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<span>Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Chu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Chu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fall of Chu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Chu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ma_rulers_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma_rulers_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ma rulers family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma_rulers_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B3%CD%98_(Si%CC%8Dp-kok)" title="Chhó͘ (Si̍p-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhó͘ (Si̍p-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchu_(Deset_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1%C3%AD)" title="Čchu (Deset říší) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchu (Deset říší)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(907-951)" title="Chu (907-951) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chu (907-951)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88_(%EC%8B%AD%EA%B5%AD)" title="초 (십국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초 (십국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(Sepuluh_Kerajaan)" title="Chu (Sepuluh Kerajaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chu (Sepuluh Kerajaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ма Чу улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ма Чу улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A_(%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD)" title="楚 (十国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楚 (十国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(Dziesi%C4%99%C4%87_Kr%C3%B3lestw)" title="Chu (Dziesięć Królestw) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chu (Dziesięć Królestw)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(Deset_kraljevstava)" title="Chu (Deset kraljevstava) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chu (Deset kraljevstava)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(De_tio_rikena)" title="Chu (De tio rikena) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chu (De tio rikena)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2)" title="Чу (десять держав) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чу (десять держав)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_S%E1%BB%9F" title="Mã Sở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã Sở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%A5%9A" title="馬楚 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬楚" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%9A" title="南楚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南楚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A5%9A" title="马楚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马楚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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the Qing dynasty, see <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of China (907–951) during the 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Chu</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">907–951</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L.LIANG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/L.LIANG.jpg/250px-L.LIANG.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/L.LIANG.jpg/500px-L.LIANG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="3426" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)#Rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Prince/King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 907–930 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 950–951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Became the State </div></th><td class="infobox-data">907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• establishment of the Kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">927</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ended by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">951</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Cash coins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:楚">楚</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chǔ</span></i>), known in historiography as <b>Ma Chu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">馬楚</span></span>) or <b>Southern Chu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南楚</span></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynastic state of China</a> that existed from 907 to 951. It is counted as one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period#Ten_Kingdoms" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Ten Kingdoms</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> of Chinese history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a> was named regional governor by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a>. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 907. Ma's position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territories">Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital of the Chu Kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)">Tanzhou</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom ruled over present-day <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chu was peaceful and prosperous under Ma Yin's rule, exporting <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. Silk and lead coinage were often used as <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, particularly with external communities which would not accept other <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> of the land. Taxation was low for the peasantry and merchants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_Chu">Fall of Chu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fall of Chu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a> died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a>, fresh from its conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min Kingdom</a>, took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Jinling</a>. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals called <b>Wuping <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></b> (武平军节度使) in succession. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xingfeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Xingfeng">Zhou Xingfeng</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%A2" class="extiw" title="zh:周行逢">周行逢</a>) ruled the Jiedushi from 956-962. In 956, Zhou Xingfeng executed and beheaded <a href="/wiki/Pan_Shusi" title="Pan Shusi">Pan Shusi</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E5%8F%94%E5%97%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:潘叔嗣">潘叔嗣</a>), a general of the Southern Chu.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these post-Chu years of <i>de facto</i> independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>). </p><p>In 963, the Wuping Jiedushi ended and its territory was seized by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907–951 (+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951–963) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temple Names ( <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Miao Hao">Miao Hao</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廟號</span></span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">miaò haò</i></span>) </th> <th>Posthumous Names ( <a href="/wiki/Shi_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Hao">Shi Hao</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">諡號</span></span></span> ) </th> <th>Personal Names </th> <th>Period of Reigns </th> <th>Era Names (<a href="/wiki/Nian_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nian Hao">Nian Hao</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">年號</span></span></span>) and their according range of years </th></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wǔmù Wáng</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武穆王</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Mǎ Yīn</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬殷</span></span> </td> <td>907–930 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td>None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang (<span lang="zh-Hant">衡陽王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Héngyáng Wáng</span></i>)) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Mǎ Xīshēng</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希聲</span></span> </td> <td>930–932 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wénzhāo Wáng</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文昭王</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Mǎ Xīfàn</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希範</span></span> </td> <td>932–947 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td>None (commonly known as Deposed Prince (<span lang="zh-Hant">廢王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fèi Wáng</span></i>)) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Mǎ Xīguǎng</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希廣</span></span> </td> <td>947–951 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gōngxìao Wáng</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">恭孝王</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Mǎ Xī'è</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希萼</span></span> </td> <td>951 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td>Did not exist </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Mǎ Xīchóng</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希崇</span></span> </td> <td>951 </td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ma_rulers_family_tree">Ma rulers family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ma rulers family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Ma Chu rulers family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:110%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small> Ma Yin 馬殷 (b. 853–d. 930)</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Wumu 楚武穆王</a></b><br /> r. 907–930</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Ma Xizhen 馬希振</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></b> <br />馬希聲 <small>899–932</small><br />r. 930–932</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Ma Xifan 馬希範 (899–947)</small><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Wénzhāo 文昭</a></b> <br />r. 932–947</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Ma Xiwang <br />馬希旺 <small>d. ~933</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Ma Xigao <br />馬希杲 <small>d. 945</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Mǎ Xī'è</a></b> <br />馬希萼<br />r. 950–951</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Mǎ Xīchóng</a></b> <br />馬希崇 <small>b.912</small><br />r. 950–951</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Mǎ Xīguǎng</a></b> <br />馬希廣 <small>d.950<br /></small>r. 947–950</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Mǎ Guānghuì<br />马光惠</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, vol. 66 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080241/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm">"新五代史考世家附錄"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2+%E8%80%83+%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6+%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw%2Fccw%2F02%2Fnf4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Chu" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《十国春秋》卷70《周行逢传》：潘叔嗣既杀逵，或劝其入朗州，叔嗣曰：“吾杀逵，救死而已，朗地非吾利也。”乃还岳州，遣其客将李简率朗人迎行逢为帅。行逢入城，自称武平留后，告于周。或请以潭州与叔嗣，行逢曰：“叔嗣杀主帅，罪当死，若与武安，是吾使之杀主公也。”召以为行军司马。叔嗣怒，称疾不至。行逢曰：“是又欲杀我矣。”乃阳以武安与之，召使至府受命。至则遣人执之立庭下，责之曰：“汝为小校，无大功，王逵用汝为团练使，一旦反杀主帅。吾未忍斩汝，乃敢拒吾命乎！”遂杀之。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a>, Volume 292《资治通鉴》卷二百九十二</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMote,_F.W.1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F.W. (1999). <i>Imperial China (900–1800)</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01212-7"><bdi>0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+%28900%E2%80%931800%29&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-01212-7&rft.au=Mote%2C+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a> / (<a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>De facto</i> independent entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi" title="Wang Chuzhi">Yiwu Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Circuit" title="Qingyuan Circuit">Qingyuan Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Jinghai Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuping_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuping Circuit (page does not exist)">Wuping Circuit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E5%86%9B%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:武平军节度使">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Lulong Circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighboring states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Tibetan kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudai_Huiyao" title="Wudai Huiyao">Wudai Huiyao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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