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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Objektiwiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objektiwiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Objektiwiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objektiwiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenisontleding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenisontleding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geskiedenisontleding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenisontleding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedskrywing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedskrywing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedskrywing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedskrywing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedskrywing subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedskrywing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verligting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verligting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verligting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verligting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>19de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tot_beroep_gemaak_in_Duitsland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tot_beroep_gemaak_in_Duitsland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tot beroep gemaak in Duitsland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tot_beroep_gemaak_in_Duitsland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>20ste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beroep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beroep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beroep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beroep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aantekeninge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aantekeninge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aantekeninge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aantekeninge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdere_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdere_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verdere leesstof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdere_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historikus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 92 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Historiador" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C7%A3rwr%C4%ABtere" title="Stǣrwrītere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stǣrwrītere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="مؤرخ – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤرخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="توارخي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="توارخي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="مؤرخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مؤرخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historiador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix%C3%A7i" title="Tarixçi – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarixçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%DB%8C" title="تاریخچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاریخچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyador" title="Historyador – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Historyador" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Гісторык – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="သမဲင်ꩻပညာႏသျင်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သမဲင်ꩻပညာႏသျင်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="ইতিহাসবিদ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতিহাসবিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Historiador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مێژووناس – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووناس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historik" title="Historik – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Историк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Историк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanesydd" title="Hanesydd – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanesydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Historiker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historiker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarixwan" title="Tarixwan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tarixwan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Ιστορικός (επάγγελμα) – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορικός (επάγγελμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Historian" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiisto" title="Historiisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historiisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historiador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaloolane" title="Ajaloolane – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajaloolane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historialari" title="Historialari – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Historialari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="مورخ – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historioitsija" title="Historioitsija – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historioitsija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historien" title="Historien – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Historien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historien" title="Historien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Historien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiedkundige" title="Skiedkundige – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiedkundige" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara%C3%AD" title="Staraí – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eachdraiche" title="Eachdraiche – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eachdraiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin_tarihi" title="Masanin tarihi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masanin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="היסטוריון – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इतिहासकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इतिहासकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povjesni%C4%8Dar" title="Povjesničar – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povjesničar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoryen" title="Istoryen – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istoryen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Պատմիչ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarawan" title="Sejarawan – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="歴史家 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istuorian" title="Istuorian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Istuorian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ისტორიკოსი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისტორიკოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="사학자 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사학자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تَوٲریٖخ دان – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تَوٲریٖخ دان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEroknas" title="Dîroknas – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîroknas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Тарыхчы – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тарыхчы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_gestarum_scriptor" title="Rerum gestarum scriptor – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rerum gestarum scriptor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Historiker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicus" title="Historicus – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Historicus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93sturnieks" title="Vēsturnieks – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēsturnieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इतिहासकार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इतिहासकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Историк – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Историк" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Историчар – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историчар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ചരിത്രകാരൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചരിത്രകാരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इतिहासकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इतिहासकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_sejarah" title="Ahli sejarah – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သမိုင်းပညာရှင် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမိုင်းပညာရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicus" title="Historicus – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historicus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historikar" title="Historikar – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Historikar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Historiker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorian" title="Istorian – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istorian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorien" title="Istorien – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Istorien" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyk" title="Historyk – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87" title="تاریخ پوه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاریخ پوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Historiador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoric" title="Istoric – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Историк – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Історік – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Історік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Historian" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="مؤرخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مؤرخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histori%C4%8Dar" title="Historičar – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historičar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Historian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historik" title="Historik – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Historik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovinar" title="Zgodovinar – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovinar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiani" title="Historiani – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historiani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Историчар – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историчар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வரலாற்றாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரலாற்றாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Таърихнигор – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таърихнигор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นักประวัติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักประวัติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananalaysay" title="Mananalaysay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mananalaysay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarih%C3%A7i" title="Tarihçi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Історик – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="مؤرخ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مؤرخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_s%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhà sử học – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà sử học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="历史学家 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="历史学家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ისტორიკოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისტორიკოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="历史学家 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="历史学家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk-ka" title="Le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="史學家 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史學家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Aangestuur vanaf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedkundige&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Geskiedkundige">Geskiedkundige</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg/230px-AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg/346px-AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg/461px-AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotus</a> was 'n Griekse historikus van die 5e eeu v.C. en een van die vroegste historici wie se werke behoue gebly het.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Historikus</b> of <b>geskiedkundige</b> is 'n persoon wat die verlede navors, bestudeer en daaroor skryf, en as 'n deskundige op die gebied beskou word.<sup id="cite_ref-wordnetprinceton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordnetprinceton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objektiwiteit">Objektiwiteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Objektiwiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Objektiwiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 'n artikel wat in die <i>Yale Law Journal </i>gepubliseer is, identifiseer Wendie E. Schneider hierdie sewe punte as kriteria vir objektiewe geskiedskrywing:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. Die historikus moet bronne met die nodige voorbehoud hanteer. 2. Die historikus mag nie teenstrydige getuienis sonder wetenskaplike oorweging verwerp nie. 3. Die historikus moet getuienis onpartydig hanteer. 4. Die historikus moet enige spekulasie duidelik aantoon. 5. Die historikus mag dokumente nie verkeerd vertaal of lesers mislei deur gedeeltes van dokumente uit te laat nie. 6. Die historikus moet die egtheid van alle gebeure verifieer, nie slegs dié wat sy eie beskouing weerspreek nie; en 7. Die historikus moet die motiewe van historiese rolspelers in ag neem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenisontleding">Geskiedenisontleding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenisontleding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenisontleding"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die proses van historiese ontleding behels die bestudering en analise van mededingende idees, feite en beweerde feite ten einde 'n samehangende narratief te skep om die "wat het gebeur" en "waarom of hoe het dit gebeur" te verduidelik. Moderne historiese ontleding put gewoonlik uit ander geesteswetenskappe, insluitend <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">ekonomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie">sosiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sielkunde" title="Sielkunde">sielkunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie">antropologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe">linguistiek</a>. 'n Belangrike bydrae deur baie moderne historici is die stawing of verwerping van vroeëre historiese vertellings deur die bestudering van nuut ontdekte bronne en onlangse vakkundigheid of deur parallelle dissiplines soos <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">argeologie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedskrywing">Geskiedskrywing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedskrywing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedskrywing"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiek">Antiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Antiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Antiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/220px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/330px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/440px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>'n Gedeelte van 'n tiende-eeuse afskrif van <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> se <i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Om die verlede te verstaan blyk 'n universele menslike behoefte te wees, en die oordrag van geskiedenis het onafhanklik in beskawings regoor die wêreld ontwikkel. Die vroegste chronologieë dateer uit <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">antieke Egipte</a>, alhoewel nie een van die historiese skrywers in hierdie vroeë beskawings aan ons bekend is nie. </p><p>Sistematiese historiese denke het in <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekeland</a> ontwikkel. Die vroegste bekende kritiese historiese werk was die <i><a href="/wiki/Geskiedenisse_van_Herodotos" title="Geskiedenisse van Herodotos">Geskiedenisse van Herodotos</a> </i>deur<i> </i><a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotos van Halikarnassus</a> (484 – c. 425 v.C.), wat later die "vader van geskiedenis" (<a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>) genoem sou word. Herodotos het gepoog om tussen meer en minder betroubare vertellings te onderskei, en het persoonlik navorsing gedoen deur baie te reis en skriftelike verslag oor verskeie Mediterreense kulture te lewer. Alhoewel Herodotos hoofsaaklik op die optrede en karakters van mense klem gelê het, het hy ook 'n belangrike rol aan die godheid in die bepaling van historiese gebeure toegeskryf. <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> het goddelike oorsaaklikheid verwerp. Hy was ook die eerste historikus wat tussen aanleidende oorsaak en die onmiddellike oorsprong van 'n gebeurtenis onderskei het. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/220px-Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/330px-Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/440px-Leonardo_Bruni_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Leonardo Bruni (c.1370–1444), die historikus wat geskiedenis in drie tydperke, naamlik die Oudheid, die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> en die Moderne tyd verdeel het.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alhoewel vroeë Romeinse werke in Grieks geskryf is, is die <i>Origines </i>deur die Romeinse staatsman <a href="/wiki/Cato_die_ouere" title="Cato die ouere">Cato the Ouere</a> (234–149 v.C.), in Latyns geskryf in 'n doelbewuste poging om die Griekse kulturele invloed teë te werk. Livy (59 v.C. – 17 n.C.) beskryf die opkoms van <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Rome</a> van stadstaat tot <a href="/wiki/Ryk" title="Ryk">ryk</a>. Sy spekulasie oor wat sou gebeur het as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> teen Rome opgeruk het, verteenwoordig die eerste bekende geval van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternatiewe_geskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alternatiewe geskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">alternatiewe geskiedenis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese geskiedskrywing is die <i>Classic of History</i> een van die Vyf Klassieke geskrifte van die Chinese klassieke tekste en een van die vroegste narratiewe van China. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (rondom 100 v.C.) was die eerste historikus in China wat die grondleggingswerk vir professionele geskiedskrywing gedoen het. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/220px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/330px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>'n Bladsy uit Bede se <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Christelike geskiedskrywing het vroeg begin, moontlik reeds by Lukas-Handelinge, wat die primêre bron vir die Apostoliese Tydperk was. Geskiedskrywing was gewild onder Christelike monnike en kerklui in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a>. Hulle het die geskiedenis van Jesus Christus, die Kerke, dié van hulle beskermheiliges en die dinastiese geskiedenis van die plaaslike heersers aangeteken. </p><p>Moslem-historiese geskrifte het in die 7de eeu hulle verskyning gemaak, met die rekonstruksie van die profeet <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> se lewe in die eeue ná sy dood. Die bestaan van verskeie teenstrydige vertellings oor Mohammed en sy metgeselle uit verskeie bronne het geleerdes genoop om te bepaal watter bronne meer betroubaar was. Om hierdie bronne te evalueer het hulle verskeie metodologieë ontwikkel, soos die <i>wetenskap van biografie</i>, <i>wetenskap van hadith</i> en <i>Isnad </i>(orde van oordrag). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verligting">Verligting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Verligting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Verligting"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">Verligting</a> het die moderne ontwikkeling van geskiedskrywing deur die implementering van presiese metodes begin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Voltaire-Baquoy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Voltaire-Baquoy.gif/220px-Voltaire-Baquoy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Voltaire-Baquoy.gif/330px-Voltaire-Baquoy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Voltaire-Baquoy.gif/440px-Voltaire-Baquoy.gif 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> se werke is 'n uitstekende voorbeeld van geskiedskrywing gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">Verligting</a>. Skildery deur Pierre Charles Baquoy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Franse filosoof <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> (1694–1778) het 'n reuse invloed op die kuns van geskiedskrywing gehad. Sy bekendste geskiedenistekste is <i>The Age of Louis XIV</i> (1751), en <i>Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations</i> (1756). "My hoofdoel," het hy in 1739 geskryf, "is nie politieke of militêre geskiedenis nie; dit is die geskiedenis van die kunste, van handel, van beskawings – in een woord – van die menslike denke."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy was die eerste vakkundige wat 'n ernstige poging aangewend het om 'n wêreldgeskiedenis te skryf deur teologiese raamwerke te elimineer, en die ekonomie, kultuur en politieke geskiedenis te beklemtoon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg/220px-Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg/330px-Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg/440px-Edward_Gibbon_by_Henry_Walton_cleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Edward Gibbon se <i>Decline of the Roman Empire</i> (1776) was 'n meesterstuk van die laat 18de-eeuse geskiedskrywing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Terselfdertyd het die filosoof <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> 'n soortgelyke impak op geskiedskrywing in <a href="/wiki/Groot-Brittanje" title="Groot-Brittanje">Groot Brittanje</a> gehad. Hume het dieselfde beskouing as Voltaire in sy tekste gehuldig; benewens die geskiedenis van konings, owerhede en leërs, het hy die geskiedenis van kultuur, insluitend die letterkunde en wetenskap, ondersoek.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Robertson, 'n Skotse historikus het die <i>History of Scotland 1542–1603</i>, in 1759 gepubliseer, en sy bekendste werk <i>The history of the reign of </i><a href="/wiki/Keiser_Karel_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiser Karel V">Charles V</a>, in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy vakkunde was pynlik noukeurig vir daardie tyd en hy het 'n groot hoeveelheid dokumentêre bronne ondersoek wat nog nie voorheen bestudeer was nie.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die hoogtepunt van geskiedskrywing in die Verligting was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> se monumentale werk van ses volumes, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>,</i> wat op 17 Februarie 1776 gepubliseer is. Danksy die werk se relatiewe objektiwiteit en gebruik van primêre bronne, het die metodologie daarvan 'n model vir latere historici geword. Dit het daartoe gelei dat Gibben die eerste "moderne historikus" genoem is.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19de_eeu">19de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: 19de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: 19de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die onstuimige gebeure rondom die <a href="/wiki/Franse_Rewolusie" title="Franse Rewolusie">Franse Rewolusie</a> het heelwat van die geskiedskrywing en ontleding van die 19de eeu geïnspireer. </p><p>Thomas Carlyle het sy meesterwerk van drie volumes, <i>The French Revolution: A History</i> in 1837 gepubliseer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die daaropvolgende werke het 'n nuutgevonde passie vir geskiedskrywing bevat. Thomas Macaulay het sy bekendste geskiedeniswerk, <i>The History of England from the Accession of James the Second</i>, in 1848 uitgegee.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy werk is bekend vir klinkende prosa en 'n selfversekerde, soms dogmatiese, klem op 'n progressiewe model van die Britse geskiedenis. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg/148px-Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg/222px-Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg/296px-Jules_Michelet_portrait_older.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Jules Michelet, later in sy loopbaan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In sy vernaamste werk <i>Histoire de France</i> het die Franse historikus Jules Michelet die term <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ("Hergeboorte" in <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>) geskep, 'n tydperk in Europa se kulturele geskiedenis wat 'n wegbreek van die Middeleeue verteenwoordig het en waartydens 'n moderne begrip van die mensdom en sy plek in die wêreld geskep is.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michelet was een van die eerste historici wie se geskiedskrywing meer op die gewone mense as op die leiers en instellings van die land gefokus was. Nog 'n belangrike Franse historikus uit hierdie tydperk was Hippolyte Taine. Literêre historisme as 'n kritiese beweging het volgens gerug by hom ontstaan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een van die groot voorlopers van kultuur- en <a href="/wiki/Kunsgeskiedenis" title="Kunsgeskiedenis">kunsgeskiedenis</a> was die Switserse historikus Jacob Burckhardt.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burckhardt se bekendste werk is <i>The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</i> (1860). Volgens John Lukacs was hy die eerste meester van kulturele geskiedenis, 'n vakgebied waar daar gepoog word om die gees en die uitdrukkingsvorm van 'n spesifieke era, 'n spesifieke volk of 'n spesifieke plek te beskryf.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tot_beroep_gemaak_in_Duitsland">Tot beroep gemaak in Duitsland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Tot beroep gemaak in Duitsland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Tot beroep gemaak in Duitsland"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg/148px-Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg/222px-Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg/297px-Leopold_Von_Ranke_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Ranke het geskiedenis as 'n professionele akademiese dissiplne in Duitsland gevestig.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die aanvoorwerk vir die moderne akademiese bestudering van geskiedenis en metodes van geskiedskrywing is in die 19e eeu aan Duitse universiteite gedoen. Leopold von Ranke was die vernaamste invloed in hierdie verband, en word as die stigter van moderne brongebaseerde <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geskiedenis">geskiedenis</a> beskou.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranke het 'n buitengewoon groot verskeidenheid bronne vir 'n historikus van daardie tyd gebruik, insluitend "memoires, dagboeke, persoonlike en formele briewe, regeringsdokumente, diplomatieke verslae en eerstehandse vertellings van ooggetuies". Ranke het die standaarde vir veel latere historiese werke gestel. Hy het idees soos afhanklikheid van primêre bronne (empirisme), 'n klem op narratiewe geskiedenis en veral <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_politiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasionale politiek">internasionale politiek</a> (<i>aussenpolitik</i>) bekendgestel.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20ste_eeu">20ste eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: 20ste eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: 20ste eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbert Butterfield het die term Whig-geskiedenis is in sy boek <i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i> in 1931 geskep om na die opkoms van 'n geskiedskrywing te verwys wat die verlede as 'n onafwendbare progressie na 'n ewig groeiende <a href="/wiki/Vryheid" title="Vryheid">vryheid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">verligting</a> verteenwoordig. Die term is ook algemeen in historiese dissiplines buite die Britse geskiedenis gebruik om doelmatige, heldgebaseerde en transhistoriese narratiewe te kritiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marc_Bloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marc_Bloch.jpg/150px-Marc_Bloch.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marc_Bloch.jpg/225px-Marc_Bloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marc_Bloch.jpg/300px-Marc_Bloch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Die 20ste eeu het die geboorte van 'n groot verskeideniheid geskiedkundige benaderings beleef. Marc Bloch se fokus op sosiale geskiedenis in plaas van tradisionele politiek het 'n reuse invloed uitgeoefen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Franse Annales Skool het die fokus van historiese navorsing in Frankryk in die 20ste eeu radikaal verander. Hulle het eerder op langdurige sosiale geskiedenis as op politieke of diplomatieke temas gekonsentreer. Die skool het die gebruik van kwantifisering beklemtoon en spesiale aandag aan geografie gegee.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Vooraanstaande lid van hierdie skool, Georges Duby, het sy benadering tot geskiedenis beskryf as een wat die sensasionele na die kantlyn skuif en teen 'n eenvoudige vertelling van gebeure waak, 'n benadering wat daarna streef om probleme te opper en op te los, om oppervlakkige steurings te ignoreer, om die lang- en korttermyn evolusie van die ekonomie, samelewing en beskawing te bestudeer. </p><p>Marxistiese geskiedskrywing het as 'n skool van historiografie ontwikkel wat deur die vernaamste leerstellings van <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a> beïnvloed is, insluitend die sentraliteit van sosiale klasse en ekonomiese beperkings in die bepaling van historiese uitkomste. 'n Groep historici binne die Kommunistiese Party van Groot Brittanje (CPGB) het in 1946 gevorm en 'n hoogs invloedryke groep Britse Marxistiese historici geword wat tot werkersklasgeskiedenis (<i>history from below</i>) en klassestruktuur in die vroeë kapitalistiese samelewing bygedra het. Lede het Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm en E. P. Thompson ingesluit. </p><p>Wêreldgeskiedenis, as 'n afsonderlike historiese studieveld, het in die 1980's as 'n onafhanklike akademiese veld na vore gekom. Dit het op die bestudering van <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geskiedenis">geskiedenis</a> vanuit 'n globale perspektief gefokus. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> se tien-volume, <i>A Study of History </i>(1933–1954), was 'n belangrike invloed op hierdie ontwikkelende veld. Hy het 'n vergelykende aktuele benadering tot onafhanklike beskawings gevolg en gedemonstreer dat daar treffende parallelle in hulle oorsprong, ontwikkeling en ondergang was.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William H. McNeill het <i>The Rise of the West</i> (1965) geskryf om op Toynbee te verbeter deur te daarop te wys dat daar van die vroegste tye af interaksie tussen die afsonderlike beskawings van Eurasië was.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beroep">Beroep</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Beroep" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Beroep"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG/145px-Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG/217px-Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG/290px-Peter_Brown_Balzan_Prize_Ceremony_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Peter R.L Brown, 'n professionele historikus in die Laat Antieke tydperk en die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Professionele historici werk gewoonlik aan kolleges en universiteite, by argiewe, staatsinstansies, museums en as vryskutskrywers en konsultante.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Werksgeleenthede vir nuwe PhD's in Geskiedenis is min en baie historici bevind hulle noodgedwonge in deeltydse "adjunk"-onderrigposte wat min betaal en geen voordele het nie.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aantekeninge">Aantekeninge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Aantekeninge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Aantekeninge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wordnetprinceton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wordnetprinceton_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Historian">"Historian"</a> (in Engels). 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Junie</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historian&rft.pub=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3DHistorian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2001_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2001">Schneider 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy09.html">"Livy's History of Rome: Book 9"</a> (in Engels). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025055500/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/livy/Livy09.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Augustus</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livy%27s+History+of+Rome%3A+Book+9&rft.pub=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Ftxt%2Fah%2FLivy%2FLivy09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFE._Sreedharan2004" class="citation book cs1">E. Sreedharan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJVoi3PIejwC&pg=PA115"><i>A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Historiography%3A+500+BC+to+AD+2000&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.au=E.+Sreedharan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJVoi3PIejwC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWertz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wertz, S. K. (1993). "Hume and the Historiography of Science". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 411–436. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2710021">10.2307/2710021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710021">2710021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Hume+and+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-436&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2710021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2710021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sher, R. B., <i>Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh</i>, Princeton, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/committees/commissions/centennial/history/021hoebel.pdf">"William Robertson: An 18th Century Anthropologist-Historian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Desember</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Robertson%3A+An+18th+Century+Anthropologist-Historian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fcommittees%2Fcommissions%2Fcentennial%2Fhistory%2F021hoebel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Parsons2007" class="citation book cs1">Deborah Parsons (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yH9rdaF1CckC"><i>Theorists of the Modernist Novel: James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf</i></a>. Routledge. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorists+of+the+Modernist+Novel%3A+James+Joyce%2C+Dorothy+Richardson+and+Virginia+Woolf&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Deborah+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyH9rdaF1CckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshall.thefreelibrary.com/English-Literature-For-Boys-And-Girls/82-1">"Carlyle – The Sage Of Chelsea"</a>. <i>English Literature For Boys And Girls</i> (in Engels). Farlex Free Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705184113/https://marshall.thefreelibrary.com/English-Literature-For-Boys-And-Girls/82-1">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Julie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Literature+For+Boys+And+Girls&rft.atitle=Carlyle+%E2%80%93+The+Sage+Of+Chelsea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarshall.thefreelibrary.com%2FEnglish-Literature-For-Boys-And-Girls%2F82-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LL_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFLundin2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lundin, Leigh (20 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=8890">"Thomas Carlyle"</a>. <i>Professional Works</i> (in Engels). Criminal Brief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003722/http://criminalbrief.com/?p=8890">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Julie 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Professional+Works&rft.atitle=Thomas+Carlyle&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft.aulast=Lundin&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criminalbrief.com%2F%3Fp%3D8890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macaulay, Thomas Babington, <i>History of England</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBrotton2002" class="citation book cs1">Brotton, Jerry (2002). <i>The Renaissance Bazaar</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+Bazaar&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brotton&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, R. Gordon, <i>"Literature and the Historian"</i>, American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1974), 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/Jacob_Burckhardt.html">Jakob Burckhardt Renaissance Cultural History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lukacs, Remembered Past: John Lukacs on History, Historians, and Historical Knowledge, ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick C. Beiser (2011) <i>The German Historicist Tradition</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2c6YaKf9usC&pg=PA254">p.254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janelle G. Reinelt, Joseph Roach (2007), <i>Critical Theory and Performance</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asORYuvznpQC&pg=PA193&dq=rankean+positivism&hl=el&sa=X&ei=kH2XUI65MuTc4QTU8YHwBw&ved=0CD0Q6wEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=rankean%20positivism&f=false">p. 193</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern (ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Troup (eds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Sreedharan, <i>A textbook of historiography, 500 BC to AD 2000</i> (2004) p 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Mayr, "When Is Historiography Whiggish?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucien Febvre, <i>La Terre et l'évolution humaine</i> (1922), translated as <i>A Geographical Introduction to History</i> (London, 1932).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions.ehess.fr/revues/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales/numeros-parus/">Editions.ehess.fr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. McNeill, <i>Arnold J. Toynbee a Life</i> (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1995" class="citation journal cs1">McNeill, William H. (1995). "The Changing Shape of World History". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 8–26. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505432">10.2307/2505432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Shape+of+World+History&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-26&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2505432&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Grafton and Robert B. Townsend, "The Parlous Paths of the Profession" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2008/0810/0810pro1.cfm"><i>Perspectives on History</i> (Sept. 2008) online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905084438/http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2008/0810/0810pro1.cfm">Geargiveer</a> 5 September 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert B. Townsend and Julia Brookins, "The Troubled Academic Job Market for History."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Wendie Ellen (Junie 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095352/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/110-8/schneider.pdf">"Past Imperfect: Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd., No. 1996-I-1113, 2000 WL 362478 (Q. B. Apr. 11), appeal denied (Dec. 18, 2000)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>110</b>: 1531–1545. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797584">10.2307/797584</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/110-8/schneider.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 16 Julie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 Junie</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Past+Imperfect%3A+Irving+v.+Penguin+Books+Ltd.%2C+No.+1996-I-1113%2C+2000+WL+362478+%28Q.+B.+Apr.+11%29%2C+appeal+denied+%28Dec.+18%2C+2000%29&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=1531-1545&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797584&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Wendie+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fpdf%2F110-8%2Fschneider.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFVidor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vidor, Gian Marco (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/gPh5dytgRYcRXsXaN7Qq/full">"Emotions and writing the history of death. An interview with Michel Vovelle, Régis Bertrand and Anne Carol"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>20</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2014.984485">10.1080/13576275.2014.984485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Emotions+and+writing+the+history+of+death.+An+interview+with+Michel+Vovelle%2C+R%C3%A9gis+Bertrand+and+Anne+Carol&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2014.984485&rft.aulast=Vidor&rft.aufirst=Gian+Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Feprint%2FgPh5dytgRYcRXsXaN7Qq%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AHistorikus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdere_leesstof">Verdere leesstof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Verdere leesstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Verdere leesstof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature</i> ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995) 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.06298" class="extiw" title="hdl:2027/heb.06298">vol 1 online</a>, <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.06298" class="extiw" title="hdl:2027/heb.06298">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Allison, William Henry. <i>A guide to historical literature</i> (1931) comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb06297.0001.001">online edition</a></li> <li>Barnes, Harry Elmer<i>A history of historical writing</i> (1962)</li> <li>Barraclough, Geoffrey. <i>History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences,</i> (1978)</li> <li>Bentley, Michael. ed., <i>Companion to Historiography</i>, Routledge, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0415030846" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-03084-6</a> pp; 39 chapters by experts</li> <li>Bender, Thomas, et al. <i>The Education of Historians for Twenty-first Century</i> (2003) report by the Committee on Graduate Education of the American Historical Association</li> <li>Breisach, Ernst. <i>Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern</i>, 3rd edition, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0226072789" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-07278-9</a></li> <li>Boia, Lucian <i>et al.</i>, eds. <i>Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary</i> (1991)</li> <li>Cannon, John, et al., eds. <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians</i>. Blackwell Publishers, 1988 <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/063114708X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-14708-X</a>.</li> <li>Gilderhus, Mark T. <i>History an Historiographical Introduction</i>, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0130448249" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-044824-9</a></li> <li>Iggers, Georg G. <i>Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge</i> (2005)</li> <li>Kelly, Boyd, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i>. (1999). Fitzroy Dearborn <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1884964338" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-884964-33-8</a></li> <li>Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. <i>A Companion to Western Historical Thought</i> Blackwell 2006. 520pp; <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781405149617" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4051-4961-7</a>.</li> <li>Todd, Richard B. ed. <i>Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960</i>, (2004). Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1855069970" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85506-997-0</a>.</li> <li>Woolf D. R. <i>A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing</i> (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) (2 vol 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0815315147/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturahistorica.es/texts_historians.html">Selected texts by the most known historians</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201788&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201788&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201788" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527303">XX527303</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119342240">cb119342240</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119342240">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025098-2">4025098-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85061091">sh85061091</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569372">00569372</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114665&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114665</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nuwe onderwerp</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6f9dbcb557-44hdf","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.211","walltime":"0.248","ppvisitednodes":{"value":990,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":26300,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":330,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":52023,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 188.420 1 -total"," 56.85% 107.117 1 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