CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="PitG7o5-WEfJXfnWwj2gEONaXlSh0oM1CzazQ7yRak1K-4vu2u1nHtBN9sLOf9OqDQg3fYCyeO3YtQ21RiGT1g" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Registers of Jewish Communities" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Andrea Yaakov Lattes" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Registers of Jewish Communities" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/2095355/683245/17096112/s200_andrea_yaakov.lattes.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Registers of Jewish Communities" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Registers of Jewish Communities" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes" /> <meta name="description" content="Registers of Jewish Communities" /> <title>(PDF) Registers of Jewish Communities</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739791171000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739791171000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Andrea Yaakov Lattes","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-04-06","dateModified":"2025-01-11","headline":"Registers of Jewish Communities","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52514400/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["History","Intellectual History","Cultural History","Economic History","Cultural Studies","Jewish Law","Comparative Politics","Political Philosophy","Development Studies","Jewish Studies","Medieval History","Political Theory","Religion and Politics","Urban History","Historiography","Urban Anthropology","Political Science","Politics","Urban Regeneration","Jewish History","Urban Studies","Political History","Urbanism","Political Institutions","International Politics","Jewish - Christian Relations","History of the Jews","Social History","Urban Sociology","Jewish Thought","Jewish Philosophy","Jewish Literature","Institutions (Political Science)","Jewish historiography","Medieval Jewish History","Modern Jewish Philosophy","Judaism","Modern Jewish History","Jewish Cultural Studies","Filosofía Política","Historia","International institutions","Institutions","Storia medievale","Judaic Studies","Storia delle Religioni","Smart City","Storia","Storia Delle Istituzioni Medievali","Rabbinic Judaism","Ghetto","Giudaismo","Juifs","Jewish Community of Trieste","Storia moderna","Riti di fondazione della città antica","Political Economy and History","Storia delle istituzioni","Ebrei","Storia Contemporanea","Ghetto and Within: Class, Identity, State and Politics of Mobilisation","Ghetto Studies","Notai, Protocolli Notarili, Registri Vescovili","Istituzioni Politiche Età Moderna","Storia Delle Dottrine Politiche","Storia delle istituzioni politiche","Città","Ghettoization","Storia della cultura e delle istituzioni scolastiche in età medievale","Studiosi Ebrei","Urban Ghettos","storia degli ebrei d'Italia","Ebrei Roma","Venice Ghetto","Società E Istituzioni"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52514400/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-f29774c14b4e629cbb4375c919ad1c2b2891ac825d0a410ea6339ae17e481a55.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "a78cc0b810b1490d160cad2b8c40184fc354d1ee40348d44ac280e84185e2f96", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="yBARsgXFdy6gF8slwJ7DA_K-3qGa_yRD9j8LImRnXem8wNyyUVZId7kHxDHM3LC5HOy3iLuf35slvLXUntekcg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="w1OMUFdPxerkHjG4bY1OQ9sP49FwupdTw9DSg2NnBFm3g0FQA9z6s_0OPqxhzz35NV2K-FHabIsQU2x1mdf9wg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-e5ca05062a7092a8f6f5af11f70589210af26f6a0030f102b0b21b22451b9d41.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 2095355; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32299697%2FRegisters_of_Jewish_Communities%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32299697%2FRegisters_of_Jewish_Communities%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":52514400,"identifier":"Attachment_52514400","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":32299697,"created_at":"2017-04-06T08:36:32.641-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-11T14:33:44.046-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"The study discusses the registers of Jewish communities in Italy, particularly examining their origins during the 16th and 17th centuries. It underlines the significance of community constitutions and the formalization of political and public life within Jewish society, highlighting the establishment of operational regulations, the creation of written minute books, and the transition towards structured electoral systems. The methodology involves periodization of community documents and a comparative analysis of election methods employed across various communities."},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Registers of Jewish Communities","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2095355]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card ds-work-card--no-bottom-spacing"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":52514400,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Registers of Jewish Communities”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/52514400/mini_magick20190122-20884-1evpafk.png?1548217843" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Registers of Jewish Communities</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2095355" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes"><img alt="Profile image of Andrea Yaakov Lattes" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2095355/683245/17096112/s65_andrea_yaakov.lattes.jpg" />Andrea Yaakov Lattes</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">15 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 32299697; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=32299697"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The study discusses the registers of Jewish communities in Italy, particularly examining their origins during the 16th and 17th centuries. It underlines the significance of community constitutions and the formalization of political and public life within Jewish society, highlighting the establishment of operational regulations, the creation of written minute books, and the transition towards structured electoral systems. The methodology involves periodization of community documents and a comparative analysis of election methods employed across various communities.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":52514400,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":52514400,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. If the signup banner trigger (a 242px-high* invisible div underneath the 'See Full PDF' / 'Download PDF' buttons) // is already fully scrolled above the viewport, show the banner by default // 2. If the signup banner trigger is fully visible, show the banner // 3. If the signup banner trigger has even a few pixels scrolled below the viewport, hide the banner // // * 242px is the empirically determined height of the signup banner. It's better to be a bit taller than // necessary than too short, so it's fine that the mobile (small breakpoint) banner is shorter. // First check session storage for the signup banner's visibility state const signupBannerHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden'); if (signupBannerHidden === 'true') { return; } const signupBanner = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner'); const signupBannerTrigger = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner-trigger'); if (!signupBannerTrigger) { window.Sentry.captureMessage("Signup banner trigger not found"); return; } let footerShown = false; window.addEventListener('load', () => { const rect = signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect(); // If page loaded up already scrolled below the trigger (via scroll restoration), show the banner by default if (rect.bottom < 0) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } }); // Wait for trigger to fully enter viewport before showing banner (ensures PDF CTAs are never covered by banner) const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting && !footerShown) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } else if (!entry.isIntersecting && footerShown) { if (signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect().bottom > 0) { footerShown = false; signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } } }); }); observer.observe(signupBannerTrigger); // Set up signup banner close button event handler: const signupBannerCloseButton = document.querySelector('#ds-signup-banner-close-button'); signupBannerCloseButton.addEventListener('click', () => { signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); observer.unobserve(signupBannerTrigger); // Store the signup banner's visibility state in session storage sessionStorage.setItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden', 'true'); }); })();</script></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="52514400" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/32299697/Registers_of_Jewish_Communities" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52514400,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52514400,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_52514400" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30809522" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30809522/Communitys_Minute_Books">Community's Minute Books</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2095355" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaYaakovLattes">Andrea Yaakov Lattes</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Community's Minute Books","attachmentId":51242593,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30809522/Communitys_Minute_Books","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30809522/Communitys_Minute_Books"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="6029330" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6029330/Government_and_Information_Management_in_Early_Modern_Europe_The_Case_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_1540_1773_in_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_12_2009_S_1_25">Government and Information-Management in Early Modern Europe. The Case of the Society of Jesus (1540-1773), in: Journal of Early Modern History 12 (2009), S. 1-25</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9040573" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/MarkusFriedrich">Markus Friedrich</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Government and Information-Management in Early Modern Europe. The Case of the Society of Jesus (1540-1773), in: Journal of Early Modern History 12 (2009), S. 1-25","attachmentId":32967910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6029330/Government_and_Information_Management_in_Early_Modern_Europe_The_Case_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_1540_1773_in_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_12_2009_S_1_25","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6029330/Government_and_Information_Management_in_Early_Modern_Europe_The_Case_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_1540_1773_in_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_12_2009_S_1_25"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="14324246" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14324246/The_Conservation_of_History_The_Archives_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_the_Veneto">The Conservation of History: The Archives of the Jewish Communities in the Veneto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33275006" href="https://nli.academia.edu/ArielViterbo">Ariel Viterbo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Italia Judaica Jubilee Conference, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Conservation of History: The Archives of the Jewish Communities in the Veneto","attachmentId":45302244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14324246/The_Conservation_of_History_The_Archives_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_the_Veneto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14324246/The_Conservation_of_History_The_Archives_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_the_Veneto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="29385139" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29385139/Organization_and_Use_of_Archival_Records_in_Medieval_Lucca_and_Bologna">Organization and Use of Archival Records in Medieval Lucca and Bologna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2995038" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/SoNakaya">So Nakaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Western Medieval History (38) 95-119, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Organization and Use of Archival Records in Medieval Lucca and Bologna","attachmentId":49827484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29385139/Organization_and_Use_of_Archival_Records_in_Medieval_Lucca_and_Bologna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29385139/Organization_and_Use_of_Archival_Records_in_Medieval_Lucca_and_Bologna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37106633" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37106633/Benjamin_Ravid_The_First_Charter_of_the_Jewish_Merchants_of_Venice_1589_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_187_222">Benjamin Ravid, “The First Charter of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1589,” AJS Review, vol. 1 (1976): 187-222</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51909177" href="https://brandeis.academia.edu/Ravid">Benjamin Ravid</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Benjamin Ravid, “The First Charter of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1589,” AJS Review, vol. 1 (1976): 187-222","attachmentId":57058123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37106633/Benjamin_Ravid_The_First_Charter_of_the_Jewish_Merchants_of_Venice_1589_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_187_222","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37106633/Benjamin_Ravid_The_First_Charter_of_the_Jewish_Merchants_of_Venice_1589_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_187_222"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="37968532" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37968532/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_A_Rivalry_of_Bankers_Responsa_Concerning_Banking_Rights_in_Pisa_in_1547_in_Isadore_Twersky_ed_Studies_in_Medieval_Jewish_History_and_Literature_vol_2_Cambridge_MA_Harvard_University_Press_1983_41_81">Bernard Dov Cooperman, “A Rivalry of Bankers: Responsa Concerning Banking Rights in Pisa in 1547,” in Isadore Twersky, ed., Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 41-81</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3320428" href="https://umd.academia.edu/BCooperman">Bernard Dov Cooperman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bernard Dov Cooperman, “A Rivalry of Bankers: Responsa Concerning Banking Rights in Pisa in 1547,” in Isadore Twersky, ed., Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 41-81","attachmentId":57984274,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37968532/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_A_Rivalry_of_Bankers_Responsa_Concerning_Banking_Rights_in_Pisa_in_1547_in_Isadore_Twersky_ed_Studies_in_Medieval_Jewish_History_and_Literature_vol_2_Cambridge_MA_Harvard_University_Press_1983_41_81","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37968532/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_A_Rivalry_of_Bankers_Responsa_Concerning_Banking_Rights_in_Pisa_in_1547_in_Isadore_Twersky_ed_Studies_in_Medieval_Jewish_History_and_Literature_vol_2_Cambridge_MA_Harvard_University_Press_1983_41_81"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="37971207" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37971207/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_Ethnicity_and_Institution_Building_among_Jews_in_Early_Modern_Rome_AJS_Review_30_1_April_2006_119_145">Bernard Dov Cooperman, “Ethnicity and Institution Building among Jews in Early Modern Rome,” AJS Review 30:1 (April 2006): 119-145</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3320428" href="https://umd.academia.edu/BCooperman">Bernard Dov Cooperman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bernard Dov Cooperman, “Ethnicity and Institution Building among Jews in Early Modern Rome,” AJS Review 30:1 (April 2006): 119-145","attachmentId":57987282,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37971207/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_Ethnicity_and_Institution_Building_among_Jews_in_Early_Modern_Rome_AJS_Review_30_1_April_2006_119_145","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37971207/Bernard_Dov_Cooperman_Ethnicity_and_Institution_Building_among_Jews_in_Early_Modern_Rome_AJS_Review_30_1_April_2006_119_145"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="76184603" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76184603/Italian_Jewish_Networks_from_the_Seventeenth_to_the_Twentieth_Century">Italian Jewish Networks from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29836" href="https://unige-it.academia.edu/GuriSchwarz">Guri Schwarz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Italian Jewish Networks from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century","attachmentId":84007203,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76184603/Italian_Jewish_Networks_from_the_Seventeenth_to_the_Twentieth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76184603/Italian_Jewish_Networks_from_the_Seventeenth_to_the_Twentieth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="37115810" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37115810/David_B_Ruderman_The_Founding_of_a_Gemilut_Hasadim_Society_in_Ferrara_in_1515_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_233_267">David B. Ruderman, “The Founding of a Gemilut Hasadim Society in Ferrara in 1515,” AJS Review, vol. 1 (1976): 233-267</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33953765" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/DavidRuderman">David B. Ruderman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"David B. Ruderman, “The Founding of a Gemilut Hasadim Society in Ferrara in 1515,” AJS Review, vol. 1 (1976): 233-267","attachmentId":57067517,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37115810/David_B_Ruderman_The_Founding_of_a_Gemilut_Hasadim_Society_in_Ferrara_in_1515_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_233_267","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37115810/David_B_Ruderman_The_Founding_of_a_Gemilut_Hasadim_Society_in_Ferrara_in_1515_AJS_Review_vol_1_1976_233_267"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="36732076" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36732076/Land_registers_and_cadastral_policy_in_the_Papal_State_17th_18th_century_in_Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Europ%C3%A4ische_Verwaltungsgeschichte_XII_2001_pp_121_144">Land registers and cadastral policy in the Papal State (17th - 18th century), in “Jahrbuch für Europäische Verwaltungsgeschichte”, XII (2001), pp. 121 - 144</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="478985" href="https://independent.academia.edu/stefanotabacchi">stefano Tabacchi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Land registers and cadastral policy in the Papal State (17th - 18th century), in “Jahrbuch für Europäische Verwaltungsgeschichte”, XII (2001), pp. 121 - 144","attachmentId":56674534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36732076/Land_registers_and_cadastral_policy_in_the_Papal_State_17th_18th_century_in_Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Europ%C3%A4ische_Verwaltungsgeschichte_XII_2001_pp_121_144","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36732076/Land_registers_and_cadastral_policy_in_the_Papal_State_17th_18th_century_in_Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Europ%C3%A4ische_Verwaltungsgeschichte_XII_2001_pp_121_144"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="36416950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36416950/Review_of_periodical_articles_1500_1800">Review of periodical articles, 1500-1800</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5107213" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/ReinoudVermoesen">Reinoud Vermoesen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1189816" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/GerritVerhoeven">Gerrit Verhoeven</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Urban History, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of periodical articles, 1500-1800","attachmentId":56329557,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36416950/Review_of_periodical_articles_1500_1800","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36416950/Review_of_periodical_articles_1500_1800"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="12298517" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12298517/_Jews_in_the_Piazza_Jewish_self_government_in_fifteenth_century_Kingdom_of_Naples_">"Jews in the Piazza - Jewish self-government in fifteenth century Kingdom of Naples."</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7895379" href="https://farmingdale.academia.edu/VincenzoSelleri">Vincenzo Selleri</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Jews in the Piazza - Jewish self-government in fifteenth century Kingdom of Naples.\"","attachmentId":53522395,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12298517/_Jews_in_the_Piazza_Jewish_self_government_in_fifteenth_century_Kingdom_of_Naples_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12298517/_Jews_in_the_Piazza_Jewish_self_government_in_fifteenth_century_Kingdom_of_Naples_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="21072104" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21072104/Hebrew_Fragments_as_a_Window_on_Economic_Activity_Holdings_in_the_Historical_Archives_of_Girona_Arxiu_Hist%C3%B2ric_de_Girona_">Hebrew Fragments as a Window on Economic Activity: Holdings in the Historical Archives of Girona (Arxiu Històric de Girona).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="532811" href="https://barcelona.academia.edu/Esperan%C3%A7aVallsPujol">Esperança Valls - Pujol</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hebrew Fragments as a Window on Economic Activity: Holdings in the Historical Archives of Girona (Arxiu Històric de Girona).","attachmentId":41711859,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21072104/Hebrew_Fragments_as_a_Window_on_Economic_Activity_Holdings_in_the_Historical_Archives_of_Girona_Arxiu_Hist%C3%B2ric_de_Girona_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21072104/Hebrew_Fragments_as_a_Window_on_Economic_Activity_Holdings_in_the_Historical_Archives_of_Girona_Arxiu_Hist%C3%B2ric_de_Girona_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="37106009" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37106009/IN_THE_SHADOW_OF_THE_PATRIARCH_THE_ORGANIZATION_OF_THE_JEWISH_COMMUNITIES_IN_ROMAN_ITALY_IN_LATE_ANTIQUITY">IN THE SHADOW OF THE PATRIARCH: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN ROMAN ITALY IN LATE ANTIQUITY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4553888" href="https://ariel.academia.edu/SamueleRocca">Samuele Rocca</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"IN THE SHADOW OF THE PATRIARCH: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN ROMAN ITALY IN LATE ANTIQUITY","attachmentId":57057399,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37106009/IN_THE_SHADOW_OF_THE_PATRIARCH_THE_ORGANIZATION_OF_THE_JEWISH_COMMUNITIES_IN_ROMAN_ITALY_IN_LATE_ANTIQUITY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37106009/IN_THE_SHADOW_OF_THE_PATRIARCH_THE_ORGANIZATION_OF_THE_JEWISH_COMMUNITIES_IN_ROMAN_ITALY_IN_LATE_ANTIQUITY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="57782077" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57782077/Stefanie_B_Siegmund_The_Medici_State_and_the_Ghetto_of_Florence_The_Construction_of_an_Early_Modern_Jewish_Community_ser_Stanford_Studies_in_Jewish_History_and_Culture_Stanford_CA_Stanford_University_Press_2006_XXIV_589_pp">Stefanie B. Siegmund, The Medici State and the Ghetto of Florence. The Construction of an Early Modern Jewish Community, ser. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), XXIV + 589 pp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1307480" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/BrendanDooley">Brendan Dooley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stefanie B. Siegmund, The Medici State and the Ghetto of Florence. The Construction of an Early Modern Jewish Community, ser. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), XXIV + 589 pp","attachmentId":72513638,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57782077/Stefanie_B_Siegmund_The_Medici_State_and_the_Ghetto_of_Florence_The_Construction_of_an_Early_Modern_Jewish_Community_ser_Stanford_Studies_in_Jewish_History_and_Culture_Stanford_CA_Stanford_University_Press_2006_XXIV_589_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57782077/Stefanie_B_Siegmund_The_Medici_State_and_the_Ghetto_of_Florence_The_Construction_of_an_Early_Modern_Jewish_Community_ser_Stanford_Studies_in_Jewish_History_and_Culture_Stanford_CA_Stanford_University_Press_2006_XXIV_589_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="70227586" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70227586/Communities_Developing_in_Association_with_Place_Testament_of_Ginebra_Blanis_1574">Communities Developing in Association with Place: Testament of Ginebra Blanis, 1574</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="89916690" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StefanieSiegmund">Stefanie Siegmund</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Communities Developing in Association with Place: Testament of Ginebra Blanis, 1574","attachmentId":80061360,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70227586/Communities_Developing_in_Association_with_Place_Testament_of_Ginebra_Blanis_1574","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70227586/Communities_Developing_in_Association_with_Place_Testament_of_Ginebra_Blanis_1574"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="4734912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4734912/Structure_and_practice_in_the_emergence_of_Registratur_the_genealogy_and_implications_of_Innsbruck_registries_1523_1565">Structure and practice in the emergence of Registratur: the genealogy and implications of Innsbruck registries, 1523-1565</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="179508" href="https://ucriverside.academia.edu/RandolphHead">Randolph Head</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Structure and practice in the emergence of Registratur: the genealogy and implications of Innsbruck registries, 1523-1565","attachmentId":32052932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4734912/Structure_and_practice_in_the_emergence_of_Registratur_the_genealogy_and_implications_of_Innsbruck_registries_1523_1565","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4734912/Structure_and_practice_in_the_emergence_of_Registratur_the_genealogy_and_implications_of_Innsbruck_registries_1523_1565"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="74509440" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74509440/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_control_and_local_histories_of_record_keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy">Notarial Archives in the Papal States. Central control and local histories of record-keeping in Early Modern Italy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9040573" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/MarkusFriedrich">Markus Friedrich</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Notarial Archives in the Papal States. Central control and local histories of record-keeping in Early Modern Italy","attachmentId":82636851,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74509440/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_control_and_local_histories_of_record_keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74509440/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_control_and_local_histories_of_record_keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="6029055" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6029055/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_Control_and_Local_Histories_of_Record_Keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy_in_M%C3%A9langes_de_l_%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome_123_2_S_443_464">Notarial Archives in the Papal States. Central Control and Local Histories of Record-Keeping in Early Modern Italy, in: Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome 123(2), S. 443-464 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9040573" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/MarkusFriedrich">Markus Friedrich</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Notarial Archives in the Papal States. Central Control and Local Histories of Record-Keeping in Early Modern Italy, in: Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome 123(2), S. 443-464 ","attachmentId":32967726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6029055/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_Control_and_Local_Histories_of_Record_Keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy_in_M%C3%A9langes_de_l_%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome_123_2_S_443_464","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6029055/Notarial_Archives_in_the_Papal_States_Central_Control_and_Local_Histories_of_Record_Keeping_in_Early_Modern_Italy_in_M%C3%A9langes_de_l_%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome_123_2_S_443_464"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="85986241" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85986241/The_origins_of_organizing_in_the_sixteenth_century">The origins of organizing in the sixteenth century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56078735" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseBentodaSilva">Jose Bento da Silva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Origins of Organizing</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The origins of organizing in the sixteenth century","attachmentId":90537296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85986241/The_origins_of_organizing_in_the_sixteenth_century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85986241/The_origins_of_organizing_in_the_sixteenth_century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="2357034" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2357034/The_Estates_of_a_Jewish_Merchant_and_of_a_Rabbi_in_Seventeenth_Century_Venice">The Estates of a Jewish Merchant and of a Rabbi in Seventeenth Century Venice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3020250" href="https://umd.academia.edu/BernardCooperman">Bernard Cooperman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Estates of a Jewish Merchant and of a Rabbi in Seventeenth Century Venice","attachmentId":30395260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2357034/The_Estates_of_a_Jewish_Merchant_and_of_a_Rabbi_in_Seventeenth_Century_Venice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2357034/The_Estates_of_a_Jewish_Merchant_and_of_a_Rabbi_in_Seventeenth_Century_Venice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="5720252" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5720252/The_Private_Political_Archives_of_the_Venetian_Patriciate_Storing_Retrieving_and_Recordkeeping_in_Fifteenth_Eighteenth_Centuries">The Private Political Archives of the Venetian Patriciate – Storing, Retrieving and Recordkeeping in Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4287666" href="https://unive.academia.edu/DoritRaines">Dorit Raines</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Private Political Archives of the Venetian Patriciate – Storing, Retrieving and Recordkeeping in Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries","attachmentId":52014969,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5720252/The_Private_Political_Archives_of_the_Venetian_Patriciate_Storing_Retrieving_and_Recordkeeping_in_Fifteenth_Eighteenth_Centuries","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5720252/The_Private_Political_Archives_of_the_Venetian_Patriciate_Storing_Retrieving_and_Recordkeeping_in_Fifteenth_Eighteenth_Centuries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="6628288" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6628288/Representation_of_interests_and_institutional_changes_in_the_State_of_Milan_across_the_17th_and_18th_centuries_Notes_and_possible_avenues_of_research">Representation of interests and institutional changes in the State of Milan across the 17th and 18th centuries. Notes and possible avenues of research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4425053" href="https://unipi.academia.edu/AlessandroBuono">Alessandro Buono</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Transition in Europe between XVII and XVIII centuries. Perspectives and case studies, edited by A. Álvarez-Ossorio, C. Cremonini, E. Riva, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Representation of interests and institutional changes in the State of Milan across the 17th and 18th centuries. Notes and possible avenues of research","attachmentId":51507753,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6628288/Representation_of_interests_and_institutional_changes_in_the_State_of_Milan_across_the_17th_and_18th_centuries_Notes_and_possible_avenues_of_research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6628288/Representation_of_interests_and_institutional_changes_in_the_State_of_Milan_across_the_17th_and_18th_centuries_Notes_and_possible_avenues_of_research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="8052082" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8052082/The_Printing_of_Devotion_in_Seventeenth_Century_Italy_Prayer_Books_Printed_for_the_Shomrim_la_Boker_Confraternities">The Printing of Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Italy: Prayer Books Printed for the Shomrim la-Boker Confraternities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15511236" href="https://rochester.academia.edu/MAndreatta">Michela Andreatta</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Printing of Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Italy: Prayer Books Printed for the Shomrim la-Boker Confraternities","attachmentId":34509597,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8052082/The_Printing_of_Devotion_in_Seventeenth_Century_Italy_Prayer_Books_Printed_for_the_Shomrim_la_Boker_Confraternities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8052082/The_Printing_of_Devotion_in_Seventeenth_Century_Italy_Prayer_Books_Printed_for_the_Shomrim_la_Boker_Confraternities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="8240559" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8240559/_Persecution_and_the_Art_of_Printing_Hebrew_Books_in_Italy_in_the_1550s_R_Cohen_N_Dohrmann_A_Shear_E_Reiner_eds_Jewish_Culture_in_Early_Modern_Europe_Essays_in_Honor_of_David_B_Ruderman_Pittsburg_Hebrew_Union_College_Press_and_Pittsburg_University_Press_2014_97_108">"Persecution and the Art of Printing: Hebrew Books in Italy in the 1550s" R. Cohen, N. Dohrmann, A. Shear E. Reiner (eds.) Jewish Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of David B. Ruderman (Pittsburg: Hebrew Union College Press and Pittsburg University Press, 2014): 97-108 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3129983" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/AmnonRazKrakotzkin">Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Persecution and the Art of Printing: Hebrew Books in Italy in the 1550s\" R. Cohen, N. Dohrmann, A. Shear E. Reiner (eds.) Jewish Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of David B. Ruderman (Pittsburg: Hebrew Union College Press and Pittsburg University Press, 2014): 97-108 ","attachmentId":34662574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8240559/_Persecution_and_the_Art_of_Printing_Hebrew_Books_in_Italy_in_the_1550s_R_Cohen_N_Dohrmann_A_Shear_E_Reiner_eds_Jewish_Culture_in_Early_Modern_Europe_Essays_in_Honor_of_David_B_Ruderman_Pittsburg_Hebrew_Union_College_Press_and_Pittsburg_University_Press_2014_97_108","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8240559/_Persecution_and_the_Art_of_Printing_Hebrew_Books_in_Italy_in_the_1550s_R_Cohen_N_Dohrmann_A_Shear_E_Reiner_eds_Jewish_Culture_in_Early_Modern_Europe_Essays_in_Honor_of_David_B_Ruderman_Pittsburg_Hebrew_Union_College_Press_and_Pittsburg_University_Press_2014_97_108"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="25" data-entity-id="14847266" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14847266/Review_Article_Religious_Reform_in_Sixteenth_Century_Italy">Review Article: Religious Reform in Sixteenth-Century Italy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33812985" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/StephenBowd">Stephen Bowd</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reformation, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review Article: Religious Reform in Sixteenth-Century Italy","attachmentId":38505686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14847266/Review_Article_Religious_Reform_in_Sixteenth_Century_Italy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14847266/Review_Article_Religious_Reform_in_Sixteenth_Century_Italy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="26" data-entity-id="42298837" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42298837/Robert_Bonfil_Rabbis_and_Jewish_Communities_in_Renaissance_Italy_Oxford_Littman_Library_1990_trans_Jonathan_Chipman">Robert Bonfil, *Rabbis and Jewish Communities in Renaissance Italy* (Oxford: Littman Library, 1990), trans. Jonathan Chipman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63698037" href="https://huji.academia.edu/RobertBonfil">Robert Bonfil</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Robert Bonfil, *Rabbis and Jewish Communities in Renaissance Italy* (Oxford: Littman Library, 1990), trans. Jonathan Chipman","attachmentId":63646368,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42298837/Robert_Bonfil_Rabbis_and_Jewish_Communities_in_Renaissance_Italy_Oxford_Littman_Library_1990_trans_Jonathan_Chipman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42298837/Robert_Bonfil_Rabbis_and_Jewish_Communities_in_Renaissance_Italy_Oxford_Littman_Library_1990_trans_Jonathan_Chipman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="27" data-entity-id="93953173" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93953173/_Per_peli_e_per_segni_Muster_rolls_lists_and_notes_practical_military_records_relating_to_the_last_Florentineordinanzeand_militia_from_Machiavelli_to_the_fall_of_the_Republic_1506_30_">‘Per peli e per segni’. Muster rolls, lists and notes: practical military records relating to the last Florentineordinanzeand militia, from Machiavelli to the fall of the Republic (1506-30)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3131392" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/AGuidi">Andrea Guidi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Historical Research, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘Per peli e per segni’. Muster rolls, lists and notes: practical military records relating to the last Florentineordinanzeand militia, from Machiavelli to the fall of the Republic (1506-30)","attachmentId":96547507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93953173/_Per_peli_e_per_segni_Muster_rolls_lists_and_notes_practical_military_records_relating_to_the_last_Florentineordinanzeand_militia_from_Machiavelli_to_the_fall_of_the_Republic_1506_30_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93953173/_Per_peli_e_per_segni_Muster_rolls_lists_and_notes_practical_military_records_relating_to_the_last_Florentineordinanzeand_militia_from_Machiavelli_to_the_fall_of_the_Republic_1506_30_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="28" data-entity-id="3390625" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3390625/Speer_Christian_Account_and_Town_Records_as_Mirrors_of_Social_Change_and_Control_in_the_15th_and_16th_Century_in_Wirth_Jaillard_Hrsg_Monuments_or_documents_Accounts_Sources_for_the_history_of_social_control_13th_18th_c_Bruxelles_2015_S_269_278">Speer, Christian, Account and Town Records as Mirrors of Social Change and Control in the 15th and 16th Century, in: Wirth-Jaillard (Hrsg.), Monuments or documents? Accounts: Sources for the history of social control (13th–18th c.), Bruxelles 2015, S. 269–278.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38716" href="https://halle.academia.edu/ChristianSpeer">Christian Speer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Speer, Christian, Account and Town Records as Mirrors of Social Change and Control in the 15th and 16th Century, in: Wirth-Jaillard (Hrsg.), Monuments or documents? Accounts: Sources for the history of social control (13th–18th c.), Bruxelles 2015, S. 269–278.","attachmentId":38785676,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3390625/Speer_Christian_Account_and_Town_Records_as_Mirrors_of_Social_Change_and_Control_in_the_15th_and_16th_Century_in_Wirth_Jaillard_Hrsg_Monuments_or_documents_Accounts_Sources_for_the_history_of_social_control_13th_18th_c_Bruxelles_2015_S_269_278","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3390625/Speer_Christian_Account_and_Town_Records_as_Mirrors_of_Social_Change_and_Control_in_the_15th_and_16th_Century_in_Wirth_Jaillard_Hrsg_Monuments_or_documents_Accounts_Sources_for_the_history_of_social_control_13th_18th_c_Bruxelles_2015_S_269_278"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="29" data-entity-id="123377094" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123377094/The_Jews_of_Venice_During_the_XVI_Century_and_the_Reformation_by_Carlos_Ramalho">The Jews of Venice During the XVI Century and the Reformation by Carlos Ramalho</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117326746" href="https://luthersem.academia.edu/CarlosRamalho">Carlos Alberto Ramalho</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Jews of Venice During the XVI Century and the Reformation by Carlos Ramalho","attachmentId":117822719,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123377094/The_Jews_of_Venice_During_the_XVI_Century_and_the_Reformation_by_Carlos_Ramalho","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123377094/The_Jews_of_Venice_During_the_XVI_Century_and_the_Reformation_by_Carlos_Ramalho"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="30" data-entity-id="44425554" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44425554/THE_INVOLVEMENT_OF_JEWS_IN_MUNICIPAL_LIFE_DURING_THE_LATE_ROMAN_EMPIRE">THE INVOLVEMENT OF JEWS IN MUNICIPAL LIFE DURING THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1618581" href="https://u-paris10.academia.edu/CapucineNemoPekelman">Capucine Nemo-Pekelman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In the Crucible of Empire: The Impact of Roman Citizenship upon Greeks, Jews and Christians, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE INVOLVEMENT OF JEWS IN MUNICIPAL LIFE DURING THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE","attachmentId":64841640,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44425554/THE_INVOLVEMENT_OF_JEWS_IN_MUNICIPAL_LIFE_DURING_THE_LATE_ROMAN_EMPIRE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44425554/THE_INVOLVEMENT_OF_JEWS_IN_MUNICIPAL_LIFE_DURING_THE_LATE_ROMAN_EMPIRE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="31" data-entity-id="9955526" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9955526/Italian_communities_in_sixteenth_century_Antwerp">Italian communities in sixteenth-century Antwerp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1118405" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/JeroenPuttevils">Jeroen Puttevils</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Italian communities in sixteenth-century Antwerp","attachmentId":36103682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9955526/Italian_communities_in_sixteenth_century_Antwerp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9955526/Italian_communities_in_sixteenth_century_Antwerp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="32" data-entity-id="113325435" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113325435/Surviving_Hebrew_Accounts_From_the_European_Genizah_The_Earliest_Ledger_of_a_Jewish_Pawnshop_in_Italy_in_The_Destruction_and_Preservation_of_Hebrew_Books_International_Conference_15_November_2021_Conference_Proceedings_Special_Issue_Cromohs_26_2023_pp_24_36">Surviving Hebrew Accounts From the European Genizah. The Earliest Ledger of a Jewish Pawnshop in Italy, in "The Destruction and Preservation of Hebrew Books" International Conference, 15 November 2021, Conference Proceedings, Special Issue, «Cromohs» 26 (2023), pp. 24-36</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3294151" href="https://ephe.academia.edu/ElenaLolli">Elena Lolli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cromohs: Cyber Review of Modern Historiography, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113325435/Surviving_Hebrew_Accounts_From_the_European_Genizah_The_Earliest_Ledger_of_a_Jewish_Pawnshop_in_Italy_in_The_Destruction_and_Preservation_of_Hebrew_Books_International_Conference_15_November_2021_Conference_Proceedings_Special_Issue_Cromohs_26_2023_pp_24_36"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="33" data-entity-id="24054313" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24054313/A_Guidi_The_Florentine_Archives_in_Transition_Government_Warfare_and_Communication_1289_1530_ca_European_History_Quarterly_Vol_46_3_2016_458_479">A. Guidi, “The Florentine Archives in Transition: Government, Warfare and Communication (1289-1530 ca.)”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 46/3 (2016), 458-479.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3131392" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/AGuidi">Andrea Guidi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3317439" href="https://birkbeck.academia.edu/ARCHIvesProject">ARCHIves Project</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A. Guidi, “The Florentine Archives in Transition: Government, Warfare and Communication (1289-1530 ca.)”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 46/3 (2016), 458-479.","attachmentId":46539727,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24054313/A_Guidi_The_Florentine_Archives_in_Transition_Government_Warfare_and_Communication_1289_1530_ca_European_History_Quarterly_Vol_46_3_2016_458_479","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24054313/A_Guidi_The_Florentine_Archives_in_Transition_Government_Warfare_and_Communication_1289_1530_ca_European_History_Quarterly_Vol_46_3_2016_458_479"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="34" data-entity-id="83964723" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83964723/_De_origine_civitatis_The_building_of_civic_Identity_in_Italian_communal_Chronicles_12th_14th_century_Lorenzo_Tanzini">‘De origine civitatis’. The building of civic Identity in Italian communal Chronicles (12th-14th century) Lorenzo Tanzini</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1210133" href="https://unica.academia.edu/LorenzoTanzini">Lorenzo Tanzini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Imago temporis: medium Aevum, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘De origine civitatis’. The building of civic Identity in Italian communal Chronicles (12th-14th century) Lorenzo Tanzini","attachmentId":89143528,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83964723/_De_origine_civitatis_The_building_of_civic_Identity_in_Italian_communal_Chronicles_12th_14th_century_Lorenzo_Tanzini","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83964723/_De_origine_civitatis_The_building_of_civic_Identity_in_Italian_communal_Chronicles_12th_14th_century_Lorenzo_Tanzini"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="137" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law">Jewish Law</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="796" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="977" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1446" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History">Medieval History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3059" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics">Religion and Politics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3410" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_History">Urban History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography">Historiography</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3741" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Anthropology">Urban Anthropology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="5709" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="6422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Regeneration">Urban Regeneration</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="6627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_History">Jewish History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7725" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies">Urban Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7978" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History">Political History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="9437" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism">Urbanism</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="9676" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Institutions">Political Institutions</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="10344" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics">International Politics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="10947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_-_Christian_Relations">Jewish - Christian Relations</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="13954" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Jews">History of the Jews</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="15588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History">Social History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="16742" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology">Urban Sociology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="16861" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Thought">Jewish Thought</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="19430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Philosophy">Jewish Philosophy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="20972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Literature">Jewish Literature</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="22067" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_Political_Science_">Institutions (Political Science)</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="23394" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_historiography">Jewish historiography</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="23397" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Jewish_History">Medieval Jewish History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="23802" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Jewish_Philosophy">Modern Jewish Philosophy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="26445" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism">Judaism</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="28247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Jewish_History">Modern Jewish History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="31293" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Cultural_Studies">Jewish Cultural Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="49565" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa_Pol%C3%ADtica">Filosofía Política</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="49837" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia">Historia</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="50183" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_institutions">International institutions</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="63804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions">Institutions</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="65192" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_medievale">Storia medievale</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="67052" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaic_Studies">Judaic Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="85168" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_delle_Religioni">Storia delle Religioni</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="94893" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smart_City">Smart City</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="100309" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia">Storia</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="114452" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_Delle_Istituzioni_Medievali">Storia Delle Istituzioni Medievali</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="154791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="160011" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghetto">Ghetto</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="274329" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giudaismo">Giudaismo</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="297528" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juifs">Juifs</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="304571" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Community_of_Trieste">Jewish Community of Trieste</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="325317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_moderna">Storia moderna</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="345958" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Riti_di_fondazione_della_citta_antica">Riti di fondazione della città a...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="385234" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History">Political Economy and History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="399677" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_delle_istituzioni">Storia delle istituzioni</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="416773" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ebrei">Ebrei</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="424185" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_Contemporanea">Storia Contemporanea</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="452636" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghetto_and_Within_Class_Identity_State_and_Politics_of_Mobilisation">Ghetto and Within: Class, Identi...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="470056" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghetto_Studies">Ghetto Studies</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="484211" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Notai_Protocolli_Notarili_Registri_Vescovili">Notai, Protocolli Notarili, Regi...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="487021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Istituzioni_Politiche_Eta_Moderna">Istituzioni Politiche Età Moderna</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="491607" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_Delle_Dottrine_Politiche">Storia Delle Dottrine Politiche</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="504659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_delle_istituzioni_politiche">Storia delle istituzioni politiche</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="534461" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citta">Città</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="602570" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghettoization">Ghettoization</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="659567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_della_cultura_e_delle_istituzioni_scolastiche_in_eta_medievale">Storia della cultura e delle ist...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="714498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studiosi_Ebrei">Studiosi Ebrei</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="809691" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Ghettos">Urban Ghettos</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="841999" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/storia_degli_ebrei_dItalia">storia degli ebrei d'Italia</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="897999" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ebrei_Roma">Ebrei Roma</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1865668" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venice_Ghetto">Venice Ghetto</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1866414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Societ%C3%A0_E_Istituzioni">Società E Istituzioni</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div> </body> </html>