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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-آرپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#آرپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>آرپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-آرپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-تاریخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>ټولنه او فرهنګ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ټولنه_او_فرهنګ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۳۱ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۳۱ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ባህርይ – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ባህርይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenetica" title="Chenetica – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="علم الوراثة – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوراثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – اواري" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="اواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastopa" title="Nastopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nastopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетыка – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica" title="Genètica – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – چېروکي" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="چېروکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جێنەتیک – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنەتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnetik" title="Cênetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinn%C3%B6llisyystiede" title="Perinnöllisyystiede – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perinnöllisyystiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génétique – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erflikheidslear" title="Erflikheidslear – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erflikheidslear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ineola%C3%ADocht" title="Géineolaíocht – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintinneachd" title="Gintinneachd – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gintinneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – ګورن ټالو" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="ګورن ټالو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנטיקה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आनुवंशिकी – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुवंशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetik" title="Jenetik – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենետիկա – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – آسا نا جبة" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="آسا نا جبة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðafræði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetix" title="Jinetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ginske" title="ginske – لوجبان" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ginske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="لوجبان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A9th%C4%A9_(genetics)" title="Maũthĩ (genetics) – ککوؤو" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maũthĩ (genetics)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="ککوؤو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99" title="유전학 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet%C3%AEk" title="Genetîk – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetik" title="Geneetik – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetica" title="Jenetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabuzaale" title="Essomabuzaale – ګانده" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabuzaale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ګانده" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພັນທຸສາດ – لاو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັນທຸສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2en%C4%93tika" title="Ģenētika – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – مدراسی" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="مدراسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Генетике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Генетике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Генетик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetike" title="Genetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneetiik" title="Jeneetiik – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jeneetiik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Генетикæ – اوسيټک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Генетикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيټک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyka" title="Genetyka – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جینیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinitika" title="Hinitika – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinitika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جينيات – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamabari" title="Ruambamabari – شونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شونا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenetika" title="Gjenetika – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tika" title="Génétika – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Génétika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetikia" title="Jenetikia – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jenetikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Офаринишшиносӣ – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офаринишшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธุศาสตร์ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – توینیان" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="توینیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جینیات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Di truyền học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di truyền học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גענעטיק – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גענעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0b%C3%ADnim%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bi-tho%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遺傳學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">پښتو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="کتنې"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&oldid=280293" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&id=280293&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetics" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>جنتیک د بیولوجي یوه څانګه ده، چې د ژوندیو موجوداتو د جېنونو، جنتیکي تنوع او وراثت پر مطالعې باندې بوخت دی.<sup id="cite_ref-griffiths2000sect60_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffiths2000sect60-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>که څه هم وراثت د زرګونو کلونو په اوږدو کې مشاهده شوی ؤ، خو موراویایي ساینس‌پوه او اګوستیني راهب «ګرېګور مندل»، چې په نولسمې پېړۍ کې په برنو کې فعالیت درلود، لومړی کس ؤ چې جنتیک یې په علمي ډول مطالعه کړ. مندل «د صفت وراثت» وڅېړه، هغه نښې چې په ترڅ کې یې، د وخت په تېرېدو سره، صفتونه له مور او پلار څخه اولاد ته لېږدول کېږي. هغه مشاهده چې اورګانیزمونو (د نخود نباتات) ته صفتونه د «صفتونو مجزا واحداتو» له‌لارې په میراث پاتې کېږي. دغه ګړنه، چې لا تر ننه هم کارول کېږي، د هغه څیز یو څه ناڅه ګونګ تعریف دی چې د جېن په توګه پېژندل کېږي. </p><p>د صفت وراثت او د جېنونو د وراثت مالیکولي میکانیزمونه، لا هم په یوویشتمې پېړۍ کې د جنتیک له لومړنیو اصولو څخه ګڼل کېږي، خو نومهال جنتیک، له وراثت څخه ورهاخوا، د جېنونو د کارکړنې او چلند تر مطالعې پورې پراخ شوی دی. د جېن جوړښت او کارکړنه، تنوع او توزېع د حجرې، اورګانیزم (د بېلګې په توګه: تسلط) او د وګړو په محتوا کې مطالعه کېږي. په جنتیک کې، د مالیکولي جنتیک، اېپي‌جنتیک او د وګړو جنتیک په څېر یوشمېر فرعي څانګې هم رامنځ‌ته شوي دي. د جنتیک د پراخې مطالعې لمن د موجوداتو تر لېرې پولو پورې رسېږي (ارکایا، باکتریا او یوکاریا). </p><p>جنتیکي پروسې د یوه اورګانیز له چاپېریال او تجربو سره په ترکیب کې کار کوي ترڅو پر ودې او چلند باندې، چې ډېري وخت د «طبیعت د پالنې پر وړاندې» په نامه یادېږي، اغېزه پرېږدي. د یوې ژوندۍ حجرې یا اورګانیزم د حجرې دننه یا بهر چاپېریال د جېن ترانسکرپشن روښانه یا بند کړي. یوه کلاسیکه بېلګه یې د جوارو دوه دانې دي چې له جنتیکي پلوه ورته‌والی لري؛ یوه دانه یې په معتدل چاپېریال کې او بل یې په وچ چاپېریال کې (چې د ورښت یا باران کچه په کې خورا کمه ده) کرل کېږي. په داسې حال کې چې کېدای شي د دواړو جوارو د ساقې منځنی جګوالی، له جنتیکي پلوه، یوشان وي، په وچ چاپېریال کې کرل شوی جوار، د اوبو او د مغذي موادو کمښت له‌امله، د معتدل چاپېریال د جوار جګوالي په نیمایي اندازه به وده وکړي. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="آرپوهنه"><span id=".D8.A2.D8.B1.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>آرپوهنه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: آرپوهنه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د «genetics» وییکي لړۍ د لرغونې یوناني «γενετικός» (ګېنېتیکوس) ته رسېږي، چې د «تناسلي»/«زېږوونکي» معنی لري او په خپل وار سره له «γένεσις » (ګېنېسیس) څخه اخېستل شوې ده، چې معنی یې «منشا» ده. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاریخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE"></span>تاریخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: تاریخ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>دغه مشاهده، چې په ژوندي موجوداتو کې ځیني صفات له والدینو څخه اولاد ته په میراث پاتې کېږي، د لرغوني پېر راهیسې، د انتخابي نسل‌اخېستنې له‌لارې د نباتاتو او ژویو د ودې لپاره کارول کېږي. د جنتیک نومهال ساینس، د دغې پروسې د درک په لټه کې، د اګوستیني راهب «ګرېګور مندل» له‌خوا د نولسمې پېړۍ په نیمایي کې پيل شو.<sup id="cite_ref-Publishing2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weiling_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiling-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>مخکې تر مندل، ایمرې فستېتیکس (د هنګري یو اشرافي) چې مخکې تر مندل یې په کوسګ کې ژونده کاوه، لومړنی کس ؤ چې د «جنتیک» وییکی یې وکاروه. هغه په خپل اثر «د طبیعت جنتیکي قانون» (Die genetischen Gesetze der Natur, 1819) کې د جنتیکي وراثت څوګوني قانونونه څرګند کړل. د هغه دوه‌یم قانون له هغه څه سره ورته‌والی لري، چې مندل خپور کړ. په درېیم قانون کې یې د ناڅاپي بدلون لومړني اصول وپنځول (کولای شو هغه د هوګو دو فریس مخکښ وګڼو). <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د وراثت په هکله نورې تیوري‌ګانې مخکې تر مندل مطرح شوې وې. د نولسمې پېړۍ په اوږدو کې یوه مشهوره تیوري، چې د نوعو د منشا په هکله، د چارلس داروین له‌خوا په ۱۸۵۹ز کې مطرح شوه، امتزاجي وراثت ؤ: دغه نظریه چې، وګړي د خپل والدینو د صفتونو یو صاف ترکیب په میراث کې لري. د مندل اثر داسې بېلګې وړاندې کوي چې په هغو کې صفتونه په قطعي توګه وروسته له پیوندوهنې (hybridization) څخه، سره ترکیب شوي نه‌دي او ښیي چې صفتونه د یوه متمادي ترکیب په ځای، د بېلابېلو او جلا جېنونو له ترکیب څخه تولید شوي دي.  په اولاد کې د صفتونو ترکیب، اوس مهال د هغو څوګونو جېنونو له‌مخې بیانېږي چې کمیتي اغېزې لري. بله تیوري چې په هغه مهال کې ورڅخه ملاتړ کېده، د کسبي ځانګړنو وراثت ؤ: هغه باور چې، وګړو ته هغه صفتونه په ارث رسېږي چې د والدینو له‌خوا غښتلي شوي وي. دغه تیوري (چې معمولاً له جېن باپټېست لامارک پورې اړه لري) اوس مهال ناسمه ګڼل کېږي—د وګړو تجربې پر هغو جېنونو باندې چې خپل اولاد ته یې لېږدوي، اغېزه نه‌پرېږدي. بله تیوري، د داروین «Pangenesis» تیوري ده (چې هم کسبي او هم ارثي اړخ لري).<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="مندلي_او_کلاسیک_جنتیک"><span id=".D9.85.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.84.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.88_.DA.A9.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.DB.8C.DA.A9_.D8.AC.D9.86.D8.AA.DB.8C.DA.A9"></span>مندلي او کلاسیک جنتیک</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: مندلي او کلاسیک جنتیک"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>نومهال جنتیک، د نباتاتو د وراثت د ماهیت په هکله د مندل له مطالعاتو سره پیل شو. مندل په خپله مقاله «Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden» («د نباتاتو پیوندوهنې په هکله ازمایښتونه») کې، چې په ۱۸۶۵ز کې Naturforschender Verein ته (د طبیعت په هکله د څېړنې ټولنه) په برنو کې وړاندې شوه، د نخود په نباتاتو کې د ځانګړو صفتونو وراثتي نښې راوسپړلې او په ریاضیکي توګه یې تشرېح کړې. که څه هم دغه د وراثت دغه نښې یوازې د څو صفتونو لپاره د مشاهدې وړ وې، د مندل په فعالیت کې وښودل شوه چې وراثت جزئي دی، نه کسبي؛ او د ډېریو صفتونو د وراثت نښې د ساده قواعدو او نسبتونو له‌لارې بیانېدلای شي. <sup id="cite_ref-mendel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د مندل د کار ارزښت، وروسته له مړینې، تر ۱۹۰۰ز پورې، چې هوګو دو فریس او نورو ساینس‌پوهانو د هغه څېړنې له سره کشف کړې، په پراخه توګه درک شوی نه‌ؤ. ویلیام بېستن، د مندل د کار پلوی، په ۱۹۰۵ز کې د «genetics» وییکی رامنځ‌ته کړ (د genetic ستاینوم، له یوناني وییکي «γένεσις» (ګېنېسیس) څخه اخېستل شوی دی چې د «منشا» معنی افاده کوي، له نوم څخه دمخه ؤ او لومړي ځل لپاره په بیولوجیکي معنی، په ۱۸۶۰ز کې وکارول شو). بېتسن هم د یوه مربي په توګه عمل کاوه او هم د بېکي ساندرز، نورا داروین بارلو او موریل وېلدېل اونسلو په څېر په کمبریج کې د نېونهام کالج د ساینس‌پوهانو له آثارو او فعالیتونو څخه پوره ګټه پورته کړه. بېتسن د «genetics» وییکي کارونه عامه کړه ترڅو په ۱۹۰۶ز کې، په لندن کې، د نباتاتو د پیوندوهنې په هکله درېیم نړیوال کنفرانس ته د خپلې پرانېستونکې وینا د وړاندې کولو له‌لارې، د وراثت په هکله خپله څېړنه او مطالعه تشرېح کړي.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bateson_genetics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bateson_genetics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د مندل د څېړنو له بیاکشفولو وروسته، ساینس‌پوهانو هڅه وکړه ترڅو معلومه کړي چې په حجره کې کوم مالیکول د وراثت دنده پر غاړه لري. په ۱۹۰۰ز کې، نېتي ستېفنز د اوړو چینجي په هکله خپله مطالعه پیل کړه. د راتلونکو ۱۱ کلونو لپاره، هغه وموندله چې ښځې یوازې X کروموزوم، خو نارینه دواړه X او Y کروموزومونه لري. هغه وتوانېد دغې پایلې ته ورسېږي چې جنسیت یو کروموزومي فکټور دی او د نارینه له‌لورې ټاکل کېږي. په ۱۹۱۱ز کې، ټوماس هنت مورګان، د مېوې په مچانو کې د جنس اړوند سپینو سترګو ناڅاپي بدلون د مشاهدې پر بنسټ، ادعا وکړه چې جېنونه پر کروموزومونو باندې واقع شوي دي. په ۱۹۱۳ز کې، د هغه شاګرد «آلفرېد ستورتېونت» د جنتیکي تړښت پدیده وکاروله ترڅو وښیي چې جېنونه په خطي ډول پر کروموزومونو باندې واقع شوي دي.<sup id="cite_ref-net_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-net-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ټولنه_او_فرهنګ"><span id=".D9.BC.D9.88.D9.84.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.81.D8.B1.D9.87.D9.86.DA.AB"></span>ټولنه او فرهنګ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: ټولنه او فرهنګ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د ۲۰۱۵ز کال د مارچ پر ۱۹<sup>مه</sup> نېټه، د وتلو بیولوجي‌پوهانو یوه ډله د ټولو هغو مېتودونو (په تېره بیا CRISPR او Zinc Finger) پر کلینیکي کارونه باندې د بندیز لګولو غوښتونکي شول چې د انسان جېنوم له داسې یوې لارې بدلوي چې کېدای شي ارثي اوسي. د ۲۰۱۵ په اپرېل کې چینایي څېړونکو، د CRISPR په کارونې سره د انسان ناژوندي جنینونو په DNA کې د لاس‌وهلو په هکله د بنسټیزې څېړنې پایلې اعلان کړې.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150319_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150319-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150303-AP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150303-AP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20150319_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150319-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20150312_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20150312-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150423_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150423-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PC-20150418_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-20150418-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-griffiths2000sect60-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-griffiths2000sect60_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsMillerSuzukiLewontin2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.60">"Genetics and the Organism: Introduction"</a>. <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i> (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7167-3520-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7167-3520-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7167-3520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Organism%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3520-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Diga.section.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartl D, Jones E (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/genetics">"the definition of genetics"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i> (په انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+genetics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fgenetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321880&redirect=true">"Genetikos (γενετ-ικός)"</a>. <i>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615000649/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=#1980&redirect=true">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=Genetikos+%28%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84-%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252321880%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321873&redirect=true">"Genesis (γένεσις)"</a>. <i>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615000649/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=#1980&redirect=true">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=Genesis+%28%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252321873%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:Cite dictionary (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:Cite dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2009_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFiJFuzRVFQC&pg=PA362"><i>Science: The Definitive Visual Guide</i></a>. Penguin. 2009. p. 362. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7566-6490-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7566-6490-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7566-6490-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-6490-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFiJFuzRVFQC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiling-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiling_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWeiling1991" class="citation journal cs1">Weiling F (July 1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 1–25, discussion 26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320400103">10.1002/ajmg.1320400103</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1887835">1887835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Historical+study%3A+Johann+Gregor+Mendel+1822%E2%80%931884&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25%2C+discussion+26&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.1320400103&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1887835&rft.aulast=Weiling&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPoczaiBellHyvönen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Poczai P, Bell N, Hyvönen J (جنوري 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897355">"Imre Festetics and the Sheep Breeders' Society of Moravia: Mendel's Forgotten "Research Network"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): e1001772. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001772">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001772</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897355">3897355</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465180">24465180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Imre+Festetics+and+the+Sheep+Breeders%27+Society+of+Moravia%3A+Mendel%27s+Forgotten+%22Research+Network%22&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1001772&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24465180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001772&rft.aulast=Poczai&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bell%2C+N&rft.au=Hyv%C3%B6nen%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton2011_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ng85sd1UR7EC&pg=PT26"><i>Population Genetics</i></a>. Georgetown University. p. 26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4443-6245-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4443-6245-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4443-6245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Genetics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6245-9&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dng85sd1UR7EC%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Bowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Bowler (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Peter J. Bowler</a>, <i>The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergency of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989): chapters 2 & 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamarck, J-B (2008). In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-273180">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> on 16 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mendel_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg" class="citation web cs1">Blumberg, Roger B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html">"Mendel's Paper in English"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113051202/http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mendel%27s+Paper+in+English&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendelweb.org%2FMendel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">genetics, <i>n.</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford English Dictionary (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 3rd ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBateson" class="citation web cs1">Bateson W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013020831/http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm">"Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905"</a>. The John Innes Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+William+Bateson+to+Alan+Sedgwick+in+1905&rft.pub=The+John+Innes+Centre&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jic.ac.uk%2Fcorporate%2Fabout%2Fbateson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span> Note that the letter was to an Adam Sedgwick, a zoologist and "Reader in Animal Morphology" at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity College, Cambridge (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">genetic, <i>adj.</i>, Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2007" class="citation journal cs1">Richmond ML (نومبر 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/reviews/genetics">"Opportunities for women in early genetics"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i>. <b>8</b> (11): 897–902. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2200">10.1038/nrg2200</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17893692">17893692</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21992183">21992183</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070928/http://www.nature.com/reviews/genetics/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 مې 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Opportunities+for+women+in+early+genetics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=897-902&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21992183%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17893692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg2200&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=ML&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Freviews%2Fgenetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bateson_genetics-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bateson_genetics_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:Cite conference (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:Cite conference</a> :Initially titled the "International Conference on Hybridisation and Plant Breeding", the title was changed as a result of Bateson's speech. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCockForsdyke2008" class="citation book cs1">Cock AG, Forsdyke DR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasureyourexce00cock"><i>Treasure your exceptions: the science and life of William Bateson</i></a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasureyourexce00cock/page/n265">248</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-387-75687-5" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-387-75687-5 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-387-75687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure+your+exceptions%3A+the+science+and+life+of+William+Bateson&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-75687-5&rft.aulast=Cock&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Forsdyke%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasureyourexce00cock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-net-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-net_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nettie-stevens-a-discoverer-of-sex-chromosomes-6580266/">"Nettie Stevens: A Discoverer of Sex Chromosomes"</a>. <i>Scitable</i>. Nature Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scitable&rft.atitle=Nettie+Stevens%3A+A+Discoverer+of+Sex+Chromosomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fnettie-stevens-a-discoverer-of-sex-chromosomes-6580266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1983" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, John A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F23.4.855">"Thomas Hunt Morgan – The Geneticist"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 855–65. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F23.4.855">10.1093/icb/23.4.855</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hunt+Morgan+%E2%80%93+The+Geneticist&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=855-65&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F23.4.855&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F23.4.855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant1913" class="citation journal cs1">Sturtevant AH (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/s/ahs-13.pdf">"The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>14</b>: 43–59. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.9595">10.1.1.37.9595</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.1400140104">10.1002/jez.1400140104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227183131/http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/s/ahs-13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+linear+arrangement+of+six+sex-linked+factors+in+Drosophila%2C+as+shown+by+their+mode+of+association&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=43-59&rft.date=1913&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.37.9595%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.1400140104&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=AH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esp.org%2Ffoundations%2Fgenetics%2Fclassical%2Fholdings%2Fs%2Fahs-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20150319-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150319_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWade2015" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/science/biologists-call-for-halt-to-gene-editing-technique-in-humans.html">"Scientists Seek Ban on Method of Editing the Human Genome"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319230002/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/science/biologists-call-for-halt-to-gene-editing-technique-in-humans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Seek+Ban+on+Method+of+Editing+the+Human+Genome&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fscience%2Fbiologists-call-for-halt-to-gene-editing-technique-in-humans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20150303-AP-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150303-AP_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2015" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (3 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/health/a-powerful-new-way-to-edit-dna.html">"A Powerful New Way to Edit DNA"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326051509/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/health/a-powerful-new-way-to-edit-dna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Powerful+New+Way+to+Edit+DNA&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F04%2Fhealth%2Fa-powerful-new-way-to-edit-dna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20150319-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20150319_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBaltimoreBergBotchanCarroll2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baltimore D, Berg P, Botchan M, Carroll D, Charo RA, Church G, et al. (اپرېل 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394183">"Biotechnology. A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>348</b> (6230): 36–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...348...36B">2015Sci...348...36B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aab1028">10.1126/science.aab1028</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394183">4394183</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25791083">25791083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Biotechnology.+A+prudent+path+forward+for+genomic+engineering+and+germline+gene+modification&rft.volume=348&rft.issue=6230&rft.pages=36-8&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4394183%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25791083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aab1028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...348...36B&rft.aulast=Baltimore&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Berg%2C+P&rft.au=Botchan%2C+M&rft.au=Carroll%2C+D&rft.au=Charo%2C+RA&rft.au=Church%2C+G&rft.au=Corn%2C+JE&rft.au=Daley%2C+GQ&rft.au=Doudna%2C+JA&rft.au=Fenner%2C+M&rft.au=Greely%2C+HT&rft.au=Jinek%2C+M&rft.au=Martin%2C+GS&rft.au=Penhoet%2C+E&rft.au=Puck%2C+J&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+SH&rft.au=Weissman%2C+JS&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+KR&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4394183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20150312-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20150312_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLanphierUrnovHaeckerWerner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lanphier E, Urnov F, Haecker SE, Werner M, Smolenski J (مارچ 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F519410a">"Don't edit the human germ line"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>519</b> (7544): 410–1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.519..410L">2015Natur.519..410L</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F519410a">10.1038/519410a</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810189">25810189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Don%27t+edit+the+human+germ+line&rft.volume=519&rft.issue=7544&rft.pages=410-1&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25810189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F519410a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.519..410L&rft.aulast=Lanphier&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Urnov%2C+F&rft.au=Haecker%2C+SE&rft.au=Werner%2C+M&rft.au=Smolenski%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F519410a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20150423-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150423_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2015" class="citation news cs1">Kolata, Gina (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/health/chinese-scientists-edit-genes-of-human-embryos-raising-concerns.html">"Chinese Scientists Edit Genes of Human Embryos, Raising Concerns"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424050616/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/health/chinese-scientists-edit-genes-of-human-embryos-raising-concerns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Scientists+Edit+Genes+of+Human+Embryos%2C+Raising+Concerns&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F24%2Fhealth%2Fchinese-scientists-edit-genes-of-human-embryos-raising-concerns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-20150418-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PC-20150418_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiangXuZhangDing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liang P, Xu Y, Zhang X, Ding C, Huang R, Zhang Z, et al. 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