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id="toc-Defeat_and_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Defeat and retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پل داقلاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل داقلاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas" title="Paul Douglas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Douglas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Howard_Douglas" title="Paul Howard Douglas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Howard Douglas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas" title="Paul Douglas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Douglas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پل داگلاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل داگلاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(homme_politique)" title="Paul Douglas (homme politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Douglas (homme politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Փոլ Դուգլաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Դուգլաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="פול דאגלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול דאגלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas" title="Paul Douglas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Douglas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81)" title="بول دوجلاس (مؤلف) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول دوجلاس (مؤلف)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ポール・ダグラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ダグラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_(%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Дуглас, Пол (экономист) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуглас, Пол (экономист)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(politiker)" title="Paul Douglas (politiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Douglas (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пол Дуглас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Дуглас" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Paul Douglas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg/220px-Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg/330px-Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Paul_Douglas_1959_Alt_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Douglas <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1959</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Brooks">Charles W. Brooks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Charles H. Percy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">Chicago City Council</a><br />from the 5th Ward</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1939–1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James J. Cusack Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bertram B. Moss</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Howard Douglas</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-03-26</span>)</span>March 26, 1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a>, U.S</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 24, 1976<span style="display:none">(1976-09-24)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Dorothy Wolff</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1915; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1930)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Taft_Douglas" title="Emily Taft Douglas">Emily Taft</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>economist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/25px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/38px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/50px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> Lieutenant colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/22px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/33px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/44px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/22px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/33px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/44px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> (2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Robert_Anderson_Seligman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman">Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bronfenbrenner" title="Martin Bronfenbrenner">Martin Bronfenbrenner</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Howard Douglas</b> (March 26, 1892 – September 24, 1976) was an American politician and <a href="/wiki/Georgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgist">Georgist</a> economist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he served as a U.S. senator from Illinois for eighteen years, from 1949 to 1967. During his Senate career, he was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in Massachusetts and raised in Maine, Douglas graduated from <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. He served as a professor of economics at several schools, most notably the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and earned a reputation as a reformer while a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">Chicago City Council</a> (1939–1942). During World War II, he served in the U.S. Marine Corps, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel and becoming known as a war hero. </p><p>He first married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Wolff_Douglas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Wolff Douglas (page does not exist)">Dorothy Wolff</a> in 1915. They had four children. He divorced her in 1930 and a year later married <a href="/wiki/Emily_Taft_Douglas" title="Emily Taft Douglas">Emily Taft Douglas</a>, a U.S. representative from Illinois's <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois's At-large congressional district">At-large district</a> (1945–1947). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas was born on March 26, 1892, in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a>, the son of Annie (Smith) and James Howard Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was four, his mother died of natural causes and his father remarried. His father was an abusive husband and his stepmother, unable to obtain a divorce, left her husband and took Douglas and his older brother to <a href="/wiki/Onawa,_Maine" title="Onawa, Maine">Onawa, Maine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Piscataquis_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscataquis County">Piscataquis County</a>, where her brother and uncle had built a resort in the woods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academia_and_family_life">Academia and family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academia and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Douglas_1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Paul_Douglas_1925.png/220px-Paul_Douglas_1925.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Paul_Douglas_1925.png 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Douglas during his time teaching at Amherst College, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>Douglas graduated from <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa key</a> in 1913. He then moved on to Columbia University, where he earned a master's degree in 1915 and a PhD in economics in 1921. In 1915, he married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Wolff (page does not exist)">Dorothy Wolff</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> who also earned a Ph.D. at Columbia University. </p><p>From 1915 to 1920, the Douglases moved six times. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>; taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois system">University of Illinois</a> and at Oregon's <a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a>; served as a mediator of <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor</a> disputes for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board_Merchant_Fleet_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation">Emergency Fleet Corporation</a> of Pennsylvania; and taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. When working for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, he read <a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a>'s journals. When teaching in Seattle, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>. </p><p>In 1919, Douglas took a job teaching economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Although Douglas enjoyed his job, his wife was unable to obtain a job at the university due to anti-<a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> rules. When she obtained a job at <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>, in Massachusetts, she persuaded her husband to move the family there. He would then start teaching at <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>. In 1930 the couple divorced; Dorothy Wolff Douglas began a romantic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Katharine_DuPre_Lumpkin" title="Katharine DuPre Lumpkin">Katharine DuPre Lumpkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorothy took custody of their four children, and Douglas returned to Chicago. The following year, Douglas met and married <a href="/wiki/Emily_Taft_Douglas" title="Emily Taft Douglas">Emily Taft Douglas</a>, daughter of sculptor <a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft" title="Lorado Taft">Lorado Taft</a> and a distant cousin of former president <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. Emily was a political activist, former actress, and subsequent one-term congresswoman at-large from Illinois (1945–47). </p><p>Douglas was listed as a supporter of banking reforms suggested by University of Chicago economists in 1933 that were later referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Chicago_plan" title="Chicago plan">Chicago plan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, he coauthored with five other notable economists a draft proposal titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Program_for_Monetary_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="A Program for Monetary Reform">A Program for Monetary Reform</a></i>. The Chicago plan and <i>A Program for Monetary Reform</i> generated much interest and discussion among lawmakers, but the suggested reforms did not result in any new legislation. </p><p>Douglas is probably best known to economics students as the co-author of the 1928 article with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cobb_(economist)" title="Charles Cobb (economist)">Charles Cobb</a> that first laid out the <a href="/wiki/Cobb-Douglas_production_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobb-Douglas production function">Cobb-Douglas production function</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_service_and_city_politics">Government service and city politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government service and city politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 1920s drew to a close, Douglas got more involved in politics. He served as an economic advisor to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> of Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> of New York. Along with Chicago lawyer <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a>, he launched a campaign against public utility tycoon <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a>'s stock market manipulations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Working with the state legislature, he helped draft laws regulating utilities and establishing <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">old-age pensions</a> and unemployment insurance. By the early 1930s, he was vice chairman of the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Independent_Political_Action" title="League for Independent Political Action">League for Independent Political Action</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor Party</a>'s national committee, and treasurer of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Commonwealth_Political_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Commonwealth Political Federation (page does not exist)">American Commonwealth Political Federation</a>. </p><p>A registered <a href="/wiki/Independent_(voter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (voter)">Independent</a>, Douglas felt that the Democratic Party was too corrupt and the Republican Party was too reactionary, views that he expressed in a 1932 book, <i>The Coming of a New Party</i>, in which he supported the creation of a party similar to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That year, he supported <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> for President of the United States. </p><p>After Roosevelt's victory in the election, Douglas, at the recommendation of his friend Harold Ickes, was appointed to serve on the Consumers' Advisory Board of the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a>. In 1935, however, the Supreme Court ruled that the Administration was unconstitutional, and it was abolished. </p><p>That year, Douglas made his first foray into electoral politics, campaigning for the endorsement of the local Republican Party for mayor of Chicago. Although the party endorsed someone else, Douglas continued to work with them to get their candidate elected to the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> from the 5th Ward. A strong Socialist candidate split the reform vote, however, and Democratic Party candidate James Cusack was elected. </p><p>Four years later, in 1939, Cusack came up for re-election, and Douglas joined a group of reform-minded Independents that <a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">drafted</a> Douglas. During the municipal election cycle, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Kelly" title="Edward Joseph Kelly">Edward Joseph Kelly</a> was challenged for re-election and attempted to shore up his reputation by lending his support to Douglas' campaign. With Kelly's help and his own dogged campaigning, Douglas managed a narrow victory over Cusack in a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff election</a>. </p><p>Douglas usually found himself in the minority in the Chicago City Council. His attempts to reform the public education system and lower public transportation fares were met with derision and he typically ended up on the losing end of 49–1 votes. "I have three degrees," Douglas once said after a particularly hard-fought rout. "I have been associated with intelligent and intellectual people for many years. Some of these aldermen haven't gone through the fifth grade. But they're the smartest bunch of bastards I ever saw grouped together."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1942 United States Senate election in Illinois">In 1942</a>, Douglas joined the Democratic Party and ran for its nomination for the United States Senate. He had the support of a cadre of left-wing activists, but the machine supported the state's at-large Congressman <a href="/wiki/Raymond_S._McKeough" title="Raymond S. McKeough">Raymond S. McKeough</a> for the nomination. On the day of the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a>, Douglas carried 99 of the state's 102 counties, but McKeough's strong support in Cook County allowed him to win a slim majority. McKeough would go on to lose in the general election to incumbent Republican senator <a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">C. Wayland Brooks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg/220px-Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg/330px-Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg/440px-Rifle-Qual-Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Pvt. Paul Douglas performs a rifle inspection with his drill instructor aboard Marine Corps Recruit Depot S.C., 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>As alderman, Douglas had worked with <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a></i> publisher <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> in fighting corruption in Chicago. Knox, who had been Republican vice-presidential nominee in 1936, had become <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>, thus responsible for both the navy and the Marine Corps. </p><p>Shortly after losing the primary, Douglas resigned from the Chicago City Council. With the aid of Knox, Douglas enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> on May 15, 1942, at the age of 50,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the oldest recruit in the history of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island">Parris Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entering service as a private, Douglas was placed in an ordinary platoon and received no waivers aside from his teeth and eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the 57th Street Meeting of the Quakers, Douglas recognized that joining the Marines was contrary to the traditional testimony of that group against war and offered to resign his membership; the meeting refused to release him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Douglas was kept stateside, writing training manuals and giving inspirational speeches to troops, and quickly rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant#United_States" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of Knox and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>, Douglas was commissioned as a captain on November 24, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requesting combat duty, he was subsequently sent to the Pacific theater of operations with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Battle of Peleliu</a>, Douglas initially served as an <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> in the 1st Marine Division headquarters before being assigned <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)#Continental_staff_system" title="Staff (military)">R-1 (personnel officer)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment" title="5th Marine Regiment">5th Marine Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the second day of the battle, Captain Douglas received permission to head to the front where he found work as a mobile regimental troubleshooter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> for carrying ammunition to the front lines under enemy fire and earned his first <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> when he was grazed by <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> while carrying <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a> ammunition to the front lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that six-week battle, while investigating some random fire shootings, Douglas was shot at as he uncovered a two-foot-wide cave. He then killed the Japanese soldier inside at which point he wondered whether his enemy might be an economics professor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after returning to <a href="/wiki/Pavuvu" title="Pavuvu">Pavuvu</a>, Douglas received notice that his wife, Emily Taft Douglas, had won the election for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Illinois's at-large congressional district">Illinois's at-large congressional district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months later, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>, Douglas earned his second <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>. A volunteer rifleman in an infantry platoon, he was helping to carry wounded from <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion_5th_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion 5th Marines">3rd Battalion 5th Marines</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri</a> line when a burst of machine gun fire tore through his left arm, severing the main nerve and leaving it permanently disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a thirteen-month stay in the <a href="/wiki/National_Naval_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Naval Medical Center">National Naval Medical Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, Douglas was given an honorable discharge as a lieutenant colonel with full disability pay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_civilian_life">Return to civilian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to civilian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Douglas left the service he returned to teach at the University of Chicago around 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947 he was awarded the highest honor in the economics profession when he was elected president of the American Economic Association.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But soon Douglas found himself at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">faculty at Chicago</a>, stating, "... I was disconcerted to find that the economic and political conservatives had acquired almost complete dominance over my department and taught that market decisions were always right and profit values the supreme ones ... If I stayed, it would be in an unfriendly environment."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unhappy with the situation at the university, Paul turned his attention to Illinois politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_campaign">Senate campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1948 United States Senate election in Illinois">1948 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></div> <p>While Douglas had been serving in the Marines, his wife, Emily, had been nominated to run against <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Day" title="Stephen A. Day">Stephen A. Day</a>, who had succeeded McKeough. Although she had defeated Day in the 1944 election, a Republican upsurge had unseated her in 1946, the same year that Douglas left the Marines. </p><p>Deciding to enter politics once again, Douglas let it be generally known that he wished to seek the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Governor of Illinois</a> in 1948. Cook County machine boss <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Arvey" title="Jacob Arvey">Jacob Arvey</a>, however, had a different plan. At the time, several scandals had broken out over the machine's activities, and Arvey decided that Douglas, a scholar and war hero with a reputation for incorruptibility, would be the perfect nominee to run against Senator Brooks. Since Brooks was hugely popular in the state and had a large campaign warchest, Arvey decided that there was no danger of Douglas winning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The top two thirds of the Illinois Democratic slate for the 1948 election then became Paul Douglas for senator and <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> for governor. </p><p>At the outset of the campaign, Douglas' chances looked slim. As a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>, he had tried to draft General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> for president, calling President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> "incompetent."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Douglas, however, proved to be a tenacious campaigner. He stumped across the state in a Jeep station wagon for the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, civil rights, repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Act">Taft-Hartley Act</a>, more public housing, and more social security programs. During six months of non-stop campaigning, he traveled more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) around the state and delivered more than 1,100 speeches. When Senator Brooks refused to debate him, Douglas debated an empty chair, switching from seat to seat as he provided both his and Brooks' answers. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>, Douglas won an upset victory, taking 55 percent of the vote and defeating the incumbent by a margin of more than 407,000 votes. Stevenson won the race for governor by a wide margin, but there was no <a href="/wiki/Coattails_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coattails effect">coattails effect</a> from president to senator to governor, as President Truman, campaigning for re-election, won the state by a slim 33,600 votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senator">Senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office,_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_a_gold_membership_card_in_the_American_Guild_of_Variety..._-_NARA_-_200172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Douglas (3rd from left) in the Oval Office, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>As senator, Douglas soon earned a reputation as an unconventional liberal, concerned as much with fiscal discipline as with passing the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a>. He was also a passionate crusader for civil rights (Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> described him as "the greatest of all the Senators"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). At the opening of the <a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th United States Congress</a> in January 1957, a session that would see the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> in September, Douglas was the only senator to defy custom and vote against the confirmation of segregationist <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a> as the chairman of the Judiciary Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas also earned fame as an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> spending. Early in his first term, he grabbed headlines when, magnifying glass and atlas in hand, he strode to the Senate floor and, referring to a pork barrel project for the dredging of the Josias river in Maine, defied anyone to find the river in the atlas. When Maine's <a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Owen Brewster</a> objected and pointed out the millions of dollars in pork going to Illinois, Douglas offered to cut his state's share by 40%. </p><p>Appointed to chair the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Joint Economic Committee</a>, Douglas led a series of hard-hitting investigations into fiscal mismanagement in government and appeared on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> for January 22, 1951. A profile of him in that issue was entitled "The Making of a Maverick."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952 he was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the American Statistical Association">Fellow of the American Statistical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a> approached, a groundswell of support arose for a Douglas candidacy for president. The <a href="/wiki/National_Editorial_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Editorial Association">National Editorial Association</a> ranked him the second-most-qualified man, after Truman, to receive the Democratic presidential nomination, and a poll of 46 Democratic insiders revealed him to be a favorite for the nomination if Truman stepped aside. </p><p>Douglas, however, refused to be considered as a candidate for president, instead backing the candidacy of Senator <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> of Tennessee, a folksy, <a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">coonskin cap</a>-wearing <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> who had become famous for his televised investigations into <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. Douglas stumped across the country for Kefauver and stood next to him at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 Democratic National Convention</a> when Kefauver was defeated by Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>. Four years later, in 1956, he remained publicly neutral, feeling that openly opposing Stevenson's drive for the nomination and supporting Kefauver would damage his standing with his state party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to his battles for equal rights for African Americans and less pork barrel spending, Douglas was also known for his fights for environmental protection, public housing, and <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth in lending">truth in lending</a> laws. He opposed real estate <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> but was forced to allow a 1949 provision in a public housing bill making it possible for suburbs to reject low-income housing. He also authored the Consumer Credit Protection Act, a bill that forced lenders to state the terms of a loan in plain language and restricted the ability of lenders to discriminate on the basis of gender, race, or income. Although the bill was not passed during his term of office, it became law in 1968. </p><p>As a believer in <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a> economics, Douglas regretting not being able to do more to advance <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value tax</a> while in the Senate. Douglas told <a href="/wiki/Mason_Gaffney" title="Mason Gaffney">Mason Gaffney</a> that he even regretted leaving local politics, where he saw more opportunity to implement Georgist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Douglas perhaps jokingly asked <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> to forgive him for his silence in the Senate on what he considered to be the important land values problem.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some other liberals, Douglas was an opponent of a <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a> program, claiming the <a href="/wiki/Wagner-Murray-Dingell_Bill" title="Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill">Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill</a> supported by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> went too far.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas was an ardent supporter of the disproven cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Krebiozen" title="Krebiozen">Krebiozen</a>, and in the early 1960s sponsored senate hearings in support of the discredited treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defeat_and_retirement">Defeat and retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defeat and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1966 United States Senate election in Illinois">1966 election</a>, Douglas, then 74, ran for a fourth term in office against Republican <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Charles H. Percy</a>, a wealthy businessman and former student of his. A confluence of events, including Douglas's age and sympathy for Percy over the then-recent and presently still unsolved murder of his daughter, Valerie, caused Douglas to lose the election in an upset. </p><p>After losing his seat in the Senate, Douglas taught at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">the New School</a>, chaired a commission on housing, and wrote books, including an autobiography, <i>In the Fullness of Time</i>. </p><p>In the early 1970s, he had a stroke and withdrew from public life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On September 24, 1976, he died at his home. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> near the University of Chicago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A memorial marker at the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island">Marine Corps training base at Parris Island</a> reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">DOUGLAS VISITORS CENTER <p>in Memory of SENATOR PAUL H. DOUGLAS 1892 ~ 1976 </p> Graduating from <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island">Parris Island</a> in 1942 as a 50-year-old Private, Mr. Douglas was an inspiration to all. He rose to the rank of Major while serving in the Pacific Theater where he was wounded at Peleliu and Okinawa. Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel. The former economics professor later served as a U.S. Senator from Illinois. By his personal courage, fortitude and leadership, the Honorable Paul H. Douglas demonstrated the personal traits characteristic of Marine leaders.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM494G">[1]</a></div> </blockquote> <p>From 1986 to 1997, the U.S. Department of Education awarded the Paul Douglas Teacher Scholarship in Douglas's honor. </p><p>In 1992 the University of Illinois, Institute of Government and Public Affairs established the Paul H. Douglas Award for Ethics in Government as part of the celebration of the senator's 100th birthday, and in recognition of his outstanding service to the nation. </p><p>The Paul Douglas Forest Preserve in Hoffman Estates, Illinois is named for him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas was entitled to campaign participation credit ("battle stars") for Capture and Occupation of the Southern Palau Islands (Peleliu), and Assault and Occupation of Okinawa Gunto </p> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22V%22_device,_brass.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valor device"><img alt="V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/22px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/33px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/44px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/22px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/33px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/44px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/106px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/159px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/212px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/106px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/159px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/212px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 63px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> <br />with <a href="/wiki/Combat_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat V">Combat V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> <br />with Gold Star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a> <br />with 1 <a href="/wiki/Star_polygons_in_art_and_culture" title="Star polygons in art and culture">star</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> <br />with two campaign stars </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Douglas was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Douglas, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Program_for_Monetary_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="A Program for Monetary Reform">A Program for Monetary Reform</a></i> (1939)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDouglas" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/douglas-paul_we-need-land-reform-1987.htm">"We Need Land Reform"</a>. <i>Incentive Taxation</i> (September, 1987)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Incentive+Taxation&rft.atitle=We+Need+Land+Reform&rft.issue=September%2C+1987&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperative-individualism.org%2Fdouglas-paul_we-need-land-reform-1987.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biles (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720074453/http://www.bowdoin.edu/economics/curriculum-requirements/douglas-biography.shtml">"Paul douglas Biography (Bowdoin – Economics)"</a>. <i>www.bowdoin.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/economics/curriculum-requirements/douglas-biography.shtml">the original</a> on July 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bowdoin.edu&rft.atitle=Paul+douglas+Biography+%28Bowdoin+%E2%80%93+Economics%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Feconomics%2Fcurriculum-requirements%2Fdouglas-biography.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2019" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083182610"><i>Sisters and rebels : a struggle for the soul of America</i></a> (1st ed.). New York, NY. pp. 299–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04799-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04799-8"><bdi>978-0-393-04799-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083182610">1083182610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+and+rebels+%3A+a+struggle+for+the+soul+of+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=299-305&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083182610&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04799-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jacquelyn+Dowd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083182610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1992" class="citation cs2">Phillips, Ronnie J. (June 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp/76.pdf"><i>The 'Chicago Plan' and New Deal Banking Reform, Working Paper No. 76</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/The_Levy_Economics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levy Economics Institute">The Levy Economics Institute</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Chicago+Plan%27+and+New+Deal+Banking+Reform%2C+Working+Paper+No.+76&rft.pub=The+Levy+Economics+Institute&rft.date=1992-06&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ronnie+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levyinstitute.org%2Fpubs%2Fwp%2F76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"School Trustee Walker Denies Douglas Charge". <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>. May 15, 1942. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=School+Trustee+Walker+Denies+Douglas+Charge&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1942-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson2021" class="citation web cs1">Manson, Shane (April 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2559706/oldest-recruit-in-the-history-of-parris-island/">"Oldest Recruit in the History of Parris Island"</a>. The United States Marine Corps<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Even though thousands of visitors have walked the halls of the Douglas Visitor Center, very few know the story of the man behind the namesake, who became the oldest recruit in the history of Parris Island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Recruit+in+the+History+of+Parris+Island&rft.pub=The+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F2559706%2Foldest-recruit-in-the-history-of-parris-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas(1972), p.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Mayer" title="Milton Mayer">Milton Mayer</a>, <i>The Nature of the Beast</i>. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870231766" title="Special:BookSources/0870231766">0870231766</a>), p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"On His Merits". <i>Decatur Herald</i>. Decatur, Illinois. November 27, 1942. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decatur+Herald&rft.atitle=On+His+Merits&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1942-11-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Now He's a Captain". <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>. November 25, 1942. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=Now+He%27s+a+Captain&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1942-11-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSledge2010" class="citation book cs1">Sledge, E.B. (2010). <i>With the Old Breed</i>. New York: Presidio Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-906-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-906-8"><bdi>978-0-89141-906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Old+Breed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-906-8&rft.aulast=Sledge&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas(1972), p.119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sledge-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sledge_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sledge_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sledge(1990), p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas(1972), p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas(1972), p.121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul H. Douglas, In the Fulness of Time, 1972, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/honors_awards/officerspast.php">"American Economic Association"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Economic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Fhonors_awards%2Fofficerspast.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, In the Fulness of Time, 1972, pp. 127-128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriner2003" class="citation news cs1">Merriner, James L. (March 9, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/03/09/illinois-liberal-giant-paul-douglas/">"Illinois' liberal giant, Paul Douglas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Illinois%27+liberal+giant%2C+Paul+Douglas&rft.date=2003-03-09&rft.aulast=Merriner&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2003%2F03%2F09%2Fillinois-liberal-giant-paul-douglas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wil Haygood, Showdown: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court Nomination That Changed America, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2015, 9780385353168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cover stories on Douglas in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> issues dated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601500116,00.html">January 16, 1950</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601510122,00.html">January 22, 1951</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amstat.org/awards/fellowslist.cfm">View/Search Fellows of the ASA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616161612/https://www.amstat.org/awards/fellowslist.cfm">Archived</a> June 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 2016-07-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffney" class="citation web cs1">Gaffney, Mason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonground-usa.net/gaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm">"Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stimulus%3A+The+False+and+the+True+Mason+Gaffney&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonground-usa.net%2Fgaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1972" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Paul (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infullnessoftime00doug"><i>In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas</i></a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-144376-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-144376-9"><bdi>0-15-144376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+fullness+of+time%3B+the+memoirs+of+Paul+H.+Douglas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-15-144376-9&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfullnessoftime00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiles2023" class="citation journal cs1">Biles, Roger (December 14, 2023). "Paul H. Douglas, McCarthyism, and the Senatorial Election of 1954". <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 52–67. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40193487">40193487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Paul+H.+Douglas%2C+McCarthyism%2C+and+the+Senatorial+Election+of+1954&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-67&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40193487%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Biles&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ "Krebiozen Analyzed". Time. 1963-09-13. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/paul-howard-douglas">"Paul Howard Douglas"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Paul+Howard+Douglas&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fpaul-howard-douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+Douglas&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DPaul%2BDouglas%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Biles, Roger. <i>Crusading Liberal: Paul H. Douglas of Illinois</i> (2002), the standard scholarly biography</li> <li>Biles, Roger. "Paul H Douglas, McCarthyism and the Senatorial Election of 1954," <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> 95#1 2002. pp 52+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1972" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Paul H. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infullnessoftime00doug"><i>In the Fullness of Time;: The Memoirs of Paul H. Douglas</i></a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-144376-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-144376-9"><bdi>0-15-144376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Fullness+of+Time%3B%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Paul+H.+Douglas&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-15-144376-9&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfullnessoftime00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSledge1990" class="citation book cs1">Sledge, Eugene B. (1990). <i>With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506714-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506714-2"><bdi>0-19-506714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Old+Breed%3A+At+Peleliu+and+Okinawa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-506714-2&rft.aulast=Sledge&rft.aufirst=Eugene+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hartley, Robert E. <i>Battleground 1948: Truman, Stevenson, Douglas, and the Most Surprising Election in Illinois History</i> (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Douglas_(politician)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Douglas (politician)">Paul Douglas (politician)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressD000456" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000456">"Paul Douglas (id: D000456)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Paul+Douglas+%28id%3A+D000456%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DD000456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Douglas+%28Illinois+politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/phdouglas.html">Biographical Essay from University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://igpa.uillinois.edu/ethics">Link to U. of Illinois Paul Douglas Ethics in Government Award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017162530/https://igpa.uillinois.edu/ethics">Archived</a> October 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/114">A collection of letters and works written by Paul Douglas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.DOUGLAS">Guide to the Paul H. Douglas Papers 1938–1946</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_S._McKeough" title="Raymond S. McKeough">Raymond S. McKeough</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1948 United States Senate election in Illinois">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1954 United States Senate election in Illinois">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1960 United States Senate election in Illinois">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1966 United States Senate election in Illinois">1966</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">Roman Pucinski</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Brooks">Charles W. Brooks</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois"> U.S. senator (Class 2) from Illinois</a> </b><br />1949–1967 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Scott W. Lucas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett M. Dirksen</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Charles H. Percy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template talk:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">United States senators from Illinois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Baker" title="David J. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Robinson_(Illinois_politician)" title="John M. Robinson (Illinois politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McRoberts" title="Samuel McRoberts">McRoberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Semple" title="James Semple">Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">S. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson" title="William Alexander Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(politician,_born_1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Yates (politician, born 1815)">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medill_McCormick" title="Medill McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Deneen" title="Charles S. Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Slattery" title="James M. Slattery">Slattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="United States Senate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Edwards" title="Ninian Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Kane" title="Elias Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_D._Ewing" title="William Lee D. Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Young" title="Richard M. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">Breese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Oglesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Farwell" title="Charles B. Farwell">Farwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Mason_(American_politician)" title="William E. Mason (American politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Hopkins" title="Albert J. Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lorimer_(politician)" title="William Lorimer (politician)">Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Y._Sherman" title="Lawrence Y. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._McKinley" title="William B. McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_F._Glenn" title="Otis F. Glenn">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Dieterich" title="William H. Dieterich">Dieterich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Tyler_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Tyler Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Stevenson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Dixon" title="Alan J. Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_81st–89th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_81st–89th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s delegation(s) to the 81st–89th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">S. Lucas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">A. Sabath</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Church" title="Ralph E. Church">R. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/C._W._Bishop" title="C. W. Bishop">C. W. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">T. Gordon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gorski" title="Martin Gorski">M. Gorski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sid_Simpson" title="Sid Simpson">S. Simpson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Vursell" title="Charles W. Vursell">C. Vursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rolla_C._McMillen" title="Rolla C. McMillen">R. McMillen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Jenison" title="Edward H. Jenison">E. Jenison</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_V._Buckley" title="James V. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Chesney" title="Chester A. Chesney">C. Chesney</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Hoffman" title="Richard W. Hoffman">R. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_A._Jonas" title="Edgar A. Jonas">E. Jonas</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Neil_J._Linehan" title="Neil J. Linehan">N. Linehan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Velde" title="Harold H. Velde">H. Velde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">A. Sabath</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/C._W._Bishop" title="C. W. Bishop">C. W. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">T. Gordon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sid_Simpson" title="Sid Simpson">S. Simpson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Vursell" title="Charles W. Vursell">C. Vursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Jenison" title="Edward H. Jenison">E. Jenison</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fred_E._Busbey" title="Fred E. Busbey">F. Busbey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Hoffman" title="Richard W. Hoffman">R. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_A._Jonas" title="Edgar A. Jonas">E. Jonas</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Velde" title="Harold H. Velde">H. Velde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Vail" title="Richard B. Vail">R. Vail</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_E._McVey" title="William E. McVey">W. McVey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Sheehan" title="Timothy P. Sheehan">T. Sheehan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/C._W._Bishop" title="C. W. Bishop">C. W. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">B. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">T. Gordon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sid_Simpson" title="Sid Simpson">S. Simpson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Vursell" title="Charles W. Vursell">C. Vursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fred_E._Busbey" title="Fred E. Busbey">F. Busbey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Hoffman" title="Richard W. Hoffman">R. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_A._Jonas" title="Edgar A. Jonas">E. Jonas</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Velde" title="Harold H. Velde">H. Velde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_E._McVey" title="William E. McVey">W. McVey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Sheehan" title="Timothy P. Sheehan">T. Sheehan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Bowler_(politician)" title="James Bowler (politician)">J. Bowler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">T. Gordon</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sid_Simpson" title="Sid Simpson">S. Simpson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Vursell" title="Charles W. Vursell">C. Vursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Hoffman" title="Richard W. Hoffman">R. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Velde" title="Harold H. Velde">H. Velde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_E._McVey" title="William E. McVey">W. McVey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Sheehan" title="Timothy P. Sheehan">T. Sheehan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Bowler_(politician)" title="James Bowler (politician)">J. Bowler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boyle" title="Charles A. Boyle">C. Boyle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_C._Murray" title="James C. Murray">J. Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">T. Gordon</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sid_Simpson" title="Sid Simpson">S. Simpson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Vursell" title="Charles W. Vursell">C. Vursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_E._McVey" title="William E. McVey">W. McVey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Sheehan" title="Timothy P. Sheehan">T. Sheehan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Bowler_(politician)" title="James Bowler (politician)">J. Bowler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boyle" title="Charles A. Boyle">C. Boyle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Byrne" title="Emmet Byrne">E. Byrne</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Russell_W._Keeney" title="Russell W. Keeney">R. Keeney</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">L. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boyle" title="Charles A. Boyle">C. Boyle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elmer_J._Hoffman" title="Elmer J. Hoffman">E. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edna_O._Simpson" title="Edna O. Simpson">E. Simpson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elmer_J._Hoffman" title="Elmer J. Hoffman">E. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">B. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rowan_Finnegan" title="Edward Rowan Finnegan">E. Finnegan</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elmer_J._Hoffman" title="Elmer J. Hoffman">E. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rowan_Finnegan" title="Edward Rowan Finnegan">E. Finnegan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._McLoskey" title="Robert T. McLoskey">R. McLoskey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Ronan" title="Daniel J. Ronan">D. Ronan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gale_Schisler" title="Gale Schisler">G. Schisler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32075879">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427235/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXhdW6dmVC9mKxFwD6rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124386881">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50027506">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12368083n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12368083n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00794935">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2011637916&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071028595">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200705314">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563355505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:douglas.paul-howard">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000456">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/809953">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124386881.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032701233">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582573">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xd1fsd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&oldid=1257938707">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)&oldid=1257938707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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