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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Goulart_and_the_fall_of_the_Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Goulart_and_the_fall_of_the_Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United States involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_alleged_Communist_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_alleged_Communist_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The alleged Communist threat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_alleged_Communist_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_within_the_officer_corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_within_the_officer_corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Divisions within the officer corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_within_the_officer_corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_regime,_Castelo_Branco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_regime,_Castelo_Branco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Establishing the regime, Castelo Branco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_regime,_Castelo_Branco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardening_of_the_regime,_Costa_e_Silva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardening_of_the_regime,_Costa_e_Silva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hardening of the regime, Costa e Silva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardening_of_the_regime,_Costa_e_Silva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_Lead,_Médici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_Lead,_Médici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Years of Lead, Médici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_Lead,_Médici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Human rights violations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geisel_government,_distensão,_and_1973_oil_shock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geisel_government,_distensão,_and_1973_oil_shock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Geisel government, <i><span><i>distensão</i></span></i>, and 1973 oil shock</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geisel_government,_distensão,_and_1973_oil_shock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geisel government, <i><span><i>distensão</i></span></i>, and 1973 oil shock subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geisel_government,_distensão,_and_1973_oil_shock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decompression_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decompression_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Decompression policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decompression_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_democracy,_Figueiredo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_democracy,_Figueiredo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transition to democracy, Figueiredo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_democracy,_Figueiredo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Film documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="النظام العسكري البرازيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظام العسكري البرازيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военен режим в Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военен режим в Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictadura_militar_del_Brasil_(1964-1985)" title="Dictadura militar del Brasil (1964-1985) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dictadura militar del Brasil (1964-1985)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia_s%C3%B5jav%C3%A4ediktatuur" title="Brasiilia sõjaväediktatuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brasiilia sõjaväediktatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Στρατιωτική δικτατορία στη Βραζιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτική δικτατορία στη Βραζιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictadura_militar_en_Brasil" title="Dictadura militar en Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dictadura militar en Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilgo_diktadura_militarra" title="Brasilgo diktadura militarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brasilgo diktadura militarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دیکتاتوری نظامی برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیکتاتوری نظامی برزیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictature_militaire_au_Br%C3%A9sil_(1964-1985)" title="Dictature militaire au Brésil (1964-1985) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dictature militaire au Brésil (1964-1985)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditadura_militar_no_Brasil" title="Ditadura militar no Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ditadura militar no Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittatura_militare_brasiliana" title="Dittatura militare brasiliana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dittatura militare brasiliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C_(1964%E2%80%931985)" title="הדיקטטורה הצבאית בברזיל (1964–1985) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדיקטטורה הצבאית בברזיל (1964–1985)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილიის სამხედრო დიქტატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზილიის სამხედრო დიქტატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlijas_milit%C4%81r%C4%81_diktat%C5%ABra" title="Brazīlijas militārā diktatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brazīlijas militārā diktatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_diktator_tentera_di_Brazil" title="Pemerintahan diktator tentera di Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan diktator tentera di Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliaanse_militaire_regering" title="Braziliaanse militaire regering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Braziliaanse militaire regering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditadura_militar_brasileira" title="Ditadura militar brasileira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ditadura militar brasileira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Военная диктатура в Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная диктатура в Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military dictatorship in Brazil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Ditadura militar brasileira">the corresponding article</a> in Portuguese</b>.  <i><small>(September 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the<br />United States of Brazil<br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1964–1967)</span></small><br /><small><i>República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil</i></small><hr />Federative Republic of Brazil<br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(1967–1985)</span></small><br /><small><i>República Federativa do Brasil</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1964–1985</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1968%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brazil"><img alt="Flag of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag</a><br />(1968–1985)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_(1971%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1971–1985) of Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms (1971–1985) of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281971%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil">Coat of arms</a><br />(1971–1985)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"Ordem e Progresso"<br /><small>"Order and Progress"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem" title="Brazilian National Anthem">Hino Nacional Brasileiro</a></i><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Brazilian National Anthem"</span>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="113" data-mwtitle="Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Brazil"><img alt="Location of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Brazil_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">92% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestant</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2% Other</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Brazil" title="Irreligion in Brazil">Irreligious</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1964–1966)</span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant-party">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1966–1979)</span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Ranieri Mazzilli</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Costa e Silva</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1969" title="Brazilian military junta of 1969">Military Junta</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1979–1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Alkmin" title="José Maria Alkmin">José Maria Alkmin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aleixo" title="Pedro Aleixo">Pedro Aleixo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Rademaker" title="Augusto Rademaker">Augusto Rademaker</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Adalberto Pereira dos Santos">Adalberto Pereira dos Santos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1979–1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aureliano_Chaves" title="Aureliano Chaves">Aureliano Chaves</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Federal Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Military coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March/1 April 1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil#Sixth_Constitution_(1967)" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">New Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five" title="Institutional Act Number Five">Institutional Act No. 5</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Economic Miracle</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1968–1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_opening_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opening of Brazil">Liberalization</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1974–1988</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="#Transition_to_democracy,_Figueiredo">Democracy restored</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1985</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">94,508,583</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1980 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">121,150,573</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(1980)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.545<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cruzeiro_(1967%E2%80%931986)" title="Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)">Cruzeiro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BR" title="ISO 3166-2:BR">BR</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Brazilian Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Sixth Brazilian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>military dictatorship in Brazil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">ditadura militar</i>), occasionally referred to as the <b>Fifth Brazilian Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established on 1 April 1964, after a <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazilian Armed Forces</a>, with support from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against president <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coup was planned and executed by the most senior commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative sectors in society, like the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The military regime, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five" title="Institutional Act Number Five">Institutional Act No. 5</a> of 1968, practiced extensive <a href="/wiki/Censorship_under_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil">censorship</a> and committed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)">human rights abuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those abuses included institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Brazil#During_the_Military_Dictatorship_(1964–1985)" title="Torture in Brazil">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_by_and_disappeared_during_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship">extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military regime enacted a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil#Sixth_Constitution_(1967)" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">new, restrictive Constitution</a> in 1967, and stifled <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">political opposition</a>. The regime adopted <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationalism" title="Brazilian nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">economic development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> as its guidelines. </p><p>The military coup of 1964 was supported by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_Pinto" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Magalhães Pinto">José de Magalhães Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_de_Barros" title="Adhemar de Barros">Adhemar de Barros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lacerda" title="Carlos Lacerda">Carlos Lacerda</a> (who had already participated in the conspiracy to <a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">depose Getúlio Vargas</a> in 1945), then governors of the states of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_(state)" title="Guanabara (state)">Guanabara</a>, respectively. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> supported the coup through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a> and thereafter supported the regime through its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the early 1970s with the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a>", even as the regime censored all media, and tortured, killed and exiled dissidents. <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Law#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesty Law">Amnesty Law</a> for political crimes committed for and against the regime. While combating the "hardliners" inside the government and supporting a <a href="/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil" title="Redemocratization in Brazil">redemocratization policy</a>, Figueiredo could not control the <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">crumbling economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">chronic inflation</a> and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid <a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">massive popular demonstrations</a> on the streets of the main cities of the country, the <a href="/wiki/1982_Brazilian_parliamentary_election" title="1982 Brazilian parliamentary election">first free elections</a> in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1985, <a href="/wiki/1985_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1985 Brazilian presidential election">another election</a> was held, this time to indirectly elect a new president, being contested between civilian candidates for the first time since the 1960s and won by the opposition. In 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">new Constitution</a> was passed and Brazil officially returned to democracy. </p><p>Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes and dictatorships throughout <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, being systematized by the so-called "National Security Doctrine",<sup id="cite_ref-ictj-20111206_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictj-20111206-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis, creating an intellectual basis upon which other military regimes relied.<sup id="cite_ref-ictj-20111206_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictj-20111206-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, nearly 30 years after the regime collapsed, the Brazilian military recognized for the first time the excesses committed by its agents during the dictatorship, including the torture and murder of political dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, dating back to April 1974 (when he was serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>), confirming that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing and 20,000 people were tortured during the military dictatorship in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some human rights activists and others assert that the true figure could be much higher, and should include thousands of indigenous people who died because of the regime's negligence,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the armed forces have always disputed this. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Jango.jpg/170px-Jango.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Jango.jpg/255px-Jango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Jango.jpg/340px-Jango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>João Goulart was the left-leaning president ousted by the Armed Forces</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil's political crisis stemmed from the way in which the political tensions had been controlled in the 1930s and 1940s during the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a>. Vargas' dictatorship and the presidencies of his democratic successors marked different stages of Brazilian populism (1930–1964), an era of economic nationalism, state-guided <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution">import substitution</a> trade policies. Vargas' policies were intended to foster an autonomous capitalist development in Brazil, by linking <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, a formula based on a strategy of reconciling the conflicting interests of the middle class, foreign capital, the working class, and the landed oligarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Estevam_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estevam-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially, this was the epic of the rise and fall of Brazilian populism from 1930 to 1964: Brazil witnessed over the course of this time period the change from export-orientation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a> (1889–1930) to the <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution">import substitution</a> of the populist era (1930–1964) and then to a moderate <a href="/wiki/Structuralist_economics" title="Structuralist economics">structuralism</a> of 1964–80. Each of these structural changes forced a realignment in society and caused a period of political crisis. A period of right-wing military dictatorship marked the transition between the populist era and the current period of democratization. </p><p>The Brazilian Armed Forces acquired great political clout after the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>. The politicization of the Armed Forces was evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian Empire</a>, or within <a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">tenentism</a> (lieutenants' movement) and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a>. Tensions escalated again in the 1950s, as important military circles (the "hard-liners", old <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivists</a> whose origins could be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a>) joined the elite and middle classes, and right-wing activists in attempts to prevent presidents <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> and João Goulart from taking office due to their supposed support for Communism. While Kubitschek proved to be friendly to capitalist institutions, Goulart promised far-reaching reforms, expropriated business interests, and promoted economical-political neutrality with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Goulart suddenly assumed power in 1961, society became deeply polarized, with the elites fearing that Brazil would, like <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, join the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Bloc">Communist Bloc</a>, while many thought that the reforms would greatly boost Brazil's growth and end its economical subservience with the U.S., or even that Goulart could be used to increase the popularity of the Communist agenda. Influential politicians, such as Carlos Lacerda and even Kubitschek, media moguls (<a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marinho" title="Roberto Marinho">Roberto Marinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Frias" title="Octávio Frias">Octávio Frias</a>, Júlio de Mesquita Filho), the Church, landowners, businessmen, and the middle class called for a coup d'état by the Armed Forces to remove the government. The old "hard-line" army officers, seeing a chance to impose their economic programme, convinced the loyalists that Goulart was a Communist menace.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goulart_and_the_fall_of_the_Fourth_Republic">Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1964_vacancy_in_the_Presidency_of_Brazil" title="1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil">1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil</a></div> <p>After the presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek, the right wing opposition elected <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a>, who based his electoral campaign on criticizing Kubitschek and government corruption. Quadros' campaign symbol was a broom, with which he would "sweep away the corruption".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his brief tenure as president, Quadros made moves to resume relations with Socialist countries and approved controversial laws, but without legislative support, he could not follow his agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Deposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Governo_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_%E2%80%93_Golpe_de_1964_15.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian army tanks on Presidente Vargas Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on April 2, 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the last days of August 1961, Quadros tried to break his impasse with <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">Congress</a> by resigning from the presidency, apparently with the intention of being reinstated by popular demand. Quadros' vice president, João Goulart, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(1945)" title="Brazilian Labour Party (1945)">Brazilian Labour Party</a> and had been active in politics since the Vargas Era. At that time, Brazil's president and vice president were elected from different party tickets. With Quadros' resignation, the high ranking military ministers tried to prevent Goulart, who was on a trip to China, from assuming the presidency, accusing him of being a Communist. The military's actions triggered the <a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign" title="Legality Campaign">Legality Campaign</a> in support of Goulart. The crisis was solved by the "<a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign#Parliamentary_solution" title="Legality Campaign">parliamentary solution</a>", a political compromise in which Goulart would take office, but with reduced powers by turning Brazil into a parliamentary republic with a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">prime minister</a>, which was filled by <a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a>. </p><p>Brazil returned to presidential government in 1963 after a <a href="/wiki/1963_Brazilian_constitutional_referendum" title="1963 Brazilian constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, and, as Goulart's powers grew, it became evident that he would seek to implement his "base reforms" such as <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of enterprises in various economic sectors. The reforms were considered Communist and Goulart sought to implement them regardless of assent from established institutions such as Congress. </p><p>Goulart had low parliamentarian support, due to the fact that his centrist attempts to win support from both sides of the spectrum gradually came to alienate both.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the president was forced to shift to the left of his mentor <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> and was forced to mobilize the working class and even the peasantry amid falling urban bourgeois support. </p><p>On 1 April 1964, after a night of conspiracy, rebel troops led by general <a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%ADmpio_Mour%C3%A3o_Filho" title="Olímpio Mourão Filho">Olímpio Mourão Filho</a> made <a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye_(Brazil)" title="Operation Popeye (Brazil)">their way to Rio de Janeiro</a>, considered a legalist bastion. São Paulo's and Rio de Janeiro's generals were convinced to join the coup. In order to prevent a civil war and knowing that the United States would openly support the rebels, Goulart fled to <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, and then went to exile in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, where his family owned large estates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_involvement">United States involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_government" title="Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government">Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/220px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/330px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/440px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (left) and President Goulart during a review of troops on 3 April 1962. Kennedy mulled possible military intervention in Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. ambassador <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Gordon" title="Lincoln Gordon">Lincoln Gordon</a> later admitted that the embassy had given money to anti-Goulart candidates in the 1962 municipal elections, and had encouraged the plotters; many extra U.S. military and intelligence personnel were operating in four U.S. Navy oil tankers and the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Forrestal" title="USS Forrestal">USS <i>Forrestal</i></a>, in an operation code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Brother Sam</a>. These ships had positioned off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in case rebel Brazilian troops required military assistance during the 1964 coup. A document from Gordon in 1963 to U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> also describes the ways João Goulart should be put down, and his fears of a communist intervention supported by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington immediately recognized the new government in 1964, and hailed the coup as one of the "democratic forces" that had allegedly staved off the hand of international communism. American mass media outlets such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine also gave positive remarks about the dissolution of political parties and salary controls at the beginning of Castelo Branco's term.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Vincent Bevins</a>, the military dictatorship established in Brazil, the fifth most populous nation in the world, "played a crucial role in pushing the rest of South America into the pro-Washington, anticommunist group of nations."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil actively participated in the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/State_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="State terror">state terror</a> campaign against left-wing dissidents known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_alleged_Communist_threat">The alleged Communist threat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The alleged Communist threat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The argument used to justify the establishment of a military dictatorship in Brazil was the imminence of a "Communist threat" in 1964. The historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Patto_S%C3%A1_Motta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Patto_S%C3%A1_Motta" class="extiw" title="pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta">pt</a>]</span> disputes the assertion that communism was of sufficient strength in Brazil to threaten the democratic system in 1964. In an interview, Motta stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-:123_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>If the political regime established in 1964 was popular and had the majority support of the population, why the hell did it need authoritarian mechanisms to stay in power?". And he adds: "Let us consider for a moment, just to construct hypothetical reasoning, that there was a serious communist threat and the military intervention aimed at defending democracy against totalitarianism (I reiterate that I consider such arguments unfounded). If so, what justification, then, for having installed a dictatorship and ending up in power for two decades? Why did they not hand over power to civilians after the "threat" had been defeated?</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta, 1964: "O Brasil não estava à beira do comunismo"</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Instead, Motta argued that the assertion of a "Communist threat" was fabricated to unify the Brazilian armed forces and increase their support among the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:123_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>...the big press and other institutions made a strong discursive dam in favour of the fall of Goulart, in which they mobilized to exhaustion the theme of red danger (communists) to increase the climate of panic. What is certain is that on leaving the HQs the Armed Forces unbalanced the situation and promoted the overthrow of Goulart, so their role was essential in the coup.</i></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept#The_Intercept_Brasil" title="The Intercept"><i>The Intercept</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-NAI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that the asserted threat of Jango's "guerrillas", the weapons in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_leagues_(Brazil)" title="Peasant leagues (Brazil)">Peasant Leagues</a>, and the communist infiltrations into the armed forces were nothing more than fantasy, and that the 1964 coup occurred without resistance, since "there was no resistance." Moreover, the Communist armed struggles only appeared after the implementation of the dictatorship, and not before it, and in fact never put Brazilian democracy at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-NAI_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_within_the_officer_corps">Divisions within the officer corps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Divisions within the officer corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The armed forces' officer corps was divided between those who believed that they should confine themselves to their barracks, and the hard-liners who regarded politicians as willing to turn Brazil to Communism. The victory of the hard-liners<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> dragged Brazil into what political scientist Juan J. Linz called "an authoritarian situation". However, because the hard-liners could not ignore the counterweight opinions of their colleagues or resistance IN society, they were unable to institutionalize their agenda politically. In addition, they did not attempt to eliminate liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> because they feared disapproval of international opinion and damage to their alignment with the United States. The United States as bastion of anticommunism during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> provided the ideology that the authoritarians used to justify their hold on power. Washington also preached liberal democracy, which forced the authoritarians to assume the contradictory position of defending democracy, while destroying it. Their concern for appearances caused them to abstain from personal dictatorship by requiring each successive general-president to hand over power to a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-chomsky_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chomsky-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidents during the military dictatorship</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelobranco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco"><img alt="Field marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Castelobranco.jpg/80px-Castelobranco.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Castelobranco.jpg/120px-Castelobranco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Castelobranco.jpg/161px-Castelobranco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Field marshal</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Costa_e_Silva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field marshal Artur da Costa e Silva"><img alt="Field marshal Artur da Costa e Silva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Costa_e_Silva.jpg/80px-Costa_e_Silva.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Costa_e_Silva.jpg/119px-Costa_e_Silva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Costa_e_Silva.jpg/159px-Costa_e_Silva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Field marshal</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Artur da Costa e Silva</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Emílio Garrastazu Médici"><img alt="General Emílio Garrastazu Médici" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg/80px-Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg/119px-Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg/159px-Garrastazu_m%C3%A9dici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>General</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernesto_Geisel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Ernesto Geisel"><img alt="General Ernesto Geisel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ernesto_Geisel.jpg/80px-Ernesto_Geisel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ernesto_Geisel.jpg/120px-Ernesto_Geisel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ernesto_Geisel.jpg/160px-Ernesto_Geisel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>General</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figueiredo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General João Figueiredo"><img alt="General João Figueiredo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Figueiredo.jpg/80px-Figueiredo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Figueiredo.jpg/121px-Figueiredo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Figueiredo.jpg/161px-Figueiredo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>General</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishing_the_regime,_Castelo_Branco"><span id="Establishing_the_regime.2C_Castelo_Branco"></span>Establishing the regime, Castelo Branco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishing the regime, Castelo Branco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Acts" title="Institutional Acts">Institutional Acts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Castelo_Branco" title="Presidency of Castelo Branco">Presidency of Castelo Branco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_656.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="5645" /></a><figcaption>A student being arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Army_Police_(Brazil)" title="Army Police (Brazil)">Army Police</a> during an anti-dictatorship protest in 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brazilian Army could not find an acceptable civilian politician to all of the factions that supported the ouster of João Goulart. On 9 April 1964, coup leaders published the First Institutional Act, which greatly limited the civil liberties of the 1946 constitution. The act granted the president the authority to remove elected officials, dismiss civil servants, and revoke for 10 years the political rights of those found guilty of subversion or misuse of public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 April 1964, Congress elected the Army Chief of Staff, marshal <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco</a> as president for the remainder of Goulart's term. </p><p>Castelo Branco had intentions of overseeing a radical reform of the political-economic system and then returning power to elected officials. He refused to remain in power beyond the remainder of Goulart's term or to institutionalize the military in power. However, competing demands radicalized the situation. Military hard-liners wanted a complete purge of left-wing and populist influences while civilian politicians obstructed Castelo Branco's reforms. The latter accused him of hard-line actions to achieve his objectives, and the former accused him of leniency. On 27 October 1965, after victory of opposition candidates in two state elections, he signed the Second Institutional act which purged Congress, removed objectionable state governors and expanded president's arbitrary powers at the expense of the legislative and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">judiciary</a> branches. This gave him the latitude to repress the populist left but also provided the subsequent governments of <a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Artur da Costa e Silva</a> (1967–69) and <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a> (1969–74) with a "legal" basis for their hard-line authoritarian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>But this is no military dictatorship. If it were, Carlos Lacerda would never be allowed to say the things he says. Everything in Brazil is free — but controlled.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small> – Minister of Transportation and colonel Mario Andreazza to journalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a>, 1967<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> <p>Through the Institutional Acts, Castelo Branco gave the executive the unchecked ability to change the constitution and remove anyone from office as well as to have the president elected by Congress. A two-party system was created: the ruling government-backed <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance" title="National Renewal Alliance">National Renewal Alliance</a> (ARENA) and the mild not-leftist opposition <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a> (MDB) party.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the new Constitution of 1967 the name of the country was changed from United States of Brazil to the current Federative Republic of Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardening_of_the_regime,_Costa_e_Silva"><span id="Hardening_of_the_regime.2C_Costa_e_Silva"></span>Hardening of the regime, Costa e Silva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hardening of the regime, Costa e Silva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas,_1968-04-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/220px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/330px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/440px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>A column of <a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41 Walker Bulldog</a> tanks along the streets of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in April 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>Castelo Branco was succeeded to the presidency by general Artur da Costa e Silva who was a representative of the hard-line elements of the regime. On 13 December 1968 he signed the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five" title="Institutional Act Number Five">Fifth Institutional Act</a> that gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August 1969 Costa e Silva suffered a stroke. Instead of his vice president, all state power was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1969" title="Brazilian military junta of 1969">military junta</a>, which then chose general Emílio Garrastazu Médici as the new president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_Lead,_Médici"><span id="Years_of_Lead.2C_M.C3.A9dici"></span>Years of Lead, Médici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Years of Lead, Médici"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_-_1969.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brazil_-_1969.svg/220px-Brazil_-_1969.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brazil_-_1969.svg/330px-Brazil_-_1969.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brazil_-_1969.svg/440px-Brazil_-_1969.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><i>Brazil: love it or leave it,</i> a slogan of the military regime.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of the regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. The succession of kidnappings of foreign ambassadors in Brazil embarrassed the military government. The anti-government demonstrations and the action of guerrilla movements generated an increase in repressive measures. Urban guerrillas from the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Libertadora_Nacional" title="Ação Libertadora Nacional">National Liberation Action</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8th_October_Revolutionary_Movement" title="8th October Revolutionary Movement">8th October Revolutionary Movement</a> were suppressed, and military operations undertaken to finish the <a href="/wiki/Araguaia_Guerrilla_War" title="Araguaia Guerrilla War">Araguaia Guerrilla War</a>. </p><p>The "ideological frontiers" of Brazilian foreign policy were reinforced. By late 1970, the official <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> dropped to $40 per month, reducing the purchasing power of over one-third of the Brazilian workforce—whose wages were tied to it—by about 50% compared to 1960 levels under Juscelino Kubitschek's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Médici was popular, as his term was met with the largest economic growth of any Brazilian president as the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a> unfolded and the country won the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">1970 World Cup</a>. In 1971 Médici presented the First National Development Plan aimed at increasing the rate of economic growth, especially in remote <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a> and the Amazon. The results of his economic policy consolidated the option for the national-development model. Because of these results, the country's foreign economic connections were transformed, allowing its international presence to be broadened.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1970 federal, state, and municipal elections were held. Most of the seats were won by ARENA candidates. In 1973, an electoral college system was established and in January 1974 general Ernesto Geisel was elected to be the next president.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance">Resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle_against_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship">Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estudantil_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_526.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Students march against the military dictatorship, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Goulart's fall worried many citizens. Many students, Marxists, and workers formed groups that opposed military rule. A minority of these adopted direct armed struggle, while most supported political solutions to reverse the mass suspension of human rights in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first few months after the coup, thousands of people were detained, while thousands of others were removed from their civil service or university positions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1968 there was a brief relaxation of the nation's repressive policies. Experimental artists and musicians formed the <a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a> movement during this time. However, some of the major popular musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caetano_Veloso" title="Caetano Veloso">Caetano Veloso</a>, for instance, were arrested, imprisoned, and exiled. <a href="/wiki/Chico_Buarque" title="Chico Buarque">Chico Buarque</a> also left the country, in exile, to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969 the 8th October Revolutionary Movement kidnapped <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burke_Elbrick" title="Charles Burke Elbrick">Charles Burke Elbrick</a>, the U.S. ambassador to Brazil. The resistance fighters demanded the release of imprisoned dissidents who were being tortured in exchange for Elbrick. The government responded by adopting more brutal measures of <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a>, leading to the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marighella" title="Carlos Marighella">Carlos Marighella</a>, a guerrilla leader, two months after Elbrick's kidnapping. This marked the beginning of the decline of armed opposition. In 1970, Nobuo Okuchi, the Japanese consul general in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">Sāo Paulo</a>, was kidnapped, while Curtis C. Cutter, the U.S. consul in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, was wounded in the shoulder but escaped being kidnapped. Also in 1970, Ehrenfried von Holleben, the West German ambassador, was kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro and one of his bodyguards was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repression">Repression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marighella_Assassinado.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marighella_Assassinado.pdf/page1-220px-Marighella_Assassinado.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marighella_Assassinado.pdf/page1-330px-Marighella_Assassinado.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marighella_Assassinado.pdf/page1-440px-Marighella_Assassinado.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>The body of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marighella" title="Carlos Marighella">Carlos Marighella</a> (1911–1969) on 4 November 1969, a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla fighter. He was ambushed and killed by <a href="/wiki/DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="DOPS">DOPS</a> agents in 1969, having previously survived a DOPS assassination attempt in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>After the military coup, the new government put forward a series of measures to strengthen its rule and weaken the opposition. The complex structure of the state's repression reached several areas of Brazilian society, and involved the implementation of measures of censorship, persecutions, and violations of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The systematic repression during this period in the Brazilian history was dependent on and alternated between the so-called "moderates" ("<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">moderados</i></span></i>") and "hard-liners" ("<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">linha dura</i></span></i>") in power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most aggressive set of repressive measures took place during the period between 1968 and 1978, called the "Years of Lead" (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Anos de Chumbo</i></span></i>). The repressive characteristic of the regime, however, was present in Brazilian society throughout the military rule.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_under_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil">Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil</a></div> <p>The mainstream media, initially cooperating with the military intervention on the eve of the coup, later opposed the government and thus fell under heavy censorship. The management of all sectors of the country's communication was overseen by the Special Counsel of Public Relations (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Assessoria Especial de Relações Públicas</i></span></i>) created in the beginning of 1968, while censorship was institutionalized through the Higher Counsel of Censorship (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Conselho Superior de Censura</i></span></i>) later on that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Higher Counsel of Censorship was overseen by the Ministry of Justice, which was in charge of analysing and revising decisions put forward by the director of the Federal Police department. The ministry was also responsible for establishing guidelines and norms to implement censorship at local levels. Institutionalized censorship affected all areas of communication in Brazilian society: newspaper, television, music, theater, and all industries related to mass communication activities, including marketing companies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the regime's efforts to censor any and all pieces of media that could hurt the government, the population found ways to get around it as much as possible. Even though artists and journalists needed permission from the counsel to publish any piece of communication, they sometimes were able to surpass censorship barriers through unconventional ways. Musicians would rely on word play to publish songs with veiled criticisms towards the government while famous newspapers would fill in empty spaces left blank due to censored articles with random cake recipes, a way to indicate to the population that the content had been censored by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_violations">Human rights violations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human rights violations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)">Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Brazil#During_the_Military_Dictatorship_(1964–1985)" title="Torture in Brazil">Torture in Brazil § During the Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg/220px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg/330px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg/440px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Monument <a href="/wiki/Monument_Tortura_Nunca_Mais" title="Monument Tortura Nunca Mais">Tortura Nunca Mais</a>, dedicated to the victims of torture in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> (inaugurated 1993)</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1964, the military government was already using the various forms of torture it devised systematically not only to gain information it used to crush opposition groups, but also to intimidate and silence any further potential opponents. This radically increased after 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While other dictatorships in the region at the time killed more people, Brazil saw the widespread use of torture, as it also had during the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas. Vargas's enforcer <a href="/wiki/Filinto_M%C3%BCller" title="Filinto Müller">Filinto Müller</a> has been named the "patron of torturers" in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advisors from the United States and United Kingdom trained Brazilian forces in interrogation and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To extinguish its left-wing opponents, the dictatorship used arbitrary arrests, imprisonment without trials, kidnapping, and most of all, torture, which included rape and castration. The book <i>Torture in Brazil</i> provides accounts of only a fraction of the atrocities committed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military government murdered hundreds of others, although this was done mostly in secret and the cause of death often falsely reported as accidental. The government occasionally dismembered and hid the bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French general <a href="/wiki/Paul_Aussaresses" title="Paul Aussaresses">Paul Aussaresses</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, came to Brazil in 1973. Aussaresses used "<a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counter-revolutionary warfare</a>" methods during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956%E2%80%931957)" title="Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)">Battle of Algiers</a>, including the systemic use of torture, <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">executions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">death flights</a>. He later trained U.S. officers and taught military courses for Brazil's military intelligence. He later acknowledged maintaining close links with the military.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro,_Eva_Wilma,_Odete_Lara,_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Artistas_protestam_contra_a_Ditadura_Militar_-_T%C3%B4nia_Carreiro%2C_Eva_Wilma%2C_Odete_Lara%2C_Norma_Bengell_e_Cacilda_Becker_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="2135" /></a><figcaption>Actresses <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4nia_Carrero" title="Tônia Carrero">Tônia Carrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Wilma" title="Eva Wilma">Eva Wilma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odete_Lara" title="Odete Lara">Odete Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Bengell" title="Norma Bengell">Norma Bengell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacilda_Becker" title="Cacilda Becker">Cacilda Becker</a> at the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Cultura contra Censura</i></span> protest in February 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the dictatorship's fall, no individual has been punished for the human rights violations, due to the 1979 Amnesty Law written by the members of the government who stayed in place during the transition to democracy. The law granted amnesty and impunity to any government official or citizen accused of political crimes during the dictatorship. Because of a certain "cultural amnesia" in Brazil, the victims have never garnered much sympathy, respect, or acknowledgement of their suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work is underway to alter the Amnesty Law, which has been condemned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The <a href="/wiki/National_Truth_Commission" title="National Truth Commission">National Truth Commission</a> was created in 2011 attempting to help the nation face its past and honour those who fought for democracy, and to compensate the family members of those killed or disappeared. Its work was concluded in 2014. It reported that under military regime at least 191 people were killed and 243 "disappeared".<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of deaths probably measures in the hundreds, not reaching but could be nearing one thousand, while more than 50,000 people were detained and 10,000 forced to go into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Assistência Jurídica da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil</i></span></i>, the "Brazilian death toll from government torture, assassination and 'disappearances' for 1964–81 was [...] 333, which included 67 killed in the Araguaia guerrilla front in 1972–74".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Brazilian Army, 97 military and civilians were killed by terrorist and guerrilla actions made by leftist groups during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission, which documented the human rights abuses of the military government, it was noted that the United States "had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geisel_government,_distensão,_and_1973_oil_shock"><span id="Geisel_government.2C_distens.C3.A3o.2C_and_1973_oil_shock"></span>Geisel government, <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">distensão</i></span></i>, and 1973 oil shock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geisel government, distensão, and 1973 oil shock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retired general Ernesto Geisel (1974–79) was <a href="/wiki/1974_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1974 Brazilian presidential election">elected to the presidency</a> with Médici's approval in 1974, a year after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a>. Geisel was a well-connected army general and former president of <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a>. There had been intense behind-the-scenes maneuvering by the hard-liners against him, but also by the more moderate supporters of Castelo Branco in his support. Geisel's older brother, Orlando Geisel, was the Minister of Army, and his close ally, general João Batista Figueiredo, was chief of Médici's military staff. Once in power, Geisel adopted a more moderate stance with regard to political opposition than his predecessor Médici. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decompression_policy">Decompression policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decompression policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_opening_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opening of Brazil">Political opening of Brazil</a></div> <p>Although not immediately understood by civilians, Ernesto Geisel's accession signaled a move toward a less oppressive rule. He replaced several regional commanders with trusted officers and labeled his political programmes "<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">abertura</i></span></i>" (opening) and <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">distensão</i></span></i> (decompression), meaning a gradual relaxation of authoritarian rule. It would be, in his words, "the maximum of development possible with the minimum of indispensable security".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Together with his <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff of Brazil">Chief of Staff</a>, minister <a href="/wiki/Golbery_do_Couto_e_Silva" title="Golbery do Couto e Silva">Golbery do Couto e Silva</a>, Geisel devised a plan of gradual, slow democratization that would eventually succeed despite threats and opposition from the hard-liners. However, the torture of the regime's left-wing and Communist opponents by <a href="/wiki/DOI-CODI" title="DOI-CODI">DOI-CODI</a> was still ongoing as demonstrated by the murder of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Herzog" title="Vladimir Herzog">Vladimir Herzog</a>. </p><p>Geisel allowed the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) to run an almost free election campaign before the <a href="/wiki/1974_Brazilian_parliamentary_election" title="1974 Brazilian parliamentary election">November 1974</a> elections, and the MDB won more votes than ever. When the opposition MDB party won more seats in the 1976 Congress elections, Geisel used the powers granted to him by AI-5 to dismiss Congress in April 1977, and introduced a new set of laws (April Package), that made gubernatorial elections indirect and created an electoral college for electing the next president, thus safeguarding ARENA positions. </p><p>In 1977 and 1978 the presidential succession issue caused further political confrontation with the hard-liners. In October 1977 Geisel suddenly dismissed the far-right Minister of the Army, general <a href="/wiki/Sylvio_Frota" title="Sylvio Frota">Sylvio Frota</a>, who had tried to become a candidate for the next presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1978 Geisel had to deal with the <a href="/wiki/1978%E2%80%931980_ABC_Paulista_strikes" title="1978–1980 ABC Paulista strikes">first labour strikes since 1964</a>. Over 500,000 workers led by the future president <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> demanded and won a 11% wage increase.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of his presidency Geisel had allowed exiled citizens to return, restored habeas corpus, repealed the extraordinary powers, ended the Fifth Institutional Act in December 1978, and imposed general João Figueiredo as his successor in March 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg/220px-Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg/330px-Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg/440px-Primeiro_carro_alcool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Avenger#Brazil" title="Hillman Avenger">Dodge 1800</a> was the first prototype engineered with an ethanol-only engine. Exhibit at the <i>Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_General_Command_for_Aerospace_Technology_(CTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA)">CTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Geisel sought to maintain the high economic growth rates of the Brazilian Miracle which were tied to maintaining the prestige of the regime, even while seeking to deal with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis. Geisel removed the long-time Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Delfim_Netto" title="Antônio Delfim Netto">Antônio Delfim Netto</a>. He maintained massive state investments in infrastructure—motorways, telecommunications, hydroelectric dams, mineral extraction, factories, and nuclear energy. All this required more international borrowing and increased state debt. </p><p>Fending off nationalist objections, he opened Brazil to oil prospecting by foreign firms for the first time since the early 1950s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Geisel also tried to reduce Brazil's reliance on oil by signing a US$10 billion agreement with West Germany to build eight nuclear reactors in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, an <a href="/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="History of ethanol fuel in Brazil">ethanol production initiative</a> was promoted as an alternative to gasoline and the first ethanol fueled cars were produced in the country. </p><p>Brazil suffered drastic reductions in its terms of trade as a result of the oil crisis. In the early 1970s, the performance of the export sector was undermined by an overvalued currency. With the trade balance under pressure, the oil shock led to a sharply higher import bill. Thus, the Geisel government borrowed billions of dollars to see Brazil through the oil crisis. This strategy was effective in promoting growth, but it also raised Brazil's import requirements markedly, increasing the already large current-account deficit. The current account was financed by running up the foreign debt. The expectation was that the combined effects of <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution industrialization</a> and export expansion eventually would bring about growing trade surpluses, allowing the service and repayment of the foreign debt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_addresses_the_Brazilian_Congress_-_NARA_-_178607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> addresses the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Congress">Brazilian Congress</a>, 30 March 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil shifted its foreign policy to meet its economic needs. "Responsible pragmatism" replaced strict alignment with the United States and a worldview based on ideological frontiers and blocs of nations. Because Brazil was 80% dependent on imported oil, Geisel shifted the country from uncritical support of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to a more neutral stance on Middle Eastern affairs. His government also recognized the People's Republic of China and the new socialist governments of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, both former Portuguese colonies. The government moved closer to Latin America, Europe, and Japan. </p><p>Brazil's intention to build nuclear reactors with West Germany's help created tensions with the U.S. which did not want to see a nuclear Brazil. After the election of Jimmy Carter as president, a greater emphasis was put on human rights. The new <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a> Amendment limited American military assistance to countries with human rights violations. Brazilian right-wingers and military viewed this as an incursion on Brazilian sovereignty and Geisel renounced any future military aid from the United States in April 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_democracy,_Figueiredo"><span id="Transition_to_democracy.2C_Figueiredo"></span>Transition to democracy, Figueiredo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transition to democracy, Figueiredo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diretas_ja_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diretas_ja_2.JPG/220px-Diretas_ja_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diretas_ja_2.JPG/330px-Diretas_ja_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Diretas_ja_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Pro-democracy <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></i></span></i> protest in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>President João Figueiredo steered the country back to democracy and promoted the transfer of power to civilian rule, facing opposition from hardliners in the military. Figueiredo was an army general and former head of the secret service, the <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Service_(Brazil)" title="National Information Service (Brazil)">National Information Service</a>. </p><p>As president, Figueiredo continued the gradual "<i>abertura</i>" process that had begun in 1974. The Amnesty Law, signed by Figueiredo on 28 August 1979, amnestied those convicted of "political" or "related" crimes between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1980s, the military regime could no longer effectively maintain the two-party system established in 1966. The Figueiredo administration dissolved the government-controlled ARENA and allowed new parties to be formed. The president was often incapacitated by illness and took two prolonged leaves for health treatment in 1981 and 1983, but the civilian vice president <a href="/wiki/Aureliano_Chaves" title="Aureliano Chaves">Aureliano Chaves</a> did not enjoy major political power. </p><p>In 1981 Congress enacted a law on the restoration of direct elections of state governors. The general election of 1982 brought a narrow victory to ARENA's successor, pro-government <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Social_Party" title="Democratic Social Party">Democratic Social Party</a> (43.22% of the vote), while the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party received 42.96% of votes. The governorship of three major states, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, was won by the opposition. </p><p>However, the political developments were overshadowed by increasing economic problems. As inflation and unemployment soared, the foreign debt reached massive proportions making Brazil the world's biggest debtor, owing about US$90 billion to international lenders. The austerity measures imposed by the government brought no signs of recovery for the Brazilian economy. </p><p>In 1984, the movement known as <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></i></span></i> took over the country and epitomized the newly regained freedoms of assembly and expression, but the movement's primary objective was not attained, and the <a href="/wiki/1985_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1985 Brazilian presidential election">1985 presidential election</a> was held indirectly, via a selected <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>. The opposition vigorously struggled for passing a constitutional amendment that would allow direct popular presidential elections in November 1984, but the proposal failed to win passage in Congress. The opposition candidate Tancredo Neves succeeded Figueiredo when Congress held an election for the new president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Military dictatorship in Brazil">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg/220px-Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg/330px-Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Médici with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, December 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period Brazil's international agenda incorporated new perceptions. With nationalist military — who were state-control devotees — in power, there was increased energy for questioning the <a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">disparities</a> of the international system. Interest in expanding state presence in the economy was accompanied by policies intended to transform Brazil's profile abroad. The relationship with the United States was still valued, but policy alignment was no longer total. Connections between Brazilian international activity and its economic interests led foreign policy, conducted by foreign minister José de Magalhães Pinto (1966–67), to be labeled "Prosperity Diplomacy". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption>Figueiredo and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> riding horses in Brasília, 1 December 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>This new emphasis of Brazil's international policy was followed by an appraisal of relations maintained with the United States in the previous years. It was observed that the attempted strengthening of ties had yielded limited benefits. A revision of the Brazilian ideological stand within the world system was added to this perception. This state of affairs was further enhanced by the momentary relaxation of the bipolar confrontation during <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>. </p><p>In this context, it became possible to think of substituting the concept of limited sovereignty for full sovereignty. Development was made a priority for Brazilian diplomacy. These conceptual transformations were supported by the younger segments of <a href="/wiki/Itamaraty" class="mw-redirect" title="Itamaraty">Itamaraty</a> (Ministry of External Relations), identified with the tenets of the Independent Foreign Policy adopted by country in the early 1960s. </p><p>Based on the priorities of its foreign policy, Brazil adopted new positions in various international organizations. Its performance at the II Conference of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD) in 1968, in defence of non-discriminatory and preferential treatment for underdeveloped countries' manufactured goods, was noteworthy. The same level of concern distinguished the Brazilian stand at the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Commission for Latin America">Economic Commission for Latin America</a> (ECLA) meeting in <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar" title="Viña del Mar">Viña del Mar</a> in 1969. On this occasion, Brazil voiced its support of a Latin American union project. </p><p>In the security sphere, disarmament was defended and the joint control system of the two superpowers condemned. Brazil was particularly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>, with a view to guarantee the right to develop its own <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a>. This prerogative had already been defended previously, when the Brazilian government decided not to accept the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlatelolco Treaty">Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a> (TNP) in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Brazil's position on the TNP became emblematic of the negative posture that it would, from then onwards, sustain regarding the power politics of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Its initial detailing was influenced by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Augusto_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Castro" title="João Augusto de Araújo Castro">João Augusto de Araújo Castro</a> as ambassador to the UN and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Security Council">president of the Security Council</a> in the years 1968–69. Brazil tried to strengthen its position with nuclear cooperation negotiated settlements with countries such as Israel (1966), France (1967), India (1968) and the United States (1972). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brazil" title="Category:History of Brazil">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/250px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/375px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/500px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14028" data-file-height="9829" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Terra Brasilis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Atlas" title="Miller Atlas">Miller Atlas</a>, 1519</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Pre-Cabraline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil#History" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">European discovery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" title="Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha">Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincies</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilwood_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilwood cycle (page does not exist)">Brazilwood cycle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_do_pau-brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Ciclo do pau-brasil">pt</a>]</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sugar_cycle" title="Brazilian sugar cycle">Sugar cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Slave trade</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">State of Brazil</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Quilombo dos Palmares</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">France Equinoxiale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Dutch invasions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Gold cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">War of the Emboabas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mascate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascate War">Mascate War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vila_Rica_Revolt" title="Vila Rica Revolt">Vila Rica Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Guaraní War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais Conspiracy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decree_Opening_Ports_to_Friendly_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decree Opening Ports to Friendly Nations (page does not exist)">Opening of the ports</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decreto_de_Abertura_dos_Portos_%C3%A0s_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Amigas" class="extiw" title="pt:Decreto de Abertura dos Portos às Nações Amigas">pt</a>]</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Invasion of the Banda Oriental</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom with Portugal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambuco Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">Conquest of French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Conquest of the Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes_of_1820" title="Constituent Cortes of 1820">Constituent Cortes of 1820</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipiranga_Brook#Declaration_of_Independence" title="Ipiranga Brook">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Recognition of Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro I</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)">1823 Constituent Assembly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">Night of Agony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">1824 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">Abdication of Pedro I</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency Period</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt_(Pernambuco)" title="April Revolt (Pernambuco)">April Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">1834 Additional Act</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_majority_of_Pedro_II" title="Declaration of majority of Pedro II">Declaration of majority of Pedro II</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro II</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_rebellions_of_1842" title="Liberal rebellions of 1842">Liberal rebellions of 1842</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee cycle">Coffee cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christie_Question" title="Christie Question">Christie Affair</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_Issue" title="Religious Issue">Religious Issue</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Muckers" title="Revolt of the Muckers">Revolt of the Muckers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grande_Seca" title="Grande Seca">Grande Seca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_Question" title="Military Question">Military Question</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Abolition of Slavery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-abolition_in_Brazil" title="Post-abolition in Brazil">Post–abolition of slavery</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Old Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">1891 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Sword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of the Sword (page does not exist)">Republic of the Sword</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_Espada" class="extiw" title="pt:República da Espada">pt</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Navy Revolts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Brazilian Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_with_milk_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee with milk politics">Coffee with milk politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Annexation of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Vaccine Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taubat%C3%A9_Agreement" title="Taubaté Agreement">Taubaté Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Naval arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash" title="Revolt of the Lash">Revolt of the Lash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">Lieutenant revolts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#Second_Brazilian_Republic" title="Vargas Era">Second Brazilian Republic</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">1934 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Communist_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist uprising of 1935">Communist uprising of 1935</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 Brazilian coup d'état</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1937" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1937">1937 Constitution</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Integralist Uprising</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">World War II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Ousting of Getúlio Vargas</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Populist Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preventative_Coup_of_November_11" title="Preventative Coup of November 11">Lott's preventative coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragar%C3%A7as_Revolt" title="Aragarças Revolt">Aragarças Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Construction of Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign" title="Legality Campaign">Legality Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Trienal" title="Plano Trienal">Plano Trienal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Sailors%27_Revolt" title="1964 Sailors' Revolt">Sailors' Revolt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_vacancy_in_the_Presidency_of_Brazil" title="1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil">Vacancy in the Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Acts" title="Institutional Acts">Institutional Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araguaia_Guerrilla_War" title="Araguaia Guerrilla War">Araguaia Guerrilla War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="March of the One Hundred Thousand">March of the One Hundred Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil" title="Redemocratization in Brazil">Redemocratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">New Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)#The_"lost_decade":_stagnation,_inflation,_and_crisis" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)">1988 Constituent Assembly</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">1988 Constitution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Collor" title="Plano Collor">Plano Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello#Corruption_charges_and_impeachment" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Impeachment of Fernando Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_constitutional_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian constitutional referendum, 1993">1993 Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensal%C3%A3o_scandal" title="Mensalão scandal">Mensalão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Car Wash investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">By federative unit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Acre" title="History of Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alagoas" title="History of Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amapá">Amapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amazonas" title="History of Amazonas">Amazonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cear%C3%A1" title="History of Ceará">Ceará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="History of Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goi%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Goiás">Goiás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Maranhão">Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minas_Gerais" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Par%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pará">Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Para%C3%ADba" title="History of Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="History of Paraná">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pernambuco" title="History of Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piau%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Piauí">Piauí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="History of Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="History of Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rond%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rondônia">Rondônia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roraima" title="History of Roraima">Roraima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catarina_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_state_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="History of the state of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sergipe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sergipe">Sergipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tocantins" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tocantins">Tocantins</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_history" title="Afro-Brazilian history">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book in Brazil">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="History of the Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="History of ethanol fuel in Brazil">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brazil" title="Name of Brazil">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_football_in_Brazil" title="History of football in Brazil">Football</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Brazil_national_football_team" title="History of the Brazil national football team">Football Team</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Brazil">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Military history of Brazil">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_nationality" title="History of Brazilian nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Brazil" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Brazil">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="History of rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the socialist movement in Brazil">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Brazil" title="List of years in Brazil">Years in Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The changes in Brazilian diplomacy were to be also reflected in other matters on the international agenda, such as the moderate stance taken with regard to the "<a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>" between Arabs and Israelis. In the multilateral sphere, the country championed the cause of the reform of the United Nations Organization charter. </p><p>The expansion of Brazil's international agenda coincided with the administrative reform of the Ministry of External Relations. Its move to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> in 1971 was followed by internal modernization. New departments were created, responding to the diversification of the international agenda and the increasing importance of economic diplomacy. Examples include the creation of a trade promotion system (1973) and the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (1971) to develop studies and research foreign policy. </p><p>Foreign policy during the Gibson Barboza mandate (1969–74) united three basic positions. The first one, ideological, defended the existence of military governments in Latin America. To achieve that, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> fought terrorism in the region. The second one criticized the distension process between the two superpowers, condemning the effects of American and Soviet power politics. The third requested support for development, considering that Brazil, with all its economic potential, deserved greater responsibility within the international system. </p><p>New demands and intentions appeared, related to the idea that the nation was strengthening its bargaining power in the world system. At international forums, its main demand became "collective economic security". The endeavor to lead Third World countries made Brazil value multilateral diplomacy. Efforts in this direction can be observed at the UN Conference on Environment (1972), the GATT meeting in Tokyo (1973) and the Law of the Sea Conference (1974). </p><p>This new Brazilian stance served as a base for the revival of its relationship with the United States. Differentiation from other Latin American countries was sought, to mean special treatment from the United States. Nevertheless, not only was this expectation not fulfilled but military assistance and the MEC-USAID educational cooperation agreement were interrupted. </p><p>Washington remained aloof at the time of President Médici's visit to the United States in 1971. In response, especially in the military and diplomatic spheres, nationalist ideas were kindled and raised questions about the alignment policy with the United States. </p><p>The presence of J.A. de Araújo Castro as ambassador to Washington contributed to the re-definition of relations with the American government. The strategic move was to try to expand the negotiation agenda by paying special attention to the diversification of trade relations, the beginning of nuclear cooperation, and the inclusion of new international policy themes. </p><p>In 1971 the military dictatorship helped rig Uruguayan elections, which <i><a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Uruguay)" title="Broad Front (Uruguay)">Frente Amplio</a></i>, a left-wing political party, lost.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The government participated in Operation Condor, which involved various Latin American security services (including <a href="/wiki/Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinochet">Pinochet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">DINA</a> and the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a>) in the assassination of political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Brazil began to devote more attention to less-developed countries. Technical cooperation programmes were initiated in Latin America and in Africa, accompanied in some cases by state company investment projects – in particular in the fields of energy and communication. With this pretext, an inter-ministerial system was created by Itamaraty and the Ministry of Planning, whose function was to select and coordinate international cooperation projects. To foster these innovations, in 1972 foreign minister Gibson Barboza visited Senegal, Togo, Ghana, Dahomey, Gabon, Zaïre, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Côte d'Ivoire. </p><p>However, the prospect of economic interests and the establishment of cooperation programmes with these countries was not followed by a revision of the Brazilian position on the colonial issue. Traditional loyalty was still with Portugal. Attempts were made to consolidate the creation of a Portuguese-Brazilian community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 1964 – the coup.</li> <li>October 1965 – political parties abolished, creation of two party system.</li> <li>October 1965 – Presidential elections to be indirect.</li> <li>January 1967 – a new Constitution.</li> <li>March 1967 – Costa e Silva takes office.</li> <li>November 1967 – opposition starts armed resistance.</li> <li>March 1968 – beginning of student protests.</li> <li>December 1968 – Institutional Act Nr.5.</li> <li>September 1969 – Medici selected as president.</li> <li>October 1969 – a new Constitution.</li> <li>January 1973 – armed resistance suppressed.</li> <li>June 1973 – Medici announces Geisel as his successor.</li> <li>March 1974 – Geisel takes office.</li> <li>August 1974 – political relaxation announced.</li> <li>November 1974 - MDB wins in Senate elections.</li> <li>April 1977 – National Congress dismissed.</li> <li>October 1977 - Head of the Armed Forces dismissed.</li> <li>January 1979 - Institutional Act Nr. 5 dismissed.</li> <li>March 1979 – Figueiredo takes office.</li> <li>November 1979 – two party system of ARENA and MDB ended.</li> <li>November 1982 – opposition wins Lower house of Parliament.</li> <li>April 1984 – amendment for direct presidential elections defeated.</li> <li>March 1985 – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> takes office.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corinthians_Democracy" title="Corinthians Democracy">Corinthians Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Films_depicting_Latin_American_military_dictatorships" title="Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships">Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_by_and_disappeared_during_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship">List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_activities_in_Brazil" title="Nuclear activities in Brazil">Nuclear activities in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Criminal_Code" title="Brazilian Military Criminal Code">Brazilian Military Criminal Code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/07/18/brazils-changing-religious-landscape/">"Brazil's Changing Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Research Center. 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F07%2F18%2Fbrazils-changing-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr14-report-en-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson1997" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Rex A.; et al. (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>) (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/brazil/18.htm">"The Military Republic, 1964-85"</a>. <i>Brazil: A Country Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Country Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844408549" title="Special:BookSources/0844408549"><bdi>0844408549</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-5294">1057-5294</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97036500">97036500</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/623126796">623126796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160523/https://countrystudies.us/brazil/18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military+Republic%2C+1964-85&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F623126796&rft.issn=1057-5294&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97036500&rft.isbn=0844408549&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Rex+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbrazil%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.camara.leg.br/a-camara/conheca/historia/Ex_presidentesCD_Republica/republica5.html">"5ª República (09.04.1964 - 05.10.1988)"</a>. <i>Portal da Câmara dos Deputados</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+da+C%C3%A2mara+dos+Deputados&rft.atitle=5%C2%AA+Rep%C3%BAblica+%2809.04.1964+-+05.10.1988%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.camara.leg.br%2Fa-camara%2Fconheca%2Fhistoria%2FEx_presidentesCD_Republica%2Frepublica5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">"Decolonisation and the Cold War"</a>. <i>State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134042463" title="Special:BookSources/9781134042463"><bdi>9781134042463</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214137/https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decolonisation+and+the+Cold+War&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134042463&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drft8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420183509/http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195375701/pdf/SPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf">"Document No. 12. U.S. Support for the Brazilian Military Coup d'État, 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195375701/pdf/SPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+No.+12.+U.S.+Support+for+the+Brazilian+Military+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat%2C+1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcompanion.websites%2F9780195375701%2Fpdf%2FSPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonçalves2012" class="citation book cs1">Gonçalves, Angelo Barreiro (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editora.pucminas.br/obra/catolicismo-e-golpe-de-1964"><i>A Igreja Católica e o Golpe de 1964</i></a> [<i>The Catholic Church and the 1964 Coup</i>]. 12. Vol. 1. Revista Akropolis. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788582290651" title="Special:BookSources/9788582290651"><bdi>9788582290651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Igreja+Cat%C3%B3lica+e+o+Golpe+de+1964&rft.series=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Revista+Akropolis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788582290651&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=Angelo+Barreiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.editora.pucminas.br%2Fobra%2Fcatolicismo-e-golpe-de-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCancian2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cancian, Renato (9 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/ditadura-militar-2-o-papel-da-igreja-catolica.htm">"Ditadura militar - O papel da Igreja católica"</a> [Military dictatorship - The role of the Catholic Church] (in Portuguese). Educacao.UOL.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>When the 1964 coup occurred, the most influential authorities of the Catholic Church in Brazil supported military intervention in politics, believing that the government of the deposed president, João Goulart (PTB), was a threat to the current social order because of its alleged reformist leanings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ditadura+militar+-+O+papel+da+Igreja+cat%C3%B3lica&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.aulast=Cancian&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducacao.uol.com.br%2Fdisciplinas%2Fhistoria-brasil%2Fditadura-militar-2-o-papel-da-igreja-catolica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMotta2022" class="citation book cs1">Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wK7EAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP2&ots=bIMZhohodU&dq=brazil%20military%20dictatorship%20AI%205&lr&pg=PP2#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>A Present Past: The Brazilian Military Dictatorship and the 1964 Coup</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78284-768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78284-768-7"><bdi>978-1-78284-768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Present+Past%3A+The+Brazilian+Military+Dictatorship+and+the+1964+Coup&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78284-768-7&rft.aulast=Motta&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+Patto+S%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wK7EAAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPP2%26ots%3DbIMZhohodU%26dq%3Dbrazil%2520military%2520dictatorship%2520AI%25205%26lr%26pg%3DPP2%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimão2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reimão, Sandra (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0103-40142014000100008">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Proíbo a publicação e circulação...' - censura a livros na ditadura militar"</a>. <i>Estudos Avançados</i> (in Portuguese). <b>28</b> (80): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0103-40142014000100008">10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0103-4014">0103-4014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudos+Avan%C3%A7ados&rft.atitle=%27Pro%C3%ADbo+a+publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+circula%C3%A7%C3%A3o...%27+-+censura+a+livros+na+ditadura+militar&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0103-40142014000100008&rft.issn=0103-4014&rft.aulast=Reim%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0103-40142014000100008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/04/14/brazil-prosecute-dictatorship-era-abuses">"Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 14 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0162-3"><bdi>978-1-4773-0162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil+and+the+Quiet+Intervention%2C+1964&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0162-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeBPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ictj-20111206-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ictj-20111206_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ictj-20111206_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2011" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez, Eduardo (6 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ictj.org/news/brazil-shatters-its-wall-silence-past">"Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past"</a>. 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Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4735-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Cannot+Remain+Silent%3A+Opposition+to+the+Brazilian+Military+Dictatorship+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4735-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/AEraVargas1/biografias/filinto_muller">"Filinto Müller - CPDOC"</a>. <i>cpdoc.fgv.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpdoc.fgv.br&rft.atitle=Filinto+M%C3%BCller+-+CPDOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpdoc.fgv.br%2Fproducao%2Fdossies%2FAEraVargas1%2Fbiografias%2Ffilinto_muller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts2014" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/10/brazil-president-weeps-report-military-dictatorship-abuses">"Brazil president weeps as she unveils report on military dictatorship's abuses"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brazil+president+weeps+as+she+unveils+report+on+military+dictatorship%27s+abuses&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fdec%2F10%2Fbrazil-president-weeps-report-military-dictatorship-abuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchdiocese_of_São_Paulo1998" class="citation book cs1">Archdiocese of São Paulo (1998). <i>Torture in Brazil</i>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70484-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture+in+Brazil&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70484-8&rft.au=Archdiocese+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMezarobba" class="citation web cs1">Mezarobba, Glenda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202301/http://www.surjournal.org/eng/conteudos/getArtigo13.php?artigo=13%2Cartigo_01.htm">"Between Reparations, Half Truths and Impunity: The Difficult Break with the Legacy of the Dictatorship in Brazil"</a>. <i>Sur: International Journal on Human Rights</i>. Sur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surjournal.org/eng/conteudos/getArtigo13.php?artigo=13,artigo_01.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sur%3A+International+Journal+on+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Between+Reparations%2C+Half+Truths+and+Impunity%3A+The+Difficult+Break+with+the+Legacy+of+the+Dictatorship+in+Brazil&rft.aulast=Mezarobba&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surjournal.org%2Feng%2Fconteudos%2FgetArtigo13.php%3Fartigo%3D13%2Cartigo_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marie-Moniques de la mort - l'école française</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mefeedia.com/entry/2926696/">See here, starting at 24 min</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Nina (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Too little too late' or 'Premature'? The Brazilian Truth Commission and the Question of 'Best Timing.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13260219.2013.806017">10.1080/13260219.2013.806017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145089475">145089475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Iberian+and+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=%27Too+little+too+late%27+or+%27Premature%27%3F+The+Brazilian+Truth+Commission+and+the+Question+of+%27Best+Timing.%27&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13260219.2013.806017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145089475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFilho2012" class="citation web cs1">Filho, Paulo Coelho (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yris.yira.org/essays/440#_ftn7">"Truth Commission in Brazil: Individualizing Amnesty, Revealing the Truth"</a>. <i>The Yale Review of International Studies</i>. Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Truth+Commission+in+Brazil%3A+Individualizing+Amnesty%2C+Revealing+the+Truth&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Filho&rft.aufirst=Paulo+Coelho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyris.yira.org%2Fessays%2F440%23_ftn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirsch1990">Kirsch (1990)</a>, pp. 269 and 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirsch1990">Kirsch (1990)</a>, p.396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Taylor2014" class="citation web cs1">Adam Taylor (12 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/brazils-torture-report-brings-president-dilma-rousseff-to-tears-20141211-125fzz.html">"Brazil's torture report brings President Dilma Rousseff to tears"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+torture+report+brings+President+Dilma+Rousseff+to+tears&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft.au=Adam+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fbrazils-torture-report-brings-president-dilma-rousseff-to-tears-20141211-125fzz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnider2013" class="citation web cs1">Snider, Colin M. (24 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americasouthandnorth.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/get-to-know-a-brazilian-ernesto-geisel/">"Get to Know a Brazilian – Ernesto Geisel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+to+Know+a+Brazilian+%E2%80%93+Ernesto+Geisel&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft.aulast=Snider&rft.aufirst=Colin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericasouthandnorth.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F24%2Fget-to-know-a-brazilian-ernesto-geisel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDávila2013" class="citation book cs1">Dávila, Jerry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiyY0hH1Ay4C&q=geisel+brazil+president&pg=PT80"><i>Dictatorship in South America</i></a>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118290798" title="Special:BookSources/9781118290798"><bdi>9781118290798</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictatorship+in+South+America&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118290798&rft.aulast=D%C3%A1vila&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiyY0hH1Ay4C%26q%3Dgeisel%2Bbrazil%2Bpresident%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/13/world/ernesto-geisel-88-is-dead-eased-military-rule-in-brazil.html">"Ernesto Geisel, 88, Is Dead; Eased Military Rule in Brazil"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 13 September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ernesto+Geisel%2C+88%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Eased+Military+Rule+in+Brazil&rft.date=1996-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F09%2F13%2Fworld%2Fernesto-geisel-88-is-dead-eased-military-rule-in-brazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-7/military-rule/geisel/">"Geisel - Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geisel+-+Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-7%2Fmilitary-rule%2Fgeisel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB71/">"Uruguay - English"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uruguay+-+English&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB71%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNobile,_Rodrigo2012" class="citation book cs1">Nobile, Rodrigo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396">"Military Dictatorship"</a>. In John J. Crocitti; Monique M. Vallance (eds.). <i>Brazil Today</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313346729" title="Special:BookSources/9780313346729"><bdi>9780313346729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Dictatorship&rft.btitle=Brazil+Today&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780313346729&rft.au=Nobile%2C+Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhkvhllLooUC%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Kirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Kirsch (page does not exist)">Kirsch, Bernard</a> (1990). <i>Revolution in Brazil</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506316-5"><bdi>978-0-19-506316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Brazil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506316-5&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Skidmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Skidmore">Thomas E. Skidmore</a> (1988).</li> <li><i>The Political System of Brazil: Emergence of a "Modernizing" Authoritarian Regime, 1964–1970</i>, by Ronald M. Schneider (1973).</li> <li><i>The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stepan" title="Alfred Stepan">Alfred Stepan</a> (1974).</li> <li><i>Brazil and the Quiet Intervention: 1964</i>, by Phyllis R. Parker (1979).</li> <li><i>Mission in Mufti: Brazil's Military Regimes, 1964–1985</i>, by Wilfred A. Bacchus (1990).</li> <li><i>Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers</i>, by Wendy Hunter (1997).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brazil,_1964-1985:_The_Military_Regimes_of_Latin_America_in_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil, 1964-1985: The Military Regimes of Latin America in the Cold War">Brazil, 1964-1985: The Military Regimes of Latin America in the Cold War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Klein" title="Herbert S. Klein">Herbert S. Klein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Vidal_Luna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Vidal Luna (page does not exist)">Francisco Vidal Luna</a> (2017).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_documentaries">Film documentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Citizen_Kane" title="Beyond Citizen Kane">Beyond Citizen Kane</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hartog" title="Simon Hartog">Simon Hartog</a> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm">Declassified documents from US Department of State and CIA about the 1964 coup</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Template:Military dictatorship in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Military dictatorship in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military dictatorship in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964–1985)76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship in Brazil</a> <small>(1964–1985)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_by_and_disappeared_during_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship">List of the disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle_against_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship">Armed struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Acts" title="Institutional Acts">Institutional Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five" title="Institutional Act Number Five">#5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_opening_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opening of Brazil">Political opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Truth_Commission" title="National Truth Commission">National Truth Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Family_with_God_for_Liberty" title="March of the Family with God for Liberty">March of the Family with God for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="March of the One Hundred Thousand">March of the One Hundred Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riocentro_bombing" title="Riocentro bombing">Riocentro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Vladimir_Herzog" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Vladimir Herzog">Death of Vladimir Herzog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> 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