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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British chemist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Stenhouse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg/220px-John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg/330px-John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg/440px-John_Stenhouse_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">John Stenhouse in 1873</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-10-21</span>)</span>21 October 1809<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1880<span style="display:none">(1880-12-31)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">John Stenhouse's respirator, betorcinol and <a href="/wiki/Erythritol" title="Erythritol">erythritol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London, 1871</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">organic chemistry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Owens College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Stenhouse</b> <small><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of London">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry">FIC</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Chemical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Chemical Society">FCS</a></small> (21 October 1809 – 31 December 1880) was a British chemist. In 1854, he invented one of the first practical <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirators</a>. </p><p>He was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society</a> in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterston_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterston-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stenhouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png/220px-John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>John Stenhouse's respirator</figcaption></figure> <p>John Stenhouse was born in <a href="/wiki/Barrhead" title="Barrhead">Barrhead</a> in Glasgow on 21 October 1809. He was the eldest son of William Stenhouse, a calico-printer in the family firm of John Stenhouse & Co of 302 High Street,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glasgow, and Elizabeth Currie;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the only one of their children to survive beyond infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After education at the Glasgow Grammar School, he studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> from 1824 to 1828. Initially he intended to pursue a career in literature, but later his interests switched to chemistry, which he studied first under Professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> at the university and then under Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a> at Anderson's University in Glasgow (now part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>, one of whose buildings is named after him). During 1837–1839, he attended the chemical lectures at Glasgow University, whence he left to pursue chemistry research for two years under <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> in Germany. He then returned to Glasgow. In 1841 he was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society of London</a>. In 1848 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> of London. He received an honorary doctorate (LLD) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Society_1881_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Society_1881-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early years Stenhouse had been living on a fortune that had been left to him in his father's will. However, in 1850 the Glasgow Commercial Exchange Company failed<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his inheritance was lost. He then sought a professorship at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Owens College</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, but was unsuccessful. However, in February 1851 he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry to the medical school at <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a> in London. (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">August Kekulé</a> (1829-1896), who would become an eminent organic chemist, was one of his laboratory assistants during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1857 Stenhouse suffered a stroke,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which left him partially paralyzed and forced him to resign his position. He left England to convalesce with his mother in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (then still part of Italy) until her death in February 1860. In June of that year he returned to England and opened a laboratory in an outbuilding of an abandoned factory on Rodney Street, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cross,_London" title="King's Cross, London">King's Cross, London</a>; there he supported himself by assaying, consulting, and performing other contract work.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also recommenced his researches in chemistry, even though he could not perform experiments with his own hands. He hired assistants (mainly graduates from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Chemistry" title="Royal College of Chemistry">Royal College of Chemistry</a>) to do the work for him.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These assistants included <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Meldola" title="Raphael Meldola">Raphael Meldola</a> (1849-1915), who would become an eminent organic chemist, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Groves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Groves (page does not exist)">Charles E. Groves</a> (1841-1920), who co-authored of many of Stenhouse's papers, which ultimately numbered in excess of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Society_1881_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Society_1881-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1865 to 1870 he was an assayer to the Royal Mint (where his former professor Thomas Graham was Master of the Mint). In 1871 he received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the Royal Society for his chemical researches. In 1877 he became a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry. He died a natural death on 31 December 1880, age 72, at his home in <a href="/wiki/Pentonville" title="Pentonville">Pentonville</a>, Islington, London<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in the "New Cemetery" of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a> now partly absorbed by a car park (north of the cathedral). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stenhouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stenhouse focused on organic chemistry, particularly the chemical products of plants—and the derivatives that could be made from those products—which were of medical or commercial value; e.g., Stenhouse discovered betorcinol,<sup id="cite_ref-JCS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a homologue of <a href="/wiki/Orcinol" title="Orcinol">orcinol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erythritol" title="Erythritol">erythritol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which are found in <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. He also discovered <a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">lead trinitro-orcinate</a> now commonly used in non-corrosive <a href="/wiki/Priming_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Priming composition">priming compositions</a>, even though this application was only developed decades after his death. </p><p>He was the author of many ingenious and useful inventions in dyeing (patents 13 Oct 1855 and 12 June 1856), waterproofing (patents 8 Jan 1861 and 21 Jan 1862), sugar manufacture, and tanning; but he will always be known for his application of the absorbent properties of wood charcoal to disinfecting and deodorising purposes in the form of charcoal air-filters and charcoal respirators, which have proved of great value (patents 19 July 1860 and 21 May 1867).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other patents which he took out was one for the manufacture of glue (7 May 1857) and another for the manufacture or preparation of materials for sizing or dressing yarns and textile fabrics (29 April 1868).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stenhouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Waterston-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterston_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaterstonMacmillan_Shearer2006" class="citation book cs1">Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113303/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf"><i>Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society of Edinburgh">The Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902198-84-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902198-84-5"><bdi>978-0-902198-84-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783-2002%3A+Biographical+Index&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=978-0-902198-84-5&rft.aulast=Waterston&rft.aufirst=Charles+D&rft.au=Macmillan+Shearer%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rse.org.uk%2Ffellowship%2Ffells_indexp2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stenhouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glasgow Post Office Directory 1809</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1809 William Stenhouse, a merchant of Glasgow, married Elizabeth, second daughter of George Currie, Esq., at Nesbit. Marriage notice: <i>The Athenaeum</i> ... (London, England), vol. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185">page 185</a> (1809).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Stronach, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Stenhouse,_John_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Stenhouse, John (DNB00)">"Stenhouse, John"</a>, <i>Dictionary of National biography, 1885-1900</i>, vol. 54, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abocAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">page 149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"survive beyond infancy" -- page 185 of <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i>, vol. 39, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=CT8813900177&JournalCode=CT">pages 185-188</a> (1881). Note: Much of the information in this source is reprinted in: <ul><li>Obituary: "John Stenhouse, LL.D., F.R.S.", <i>Nature</i>, vol. 23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fH0CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA244">pages 244-245</a> (13 January 1881).</li> <li>"Obituary notices of fellows deceased," <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>, vol. 31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vt2FOl_eH5MC&pg=PR19">pages xix-xxi</a> (1880-1881).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chemical_Society_1881-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chemical_Society_1881_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chemical_Society_1881_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 186 of <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i> (1881).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><i>The Bankers' Magazine; Journal of the Money Market and Railway Digest</i> (London, England), vol. 10, pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iw5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA446">446</a>, 515, 574 and 575 (1850).</li> <li>John Francis and I. Smith Homans, <i>History of the Bank of England, Its Times and Traditions, from 1694 to 1844</i> (New York, New York: Offices of the Bankers' Magazine, 1862), pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFwuDqDlTBkC&pg=PA399">399</a>-400.</li> <li>Richard Saville, <i>Bank of Scotland: A History, 1695-1995</i> (Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USQkqlHTfnAC&pg=PA353">page 353</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph S. Fruton, <i>Methods and Styles in the Development of Chemistry</i> (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Pc_C5C_vWkC&pg=PA107">page 107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah Gay (20 March 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/62/1/51.full">“Technical assistance in the world of London science, 1850–1900,”</a> <i>Notes & Records of the Royal Society</i>, vol. 62, no. 1, pages 51-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>English Mechanic and World of Science</i> ... , vol. 32, no. 824, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OWtDwfCHgcC&pg=PA419">page 419</a> (7 January 1881).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JCS_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenhouseGroves1880" class="citation journal cs1">Stenhouse, John; Groves, Charles E. (January 1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1880/CT/ct8803700395">"XXII.—Contributions to the history of the orcins. Betorcinol and some of its derivatives – Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions (RSC Publishing)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i>. <b>37</b>: 395–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCT8803700395">10.1039/CT8803700395</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions&rft.atitle=XXII.%E2%80%94Contributions+to+the+history+of+the+orcins.+Betorcinol+and+some+of+its+derivatives+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions+%28RSC+Publishing%29&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=395-407&rft.date=1880-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT8803700395&rft.aulast=Stenhouse&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Groves%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2FContent%2FArticleLanding%2F1880%2FCT%2Fct8803700395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stenhouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the process of studying the chemistry of erythritol (which he called "erythroglucin"), Stenhouse discovered the explosive <a href="/wiki/Erythritol_tetranitrate" title="Erythritol tetranitrate">erythritol tetranitrate</a>. See: John Stenhouse (1 January 1849) "Examination of the proximate principles of some of the lichens. Part II," <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> (London), vol. 139, pages 393-401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyndham D. Miles (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/gasmask/stenhouse.html">“The velvet-lined gas mask of John Stenhouse,”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517111612/http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/gasmask/stenhouse.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Armed Forces Chemical Journal</i>, vol. 12, no. 3, pages 24-25. See also: John Stenhouse (1855) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfkAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53">“On the Economical Applications of Charcoal to Sanitary Purposes,”</a> <i>Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain ...</i>, vol. 2, pages 53-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Stenhouse,_John" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stenhouse, John">Stenhouse, John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. 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