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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kingdom of Strathclyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Strathclyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval and early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Port authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industrial growth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial growth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deepening_the_Upper_Clyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deepening_the_Upper_Clyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Deepening the Upper Clyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deepening_the_Upper_Clyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding_and_marine_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding_and_marine_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shipbuilding and marine engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding_and_marine_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yachting_and_yachtbuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yachting_and_yachtbuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Yachting and yachtbuilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yachting_and_yachtbuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasgow_Humane_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasgow_Humane_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Glasgow Humane Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasgow_Humane_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shipbuilding decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Heat pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">River Clyde</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="نهر كلايد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر كلايد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Клайд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клайд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Клайд (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клайд (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_Chluaidh" title="Abhainn Chluaidh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abhainn Chluaidh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Clyde" title="Riu Clyde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Clyde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Клайд (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клайд (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde_(suba_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="River Clyde (suba sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="River Clyde (suba sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Clud" title="Afon Clud – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Clud" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(Fluss)" title="Clyde (Fluss) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clyde (Fluss)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde%27i_j%C3%B5gi" title="Clyde'i jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Clyde'i jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Clyde" title="Río Clyde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Clyde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_ibaia" title="Clyde ibaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clyde ibaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="رود کلاید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود کلاید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(fleuve)" title="Clyde (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clyde (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(rivier)" title="Clyde (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Clyde (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_Chluaidh" title="Abhainn Chluaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhainn Chluaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_Chluaidh" title="Abhainn Chluaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Abhainn Chluaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Clyde" title="Río Clyde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Clyde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EA%B0%95_(%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="클라이드강 (스코틀랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라이드강 (스코틀랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Քլայդ (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլայդ (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Clyde" title="Sungai Clyde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Clyde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(fiume)" title="Clyde (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clyde (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="קלייד (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלייד (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="კლაიდი (მდინარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლაიდი (მდინარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Клайд (өзен) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клайд (өзен)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(ruf)" title="Clyde (ruf) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Clyde (ruf)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaida" title="Klaida – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klaida" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaidas" title="Klaidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klaidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3)" title="კლაიდი (წყარმალუ) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლაიდი (წყარმალუ)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="نهر كلايد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر كلايد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကလိုက်မြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလိုက်မြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(rivier)" title="Clyde (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clyde (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9D" title="クライド川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クライド川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کلائیڈ دریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلائیڈ دریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(rzeka)" title="Clyde (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clyde (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Clyde" title="Rio Clyde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Clyde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Клайд (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клайд (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="River Clyde" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River Clyde" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(rieka_v_%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsku)" title="Clyde (rieka v Škótsku) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clyde (rieka v Škótsku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(reka)" title="Clyde (reka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Clyde (reka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Клајд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клајд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde" title="Clyde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clyde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கிளைடு ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளைடு ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Клайд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клайд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3" title="克莱德河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克莱德河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3" title="克萊德河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克萊德河" data-language-autonym="中文" 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Clyde&params=55_58_12_N_4_45_15_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°58′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°45′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.97000°N 4.75417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.97000; -4.75417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river which flows through Glasgow. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Clyde_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Clyde River (disambiguation)">Clyde River</a>. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_River_Clyde" title="SS River Clyde">SS River Clyde</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22River+Clyde%22">"River Clyde"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22River+Clyde%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22River+Clyde%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22River+Clyde%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22River+Clyde%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22River+Clyde%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">River Clyde</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_on_the_Clyde_(geograph_3562321).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg/288px-Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg/432px-Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg/576px-Sunset_on_the_Clyde_%28geograph_3562321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The River Clyde running through the city of Glasgow</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_95762754f0626da90c4a295f03d8674c0a041101"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Clyde&revid=1256918387&groups=_95762754f0626da90c4a295f03d8674c0a041101" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Clyde&revid=1256918387&groups=_95762754f0626da90c4a295f03d8674c0a041101 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Abhainn Chluaidh</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Council areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lowther_Hills" title="Lowther Hills">Lowther Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Clyde&params=55_24_23.8_N_3_39_8.9_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°24′23.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°39′8.9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.406611°N 3.652472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.406611; -3.652472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tail_of_the_Bank" title="Tail of the Bank">Tail of the Bank</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> and Ardmore Point near <a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Clyde&params=55_58_12_N_4_45_15_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°58′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°45′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.97000°N 4.75417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.97000; -4.75417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">110 mi (180 km)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,545 sq mi (4,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Inner Clyde Estuary</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1036<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>River Clyde</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Abhainn Chluaidh</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈavɪɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈxl̪ˠuəj]</a></span>) is a river that flows into the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>, in the west of Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third longest in Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">River Spey</a>. It runs through the city of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>. The River Clyde <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> has an upper <a href="/wiki/Tidal_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal limit">tidal limit</a> located at the tidal weir next to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green#Tidal_Weir" title="Glasgow Green">Glasgow Green</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, it was important to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> because of its role in <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a>, it was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Clota</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric language</a>, it was known as <span title="Cumbric-language text"><i lang="xcb">Clud</i></span> or <span title="Cumbric-language text"><i lang="xcb">Clut</i></span>. It was central to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Teyrnas Ystrad Clut</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact etymology of the river's name is unclear, though it is known that the name is ancient. In 50AD, the Egyptian mathematician, astronomer and geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> wrote of the river as "Klōta",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called <span title="Cumbric-language text"><i lang="xcb">Clut</i></span> or <span title="Cumbric-language text"><i lang="xcb">Clud</i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Clota</i></span> by the Romans. It is therefore likely that the name comes from a Celtic language—most likely <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Old British</a>. But there is more than one old Celtic word that the river's name could plausibly derive from. One possible root is the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> <span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">Clywwd</i></span>, meaning 'loud' or 'loudly'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More likely, the river was named after a local Celtic goddess, <i><a href="/wiki/Clota" title="Clota">Clōta</a></i>. The goddess's name in turn derives from an older, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> word meaning 'the strongly flowing one' or 'the holy cleanser'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg/220px-Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg/330px-Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg/440px-Source_of_the_River_Clyde_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5291765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of the Daer and Potrail Waters, which marks the beginning of the Clyde proper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corra_Linn_in_spate,_4_November.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg/220px-Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg/330px-Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg/440px-Corra_Linn_in_spate%2C_4_November.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_Clyde_(waterfalls)" title="Falls of Clyde (waterfalls)">Falls of Clyde</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Lanark_(45324811821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg/220px-New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg/330px-New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg/440px-New_Lanark_%2845324811821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Clyde flowing past <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans have settled along the Clyde since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era. Artifacts dating from 12,000 BC have been found near <a href="/wiki/Biggar,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Biggar, South Lanarkshire">Biggar</a>, a rural town close to the river. Biggar is home to an archeological site at which Britain's most ancient artifacts have been unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, used by ancient peoples for transport or trade, have been found in the river.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> sites along the Clyde, especially in the Upper Clyde Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permanent settlements and structures, including what is believed to be a temple to <a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">moon gods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Govan" title="Govan">Govan</a>, were constructed in the area during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> art, language, and other aspects of culture began spreading to the area from the south during this period, and prehistoric artifacts suggest that, by around 1000 BCE, they had become the dominant cultural influences there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legions">legions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> arrived in southern Scotland, the river and the area surrounding it had been settled by the Brythonic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a> tribe. It has been suggested that a Damnonii town called <i>Cathures</i> was located there and was the precursor to modern Glasgow.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Damnonii tribe originally likely distributed power among individual chiefdoms, but at some point before 500 AD the political framework was a British culture of Welsh speakers that was politically unified and formed a centralised <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">kingdom</a> known as Alt Clut, representing the power centre at Dunbarton Rock. </p><p>None of the documentary or archaeological evidence from the period when the Roman legions arrived suggests that battles took place in the area. Therefore the Roman legions and Damnonii tribespeople are assumed to have been on good terms and to have co-operated by means of trade and the exchange of military information. The Romans did, however, construct several <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">forts</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">castra</i></span>) in the area, notably on the banks of the Clyde. These include Castledykes, <a href="/wiki/Bothwellhaugh_Roman_Fort" title="Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort">Bothwellhaugh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Kilpatrick" title="Old Kilpatrick">Old Kilpatrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopton,_Renfrewshire" title="Bishopton, Renfrewshire">Bishopton</a>. The Romans also constructed several roads along the river, both small ones and larger ones designed to be used as trade routes and to carry entire legions. The <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, which lies only a few miles from the river, was constructed later by the Romans as a means of defending the area against invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. Despite the strategic location and flat terrain of Glasgow and the surrounding Clyde basin, no Roman civilian settlement was ever constructed. Instead, the region may have functioned as a frontier zone between the Roman province known as <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>, an indigenous group that was hostile to the Romans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Strathclyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strathclyde was founded as an independent unified British kingdom, quite some centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_occupation_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman occupation of Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a>. The kingdom's core territory and much of its arable land was located around the Clyde basin in the area traditionally associated with Alt Clut. The kingdom was ruled from its original capital, the near impenetrable <a href="/wiki/Alt_Clut_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt Clut (fortress)">Alt Clut fortress</a> (Dumbarton Rock), which was situated on the river and overlooked much of the estuary. This fortress was noteworthy enough to have been referred to at the time in several letters and poems about <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> and others. Strathclyde remained a powerful kingdom during the early medieval period in Britain. It was also a reservoir of native <a href="/wiki/Welsh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh culture">Welsh culture</a>: Its territory expanded along the Clyde Vae Southern Uplands and Ayrshire, and eventually southwards into Cumbria. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Mungo</a> established a new Christian community on the banks of the Clyde, potentially replacing Cathures if this is assumed to have occupied the same locus. This community was the beginnings of what would become the city of Glasgow. Several villages along the Clyde that were founded in or before this period have endured to this day, and have grown to become towns, including <i>Llanerc</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a>), <i>Cadzow</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a>), and <i>Rhynfrwd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</a>). The fortress of Altclut fell in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dumbarton" title="Siege of Dumbarton">Siege of Dumbarton</a> of 870 AD, when a force of <a href="/wiki/Norse-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Irish">Norse-Irish</a> raiders from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a> sacked it. After that, the kingdom, now politically weakened, possibly moved its capital to <a href="/wiki/Govan" title="Govan">Govan</a>. However, it never fully recovered, and in the <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a> it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>. It did however retain some autonomy under the Church of Glasgow, which became the secular successors of much of the territory when it was treated as a Principality of the Scottish Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_history">Medieval and early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval and early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century, Glasgow, then still a small town, built its first bridge over the river Clyde. This was an important step in its ability to eventually grow into a city. The establishment, in the 15th century, of both the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Glasgow" title="Archdiocese of Glasgow">Archdiocese of Glasgow</a>, vastly increased the importance of the town within Scotland. From the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> onwards, the Clyde began to be used commercially as a trade route; trade between Glasgow and the rest of Europe became commonplace. In the centuries that followed, the Clyde became increasingly vital to both Scotland and Britain as a major trade route for exporting and importing resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_authority">Port authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Port authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Clyde Navigation Act 1840</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for further deepening and improving the River Clyde, and enlarging the Harbour of Glasgow, and for constructing a Wet Dock in connexion with the said River and Harbour.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Vict.">3 & 4 Vict.</a> c. cxviii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 August 1840</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Clyde Navigation Consolidation Act 1858</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Clyde Navigation Consolidation Act 1858</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/21_%26_22_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="21 & 22 Vict.">21 & 22 Vict.</a> c. cxlix</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Clyde Port Authority Confirmation Act 1965</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936, relating to the Clyde Port Authority.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1965" title="List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1965">1965</a> c. xlv</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1965</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1965/45/pdfs/ukla_19650045_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Clyde_Navigation_Trust"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Clyde Navigation Trust</span></span> was initially formed in 1840 by the <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Clyde_Navigation_Act_1840"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Clyde Navigation Act 1840</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Vict.">3 & 4 Vict.</a> c. cxviii), and then reconstituted under the <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Clyde_Navigation_Consolidation_Act_1858"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Clyde Navigation Consolidation Act 1858</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/21_%26_22_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="21 & 22 Vict.">21 & 22 Vict.</a> c. cxlix). The <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Clyde_Port_Authority_Confirmation_Act_1965"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Clyde Port Authority Confirmation Act 1965</span></span></b> (c. xlv) replaced the Clyde Navigation Trust with the <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Port Authority">Clyde Port Authority</a> from 1 January 1966, which has since been renamed to 'Clydeport', and was privatisated in 1992. In 2003 it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Peel_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Holdings">Peel Holdings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg/220px-Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg/330px-Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg/440px-Pendolino_crossing_the_River_Clyde_at_Lamington%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9127" data-file-height="5604" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a> train passing over the Clyde on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg/220px-Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg/330px-Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg/440px-Glasgow_Tidal_Weir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_761267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The tidal weir at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green" title="Glasgow Green">Glasgow Green</a>, which marks the upper limit of tidal water</figcaption></figure> <p>The Clyde is formed by the confluence of two streams, the <a href="/wiki/Daer_Water" title="Daer Water">Daer Water</a> (the headwaters of which are dammed to form the <a href="/wiki/Daer_Reservoir" title="Daer Reservoir">Daer Reservoir</a>) and the Potrail Water. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Upland_Way" title="Southern Upland Way">Southern Upland Way</a> crosses both streams before they meet at Watermeetings (<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Clyde&params=55.400622_N_3.654839_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NS953131</a></span>) to form the River Clyde proper. At this point, the Clyde is only 10 km (6 mi) from Tweed's Well, the source of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a>, and is about the same distance from <a href="/wiki/Annanhead_Hill" title="Annanhead Hill">Annanhead Hill</a>, the source of the <a href="/wiki/River_Annan" title="River Annan">River Annan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, it meanders northeastward before turning to the west, where its <a href="/wiki/Flood_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plain">flood plain</a> serve as the site of many major roads in the area, then reaches the town of <a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a>, where the late 17th- and early 18th-century industrialists <a href="/wiki/David_Dale" title="David Dale">David Dale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> built mills and the model settlement of <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> on the banks of the Clyde. The mills harnessed the power of the <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_Clyde_(waterfalls)" title="Falls of Clyde (waterfalls)">Falls of Clyde</a>, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power station still generates 11MW of electricity there today, although the mills have now become a museum and <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p>The river then makes its way northwest, past the towns of <a href="/wiki/Wishaw" title="Wishaw">Wishaw</a> to the east of it and <a href="/wiki/Larkhall" title="Larkhall">Larkhall</a> to the west of it. The river's surroundings here become increasingly suburban. Between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Motherwell" title="Motherwell">Motherwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a>, the course of the river has been altered to create an artificial loch within <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathclyde Park">Strathclyde Park</a>. Part of the original course can still be seen: It lies between the island and the eastern shore of the loch. The river then flows through <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bothwell" title="Bothwell">Bothwell</a>, where the ruined <a href="/wiki/Bothwell_Castle" title="Bothwell Castle">Bothwell Castle</a> stands on a defensible <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a>. </p><p>As it flows past <a href="/wiki/Uddingston" title="Uddingston">Uddingston</a> and into the southeastern part of Glasgow, the river begins to widen, meandering through <a href="/wiki/Cambuslang" title="Cambuslang">Cambuslang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherglen" title="Rutherglen">Rutherglen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalmarnock" title="Dalmarnock">Dalmarnock</a>, and past <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green" title="Glasgow Green">Glasgow Green</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green#Tidal_Weir" title="Glasgow Green">Tidal Weir</a> westwards, the river is <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a>: a mix of fresh and salt water.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasgow_Tidal_Wei_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasgow_Tidal_Wei-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over three centuries the river has been engineered and widened where it passes through <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> city centre and onwards towards <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> and the open sea. Shipping and shipbuilding grow in Glasgow and its neighbouring industrial burghs of <a href="/wiki/Govan" title="Govan">Govan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partick" title="Partick">Partick</a>; with the Clyde, including is lower reaches, becoming the centre of world shipbuilding. </p><p>The river then flows west, out of Glasgow, past <a href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bridge" title="Erskine Bridge">Erskine Bridge</a>, and past <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a> on the northern shore and the sandbank at Ardmore Point between <a href="/wiki/Cardross,_Argyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardross, Argyll">Cardross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a>. Opposite, on the southern shore, is the last remaining Lower Clyde shipyard, at <a href="/wiki/Port_Glasgow" title="Port Glasgow">Port Glasgow</a>. The river continues on to <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a>, where it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Tail_of_the_Bank" title="Tail of the Bank">Tail of the Bank</a> as the river merges into the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>. Here at the mouth of the Clyde, there is currently a significant ecological problem of oxygen depletion in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_growth">Industrial growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industrial growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_(1881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg/220px-John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg/330px-John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg/440px-John_Atkinson_Grimshaw_-_Shipping_on_the_Clyde_%281881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption><i>Shipping on the Clyde</i> in Glasgow, by <a href="/wiki/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw" title="John Atkinson Grimshaw">John Atkinson Grimshaw</a>, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg/220px-Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg/330px-Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg/440px-Erskine_Bridge_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Clyde estuary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F930_BNS_Leopold_I_(29611421284).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg/220px-F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg/330px-F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg/440px-F930_BNS_Leopold_I_%2829611421284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A frigate passing under the <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bridge" title="Erskine Bridge">Erskine Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The economic prosperity that the Clyde made possible at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was due to the location of Glasgow, as a port facing the Americas. Tobacco and cotton trade began to drive this economic engine in the early 18th century. However, an obstacle to further economic growth soon became evident: the Clyde was too shallow for the largest ocean-going ships to navigate into it, so cargo had to be transferred, at <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Port_Glasgow" title="Port Glasgow">Port Glasgow</a>, to smaller ships that could sail upstream into Glasgow itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deepening_the_Upper_Clyde">Deepening the Upper Clyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deepening the Upper Clyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1768, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Golborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Golborne (page does not exist)">John Golborne</a> advised that the river should be made narrower and the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_scour" title="Tidal scour">scour</a> increased by constructing rubble jetties and dredging sandbanks and <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a>. Another obstacle to navigation that had to be solved was that the river divided into two shallow channels by the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Island#Dumbuck_Ford" title="Milton Island">Dumbuck</a> shoal near <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a>. After <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>'s 1769 report describing this problem, a jetty was constructed at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longhaugh_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longhaugh Point (page does not exist)">Longhaugh Point</a> to block off the southern channel. This turned out to be insufficient to solve the problem, so in 1773, a training wall called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lang_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lang Dyke (page does not exist)">Lang Dyke</a> was built on the Dumbuck shoal to stop water flowing over into the southern channel of the river. </p><p>In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, hundreds of jetties were built out from the banks of the river between Dumbuck and the <a href="/wiki/Broomielaw" title="Broomielaw">Broomielaw</a> quay in Glasgow proper. In some cases, this construction had the effect of deepening the river, because the increased flow of the newly constrained water wore away the river bottom. In other cases, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> was required to deepen the river.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-19th century, engineers took on the task of dredging the Clyde much more extensively. They removed millions of cubic feet of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> to deepen and widen the channel. The major stumbling block encountered by that project was a massive <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">geological intrusion</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Elderslie_Rock" title="Elderslie Rock">Elderslie Rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EveningTimes1886_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EveningTimes1886-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because that rock increased the project's difficulty, the work was not completed until the 1880s. Around this time, the Clyde became an important source of inspiration for artists, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw" title="John Atkinson Grimshaw">John Atkinson Grimshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Kay_(artist)" title="James Kay (artist)">James Kay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were interested in painting scenes that depicted the new industrial era and the modern world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipbuilding_and_marine_engineering">Shipbuilding and marine engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding and marine engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime,_Glasgow,_Lanarkshire,_Scotland,_UK,_1944_D20847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg/220px-Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg/330px-Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg/440px-Glasgow_Shipyard-_Shipbuilding_in_Wartime%2C_Glasgow%2C_Lanarkshire%2C_Scotland%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Glasgow shipyard in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The completion of the dredging was well-timed, because the channel finally became navigable all the way from Greenock to Glasgow just when the steelwork industry had begun to grow in the city. Shipbuilding replaced trade as the major activity on the river, and shipbuilding companies started rapidly establishing themselves there. The Clyde soon gained a reputation for being the best location for shipbuilding in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and grew to become the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre. The term <i>Clydebuilt</i> became an industry symbol of high quality, and the river's shipyards were given contracts to build prestigious ocean-going liners, as well as warships. The <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary"><i>Queen Mary</i></a> and, in later years, the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a></i> were built in the town of <a href="/wiki/Clydebank" title="Clydebank">Clydebank</a>. </p><p>Between 1712, when the <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company" title="Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company">Scott family's</a> shipyard was built at Greenock, and the present day, over 25,000 ships have been built on the River Clyde, its firth, and its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Kelvin" title="River Kelvin">River Kelvin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Cart" title="River Cart">River Cart</a>, by many boatyards, including those at <a href="/wiki/Maryhill" title="Maryhill">Maryhill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkintilloch" title="Kirkintilloch">Kirkintilloch</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Forth_%26_Clyde_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Forth & Clyde Canal">Forth & Clyde Canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackhill,_Glasgow" title="Blackhill, Glasgow">Blackhill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Monkland_Canal" title="Monkland Canal">Monkland Canal</a>. Over the same time period, it is estimated that more than 300 firms have engaged in shipbuilding on Clydeside, although probably at most 30 to 40 firms were operating at any given time. </p><p>The shipbuilding firms became household names on Clydeside, and even around the world to some extent. These included, among many others, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company" title="John Brown & Company">John Brown & Company</a> of Clydebank, <a href="/wiki/William_Denny_and_Brothers" title="William Denny and Brothers">Denny</a> of Dumbarton, Scott of Greenock, <a href="/wiki/Lithgows" title="Lithgows">Lithgows</a> of Port Glasgow, Simon and <a href="/wiki/Lobnitz" title="Lobnitz">Lobnitz</a> of Renfrew, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephen_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephen & Sons">Alexander Stephen & Sons</a> of Linthouse, <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company" title="Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company">Fairfield</a> of Govan, <a href="/wiki/A._%26_J._Inglis" title="A. & J. Inglis">Inglis</a> of Pointhouse, <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Curle" title="Barclay Curle">Barclay Curle</a> of Whiteinch, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Connell_and_Company" title="Charles Connell and Company">Connell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders" title="Yarrow Shipbuilders">Yarrow</a> of Scotstoun. Almost as famous were the engineering firms that supplied the machinery needed to drive these vessels, including the boilers, pumps, and steering gear, including <a href="/wiki/Rankin_%26_Blackmore" title="Rankin & Blackmore">Rankin & Blackmore</a>, Hastie's and <a href="/wiki/John_G._Kincaid_%26_Company" title="John G. Kincaid & Company">Kincaid</a>'s of Greenock, Rowan's of Finnieston, <a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir's</a> of Cathcart, Howden's of Tradeston, and <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Babcock" title="Doosan Babcock">Babcock & Wilcox</a> of Renfrew. </p><p>One shipyard that was known as a 'Clyde' shipyard was not actually located on any of the Clyde's waterways: <a href="/wiki/Alley_%26_MacLellan" title="Alley & MacLellan">Alley & MacLellan</a>'s Sentinel Works in Jessie Street at <a href="/wiki/Polmadie" title="Polmadie">Polmadie</a> is around half a mile distant from the Clyde. It is said to have constructed over 500 vessels, many of which were assembled and then 'knocked down' to kit form for despatch to a remote location, such as <a href="/wiki/MV_Chauncy_Maples" title="MV Chauncy Maples"><i>Chauncy Maples</i></a>. Clyde shipbuilding reached its peak in the years just before World War I: It is estimated that, in the year 1913 alone, over 370 ships were completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yachting_and_yachtbuilding">Yachting and yachtbuilding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yachting and yachtbuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded Clyde racing yacht, a 46-ton cutter, was built by <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company" title="Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company">Scotts</a> of Greenock in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-eminent Scottish yacht designer William Fyfe did not start designing yachts until 1807. The first yacht club on the Clyde was the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yacht_Club" title="Northern Yacht Club">Northern Yacht Club</a>, which was established in 1824 and received its <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1831. The club was founded to organise and encourage the sport of yacht racing. By 1825, Scottish and Irish clubs were racing against each other on the Clyde. By the mid-19th century, yachting and yacht building had become widely popular. </p><p>The Clyde became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding, and was the home of many notable designers: <a href="/wiki/William_Fife" title="William Fife">William Fife III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mylne" title="Alfred Mylne">Alfred Mylne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lennox_Watson" title="George Lennox Watson">G. L. Watson</a>, E. McGruer, and David Boyd. It was also home to many famous yacht yards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Robertson_%26_Sons" title="Alexander Robertson & Sons">Robertson's Yard</a> started repairing boats in a small workshop at Sandbank in 1876, and went on to become one of the foremost wooden boat builders on the Clyde. The 'golden years' of Robertson's yard were in the early 20th century, when they started building classic 12-and-15-metre (39 and 49 ft) racing yachts. More than 55 boats were built by Robertson's in preparation for World War I, and the yard remained busy even during the Great Depression in the 1930s, as many wealthy businessmen developed a passion for yacht racing on the Clyde. During World War II, the yard was devoted to Admiralty work, producing large, high-speed <a href="/wiki/Fairmile_Marine" title="Fairmile Marine">Fairmile Marine</a> motor boats (motor torpedo boats and motor gun boats). After the war, the yard built the successful one-class Loch Longs and two 12 m (39 ft) challengers for the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a>, designed by David Boyd: <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(yacht)" title="Sceptre (yacht)"><i>Sceptre</i></a> (1958)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(yacht)" title="Sovereign (yacht)"><i>Sovereign</i></a> (1964). Because of difficult business conditions in 1965, the yard turned to doing GRP production work (mainly building Pipers and Etchells), and it closed in 1980. During its 104-year history, Robertson's Yard built 500 boats, many of which are still sailing today. </p><p>Two other notable boatyards on the Clyde were Silvers, which operated from 1910 to 1970, and McGruers, which operated from 1910 to 1973. They were situated on the <a href="/wiki/Rosneath_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosneath peninsula">Rosneath peninsula</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Gare_Loch" title="Gare Loch">Gare Loch</a>, within half a mile of each other. McGruers built over 700 boats. Both yards built many widely-known and classic yachts, some of which are still sailing today.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glasgow_Humane_Society">Glasgow Humane Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Glasgow Humane Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS_lifeboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GHS_lifeboat.jpg/220px-GHS_lifeboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GHS_lifeboat.jpg/330px-GHS_lifeboat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/GHS_lifeboat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Glasgow Humane Society patrols the River Clyde</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Humane_Society" title="Glasgow Humane Society">Glasgow Humane Society</a> is responsible for the safety and preservation of life on Glasgow's waterways. Founded in 1790, it is the oldest lifesaving organisation in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipbuilding_decline">Shipbuilding decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG/220px-HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG/330px-HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG/440px-HMS_Daring_at_Scotstoun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Although diminished from its early 20th-century heights, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> remains an important industry on Clydeside. Shown is <a href="/wiki/HMS_Daring_(D32)" title="HMS Daring (D32)">HMS <i>Daring</i></a> after launching</figcaption></figure> <p>During and immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Clyde's importance as a major industrial centre rapidly declined. During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> singled out <a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank for bombing</a>, and its buildings sustained heavy damage. In the immediate postwar period, the sharp reduction in warship orders was initially balanced by a prolonged boom in merchant shipbuilding. But by the end of the 1950s, other countries had begun to establish well-capitalised and highly productive shipbuilding centres that were able to outcompete many of the European shipbuilding yards. Several Clydeside yards booked a series of loss-making contracts in the hope of weathering the storm, but their unprofitable circumstances continued for too long, and by the mid-1960s they faced potential collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harland and Wolff">Harland and Wolff</a>'s Linthouse yard went under, and Fairfields of Govan faced bankruptcy. The government tried to limit the decline by creating the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Clyde_Shipbuilders" title="Upper Clyde Shipbuilders">Upper Clyde Shipbuilders</a> consortium, but the consortium became mired in controversy and collapsed in 1971. After that, <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>'s Labour government implemented the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_and_Shipbuilding_Industries_Act_1977" title="Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977">Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977</a> (c. 3), which nationalised most of the Clyde's shipyards and grouped them with other major British shipyards, such as the firm <a href="/wiki/British_Shipbuilders" title="British Shipbuilders">British Shipbuilders</a>. </p><p>Today, two major shipyards on the Upper Clyde remain in operation. They are both owned by a naval defence contractor, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Surface_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Surface Ships">BAE Systems Surface Ships</a>, which specialises in the design and construction of technologically advanced warships for the Royal Navy and other navies around the world. The two yards are the former <a href="/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders" title="Yarrow Shipbuilders">Yarrow</a> yard at <a href="/wiki/Scotstoun" title="Scotstoun">Scotstoun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company" title="Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company">Fairfields</a> at Govan. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Dock,_Glasgow" title="King George V Dock, Glasgow">King George V Dock</a> is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Port Authority">Clyde Port Authority</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Shipbuilders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferguson Shipbuilders">Ferguson Shipbuilders</a>, at Port Glasgow on the Lower Clyde, is now owned by the Scottish government. It is the last survivor of the many shipyards that once dominated Port Glasgow and Greenock. Its core business is now the construction of <a href="/wiki/RORO" class="mw-redirect" title="RORO">car ferries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major regeneration schemes include those in the 1970s of forming <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Country_Park" title="Strathclyde Country Park">Strathclyde Country Park</a>, lying between Hamilton and Motherwell, as part of motorway developments; the establishment of the Glasgow Garden Festival 1988 as part of the re-use of city docklands and associated industrial uses led by the Scottish Development Agency in the 1980s and early 90s. The <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Waterfront_Regeneration" title="Clyde Waterfront Regeneration">Clyde Waterfront Regeneration</a> project from 2008 aims to continue this approach of finding new uses and attracting new investment, from Glasgow Green to Dumbarton.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents and tourists come back to the riverside, especially in Glasgow, where vast former docklands have given way to housing and amenities on the banks in the city. Examples of public amenities and attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Exhibition_and_Conference_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre">Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Science_Centre" title="Glasgow Science Centre">Glasgow Science Centre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Museum" title="Riverside Museum">Riverside Museum</a>. Merchant shipping has largely moved west, closer to deeper water at Greenock, and 20 miles beyond that, south, to Hunterston. The river's water is increasingly used for recreation now that industrial uses have diminished. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Walkway" title="Clyde Walkway">Clyde Walkway</a>, originating at Glasgow's Custom House Quay in the 1970s, and completed eastward in 2005, is a foot-and mountain-bike path that follows the course of the Clyde between Glasgow and <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Natural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Natural Heritage">Scottish Natural Heritage</a> has designated it one of <a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Great_Trails" title="Scotland's Great Trails">Scotland's Great Trails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sgt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British Geological Survey has identified and evaluated organic chemical pollutants in the sediment of the Clyde estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K.-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface sediments from the Glasgow reaches of the Clyde and <a href="/wiki/Cuningar_Loop" title="Cuningar Loop">Cuningar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Milton,_West_Dunbartonshire" title="Milton, West Dunbartonshire">Milton</a>, were previously found to contain <a href="/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyaromatic hydrocarbons">polyaromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAH) from 630 μg/kg to 23,711 μg/kg and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCB) in the range of 5 to 130.5 μg/kg, which puts these sediments in the range classified as "non-toxic."<sup id="cite_ref-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a later study showed PCB concentrations as high as 5,797 μg/kg, which is above published threshold levels for such chlorinated compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records._29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison between individual PAH compounds that have different thermal stabilities shows that the source of PAH pollution in the Clyde is different in different parts of the river. PAH in the inner Clyde (Cuningar to Milton) are from combustion sources (vehicle exhaust, coal burning), whereas PAH in the outer Clyde are from petroleum spills.<sup id="cite_ref-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assessment_of_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_surface_sediments_of_the_Inner_Clyde_Estuary,_UK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records._29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount and type of sedimentary pollution in the Clyde reflects the area's industrial history.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records._29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to assess how the nature of the pollutants has changed over time, from 1750 to 2002, seven sediment cores of one metre's depth were collected, and dated using lead concentrations and changing lead isotope ratios. The sediments showed a long but declining history of coal usage and, beginning around the 1950s, an increasing reliance on petroleum fuels. The decline of hydrocarbon pollution was followed by the appearance of PCB concentrations in the 1950s. Total PCB concentration levels peaked in the period 1965 to 1977, and declined beginning in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records._29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Signatures_of_the_Anthropocene_in_the_Clyde_Estuary,_UK:_Sediment_hosted_Pb,_207/206Pb,_Polyaromatic_Hydrocarbon_(PAH)_and_Polychlorinated_Biphenyl_(PCB)_Pollution_Records.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Polmadie" title="Polmadie">Polmadie</a> <a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a>, which flows into the Clyde at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park,_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Park, Glasgow">Richmond Park</a>, remains heavily contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">hexavalent chromium</a>, to the extent it turned bright green in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-flushed_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flushed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yellow in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although pollution from heavy industry and power generation has been decreasing, there is evidence that human-made pollution from new synthetic compounds in electrical products and textiles has been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K.-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amounts of 16 <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ether">polybrominated diphenyl ether</a> (PBDE) compounds used as flame retardants in televisions, computers, and furniture upholstery were measured in sediment cores collected from six sites between Princes Dock and Greenock. Comparison of the amounts of PBDE compounds revealed a decline in certain compounds, in line with the European ban on production of mixtures containing environmentally harmful PBDE with eight and nine <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> atoms. At the same time, there was an increase in the amounts of the less harmful mixture, composed of ten bromine atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K.-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat_pumps">Heat pumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heat pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg/220px-Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg/330px-Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg/440px-Heat_Pump-QQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Heat Pump-QQ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg/220px-Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg/330px-Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg/440px-Energy_Centre-QQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Energy Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The River Clyde, or more accurately the Clyde Estuary, has significant potential as a heat source. The flow rate downstream alone is around 50 m<sup>3</sup>/s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing this temperature by 3 °C would enable river heat pumps to extract 188.1 MW of heat. Since river heat pumps typically have an efficiency of 3.0, the heat deliverable is 1.5 times the river component. As a result, the estuary could deliver 282 MW of heat. The temperature of industrial heat pump delivery is typically 80 °C. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Above citation makes no mention of river temperature (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2020, West Dunbartonshire Council deployed a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump#Water-source_heat_pump" title="Heat pump">river source heat pump</a> scheme in the area called Queens Quay. It is the first large heat pump scheme in Britain to deliver at 80 °C. The heat pumps were supplied by Star Refrigeration Ltd, who manufactured them in their Glasgow factory. The project was delivered by Vital Energi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Clyde" title="List of crossings of the River Clyde">List of crossings of the River Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodinbo_Island" title="Bodinbo Island">Bodinbo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnington_Pavilion" title="Bonnington Pavilion">Bonnington Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMNB_Clyde" title="HMNB Clyde">HMNB Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clydeside" title="Red Clydeside">Red Clydeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Great Britain">Rivers of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald%27s_Quay" title="Donald's Quay">Donald's Quay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/River-Clyde">"River Clyde"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia 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journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K.-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_of_Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_(PBDEs)_in_sediments_of_the_Clyde_Estuary,_U.K._30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVane,_C.H.,_Yun-Juan_Ma,_She-Jun_Chen_and_Bi-Xian_Mai.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vane, C.H., Yun-Juan Ma, She-Jun Chen and Bi-Xian Mai. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24258695">"Inventory of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Clyde Estuary, U.K."</a> <i>Environmental Geochemistry & Health</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 13–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10653-009-9261-6">10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19347590">19347590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102768">102768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geochemistry+%26+Health&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+Polybrominated+diphenyl+ethers+%28PBDEs%29+in+sediments+of+the+Clyde+Estuary%2C+U.K.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A102768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19347590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10653-009-9261-6&rft.au=Vane%2C+C.H.%2C+Yun-Juan+Ma%2C+She-Jun+Chen+and+Bi-Xian+Mai.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F24258695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Clyde" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flushed-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flushed_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47295613">"Harmful chemicals in green Glasgow burn to be flushed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Harmful+chemicals+in+green+Glasgow+burn+to+be+flushed&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fuk-scotland-glasgow-west-47295613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Clyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter2021" class="citation news cs1">Suter, Ruth (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/19260608.sepa-called-investigate-toxic-glasgow-burn/">"SEPA called to investigate 'toxic' Glasgow burn"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Times&rft.atitle=SEPA+called+to+investigate+%27toxic%27+Glasgow+burn&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasgowtimes.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19260608.sepa-called-investigate-toxic-glasgow-burn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Clyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrfa.ceh.ac.uk/data/station/meanflow/84013">"NRFA Station Mean Flow Data for 84013 - Clyde at Daldowie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRFA+Station+Mean+Flow+Data+for+84013+-+Clyde+at+Daldowie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrfa.ceh.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fstation%2Fmeanflow%2F84013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Clyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Millar, William John. <i>The Clyde: from its source to the sea, its development as a navigable river....</i> (1888) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clydefromitssou00millgoog">The Clyde: From Its Source to the Sea, Its Development as a Navigable River ...</a></li> <li>Shields, John. <i>Clyde built: a history of ship-building on the River Clyde</i> (1949)</li> <li>Walker, Fred M. <i>Song of the Clyde: a history of Clyde shipbuilding</i> (1984), 233 pages</li> <li>Williamson, James. <i>The Clyde passenger steamer</i> (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UIEAAAAMAAJ">full text</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Clyde&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:River_Clyde" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:River Clyde">River Clyde</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clydeships.co.uk/">The data base of ships built on the Clyde and in the rest of Scotland – lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/27903472@N07/3120309164/">Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection on loan to Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, <i>Shipping on the Clyde</i> in Glasgow from Grimshaw, on Flickr.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clydewaterfront.com//">Clyde Waterfront - Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Environment/Rivers/RiverClyde">River Clyde waterfront regeneration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018103319/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Environment/Rivers/RiverClyde">Archived</a> 18 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erskine-bridge.blogspot.com/">Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde from the Erskine Bridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/airgli/airgli0102.htm">Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inglasgow.com/inglaig/gallery.asp?categoryid=18">In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223033535/http://www.inglasgow.com/inglaig/gallery.asp?categoryid=18">Archived</a> 23 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/HeritageTrails/ClydeBridges/">Clyde Bridges Heritage Trail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204347/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/HeritageTrails/ClydeBridges/">Archived</a> 19 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clydebankrestoration.blogspot.com//">Clydebank Restoration Trust - Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8PK8VTj0mE">Video footage and history of Bodinbo or Bottombow Island at Erskine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Template talk:River Clyde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_Clyde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River Clyde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_Clyde,_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River Clyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flows into</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>, then <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(British_Isles)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Channel (British Isles)">North Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvanfoot" title="Elvanfoot">Elvanfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abington,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Abington, South Lanarkshire">Abington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symington,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Symington, South Lanarkshire">Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishaw" title="Wishaw">Wishaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherwell" title="Motherwell">Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothwell" title="Bothwell">Bothwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddingston" title="Uddingston">Uddingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambuslang" title="Cambuslang">Cambuslang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherglen" title="Rutherglen">Rutherglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank" title="Clydebank">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kilpatrick" title="Old Kilpatrick">Old Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Glasgow" title="Port Glasgow">Port Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourock" title="Gourock">Gourock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunoon" title="Dunoon">Dunoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major tributaries <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream by <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daer_Water" title="Daer Water">Daer Water</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potrail_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potrail Water (page does not exist)">Potrail Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duneaton_Water" title="Duneaton Water">Duneaton Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Medwyn_River" title="North Medwyn River">North Medwyn River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Medwyn_River" class="mw-redirect" title="South Medwyn River">South Medwyn River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Water" title="Douglas Water">Douglas Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Water" title="Mouse Water">Mouse Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nethan" title="River Nethan">River Nethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avon_Water" title="Avon Water">Avon Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Calder_Water" title="South Calder Water">South Calder Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Calder_Water" title="North Calder Water">North Calder Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Calder" title="Rotten Calder">Rotten Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Kelvin" title="River Kelvin">River Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cart" title="River Cart">River Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Leven,_Dunbartonshire" title="River Leven, Dunbartonshire">River Leven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major bridges and crossings <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">Elvanfoot Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">Elvanfoot Motorway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elvanfoot_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvanfoot Bridge (page does not exist)">Elvanfoot Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camps_Road_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camps Road Bridge (page does not exist)">Camps Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Walkway" title="Clyde Walkway">Crawford Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abington_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abington Bridge (page does not exist)">Abington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wandel_Road_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wandel Road Bridge (page does not exist)">Wandel Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde%27s_Bridge" title="Clyde's Bridge">Clyde's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">Lamington Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamington_Bridge,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamington Bridge, Scotland (page does not exist)">Lamington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfclyde_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfclyde Bridge (page does not exist)">Wolfclyde Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thankerton_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thankerton Bridge (page does not exist)">Thankerton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pettinain_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pettinain Bridge (page does not exist)">Pettinain Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyndford_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyndford Bridge (page does not exist)">Hyndford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_Hydro_Electric_Scheme" title="Lanark Hydro Electric Scheme">Bonnington Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clydesholm_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clydesholm Bridge (page does not exist)">Clydesholm Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkfieldbank_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkfieldbank Bridge (page does not exist)">Kirkfieldbank Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossford_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossford Bridge (page does not exist)">Crossford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrion_Bridge" title="Garrion Bridge">Garrion Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_Line" title="Argyle Line">Camp Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Bridge" title="Clyde Bridge">Clyde Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">Raith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A725_road" title="A725 road">East Kilbride Expressway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothwell_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bothwell Bridge">Bothwell Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Walkway" title="Clyde Walkway">David Livingstone Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Walkway" title="Clyde Walkway">Uddingston Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">Uddingston Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haughhead_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haughhead Bridge (page does not exist)">Haughhead Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westburn_Viaduct" title="Westburn Viaduct">Westburn Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmyle#Clydeford_Bridge" title="Carmyle">Clydeford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambuslang#Bridges" title="History of Cambuslang">Cambuslang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebridge_Steelworks#Bogleshole_Road_Bridge" title="Clydebridge Steelworks">Bogleshole Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebridge_Steelworks#Clydebridge_Viaduct" title="Clydebridge Steelworks">Clydebridge Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auchenshuggle_Bridge" title="Auchenshuggle Bridge">Auchenshuggle Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuningar_Loop#Footbridge" title="Cuningar Loop">Cuningar Loop Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmarnock#Dalmarnock_Bridge" title="Dalmarnock">Dalmarnock Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmarnock#Dalmarnock_Railway_Bridges" title="Dalmarnock">Dalmarnock Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawfield#Shawfield_Smartbridge" title="Shawfield">Shawfield Smartbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherglen_Bridge" title="Rutherglen Bridge">Rutherglen Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polmadie_Bridge" title="Polmadie Bridge">Polmadie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="King's Bridge, Glasgow">King's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green#St._Andrew's_Suspension_Bridge" title="Glasgow Green">St. Andrew's Suspension Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green#Tidal_Weir" title="Glasgow Green">Pipe Bridge and Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Albert Bridge, Glasgow">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Union_Bridge" title="City Union Bridge">City Union Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Victoria Bridge, Glasgow">Victoria Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Portland_Street_Suspension_Bridge" title="South Portland Street Suspension Bridge">South Portland Street Suspension Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Glasgow Bridge, Glasgow">Glasgow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_Bridge" title="Caledonian Railway Bridge">Caledonian Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="George V Bridge, Glasgow">George V Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeston_Bridge" title="Tradeston Bridge">Tradeston Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Kingston Bridge, Glasgow">Kingston Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Arc" title="Clyde Arc">Clyde Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Bridge" title="Bell's Bridge">Bell's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Millennium Bridge, Glasgow">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan%E2%80%93Partick_Bridge" title="Govan–Partick Bridge">Govan–Partick Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tunnel" title="Clyde Tunnel">Clyde Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrew_Ferry" title="Renfrew Ferry">Renfrew Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Ferry" title="Erskine Ferry">Erskine Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bridge" title="Erskine Bridge">Erskine Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Longest_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest rivers of the United Kingdom">Longest rivers of the United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">Great Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">Ure</a>/<a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">Spey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">Nene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria" title="River Eden, Cumbria">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Dee</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipyards_of_the_Clyde" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clydeshipyards" title="Template:Clydeshipyards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clydeshipyards" title="Template talk:Clydeshipyards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clydeshipyards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clydeshipyards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipyards_of_the_Clyde" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipyards of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clyde</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_clyde_outline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/River_clyde_outline.png/700px-River_clyde_outline.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/River_clyde_outline.png/1050px-River_clyde_outline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/River_clyde_outline.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:112px; top:141px"><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Marine" title="Ferguson Marine">Ferguson</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:77px; top:130px"><a href="/wiki/Lithgows" title="Lithgows">Lithgows</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:117px"><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Shipbuilding_%26_Engineering_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Company">Scotts</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:596px; top:307px"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens & Sons">Stephens</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:617px; top:315px"><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Shipbuilding_%26_Engineering_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company">Fairfield</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:629px; top:325px"><a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">H&W</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:554px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders" title="Yarrow Shipbuilders">Yarrow</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:577px; top:276px"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Connell_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Connell & Company">Connell</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:592px; top:286px"><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Curle" title="Barclay Curle">Barclay Curle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:624px; top:295px"><a href="/wiki/D._and_W._Henderson_and_Company" title="D. and W. Henderson and Company">Henderson</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:652px; top:304px"><a href="/wiki/A_%26_J_Inglis" class="mw-redirect" title="A & J Inglis">Inglis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:288px; top:111px"><a href="/wiki/William_Denny_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="William Denny & Brothers">Denny</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:504px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company" title="John Brown & Company">John Brown</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:509px; top:257px"><a href="/wiki/Lobnitz" title="Lobnitz">Lobnitz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:464px; top:192px"><a href="/wiki/William_Beardmore_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="William Beardmore & Company">Beardmore</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:744px; top:362px"><a href="/wiki/T.B._Seath_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="T.B. Seath & Co.">Seath</a></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="River_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:River_morphology" title="Template:River morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:River_morphology" title="Template talk:River morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:River_morphology" title="Category:River morphology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C7D378;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands" title="Category:Wetlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315124991">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4441605-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027264">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284079105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/89145">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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