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class="content"><article class="post-2533 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-food-beverage category-ic-ms tag-food-beverage tag-ic-ms entry" aria-label="Determination of Biogenic Amines in Wine Using Ion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Determination of Biogenic Amines in Wine Using Ion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/tf-author/analyteguru-staff/" title="Posts by AnalyteGuru Staff" rel="author">AnalyteGuru Staff, </a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 06.07.2022 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><div class="lia-message-body-content"> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-2536 size-medium" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/16399-og-300x188.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="188" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/16399-og-300x188.jpg 300w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/16399-og-768x481.jpg 768w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/16399-og-320x200.jpg 320w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/16399-og.jpg 999w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />Winemakers sometimes use malolactic fermentation to create characteristic flavors in wine. However, some strains of the lactic acid bacteria responsible for this process can generate biogenic amines such as putrescine, histamine and agmatine, which can affect the health of individuals who are intolerant to these substances. The effects of exposure can range from headaches and rhinitis to more serious health concerns, such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. Reliable analytical methods for determining biogenic amines in wine are essential to ensure the safety and quality of these products.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId-1154348911">Biogenic amine analysis using cation-exchange ion chromatography</h3> <p>Cation-exchange ion chromatography (IC) is widely used for determining positively charged ionic species in food analysis applications, providing efficient analyte separation across a broad range of sample matrices. Various detection methods can be coupled with cation-exchange IC, including suppressed conductivity detection and integrated pulsed amperometry. Among the most reliable and convenient detection techniques that can be combined with IC for the analysis of positively charged species is mass spectrometry (MS). However, this approach is less commonly used for biogenic amine determination, as some analytes produce ions in the positive electrospray interface below the mass limit of many mass spectrometers.</p> <p>In recent years, technological advances have led to MS technologies capable of overcoming this challenge. The <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ISQEC000IC" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ISQ™ EC single quadrupole mass spectrometer</a>, for example, was designed for seamless integration with <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/chromatography/automated-wet-chemical-analysis/discrete-analysis-products/disc-ic-systems.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">IC systems</a>, and permits charged ions to be detected as low as m/z 19. The system enables the use of an ion’s charged molecular weight to provide greater confidence in analyte identification, and can deliver lower detection limits compared with suppressed conductivity detection.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId-2041852592">Efficient separation and detection of biogenic amines using IC-MS</h3> <p>To demonstrate the performance of the Dionex ISQ EC single quadrupole mass spectrometer for the determination of biogenic amines in wine, we measured putrescine, histamine, and agmatine in three commercial samples. Both MS and suppressed conductivity detection were used for comparison.</p> <p>Efficient amine separation was achieved using a <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/078837?SID=srch-srp-078837" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ CS19-4μm column</a>, chosen specifically for this application. This high-capacity column is composed of ethylvinyl benzene, cross-linked with 55% divinyl benzene supermacroporous particles, well-suited for the separation of polar amines such as putrescine, histamine, and agmatine.</p> <p>MS conditions were optimized on the Dionex ISQ EC single quadrupole mass spectrometer using a 10 mg/L mixed biogenic amines standard. As shown in Figure 1, strong responses for putrescine, histamine and agmatine were observed. The MS response to concentration was evaluated using five standards in the range 0.5–25 mg/L in triplicate. Coefficients of determination (r<sup>2</sup>) for the three analytes were 0.999, with method detection limits in the range 0.1–0.14 mg/L. Peak areas relative standard deviations were <2% for agmatine and putrescine, and 7.3% for histamine, reflecting the suitability of this method.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId--1365611023">Using IC-MS to determine biogenic amines in wine samples</h3> <p>This approach was then used to determine biogenic amines in three wine samples (a sparkling wine, a chardonnay, and a cabernet sauvignon). Freshly opened samples and those exposed to air for three days were studied.</p> <p>The lowest biogenic amine concentrations were found in the sparkling wine and chardonnay samples. Over the three days, putrescine concentrations increased from 1.6 to 1.9 mg/L in the sparkling wine, 1.5 to 2.3 mg/L in the chardonnay, and 6.1 to 10.5 mg/L in the cabernet sauvignon samples. Similarly, histamine concentrations increased from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/L and from 3.1 to 6.0 mg/L in the cabernet sauvignon sample, highlighting the impact of air exposure on biogenic amine formation. Agmatine concentrations were below the method detection limit in all three wine samples.</p> <p>Method accuracy was evaluated by determining recoveries of putrescine, histamine, and agmatine spiked into each sample at a concentration of 1 mg/L. Recoveries for histamine and putrescine ranged from 96–117%, while those for agmatine were higher, ranging from 112–130%.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId--478107342">Overcoming food analysis challenges using advanced IC-MS solutions</h3> <p>Modern MS systems capable of low m/z detection provide an effective solution to the challenge of determining biogenic amines in wine. Enabling seamless integration with IC applications, these advanced tools are supporting the development of fast, accurate, and sensitive analysis methods with which to protect product quality and safety.</p> <p>Read more about this IC-MS method for determining biogenic amines in wine <a href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Application-Notes/an-000164-ic-ics-6000-wine-biogenic-amines-an000164-na-en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">here</a>.</p> <p><span class="lia-inline-image-display-wrapper lia-image-align-center" style="width: 690px"><span class="lia-inline-image-caption"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14014" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2022/06/070622-Cation-Exchange-Figure-1.png" alt="" width="648" height="342" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2022/06/070622-Cation-Exchange-Figure-1.png 648w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2022/06/070622-Cation-Exchange-Figure-1-300x158.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px" />Figure 1. Cation-exchange chromatography analysis of biogenic amine standards, with detection by suppressed conductivity (left) and MS (right).</span></span></p> <h4 id="toc-hId--1398058124"><span style="color: #ff0000"><em>Dr. Jeffrey Rohrer, Director of Applications Development, contributed to this article.</em></span></h4> </div> </div></article><section class="author-box"><h4 class="author-box-title">AnalyteGuru Staff</h4><div class="author-box-content" itemprop="description"></div></section><div class="adjacent-entry-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-left"></i> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/top-5-reasons-for-using-%c2%b5pac-hplc-columns/" rel="prev">Top 5 Reasons for Using µPAC HPLC Columns</a></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/challenges-in-lithium-ion-battery-manufacturing-and-quality/" rel="next">Challenges in Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing and Quality: Part 2</a> <i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="creds"><p class="footer-links"><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/privacy-statement.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy Statement</a><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/terms-and-conditions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms & Conditions</a><a href="/blog/locations/">Locations</a><a href="/blog/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></p><p>© 2024 <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>. 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