography from a small, somewhat elite circle to one that encompassed many people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phone</a> further helped popularize digital photography, along with the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the JPEG image format.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a> with built-in digital cameras were produced in 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small, convenient, and easy to use, camera phones have made digital photography ubiquitous in the daily life of the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_camera">Digital camera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensors</a> are arrays of electronic devices that convert the optical image created by the camera lens into a digital file that is stored in some <a href="/wiki/Digital_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital memory">digital memory</a> device, inside or outside the camera. Each element of the image <a href="/wiki/Sensor_array" title="Sensor array">sensor array</a> measures the <a href="/wiki/Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">intensity</a> of light hitting a small area of the projected image (a <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a>) and converts it to a digital value. </p><p>The two main types of sensors are <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> (CCD)—in which the photo charge is shifted to a central charge-to-voltage converter—and <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Active pixel sensor">active pixel sensors</a>. </p><p>Most cameras for the general consumer market create color images, in which each pixel has a color value from a three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> like <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB color space">RGB</a>. Although there is light-sensing technology that can distinguish the wavelength of the light incident on each pixel, most cameras use monochrome sensors that can only record the intensity of that light, over a broad range of wavelengths that includes all the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. To obtain color images, those cameras depend on color filters applied over each pixel, typically in a <a href="/wiki/Bayer_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer pattern">Bayer pattern</a>, or (rarely) on movable filters or light splitters such as <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic mirror">dichroic mirrors</a>. The resulting grayscale images are then combined to produce a color image. This step is usually performed by the camera itself, although some cameras may optionally provide the unprocessed grayscale images in a so-called <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image format</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_National_Army_commandos_with_the_1st_Tolai,_6th_Special_Operations_Kandak_clear_a_compound_during_an_operation_in_Nejrab_district,_Kapisa_province,_Afghanistan,_Dec._16,_2013_131216-A-CL980-198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Afghan_National_Army_commandos_with_the_1st_Tolai%2C_6th_Special_Operations_Kandak_clear_a_compound_during_an_operation_in_Nejrab_district%2C_Kapisa_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Dec._16%2C_2013_131216-A-CL980-198.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Afghan_National_Army_commandos_with_the_1st_Tolai%2C_6th_Special_Operations_Kandak_clear_a_compound_during_an_operation_in_Nejrab_district%2C_Kapisa_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Dec._16%2C_2013_131216-A-CL980-198.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Afghan_National_Army_commandos_with_the_1st_Tolai%2C_6th_Special_Operations_Kandak_clear_a_compound_during_an_operation_in_Nejrab_district%2C_Kapisa_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Dec._16%2C_2013_131216-A-CL980-198.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Monochromatic image from a <a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">night-vision device</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, some special-purpose cameras, such as those for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal camera">thermal mapping</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Low_light_level_television" title="Low light level television">low light</a> viewing, or <a href="/wiki/High_speed_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed camera">high speed</a> capture, may record only monochrome (<a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a>) images. The <a href="/wiki/Leica_M_Monochrom" title="Leica M Monochrom">Leica Monochrom</a> cameras, for example, opted for a grayscale-only sensor to get better resolution and dynamic range. The reduction from three-dimensional color to grayscale or simulated <a href="/wiki/Sepia_toning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia toning">sepia toning</a> may also be performed by digital <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">post-processing</a>, often as an option in the camera itself. On the other hand, some <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral image">multispectral</a> cameras may record more than three color coordinates for each pixel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multifunctionality_and_connectivity">Multifunctionality and connectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multifunctionality and connectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most digital camera (except some high-end <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">linear array</a> cameras and simple, low-end <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Digital_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital memory">digital memory</a> device is used for storing images, which may be transferred to a computer later. This memory device is usually a <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a>; <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RWs</a> are less common. </p><p>In addition to taking pictures, digital cameras may also record sound and video. Some function as <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a>, some use the <a href="/wiki/PictBridge" title="PictBridge">PictBridge</a> standard to connect to printers without using a computer, and some can display pictures directly on a television set. Similarly, many <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> can take still photographs and store them on <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> cards with the same functionality as <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>. </p><p>Digital photography is an example of the shift from analog information to digital information. In the past, conventional photography was an entirely chemical and mechanical process that did not require electricity. Now, modern photography is a digital process in which analog signals are converted to and stored as digital data using built-in computers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_metrics">Performance metrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance metrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of a digital image is a composite of various factors, many of which are similar to those of film cameras. <a href="/wiki/Pixel_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel count">Pixel count</a> (typically listed in <a href="/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixels</a>, millions of pixels) is only one of the major factors, though it is the most heavily marketed <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_merit" title="Figure of merit">figure of merit</a>. Digital camera manufacturers advertise this figure because consumers can use it to easily compare camera capabilities. It is not, however, the major factor in evaluating a digital camera for most applications. The processing system inside the camera that turns the raw data into a color-balanced and pleasing photograph is usually more critical, which is why some 4+ megapixel cameras perform better than higher-end cameras. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:278px;max-width:278px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matakis_-_blurred.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Matakis_-_blurred.jpg/150px-Matakis_-_blurred.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Matakis_-_blurred.jpg/225px-Matakis_-_blurred.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Matakis_-_blurred.jpg/300px-Matakis_-_blurred.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="2834" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MARTAKIS1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MARTAKIS1.jpg/120px-MARTAKIS1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MARTAKIS1.jpg/180px-MARTAKIS1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MARTAKIS1.jpg/240px-MARTAKIS1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Image at left has a higher <a href="/wiki/Pixel_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel count">pixel count</a> than the one to the right, but lower <a href="/wiki/Spatial_resolution" title="Spatial resolution">spatial resolution</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Resolution in pixels is not the only measure of image quality. A larger sensor with the same number of pixels generally produces a better image than a smaller one. One of the most important benefits of this is a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a>. This is one of the advantages of DSLR cameras, which have larger sensors than simpler point-and-shoot cameras of the same resolution. </p><p>Additional factors that impact the quality of a digital image include: </p> <ul><li><b>Lens quality:</b> resolution, <a href="/wiki/Image_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Image distortion">distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">Lens (optics)</a>)</li> <li><b>Capture medium:</b> CMOS, CCD, <a href="/wiki/Negative_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative film">negative film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal film</a></li> <li><b>Capture format:</b> pixel count, digital file type (<a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">RAW</a>, <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>), <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film format</a> (<a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135 film</a>, <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120 film</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Don't digital cameras, by definition, not use film? Why is 'film format' included here? Does is mean the way in which a camera emulates the optics of these film formats? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> aspect ratio</li> <li><b>Processing:</b> digital or chemical processing of "negative" and "print"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pixel_counts">Pixel counts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pixel counts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> <i>n</i> for a given maximum <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> (<i>w</i> horizontal pixels by <i>h</i> vertical pixels) is the product <i>n</i> = <i>w × h</i>. For example, an image 1600 × 1200 in size has 1,920,000 pixels, or 1.92 megapixels. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pixel_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel count">pixel count</a> quoted by manufacturers can be misleading as it may not be the number of full-color pixels. For cameras using single-chip <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a>, the number claimed is the total number of single-color-sensitive photosensors, whether they have different locations in the plane, as with the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer sensor">Bayer sensor</a>, or in stacks of three co-located photosensors as in the <a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a>. However, the images have different numbers of RGB pixels: Bayer-sensor cameras produce as many RGB pixels as photosensors via <a href="/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a> (interpolation), while Foveon sensors produce uninterpolated image files with one-third as many RGB pixels as photosensors. Comparisons of megapixel ratings of these two types of sensors are sometimes a subject of dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative increase in detail resulting from an increase in resolution is better compared by looking at the number of pixels across (or down) the picture, rather than the total number of pixels in the picture area. For example, a sensor of 2560 × 1600 sensor elements is described as "4 megapixels" (2560 × 1600= 4,096,000). Increasing to 3200 × 2048 increases the pixels in the picture to 6,553,600 (6.5 megapixels), a factor of 1.6, but the pixels per cm in the picture (at the same image size) increases by only 1.25 times. A measure of the comparative increase in linear resolution is the square root of the increase in area resolution (i.e., megapixels in the entire image). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_range">Dynamic range</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dynamic range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both digital and film practical imaging systems have a limited "<a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>": the range of <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> that can be reproduced accurately. <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Highlights</a> of the subject that are too bright are rendered as white, with no detail (<a href="/wiki/Overexposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexposure">overexposure</a>); <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">shadows</a> that are too dark are rendered as black (<a href="/wiki/Underexposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Underexposure">underexposure</a>). The loss of detail in the highlights is not abrupt with film, or in dark shadows with digital sensors. "Highlight burn-out" of digital sensors is not usually abrupt in output images due to the <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapping</a> required to fit their large dynamic range into the more limited dynamic range of the output (be it SDR display or printing). Because sensor elements for different colors saturate in turn, there can be hue or saturation shift in burnt-out highlights. </p><p>Some digital cameras can show these blown highlights in the image review, allowing the photographer to re-shoot the picture with a modified exposure. Others compensate for the total contrast of a scene by selectively exposing darker pixels longer. A third technique is used by Fujifilm in its <a href="/wiki/FinePix_S3_Pro" title="FinePix S3 Pro">FinePix S3 Pro</a> DSLR: the image sensor contains additional <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> of lower sensitivity than the main ones; these retain detail in parts of the image too bright for the main sensor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">High-dynamic-range imaging</a> (HDR) addresses this problem by increasing the dynamic range of images by either </p> <ul><li>increasing the dynamic range of the image sensor, or</li> <li>using exposure <a href="/wiki/Bracketing" title="Bracketing">bracketing</a> and post-processing the separate images to create a single image with a higher dynamic range.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phones</a> and most digital cameras use <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> to store image data. The majority of cards for separate cameras are <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital card">Secure Digital</a> (SD) format, or the older <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a> (CF) format; other formats are rare. <a href="/wiki/XQD_card" title="XQD card">XQD card</a> format was the last new form of card, targeted at high-definition camcorders and high-resolution digital photo cameras. Most modern digital cameras also use <a href="/wiki/Internal_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal memory">internal memory</a> of limited capacity to hold pictures temporarily, regardless of whether or not the camera is equipped with a memory card. These pictures can then be transferred later to a memory card or external device. </p><p>Memory cards can hold vast numbers of photos, requiring attention only when the memory card is full. For most users, this means hundreds of quality photos stored on the same memory card. Images may be transferred to other media for archival or personal use. Cards with high speed and capacity are suited to video and <a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">burst mode</a> (capture several photographs in quick succession). </p><p>Because photographers rely on the integrity of image files, it is important to take proper care of memory cards. One process is <a href="/wiki/Disk_formatting" title="Disk formatting">card formatting</a>, which essentially involves scanning the cards for possible errors. Common advocacy calls for formatting cards after transferring its images onto a computer. Since all cameras only do quick formatting of cards, it is advisable to occasionally carry out a more thorough formatting using appropriate software on a computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_film_photography">Comparison with film photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison with film photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_already_in_consumer_level_cameras">Advantages already in consumer level cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advantages already in consumer level cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary advantage of consumer-level digital cameras is the low recurring cost, as users need not purchase photographic film. Processing costs may be reduced or even eliminated. Digicams tend also to be easier to carry and use than comparable film cameras, and more easily adapt to modern use of pictures. Some, particularly those in <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, can send their pictures directly to email, <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, or other electronic distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_of_professional_digital_cameras">Advantages of professional digital cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advantages of professional digital cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In professional usage, digital cameras offer many advantages in speed, precision, flexibility, ease, and cost. </p> <ul><li><b>Immediacy</b>: image review and deletion are possible immediately; lighting and composition can be assessed immediately, which ultimately conserves storage space.</li> <li><b>Faster workflow</b>: management (color and file), manipulation, and printing tools are more versatile than conventional film processes. However, batch processing of RAW files can be time-consuming, even on a fast computer.</li> <li><b>Faster image ingest</b>: it will take no more than a few seconds to transfer a high-resolution RAW file from a memory card vs many minutes to scan film with a high-quality scanner.</li> <li><b>Flash</b>: using flash in images can provide a different look such as the lighting of the image.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. Is this really an advantage of digital cameras? Film cameras can have flash too. (January 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Higher image quantity</b>: which enables longer photography sessions without changing film rolls. To most users, a single memory card is sufficient for the lifetime of the camera whereas film rolls are a re-incurring cost of film cameras.</li> <li><b>Precision and reproducibility of processing</b>: since processing in the digital domain is purely numerical, <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> using deterministic (non-random) algorithms is perfectly reproducible and eliminates variations common with photochemical processing, and enables otherwise difficult or impractical processing techniques.</li> <li><b>Digital manipulation</b>: a digital image can be modified and manipulated much easier and faster than with traditional negative and print methods.</li></ul> <p>Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a> have promoted the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">digital single-lens reflex cameras</a> (DSLRs) by <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalists</a>. Images captured at 2+ <a href="/wiki/Megapixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixels">megapixels</a> are deemed of sufficient quality for small images in newspaper or magazine reproduction. 8- to 24-megapixel images, found in modern digital SLRs, when combined with high-end lenses, can approximate the detail of film prints from <a href="/wiki/35mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm format">35 mm film</a>-based SLRs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages_of_digital_cameras">Disadvantages of digital cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of digital cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Aliasing</b>: as with any sampled signal, the combination of the periodic pixel structure of common electronic image sensors and periodic structure of photographed objects (typically human-made objects) can cause objectionable <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> artifacts, such as false colors when using cameras using a <a href="/wiki/Bayer_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer pattern">Bayer pattern</a> sensor. Aliasing is also present in film, but typically manifests itself in less obvious ways (such as increased <a href="/wiki/Granularity" title="Granularity">granularity</a>) due to the stochastic grain structure (stochastic sampling) of film.</li> <li><b>Electricity-dependent</b>: digital cameras cannot operate without electricity, usually provided via a battery. In contrast, a large number of mechanical film cameras existed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Leica_M2" title="Leica M2">Leica M2</a>. These battery-less devices had advantages over digital devices in harsh or remote conditions.</li> <li><b>Limited sensor size</b>: a persistent challenge in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor fabrication</a> is that chips much larger than 1 cm<sup>2</sup> are expensive to produce without <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">defects</a>, confining large <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">image sensor formats</a> compatible with traditional <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> optics to professional and <a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">prosumer</a> markets.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equivalent_features">Equivalent features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Equivalent features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Image noise and grain</dt></dl> <p>Noise in a digital camera's image may sometimes be visually similar to <a href="/wiki/Film_grain" title="Film grain">film grain</a> in a film camera. </p> <dl><dt>Speed of use</dt></dl> <p>Turn-of-the-century digital cameras had a long start-up delay compared to film cameras (that is, the delay from when they are turned on until they are ready to take the first shot), but this is no longer the case for modern digital cameras, which have start-up times under 1/4 seconds. </p> <dl><dt>Frame rate</dt></dl> <p>While some film cameras could reach up to 14 frames per second (fps), like the <a href="/wiki/Canon_F-1" title="Canon F-1">Canon F-1</a> with its rare high-speed motor drive, professional DSLR cameras can take still photographs at the highest <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a>. While the Sony SLT technology allows rates of up to 12 fps, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS-1D_X" title="Canon EOS-1D X">Canon EOS-1D X</a> can take stills at a rate of 14 fps. The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F5" title="Nikon F5">Nikon F5</a> is limited to 36 continuous frames (the length of the film) without the cumbersome bulk film back, while the digital <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5" title="Nikon D5">Nikon D5</a> is able to capture over 100 14-bit <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">RAW</a> images before its <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (computer science)">buffer</a> must be cleared and the remaining space on the <a href="/wiki/Storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage media">storage media</a> can be used. </p> <dl><dt>Image longevity</dt></dl> <p>Depending on the materials and how they are stored, analog photographic film and prints may fade as they age. Similarly, the media on which digital images are stored or printed can decay or become corrupt, leading to a loss of image integrity. </p> <dl><dt>Color reproduction</dt></dl> <p>Color reproduction (<a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>) depends on the type and quality of film or sensor used and the quality of the optical system and film processing. Different films and sensors have different color sensitivity; the photographer needs to understand their equipment, the lighting conditions, and the media used to ensure accurate color reproduction. Many digital cameras offer RAW format (sensor data), which makes it possible to choose the color gamut in the development stage regardless of camera settings. </p><p>Even in RAW format, however, the sensor and the camera's dynamics can only capture colors within the gamut supported by the hardware. When that image is transferred for reproduction on any device, the widest achievable gamut is the gamut that the end device supports. For a monitor, it is the gamut of the display device. For a photographic print, it is the gamut of the device that prints the image on a specific type of paper. </p><p>Professional photographers often use specially designed and calibrated monitors that help them to reproduce color accurately and consistently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_aspect_ratios">Frame aspect ratios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Frame aspect ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most digital point-and-shoot cameras have an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> of 1.33 (4:3), the same as <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> or early movies. However, a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> picture's aspect ratio is 1.5 (3:2). Several<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Saying 'several' implies the cameras could be listed. It might be better to say something like 'most' or 'few' or 'modern cameras'...or even 'some'. Of course, the more specific the better. (January 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> digital cameras take photos in either ratio. Nearly all digital SLRs take pictures in a 3:2 ratio, as most can use lenses designed for 35 mm film. Some photo labs print photos on 4:3 ratio paper, as well as the existing 3:2. </p><p>In 2005, Panasonic launched the first consumer camera with a native aspect ratio of 16:9, matching <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>. This is similar to a 7:4 aspect ratio, which was a common size for APS film. </p><p>Different aspect ratios are one of the reasons consumers have issues when cropping photos. An aspect ratio of 4:3 translates to a size of 4.5"×6.0". This loses half an inch when printing on the "standard" size of 4"×6", an aspect ratio of 3:2. Similar cropping occurs when printing on other sizes, such as 5"×7", 8"×10", or 11"×14". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_impact">Market impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Market impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Photographic film</a></div> <p>In late 2002, the cheapest digital cameras in the United States were available for around $100 (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many discount stores with photo labs introduced a "digital front end", allowing consumers to obtain true chemical prints (as opposed to ink-jet prints) in an hour. These prices were similar to those of prints made from film negatives. </p><p>In July 2003, digital cameras entered the <a href="/wiki/Disposable_camera" title="Disposable camera">disposable camera</a> market with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Ritz_Dakota_Digital" title="Ritz Dakota Digital">Ritz Dakota Digital</a>, a 1.2-megapixel (1280 × 960) CMOS-based digital camera costing only $11. Following the familiar single-use concept long in use with film cameras, Ritz intended the Dakota Digital for single use. When the pre-programmed 25-picture limit is reached, the camera is returned to the store, and the consumer receives back prints and a CD-ROM with their photos. The camera is then refurbished and resold. </p><p>Since the introduction of the Dakota Digital, a number of similar single-use digital cameras have appeared. Most single-use digital cameras are nearly identical to the original Dakota Digital in specifications and function, though a few include superior specifications and more advanced functions (such as higher image resolutions and LCD screens). Most, if not all these single-use digital cameras cost less than $20, not including processing. However, the huge demand for complex digital cameras at competitive prices has often caused manufacturing shortcuts, evidenced by a large increase in customer complaints over camera malfunctions, high parts prices, and short service life. Some digital cameras offer only a 90-day warranty. </p><p>Since 2003, digital cameras have outsold film cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices of 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact cameras</a> have dropped with manufacturers further outsourcing to countries such as China. <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> announced in January 2004 that they would no longer sell Kodak-branded film cameras in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2006, <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> followed suit and announced they would stop production of all but two models of their film cameras. They will continue to produce the low-end <a href="/wiki/Nikon_FM10" title="Nikon FM10">Nikon FM10</a>, and the high-end <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F6" title="Nikon F6">Nikon F6</a>. In the same month, <a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a> announced it was pulling out of the camera business altogether. The price of 35 mm and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">Advanced Photo System</a> (APS) compact cameras have dropped, probably due to direct competition from digital cameras and the resulting availability of second-hand film cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> have reduced but not halted production of film cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology has improved so rapidly that one of Kodak's film cameras was discontinued before it was awarded a "camera of the year" award later in the year. </p><p>The decline in film camera sales has also led to a decline in purchases of film for such cameras. In November 2004, a German division of <a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">Agfa-Gevaert</a>, AgfaPhoto, split off. Within six months it filed for bankruptcy. Konica Minolta Photo Imaging, Inc., ended production of color film and paper worldwide by March 31, 2007. In addition, by 2005, Kodak employed less than a third of the employees it had twenty years earlier. It is not known if these job losses in the film industry have been offset in the digital image industry. Digital cameras have decimated the film photography industry through the declining use of the expensive film rolls and development chemicals previously required to develop the photos. This has had a dramatic effect on companies such as <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa">Agfa</a>. Many stores that formerly offered <a href="/wiki/Photofinishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photofinishing">photofinishing</a> services or sold film no longer do, or have seen a tremendous decline. In 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy after struggling to adapt to the changing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27Arcy_Norman,_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_(4728847341).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg/220px-D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg/330px-D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg/440px-D%27Arcy_Norman%2C_Professional_iPhone_Photographer_%284728847341%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>A man takes a photo with a smartphone, holding it somewhat awkwardly, as the <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">form factor</a> of a phone is not optimized for use as a camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital camera sales peaked in March 2012, averaging about 11 million units a month, but sales have declined significantly ever since. By March 2014, about 3 million were purchased each month, about 30 percent of the peak sales total. The decline may have bottomed out, with sales average hovering around 3 million a month. The main competitor is <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, most of which have built-in digital cameras and are routinely improved. Like most digital cameras, they also offer the ability to record videos.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While smartphones continue to improve on a technical level, their <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">form factor</a> is not optimized for use as a camera, and their battery life is typically more limited compared to a digital camera. </p><p>Digital photography has resulted in some positive market impacts as well. The increasing popularity of products such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo_frame" title="Digital photo frame">digital photo frames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canvas_print" title="Canvas print">canvas prints</a> is a direct result of the increasing popularity of digital photography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital photography has made photography available to a larger group of people. New technology and editing programs available to photographers have changed the way photographs are presented to the public. Photographs can be heavily manipulated or <a href="/wiki/Photoshopped" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshopped">photoshopped</a> to look completely different from the originals. Until the advent of the digital camera, amateur photographers used either print or <a href="/wiki/Slide_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide film">slide film</a> for their cameras. Slides had to be developed and shown to an audience using a <a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">slide projector</a>. Digital photography eliminated the delay and cost of film. Consumers became able to view, transfer, edit, and distribute digital images with ordinary home computers rather than using specialized equipment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phones</a> have recently had a large impact on photography. Users can set their <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> to upload products to the Internet, preserving images even if the camera is destroyed or the photos deleted. Some high-street photography shops have self-service kiosks that allow images to be printed directly from smartphones via <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> technology. </p><p>Archivists and historians have noticed the transitory nature of digital media. Unlike film and print which are tangible, digital image storage is ever-changing, with old media and decoding software becoming obsolete or inaccessible by new technologies. Historians are concerned that this is creating a historical void where information is being silently lost within failed or inaccessible digital media. They recommend that professional and amateur users develop strategies for <a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">digital preservation</a> by migrating stored digital images from old technologies to new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbookers</a> who may have used film for creating artistic and personal memoirs may need to modify their approach to use and personalize digital photo books, thereby retaining the special qualities of traditional photo albums. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> has been a popular medium for storing and sharing photos ever since the first photograph was published online by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> in 1992 (an image of the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> house band <a href="/wiki/Les_Horribles_Cernettes" title="Les Horribles Cernettes">Les Horribles Cernettes</a>). Today, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing site">photo sharing sites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PhotoBucket" class="mw-redirect" title="PhotoBucket">PhotoBucket</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">social websites</a>, are used by millions of people to share their pictures. Digital photography and social media allow organizations and corporations to make photographs more accessible to a greater and more diverse population. For example, National Geographic Magazine has Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram accounts, each of which includes content aimed at the specific audiences found on its platform.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital photography has also impacted other fields, such as medicine. It has allowed doctors to help diagnose <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic retinopathy</a>, and is used in hospitals to diagnose and treat other diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digitally_altered_imagery">Digitally altered imagery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Digitally altered imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">media art</a>, digital photos are often edited, manipulated, or combined with other <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a> is a related process in which digital photos are created using a scanner. </p><p>New technology in digital cameras and computer editing affects the way photographic images are now perceived. The ability to create and fabricate realistic imagery digitally—as opposed to untouched photos—changes the audience's perception of "truth" in digital photography.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital manipulation enables pictures to adjust the perception of reality, both past and present, and thereby shape people's identities, beliefs, and opinions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_photography_and_social_media">Digital photography and social media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital photography and social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_Photo!_(except_me_%26_Natalya)_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg/220px-Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg/330px-Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg/440px-Class_Photo%21_%28except_me_%26_Natalya%29_-_Photo_Adventure_Day_-_USCAD_Creative_Digital_Photography_Class_-_May_23_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4606" data-file-height="3291" /></a><figcaption>Modern day students have more access to photography classes as a result of digital photography's ease in comparison to film.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its early stages, photography was mainly used for physically preserving a family's heritage. It has now evolved into a key part of individual identity in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet users often personally photograph and repost pictures that revolve around the ways they want to personally express themselves and their chosen aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the invention of digital photography, photographs became less destructible and more easily maintained throughout the years, living across all types of digital devices. Digital photography advanced the use of photos for communication and identity rather than as a means of remembering.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widespread access to digital photography has greatly influenced social behavior. The phrase "pics or it didn't happen" reflects the notion that one's life experiences can only be verified by others through photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Filter_(social_media)" title="Filter (social media)">Filters</a> are commonly used in social digital photography, some of which reflect the nostalgic gap left by the disappearance of film photography. Filters that emulated traditional analog effects (such as film grain, scratches, fading, and polaroid borders) grew immensely in popularity alongside the idea of social photography, the causal sharing of everyday images.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social photos differ from "true" photography as they are not meant to carry the same value or artistic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_research_and_innovation">Recent research and innovation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recent research and innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of today, advancements in digital photography have sky-rocketed due to the introduction of mirrorless cameras. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their cutting-edge technology, portability, and versatility, being more compact and innovative, mirrorless cameras are preferred. With its manual controls, adjustable settings, interchangeable lenses, and having an electronic viewfinder or LCD screen<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to display images straight from the sensor,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mirrorless cameras have the advantage over DSLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While mirrorless cameras also provide quick autofocus, silent operations, and quick shooting rates, they also have some drawbacks, like a restricted range of lenses and a shorter battery life. However, progress still continues. As of 2024, ongoing advancements in mirrorless technology continue to address these limitations, solidifying their position as a leading choice for photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of mirrorless cameras has changed digital photography. These cameras are popular for their modern tech, portability, and versatility. Unlike DSLRs, mirrorless cameras have electronic viewfinders or LCD screens for previewing photos and manual controls. They are smaller and lighter, but may have fewer lens options and shorter battery life. Ongoing improvements are making them even better.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrorless cameras give photographers new ways to shoot, like seeing previews on the LCD screen.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrorless cameras brought big changes to photography. They do not have the bulky parts of DSLRs, so they are smaller and easier to carry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also quiet, good for discreet shooting like weddings or wildlife photography.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic viewfinders show details like exposure and focus, helping photographers take better shots.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New autofocus systems make capturing moving subjects easier and more accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, mirrorless cameras are changing photography with their compact size, advanced features, and quiet operation. As they improve, they are becoming essential tools for photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research and development continues to refine the lighting, optics, sensors, processing, storage, display, and software used in digital photography. Here are a few examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_models" class="mw-redirect" title="3D models">3D models</a> can be <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction_from_multiple_images" title="3D reconstruction from multiple images">created from collections of normal images</a>. The resulting scene can be viewed from novel viewpoints, but creating the model is very computationally intensive. An example is <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Photosynth" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Live Labs Photosynth">Microsoft's Photosynth</a>, which provided some models of famous places as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic photographs</a> can be created directly in camera without the need for any external processing. Some cameras feature a <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography#3D_Panorama" title="Panoramic photography">3D Panorama</a> capability, combining shots taken with a single lens from different angles to create a sense of depth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual-reality_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual-reality photography">Virtual-reality photography</a>, the interactive visualization of photos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">High-dynamic-range</a> cameras and displays are commercially available. Sensors with dynamic range in excess of 1,000,000:1 are in development, and software is also available to combine multiple non-HDR images (shot with different <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposures</a>) into an HDR image.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">Motion blur</a> can be dramatically removed by a <a href="/wiki/Coded_exposure_photography" title="Coded exposure photography">flutter shutter</a> (a flickering shutter that adds a signature to the blur, which postprocessing recognizes).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not yet commercially available.</li> <li>Advanced <a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a> techniques use a hardware system of 2 sensors, one to take the photo as usual while the other records depth information. Bokeh effect and refocusing can then be applied to an image after the photo is taken.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In advanced cameras or camcorders, manipulating the sensitivity of the sensor with two or more <a href="/wiki/Neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral density filter">neutral density filters</a>.</li> <li>An object's <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a> can be captured using computer-controlled lights and sensors. This is needed to create attractive images of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil paintings</a>, for instance. It is not yet commercially available, but some museums are starting to use it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_reduction_system" title="Dust reduction system">Dust reduction systems</a> help keep dust off of image sensors. Originally introduced only by a few cameras like Olympus DSLRs, they have now become standard in most models and brands of detachable lens cameras, except the low-end or cheap ones.</li></ul> <p>Other areas of progress include improved sensors, more powerful software, advanced camera processors (sometimes using more than one processor; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_7D" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 7D">Canon 7D</a> camera has two Digic 4 processors), enlarged <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> displays, built-in GPS and Wi-Fi, and computer-controlled lighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation" title="Automatic image annotation">Automatic image annotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">Camcorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimping" title="Chimping">Chimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">Design rule for Camera File system</a> (DCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></li> <li>Digital <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_microscope" title="Digital microscope">Digital microscope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_microscope" title="USB microscope">USB microscope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photo_frame" title="Digital photo frame">Digital photo frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Print_Order_Format" title="Digital Print Order Format">Digital Print Order Format</a> (DPOF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">Digital watermarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> (Exchangeable image file format)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagged_photograph" title="Geotagged photograph">Geotagged photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">High-dynamic-range imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR_cameras" title="Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras">Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_brands" title="List of digital camera brands">List of digital camera brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_proofing" title="Online proofing">Online proofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw image format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerrin2014" class="citation book cs1">Merrin, William (2014). <i>Media Studies 2.0</i>. Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415638630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415638630"><bdi>978-0415638630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Studies+2.0&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415638630&rft.aulast=Merrin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleditchHand2012" class="citation book cs1">Middleditch, Steve; Hand, Di (2012). <i>Design For Media: A Handbook for Students and Professionals in Journalism</i>. Routledge. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405873666" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405873666"><bdi>978-1405873666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+For+Media%3A+A+Handbook+for+Students+and+Professionals+in+Journalism&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1405873666&rft.aulast=Middleditch&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Hand%2C+Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuwer" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Nuwer, Rachel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-inventor-of-videotape-recorders-didnt-live-to-see-blockbusters-fall-180947594/">"The Inventor of Videotape Recorders Didn't Live to See Blockbuster's Fall"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025205229/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-inventor-of-videotape-recorders-didnt-live-to-see-blockbusters-fall-180947594/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Inventor+of+Videotape+Recorders+Didn%27t+Live+to+See+Blockbuster%27s+Fall&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fthe-inventor-of-videotape-recorders-didnt-live-to-see-blockbusters-fall-180947594%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2007" class="citation news cs1">Hernandez, Paul (2007-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2007/05/fiftieth-anniversary-first-digital-image-marked">"Fiftieth Anniversary of First Digital Image Marked"</a>. <i>NIST</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929174632/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2007/05/fiftieth-anniversary-first-digital-image-marked">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=Fiftieth+Anniversary+of+First+Digital+Image+Marked&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2Ffiftieth-anniversary-first-digital-image-marked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Janesick2001" class="citation book cs1">James R. Janesick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyE4SWytn4C&pg=PA3"><i>Scientific charge-coupled devices</i></a>. 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NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1782664882" title="Special:BookSources/1782664882"><bdi>1782664882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martian+Landscape&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=1782664882&rft.aulast=Mutch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C20%26q%3Dmartian%2Blandscape%26btnG%3D%23d%3Dgs_cit%26t%3D1701977714821%26u%3D%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253Ar1xDF8BhP_sJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D2%2526hl%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography," in <i>Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE</i>, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, January 1967 (August 1965, San Francisco). "Mariner is unique in that the pictures were converted to the 6-bit digital form in the spacecraft. The digital signals were transmitted at a very slow rate (8 1/3 bits/sec) and decoded and reformatted in the 7094 computer before being presented to the film recording equipment on computer tape. Thus, there are no digitizing and synchronizing problems, and the operation consists merely of producing the digitally recorded film."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082222/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mariner.pdf">"Mariner to Mercury, Venus, and Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Facts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mariner.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigiCam+History+Dot+Com&rft.atitle=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digicamhistory.com%2F1990.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digibarn.com/collections/cameras/dycam-model1/index.html">"Dycam Model 1: The world's first consumer digital still camera"</a>. <i>DigiBarn computer museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017230744/http://www.digibarn.com/collections/cameras/dycam-model1/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigiBarn+computer+museum&rft.atitle=Dycam+Model+1%3A+The+world%27s+first+consumer+digital+still+camera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fcollections%2Fcameras%2Fdycam-model1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn Said, "DYCAM Model 1: The first portable Digital Still Camera", <i>MacWeek</i>, vol. 4, No. 35, 16 Oct. 1990, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister2013" class="citation book cs1">Lister, Martin (2013). <i>The Photographic Image in Digital Culture</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+Digital+Cameras+Work&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fcameras-photography%2Fdigital%2Fdigital-camera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popphoto.com/howto/4276/foveon-x3-sensor-claims-put-to-the-test.html">Foveon X3 Sensor Claims Put to the Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013144153/http://www.popphoto.com/howto/4276/foveon-x3-sensor-claims-put-to-the-test.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kegel.com/cameras.html">"Digital Cameras - Dec 2002"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210141336/http://kegel.com/cameras.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Cameras+-+Dec+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kegel.com%2Fcameras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/1039455/digitalfilm.html">"Digital outsells film, but film still king to some"</a>. <i>Macworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135843/https://www.macworld.com/article/1039455/digitalfilm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Digital+outsells+film%2C+but+film+still+king+to+some&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F1039455%2Fdigitalfilm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Tony (2004-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/20/kodak_to_drop_35mm_cameras/">"Kodak to drop 35mm cameras in Europe, US"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+to+drop+35mm+cameras+in+Europe%2C+US&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.date=2004-01-20&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2004%2F01%2F20%2Fkodak_to_drop_35mm_cameras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223212543/http://www.pdnonline.com/pdn/prodtech/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001843429&imw=Y">"Nikon to End Many Film-Related Products"</a>. 2006-01-11. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfar.umd.edu/~aagrawal/sig06/sig06Main.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coded+Exposure+Photography%3A+Motion+Deblurring+using+Fluttered+Shutter&rft.aulast=Raskar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft.au=Amit+Agrawal&rft.au=Jack+Tumblin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfar.umd.edu%2F~aagrawal%2Fsig06%2Fsig06Main.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Rehm2014" class="citation web cs1">Lars Rehm (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.dpreview.com/post/9386067747/htc-launches-one-m8">"HTC launches One M8 with new 'Duo Camera'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003195918/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/9386067747/htc-launches-one-m8">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTC+launches+One+M8+with+new+%27Duo+Camera%27&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.au=Lars+Rehm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect.dpreview.com%2Fpost%2F9386067747%2Fhtc-launches-one-m8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_photography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.cs.duke.edu/~parr/photography/faq.html">Digital Photography – FAQ</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Electronic circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">Flip-flop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a> (HIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">Emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasable_programmable_logic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasable programmable logic device">Erasable programmable logic device</a> (EPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">Macrocell array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">Programmable logic array</a> (PLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">Programmable logic device</a> (PLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">Programmable Array Logic</a> (PAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Array_Logic" title="Generic Array Logic">Generic Array Logic</a> (GAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">Complex programmable logic device</a> (CPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">Field-programmable object array</a> (FPOA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">Digital signal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_minimization_for_Boolean_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization for Boolean functions">Circuit minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">Switching circuit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_equivalent" title="Gate equivalent">Gate equivalent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_and_route" title="Place and route">Place and route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placement_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Placement (electronic design automation)">Placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">Routing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-level_modeling" title="Transaction-level modeling">Transaction-level modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">Register-transfer level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">Synchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">Asynchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical state machine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony#Digital_telephony" title="Telephony">Digital telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Design issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastability_(electronics)" title="Metastability (electronics)">Metastability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runt_pulse" title="Runt pulse">Runt pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_art" title="Template:Digital art"><abbr title="View this 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title="Computer art">Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_3D_printing" title="Applications of 3D printing">3D printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal-generating_software" title="Fractal-generating software">Fractal-generating software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation software">Animation software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art_scene" title="Computer art scene">Computer art scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_art" title="Glitch art">Glitch art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering#Artistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Elwes" title="Jake Elwes">Jake Elwes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Em" title="David Em">David Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Klingemann" title="Mario Klingemann">Mario Klingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson" title="Lynn Hershman Leeson">Lynn Hershman Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Paglen" title="Trevor Paglen">Trevor Paglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ridler" title="Anna Ridler">Anna Ridler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rubin_(artist)" title="Ben Rubin (artist)">Ben Rubin (artist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Utterback" title="Camille Utterback">Camille Utterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_Van_Arman" title="Pindar Van Arman">Pindar Van Arman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dress_Up" title="Jesus Dress Up">Jesus Dress Up</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listening_Post_(artwork)" title="Listening Post (artwork)">Listening Post (artwork)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_To_Rise" title="Remember To Rise">Remember To Rise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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