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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">José de Alencar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 28 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жузэ Мартыніяну ды Аленкар – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жузэ Мартыніяну ды Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жузе ди Аленкар – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жузе ди Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano de Alencar – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José Martiniano de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ژوزه د آلنکار – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزه د آلنکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ժոզե դե Ալենկար – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզե դե Ալենկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano de Alencar – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="José Martiniano de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چوسى دى الينكار – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوسى دى الينكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジョゼ・デ・アレンカール – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼ・デ・アレンカール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Аленкар, Жозе де – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аленкар, Жозе де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жозе де Аленкар – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозе де Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%91%9F%E5%9F%BA%E9%98%BF%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="若瑟基阿倫卡 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="若瑟基阿倫卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE" title="若澤·德·阿倫卡爾 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若澤·德·阿倫卡爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">José de Alencar</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jose_de_Alencar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png/250px-Jose_de_Alencar.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png/375px-Jose_de_Alencar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/1_maj" title="1 maj">1 maj</a> <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a><sup id="cite_ref-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/12_december" title="12 december">12 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a><sup id="cite_ref-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (48 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Begravd</th><td class="etikett" style=""><span class="modulwikidata2_missingswedishlabel" title="norskt bokmål" data-q="Q5058741">Cemitério São João Batista</span></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Andra namn</th><td class="smeknamn" style="">Erasmo</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juridiska_fakulteten_vid_universitetet_i_S%C3%A3o_Paulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juridiska fakulteten vid universitetet i São Paulo [inte skriven än]">Juridiska fakulteten vid universitetet i São Paulo</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455703?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalist</a><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Litteraturkritiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Litteraturkritiker">litteraturkritiker</a>, advokat<sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">politiker</a><sup id="cite_ref-841087764b0ecf6acef5df951233e45274bb6901_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-841087764b0ecf6acef5df951233e45274bb6901-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare_(yrke)" class="mw-redirect" title="Författare (yrke)">författare</a><sup id="cite_ref-e0dedf0a3796562eb4833ad36f7d7a909f4fd6a3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e0dedf0a3796562eb4833ad36f7d7a909f4fd6a3-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Befattning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;">Brasiliens justitieminister</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Politiskt parti</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="org" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konservativa_partiet_(Q2016956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konservativa partiet (Q2016956) [inte skriven än]">Konservativa partiet</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Maka</th><td class="" style="">Georgiana Augusta Cochrane</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Barn</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Cochrane_de_Alencar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto Cochrane de Alencar [inte skriven än]">Augusto Cochrane de Alencar</a> <small>(f. 1865)</small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mário de Alencar [inte skriven än]">Mário de Alencar</a> <small>(f. 1872)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Föräldrar</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_Pereira_de_Alencar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar [inte skriven än]">José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Namnteckning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/163px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/244px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/325px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/José de Alencar">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>José Martiniano de Alencar</b> (född 1 maj 1829 i <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Messejana</a>, död 12 december 1877 i <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> ) var en <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">brasiliansk</a> journalist, författare, jurist och politiker. Han föddes i Messejana i nordöstra <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a>. Efter juridikstudier i <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> arbetade han som journalist i Rio de Janeiro. Som justitieminister i regeringen Itaboraí 1868 gjorde han sig känd som motståndare till slaveriets avskaffande. José de Alencar var en av de främsta brasilianska författarna under romantiken. Brasiliens självständighet och nationalism var genomgående teman i hans verk. José de Alencar var skyddspatron för <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> stol nummer 23 i <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Academia Brasileira de Letras</a> (Brasilianska litterära akademin). Han dog av tuberkulos, 48 år gammal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barndom_och_studier">Barndom och studier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Barndom och studier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Barndom och studier"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>José de Alencar var barnbarn till revolutionären <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_de_Alencar" title="Bárbara de Alencar">Bárbara de Alencar</a>. Fadern José Martiniano de Alencar var senator för delstaten Ceará. Barndomshemmet låg i Messejana, idag en stadsdel i <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>. de Alencars födelse blev en stor skandal då den var resultatet av en illegitim relation mellan fadern, som även varit präst i katolska kyrkan, och dennes kusin Ana Josefina de Alencar. Cazuza, som de Alencar kallades i familjen, fick så småningom elva syskon. </p><p>Familjen flyttade 1840 till Brasiliens dåvarande huvudstad, Rio de Janeiro. Efter studier i Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo och Olinda tog han juristexamen vid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Direito_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo [inte skriven än]">Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidig_karriär"><span id="Tidig_karri.C3.A4r"></span>Tidig karriär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tidig karriär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tidig karriär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efter att ha tagit sin <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">juristexamen</a> reste han till <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> och började arbeta för tidningarna <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Correio_Mercantil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correio Mercantil [inte skriven än]">Correio Mercantil</a></i> och <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%A1rio_do_Rio_de_Janeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diário do Rio de Janeiro [inte skriven än]">Diário do Rio de Janeiro</a></i>. Vid den tiden anställde <i>Correio Mercantil</i> andra viktiga brasilianska författare som <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo [inte skriven än]">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>. Sedan han hindrats från att publicera vissa artiklar i Correiro köpte han och några vänner tidningen <i>Diário do Rio de Janeiro</i> där han publicerade sina första <a href="/wiki/Roman" title="Roman">romaner</a>, <i>Cinco Minutos</i> (1856) och <i>A Viuvinha</i> (1857). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genombrott_och_sen_karriär"><span id="Genombrott_och_sen_karri.C3.A4r"></span>Genombrott och sen karriär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Genombrott och sen karriär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Genombrott och sen karriär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efter den delvisa framgången med hans första texter publicerade de Alencar <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Guarany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Guarany [inte skriven än]">O Guarany</a></i> (1857), vilket gjorde honom känd i hela landet. Romanen blev senare underlag för operan <a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">Il Guarany</a>. <i>O Guarany</i> var den första i en trilogi om den brasilianska ursprungsbefolkningen. De andra två är <i>Iracema</i> (1865) och <i>Ubirajara</i> (1874). I dessa böcker kläs infödingarna som hans europeiska motsvarigheter, de medeltida <a href="/wiki/Riddare" title="Riddare">riddarna</a>. Eftersom Brasilien inte hade något förflutet (enligt de Europeiska kolonisatörerna) var lösningen att skapa en nationell <a href="/wiki/Mytologi" title="Mytologi">mytologi</a> som anpassade europeiska beteenden till tropiska värden. de Alencars stora projekt var att säkra Brasiliens självständighet på alla sätt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verk">Verk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Verk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Verk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Urbana romaner</b> </p> <ul><li>Cinco Minutos, roman, <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a></li> <li>A viuvinha, roman, <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luc%C3%ADola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucíola [inte skriven än]">Lucíola</a>, roman, <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diva_(roman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diva (roman) [inte skriven än]">Diva</a>, roman, <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a></li> <li>A pata da gazela, roman, <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a></li> <li>Sonhos d'Ouro, roman, <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a></li> <li>Senhora, roman, <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a></li> <li>Encarnação, roman, <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a> - gavs ut efter hans död</li></ul> <p><b>Historiska romaner</b> </p> <ul><li>As minas de prata, roman, <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a></li> <li>Afarrábicos, roman, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li> <li>A Guerra dos Mascates, roman, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li></ul> <p><b>Regionala romaner</b> </p> <ul><li>O gaúcho, roman, <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a></li> <li>O Sertanejo, roman, <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lantliga romaner</b> </p> <ul><li>O tronco do ipê, roman, <a href="/wiki/1871" title="1871">1871</a></li> <li>Til, roman, <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a></li></ul> <p><b>Inhemska romaner</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Guarany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Guarany [inte skriven än]">O Guarany</a>, roman, <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iracema_(roman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iracema (roman) [inte skriven än]">Iracema</a>, roman, <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara" title="Ubirajara">Ubirajara</a>, roman, <a href="/wiki/1874" title="1874">1874</a></li></ul> <p><b>Pjäser</b> </p> <ul><li>O Crédito, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a></li> <li>Verso e reverso, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a></li> <li>As asas de um anjo, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a></li> <li>O demônio familiar, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a></li> <li>Mãe, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a></li> <li>A Expiação, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1867" title="1867">1867</a></li> <li>O Jesuíta, <a href="/wiki/Teaterpj%C3%A4s" title="Teaterpjäs">pjäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Andra verk</b> </p> <ul><li>Cartas sobre a confederação dos Tamoios, <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a></li> <li>O Marquez de Paraná: traços biograficos: publicados no Diario, <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a></li> <li>A noite de São João, <a href="/wiki/Lyrik" title="Lyrik">lyrik</a> <a href="/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi">komedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a></li> <li>Escabiosa (sensitiva), <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a></li> <li>Os Filhos de Tupã, <a href="/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi">poesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a></li> <li>Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, första sammanställningen av politiska <a href="/wiki/Brev" title="Brev">brev</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_november" title="17 november">17 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> till <a href="/wiki/24_januari" title="24 januari">24 januari</a> <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a></li> <li>Ao Marquez de Olinda - Erasmo, <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a></li> <li>Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, andra sammanställningen av politiska <a href="/wiki/Brev" title="Brev">brev</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_juni" title="4 juni">4 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1867" title="1867">1867</a></li> <li>Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, tredje sammanställningen av politiska <a href="/wiki/Brev" title="Brev">brev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(m%C3%A5nad)" title="Mars (månad)">mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a></li> <li>Discussão do voto de graças, <a href="/wiki/Tal_(retorik)" title="Tal (retorik)">tal</a>, <a href="/wiki/9_augusti" title="9 augusti">9 augusti</a> <a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a></li> <li>A alma de Lázaro, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li> <li>Como e porque sou romancista, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li> <li>O ermitão da Glória, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6nika" title="Krönika">krönika</a>, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>?</li> <li>O garatuja, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li> <li>Voto de graças, <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a></li> <li>Ao correr da pena, sammanställning av <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6nika" title="Krönika">krönikor</a>, <a href="/wiki/1874" title="1874">1874</a></li> <li>O nosso cancioneiro, <a href="/wiki/1874" title="1874">1874</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hyllningar">Hyllningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hyllningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hyllningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Fortaleza finns en teater, ett torg och en tunnelbanestation med namnet José de Alencar. Stadsdelen och stranden Iracema är uppkallade efter romanfiguren. </p><p>I stadsdelen <a href="/wiki/Flamengo" title="Flamengo">Flamengo</a> i Rio de Janeiro finns ett torg och en staty av José de Alencar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nedslagskrater" title="Nedslagskrater">Nedslagskratern</a> <a href="/wiki/Alencar_(krater)" title="Alencar (krater)">Alencar</a> på <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planeten</a> <a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a> är uppkallad efter José de Alencar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José de Alencars barndomshem i Messejana"><img alt="José de Alencars barndomshem i Messejana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg/338px-Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg/507px-Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg/675px-Casa_do_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">José de Alencars barndomshem i Messejana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar,_Fortaleza-CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José de Alencar-teatern i Fortaleza"><img alt="José de Alencar-teatern i Fortaleza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg/300px-Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg/451px-Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg/600px-Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar%2C_Fortaleza-CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">José de Alencar-teatern i Fortaleza</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José de Alencar-statyn i Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="José de Alencar-statyn i Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/150px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/225px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/300px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="3427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">José de Alencar-statyn i Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-98693a4475e2c6e5fef0e59b4c42c3a47fbb0395_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, <i>BnF Catalogue général : <span title="svenska">öppen dataplattform</span></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033006v">läs online</a>, läst: 10 oktober 2015.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38f071006a312d332c2d67371b018b49f23123f7_2-7"><small>h</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Paul de Roux, <i><span title="franska">Nouveau Dictionnaire des œuvres de tous les temps et tous les pays</span></i>, andra utgåvan, vol. 1, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1994, s. 57, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-2-221-06888-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-2-221-06888-5">ISBN 978-2-221-06888-5</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a1bf2ecb73ccf9e4aad0531d0ba916534145c565_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s8r6r">w67s8r6r</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-841087764b0ecf6acef5df951233e45274bb6901-4"><a href="#cite_ref-841087764b0ecf6acef5df951233e45274bb6901_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=7236800">läs online</a>, <i>journals.cambridge.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e0dedf0a3796562eb4833ad36f7d7a909f4fd6a3-5"><a href="#cite_ref-e0dedf0a3796562eb4833ad36f7d7a909f4fd6a3_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mod/v001/1.2jackson.html">läs online</a>, <i>muse.jhu.edu</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899-6"><a href="#cite_ref-17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dudley_Warner" title="Charles Dudley Warner">Charles Dudley Warner</a> (red.), <i><a href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Library_of_the_World%27s_Best_Literature" class="extiw" title="src:en:Library of the World's Best Literature"><span title="engelska">Library of the World's Best Literature</span></a></i>, 1897, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/library">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205133853/http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estude/literatura/materia_415367.shtml">”José de Alencar, biografia do fundador do romance de temática nacional”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estude/literatura/materia_415367.shtml">originalet</a> den 5 februari 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205133853/http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estude/literatura/materia_415367.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20160205133853/http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estude/literatura/materia_415367.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 april 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+de+Alencar%2C+biografia+do+fundador+do+romance+de+tem%C3%A1tica+nacional&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160205133853%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fguiadoestudante.abril.com.br%2Festude%2Fliteratura%2Fmateria_415367.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soliteratura.com.br/romantismo/romantismo12.php">”José de Alencar”</a> (på brasiliansk portugisiska). <i><span>Só Literatura</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.soliteratura.com.br/romantismo/romantismo12.php">http://www.soliteratura.com.br/romantismo/romantismo12.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 april 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+de+Alencar&rft.atitle=S%C3%B3+Literatura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soliteratura.com.br%2Fromantismo%2Fromantismo12.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/jose-de-alencar.jhtm">”José de Alencar - Biografia - UOL Educação”</a>. <i><span>educacao.uol.com.br</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/jose-de-alencar.jhtm">https://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/jose-de-alencar.jhtm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 april 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+de+Alencar+-+Biografia+-+UOL+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=educacao.uol.com.br&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducacao.uol.com.br%2Fbiografias%2Fjose-de-alencar.jhtm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/176">”Alencar on Mercury”</a> (på engelska). International Astronomical Union. 7 oktober 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/176">https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/176</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alencar+on+Mercury&rft.atitle=&rft.date=7+oktober+2016&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><i>Artikeln är, helt eller delvis, en översättning från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&oldid=88050243">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/authors:jose-martiniano-de-alencar">José Martiniano de Alencar</a></b> (MetaLibri Digital Library)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="background: Purple; color: white;;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Romantiken" title="Mall:Romantiken"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Romantiken&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Romantiken" title="Romantiken">Romantiken</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td 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class="mw-file-description" title=""Vandraren över dimhavet" av Caspar David Friedrich."><img alt=""Vandraren över dimhavet" av Caspar David Friedrich." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/120px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/180px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/240px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_(Schloss_Carlottenburg,_Neuer_Pavillon).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Kreuz an der Ostsee" av Caspar David Friedrich."><img alt=""Kreuz an der Ostsee" av Caspar David Friedrich." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/120px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/180px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/240px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening,_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Le Soir, paysage avec un aqueduc" av Théodore Géricault."><img alt=""Le Soir, paysage avec un aqueduc" av Théodore Géricault." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg/120px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg/180px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg/240px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Evening%2C_Landscape_with_an_Aqueduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="5496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;"><a href="/wiki/Romantikens_litteratur" title="Romantikens litteratur"><span style="color: white">Författare</span></a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Frankrike</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Alexandre Dumas den äldre">Dumas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a> · <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a> · <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Norden</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jonas_Love_Almqvist" title="Carl Jonas Love Almqvist">Almqvist</a> · <a href="/wiki/H.C._Andersen" title="H.C. Andersen">Andersen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Per_Daniel_Amadeus_Atterbom" title="Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom">Atterbom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Frederik_Severin_Grundtvig" title="Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Heidenstam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erik_Johan_Stagnelius" title="Erik Johan Stagnelius">Stagnelius</a> · <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Ryssland</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratasjvili" title="Nikoloz Baratasjvili">Baratasjvili</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jevgenij_Baratynskij" title="Jevgenij Baratynskij">Baratynskij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batiusjkov" title="Konstantin Batiusjkov">Batiusjkov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Karamzin" title="Nikolaj Karamzin">Karamzin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michail_Lermontov" title="Michail Lermontov">Lermontov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_Tiuttjev" title="Fjodor Tiuttjev">Tiuttjev</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tjavtjavadze" title="Alexander Tjavtjavadze">Tjavtjavadze</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Vjazemskij" title="Pjotr Vjazemskij">Vjazemskij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Zjukovskij" title="Vasilij Zjukovskij">Zjukovskij</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Storbritannien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Quincey" title="Thomas de Quincey">de Quincey</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a> · <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" title="John Polidori">Polidori</a> · <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a> · <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P.B. Shelley</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Tyskland</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a> · <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6derna_Grimm" title="Bröderna Grimm">Bröderna Grimm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a> · <a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a> · <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">USA</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a> · <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a> · <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a> · <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chatjatur_Abovjan" title="Chatjatur Abovjan">Abovjan</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alencar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christo_Botev" title="Christo Botev">Botev</a> · <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Branco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a> · <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Kamil_Norwid" title="Cyprian Kamil Norwid">Norwid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a> · <a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3:e_hertig_av_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3:e hertig av Rivas">Saavedra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taras_Sjevtjenko" title="Taras Sjevtjenko">Sjevtjenko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla_y_Moral" title="José Zorrilla y Moral">Zorrilla</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;"><a href="/wiki/Romantikens_musik" title="Romantikens musik"><span style="color: white">Musiker</span></a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Frankrike</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a> · <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Jacques Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(komposit%C3%B6r)" title="George Onslow (kompositör)">Onslow</a> · <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Italien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini" title="Gioacchino Rossini">Rossini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Ryssland</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Modest_Musorgskij" title="Modest Musorgskij">Musorgskij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Rimskij-Korsakov" title="Nikolaj Rimskij-Korsakov">Rimskij-Korsakov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Skrjabin" title="Aleksandr Skrjabin">Skrjabin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Tjajkovskij" title="Pjotr Tjajkovskij">Tjajkovskij</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Tyskland</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hensel" title="Fanny Hensel">Hensel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a> · <a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a> · <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Österrike</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a> · <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Thalberg" title="Sigismund Thalberg">Thalberg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a> · <a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Field" title="John Field">Field</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Paderewski" title="Ignaz Paderewski">Paderewski</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;"><a href="/wiki/Romantikens_filosofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantikens filosofi"><span style="color: white">Filosofer</span></a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinskij" title="Vissarion Belinskij">Belinskij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Jacob_Bostr%C3%B6m" title="Christopher Jacob Boström">Boström</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Chomjakov" title="Aleksej Chomjakov">Chomjakov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Frederik_Severin_Grundtvig" title="Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Hunt</a> · <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Felicit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais" title="Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais">Lamennais</a> · <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller_von_Nitterdorf" title="Adam Müller von Nitterdorf">Nitterdorf</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> · <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a> · <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Tjaadajev" title="Pjotr Tjaadajev">Tjaadajev</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;"><a href="/wiki/Romantikens_konst" title="Romantikens konst"><span style="color: white">Konstnärer</span></a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ajvazovskij" title="Ivan Ajvazovskij">Ajvazovskij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a> · <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brjullov" title="Karl Brjullov">Brjullov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Camille_Corot" title="Camille Corot">Corot</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a> · <a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a> · <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_F%C3%BCssli" title="Johann Heinrich Füssli">Füssli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson">Girodet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" title="Francisco de Goya">Goya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a> · <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a> · <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a> · <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Tropinin" title="Vasilij Tropinin">Tropinin</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner">Turner</a> · <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a> · <a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(konstn%C3%A4r)" title="James Ward (konstnär)">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background: Purple; color: white;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Byronsk_hj%C3%A4lte" title="Byronsk hjälte">Byronsk hjälte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geni" title="Geni">Geni</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Gotisk_fiktion" title="Gotisk fiktion">Gotisk fiktion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn" title="Oisín">Oisín</a> · <a href="/wiki/Panteism" title="Panteism">Panteism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Romantisk_balett" title="Romantisk balett">Romantisk balett</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Vandraren_%C3%B6ver_dimhavet" title="Vandraren över dimhavet">Vandraren över dimhavet</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rldssj%C3%A4l" title="Världssjäl">Världssjäl</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%84del_vilde" title="Ädel vilde">Ädel vilde</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="background: Purple; 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