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(PDF) Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="-NTiOzhK-pTY6UnHnTWxl4wjR1VAXXUARubCdeXYIYFSzuuOaYBWLF5vvSbAjVj4ucPBODkqiWEpP8btIJbHhg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ladislav Šmejda" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/59272/17212/11213893/s200_ladislav._mejda.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://zcu.academia.edu/LadislavSmejda" /> <meta name="description" content="Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have" /> <title>(PDF) Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '5e761fc7f2723937bfa23c00d57d97019322a224'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740643347000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740643347000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have affected the present nature of the archaeological record must be assessed prior to designing any GIS project in archaeology. This paper highlights some issues emanating from this matter for a GIS user and introduces an approach that may enrich the current spectrum of spatial techniques in archaeology. The traditional intra-site spatial analysis based on the concept of geographical space is complemented with new experiments, where the spatial investigation is understood more broadly. An attempt is made to map a multidimensional formal space in GIS, which has its coordinate system defined by the proncipal component factor analysis conducted on mortuary data. The exposition demonstrates that GIS can successfully model many archaeological phenomena, be they primarily geographic or not. The key idea here is that GIS tools are able to analyze general problems including those not related to geography, on the condition that they can be translated into models of spatial nature (e.g. some formal topological model).","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ladislav Šmejda","url":"https://zcu.academia.edu/LadislavSmejda"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2010-02-12","dateModified":"2014-04-22","headline":"Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/710311/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Archaeology","Spatial Analysis","Factor analysis","Geographic Information Systems (GIS)"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"zcu"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/710311/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: 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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":710311,"identifier":"Attachment_710311","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":214532,"created_at":"2010-02-12T17:13:54.877-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T18:02:42.509-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have affected the present nature of the archaeological record must be assessed prior to designing any GIS project in archaeology. This paper highlights some issues emanating from this matter for a GIS user and introduces an approach that may enrich the current spectrum of spatial techniques in archaeology. The traditional intra-site spatial analysis based on the concept of geographical space is complemented with new experiments, where the spatial investigation is understood more broadly. An attempt is made to map a multidimensional formal space in GIS, which has its coordinate system defined by the proncipal component factor analysis conducted on mortuary data. The exposition demonstrates that GIS can successfully model many archaeological phenomena, be they primarily geographic or not. The key idea here is that GIS tools are able to analyze general problems including those not related to geography, on the condition that they can be translated into models of spatial nature (e.g. some formal topological model).","more_info":"Šmejda, L. 2010: Time as a Hidden Dimension in Archaeological Information Systems: Spatial Analysis Within and Without the Geographic Framework. In: Online Proceedings of the CAA 2009 conference held in Williamsburg, Virginia"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":46,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [59272]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":710311,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/710311/mini_magick20190427-8510-17qjpx.png?1556393749" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Time as a hidden dimension in archaeological information systems: spatial analysis within and without the geographic framework</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59272" href="https://zcu.academia.edu/LadislavSmejda"><img alt="Profile image of Ladislav Šmejda" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/59272/17212/11213893/s65_ladislav._mejda.jpg" />Ladislav Šmejda</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 214532; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Time is an indispensable element in most archaeological studies. However, GIS models cannot easily accommodate various issues raising from the specifics of archaeological dating. The formation processes and post-depositional transformations that have affected the present nature of the archaeological record must be assessed prior to designing any GIS project in archaeology. This paper highlights some issues emanating from this matter for a GIS user and introduces an approach that may enrich the current spectrum of spatial techniques in archaeology. The traditional intra-site spatial analysis based on the concept of geographical space is complemented with new experiments, where the spatial investigation is understood more broadly. An attempt is made to map a multidimensional formal space in GIS, which has its coordinate system defined by the proncipal component factor analysis conducted on mortuary data. The exposition demonstrates that GIS can successfully model many archaeological phenomena, be they primarily geographic or not. The key idea here is that GIS tools are able to analyze general problems including those not related to geography, on the condition that they can be translated into models of spatial nature (e.g. some formal topological model).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":710311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":710311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/214532/Time_as_a_hidden_dimension_in_archaeological_information_systems_spatial_analysis_within_and_without_the_geographic_framework"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="214532" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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However, the present structure of GIS is currently atemporal and consequently only able to deal with spatial phenomena in a single instant of time. If past events and processes cannot be linked to each other, or to the present, we cannot hope effectively to model trends in the past, nor understand fully the nature of dynamic process. This is a problem which has been recognised within the GIS community and a considerable degree of research is currently being directed toward the operational development of a temporal dimension in GIS (cf. Langran 1989a, 1989b, forthcoming; Barrera & AlTaha 1990; Barerra et al. 1990). Because archaeologists are beginning to make considerable use of GIS (cf. Kvamme 1986a, 1986b, 1989; Peregrine 1988; Wansleeben 1988; Allen et al. 1990), and because archaeologists have a significant interest in cultural change over time, the search...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeology, GIS, and the Time Dimension: an Overview","attachmentId":101072018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100175594/Archaeology_GIS_and_the_Time_Dimension_an_Overview","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100175594/Archaeology_GIS_and_the_Time_Dimension_an_Overview"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="203042" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications">Trends and Problems in Archaeological GIS Applications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98987" href="https://upatras.academia.edu/MarkosKatsianis">Markos Katsianis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: Archaeology counts two decades of GIS applications. In terms of theory and practice it is time to evaluate GIS methods and explore ideas about future advancements. Two distinct research trends have been developed in Archaeology until now: landscape studies and intra-site applications. Each field still bears unresolved problems. In this paper we attempt a description of the major problems within these fields from an archaeological viewpoint and try to categorize them under three important notions that in our view should become of central focus in future research: Ontology, Visualization and Time. Key-Words: GIS applications, Archaeology, Intra-site, Landscape, Ontology, Visualization, Time</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trends and Problems in Archaeological GIS Applications","attachmentId":590238,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="115579230" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115579230/Spatial_Technology_and_Archaeology">Spatial Technology and Archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43152565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WheatleyD">David Wheatley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">(GIS) and related spatial technologies have a new and powerful role to play in archaeological interpretation. Beginning with a conceptual approach to the representation of space adopted by GIS, this book examines spatial databases; the acquisition and compilation of data; the analytical compilation of data; the analytical functionality of GIS; and the creation and utilization of critical foundation data layers such as the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The ways in which GIS can most usefully facilitate archaeological analysis and interpretation are then explored particularly as a tool for the management of archaeological resources. Formal analysis of archaeological material, and the use of trend surface, contouring and interpolation procedures are considered along with predictive modeling analysis of visibility and intervisibility. Finally there is a discussion of leading-edge issues, including three-dimensional GIS, objectoriented GIS, the relationship between GIS and 'Virtual Reality' technologies, and the integration of GIS with distributed systems and the Internet. The approach is light, and technical detail is kept to a minimum, recognizing that most readers are simply interested in using GIS effectively. The text is carefully illustrated with worked case-studies using archaeological data. Spatial Technology and Archaeology provides a single reference source for archaeologists, students, professionals, and academics in archaeology as well as those in anthropology and related disciplines.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial Technology and Archaeology","attachmentId":111945977,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115579230/Spatial_Technology_and_Archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115579230/Spatial_Technology_and_Archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4211034" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4211034/Conclusion_The_Future_Development_of_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis">Conclusion: The Future Development of Archaeological Spatial Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48788" href="https://comeniusuniversity.academia.edu/RoderickSalisbury">Roderick B . Salisbury</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Space - Archaeology’s Final Frontier? An Intercontinental Approach, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the past it was said that the quality of archaeological spatial data had moved beyond the methods available to analyze it (Ammermen 1992). This is no longer true given the recent rapid development of technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that accurately handle large quantities and types of data. What is lacking is a coherent body of theory to guide interpretation in light of the analyses possible due to advancing technologies. In interpretation, spatial designations are of no small consequence, and an agreed upon, pan-archaeological definition and conceptual framework for space is unlikely. As Agnew (1993:251) argued over a decade ago, "representations of geographical space have not elicited much attention" from non-geographers. However, a consistent dialogue about the ontology and epistemology of space in archaeology is both possible and necessary, and this volume represents a decided move in that direction. Because space is one of the essential elements of any archaeological study, finding a common ground to address spatial phenomena is vital. There is no question that the authors in this volume deliver different approaches to spatial problems, but common threads can be spun from their work.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conclusion: The Future Development of Archaeological Spatial Analysis","attachmentId":32042081,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4211034/Conclusion_The_Future_Development_of_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4211034/Conclusion_The_Future_Development_of_Archaeological_Spatial_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="35516416" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35516416/Verhagen_P_2017_Spatial_Analysis_in_Archaeology_Moving_into_New_Territories">Verhagen, P. (2017). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology: Moving into New Territories.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="244461" href="https://vu-nl.academia.edu/PhilipVerhagen">Philip Verhagen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Siart, C., Forbriger, M. and Bubenzer, O. (eds.) Digital Geoarchaeology. New Techniques for Interdisciplinary Human-Environmental Research. Cham, Springer, pp. 11-25., 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">GIS has become an indispensable tool for archaeologists to organize, explore and analyse spatial data. In this introductory chapter, an historical overview of the development of GIS use in archaeology is given. It focuses on three major fields of application: site location analysis, modelling movement and transport and visibility analysis. This state of the art is illustrated by discussing three different case studies. Finally, some thoughts on the future of GIS in archaeology are presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Verhagen, P. (2017). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology: Moving into New Territories.","attachmentId":55381663,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35516416/Verhagen_P_2017_Spatial_Analysis_in_Archaeology_Moving_into_New_Territories","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35516416/Verhagen_P_2017_Spatial_Analysis_in_Archaeology_Moving_into_New_Territories"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23813597" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23813597/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeological_Research">Geographic Information Systems in Archaeological Research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34070199" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HerbertMaschner">Herbert Maschner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Geographic Information Systems in Archaeological Research","attachmentId":44229050,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23813597/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeological_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23813597/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeological_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27737326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737326/18_Theory_Technology_and_the_Future_of_Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology">18 Theory Technology and the Future of Geographic Information Systems in Archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44382697" href="https://usf.academia.edu/HerbertMaschner">Herbert Maschner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"18 Theory Technology and the Future of Geographic Information Systems in Archaeology","attachmentId":48006486,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27737326/18_Theory_Technology_and_the_Future_of_Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737326/18_Theory_Technology_and_the_Future_of_Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="2047456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2047456/Conceptual_and_Practical_Issues_in_the_Use_of_GIS_for_Archaeological_Excavations">Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Use of GIS for Archaeological Excavations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98987" href="https://upatras.academia.edu/MarkosKatsianis">Markos Katsianis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chrysanthi, A., Flores, M. P. & Papadopoulos, C. (eds.) 2012. Thinking Beyond the Tool: Archaeological Computing & the Interpretive Process, BAR International Series, Oxford: Archaeopress , 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The article examines the main conceptual and practical issues involved in the use of digital technology to facilitate the documentation and interpretation of intra-site archaeological research. Emphasis is placed on the need for theoretically informed Geographic Information Science (GISc) models that mediate effectively excavation data representation and exploratory analysis in support of the archaeological knowledge production process. Towards this end, the application of GIS technology in excavation documentation involves some careful thinking with respect to archaeological ontology, 3D visualization and temporal reasoning. The observations reached from this exercise are then used to consider some practical applications of GIS in modern excavation. Relevant examples are taken from an excavation information system developed within the framework of the archaeological project of Paliambela Kolindros, Greece.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Use of GIS for Archaeological Excavations","attachmentId":91822910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2047456/Conceptual_and_Practical_Issues_in_the_Use_of_GIS_for_Archaeological_Excavations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2047456/Conceptual_and_Practical_Issues_in_the_Use_of_GIS_for_Archaeological_Excavations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="219980" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/219980/Developing_a_multidimensional_GIS_framework_for_archaeological_excavations">Developing a multidimensional GIS framework for archaeological excavations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140130" href="https://wits.academia.edu/StefaniaMerlo">Stefania Merlo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are currently used in the area of archaeological excavation as mainly a data storage and simple output toolkit. The heterogeneous and complex nature of spatiotemporal datasets involving many variables needs to be addressed if GIS is to be of more use for the understanding and interpretation of excavations. Since archaeological objects are to be treated not only as static but dynamic (when considered as the result of temporally evolving processes), they can be referenced to one, two, three or four dimensions. The traditional 2-D data models are insufficient to support such data description and analysis. The diverging approach from the traditional planar (2-D) data models is multidimensionality, involving 3-D geometry and time. Although existing GIS software lacks the ability to support complex analysis involving space-time and further dimensions (attributes), establishing a framework for supporting analysis in such domains should be a priority of archaeologists wanting to contribute to the advancement of the use of GIS for intra-site analysis. This paper presents the development of a possible framework, where exploratory analysis and simulation using different types of data are used for knowledge discovery and enhancement. The designed concepts are applied to the Hoge Vaart database (collected in the Netherlands in the early 1990s during a rescue archaeology operation, using three-dimensional data collection criteria) and results are discussed in terms of applicability and assessment of the analytical framework.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Developing a multidimensional GIS framework for archaeological excavations","attachmentId":763404,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/219980/Developing_a_multidimensional_GIS_framework_for_archaeological_excavations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/219980/Developing_a_multidimensional_GIS_framework_for_archaeological_excavations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="14831617" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology">Geographical Information Systems and landscape archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33715126" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/JamesConolly">James Conolly</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In B. David and J. Thomas (eds.) Handbook of Landscape Archaeology. World Archaeological Congress (WAC) Research Handbook Series. Left Coast Press. pp. 583-595, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Geographical Information Systems and landscape archaeology","attachmentId":38437736,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":710311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":710311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_710311" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2950842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis">Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1996 A critique of GIS in Archaeology. From Visual seduction to Spatial Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="957145" href="https://uab.academia.edu/JBARCELO">Joan Anton Barcelo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archeologia e Calcolatori No. 6, pp. 313-326.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1996 A critique of GIS in Archaeology. From Visual seduction to Spatial Analysis","attachmentId":31017416,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1935721" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1935721/GIS_Techniques_in_Archaeology_An_Archaeoastronomical_Approach">GIS Techniques in Archaeology: An Archaeoastronomical Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="827313" href="https://unah.academia.edu/JavierMejuto">Javier Mejuto</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"GIS Techniques in Archaeology: An Archaeoastronomical Approach","attachmentId":27848069,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1935721/GIS_Techniques_in_Archaeology_An_Archaeoastronomical_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1935721/GIS_Techniques_in_Archaeology_An_Archaeoastronomical_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23813589" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23813589/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology">Geographic Information Systems in Archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34070199" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HerbertMaschner">Herbert Maschner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Geographic Information Systems in Archaeology","attachmentId":44229063,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23813589/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23813589/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4691210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS">Laurenza S., Putzolu C., Farinetti E., Re-thinking landscape archaeology and GIS analyses: a different way of dealing with archaeological landscapes within GIS.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="414824" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/CristianoPutzolu">Cristiano Putzolu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">in M. Forte (ed.), The Reconstruction of Archaeological Landscapes through Digital Technologies. Proceedings of the 2nd Italy-United States Workshop, Rome, Italy, November 3-5, 2003 Berkeley, USA, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Laurenza S., Putzolu C., Farinetti E., Re-thinking landscape archaeology and GIS analyses: a different way of dealing with archaeological landscapes within GIS.","attachmentId":32024244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="2950857" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2950857/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1998_Beyond_GIS_The_Archaeological_study_of_social_spaces">Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1998 Beyond GIS. The Archaeological study of social spaces</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="957145" href="https://uab.academia.edu/JBARCELO">Joan Anton Barcelo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archeologia e Calcolatori No. 9, 47-80.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1998 Beyond GIS. 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