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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sequence organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjacency_pairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjacency_pairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Adjacency pairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjacency_pairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sequence expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preference_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preference_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Preference organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preference_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Action formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeffersonian_transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeffersonian_transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jeffersonian transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeffersonian_transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Different approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interactional_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactional_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Interactional linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactional_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discursive_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discursive_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Discursive psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discursive_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_categorization_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_categorization_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Membership categorization analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_categorization_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_to_other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_to_other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relations to other fields</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_to_other_fields-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations to other fields subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_to_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contrasts_to_other_theories_about_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrasts_to_other_theories_about_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Contrasts to other theories about language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrasts_to_other_theories_about_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_conversation_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_conversation_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Applied conversation analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_conversation_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conversation analysis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="تحليل المحادثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحليل المحادثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverza%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_anal%C3%BDza" title="Konverzační analýza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konverzační analýza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konversationsanalyse" title="Konversationsanalyse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konversationsanalyse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konversationsanalyse" title="Konversationsanalyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konversationsanalyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestlusanal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Vestlusanalüüs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vestlusanalüüs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lisis_de_conversaci%C3%B3n" title="Análisis de conversación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Análisis de conversación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_conversationnelle" title="Analyse conversationnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Analyse conversationnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtalsgreining" title="Samtalsgreining – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samtalsgreining" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisi_conversazionale" title="Analisi conversazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Analisi conversazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstynas" title="Tekstynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekstynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversatieanalyse" title="Conversatieanalyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conversatieanalyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="会話分析 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="会話分析" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_konwersacyjna" title="Analiza konwersacyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Analiza konwersacyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_da_conversa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Análise da conversação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Análise da conversação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Конверсационный анализ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конверсационный анализ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conversation analysis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskustelunanalyysi" title="Keskustelunanalyysi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskustelunanalyysi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtalsanalys" title="Samtalsanalys – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samtalsanalys" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. 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CA originated as a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> method, but has since spread to other fields. CA began with a focus on casual <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversation</a>, but its methods were subsequently adapted to embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices, courts, law enforcement, helplines, educational settings, and the mass media, and focus on <a href="/wiki/Multimodality" title="Multimodality">multimodal</a> and nonverbal activity in interaction, including gaze, body movement and gesture. As a consequence, the term <i>conversation analysis</i> has become something of a misnomer, but it has continued as a term for a distinctive and successful approach to the analysis of interactions. CA and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">ethnomethodology</a> are sometimes considered one field and referred to as <i>EMCA</i>. </p><p>Conversation analysis should not be confused with other methods of analyzing conversation or interaction, such as other areas of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conversation analysis was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s principally by the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sacks" title="Harvey Sacks">Harvey Sacks</a> and his close associates <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schegloff" title="Emanuel Schegloff">Emanuel Schegloff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gail_Jefferson" title="Gail Jefferson">Gail Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lectures-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ix–lxii">: ix–lxii </span></sup> Sacks was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Garfinkel" title="Harold Garfinkel">Harold Garfinkel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">ethnomethodology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>'s conception of what came to be known as the <i>interaction order</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also a number of minor sources of contemporary influences such as the <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generativism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and its focus on building an apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lectures-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxi, xxxvi">: xxi, xxxvi </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech act</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> was a parallel development rather than influencing or influenced by CA.<sup id="cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lectures-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxiv">: xxiv </span></sup> Today CA is an established method used in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology, and has developed subfields such as <a href="/wiki/Interactional_sociolinguistics" title="Interactional sociolinguistics">interactional sociolinguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">interactional linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discursive_psychology" title="Discursive psychology">discursive psychology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The method consists of detailed <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative analysis</a> of stretches of interaction between a number of people, often with accompanied by a detailed transcription. Most studies rely on a <i>collection</i> of cases,<sup id="cite_ref-schegloff1996collection_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schegloff1996collection-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often from different interactions with different people, but some studies also focus on a <i>single-case analysis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucially, the method uses the fact that interaction consists of multiple participants and that they make sense of each other, so the method proceeds by considering e.g. how one turn by a specific participant displays an understanding of the previous turn by another participant (or other earlier interaction). This is commonly referred to as the <i>next-turn proof procedure</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sacks1974_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacks1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though <i><a href="/wiki/Proof_(truth)" title="Proof (truth)">proof</a></i> is not to be taken literally. Research questions revolve around participants' orientation, that is, what features (linguistic or other) that cues people to respond in certain ways and influence the trajectory of an interaction. A key part of the method are <i>deviant cases</i> in collections, as they show that when a participant does not follow a norm, the interaction is affected in a way that reveals the existence of the norm in focus.<sup id="cite_ref-schegloff1996collection_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schegloff1996collection-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The data used in CA is in the form of video- or audio-recorded conversations, collected with or without researchers' involvement, typically from a video camera or other recording device in the space where the conversation takes place (e.g. a living room, picnic, or doctor's office). The researchers construct detailed transcriptions from the recordings, containing as much detail as is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jefferson2004transcript_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson2004transcript-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transcription often contains additional information about <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a> and the way people say things. <i>Jeffersonian transcription</i> is a commonly used method of transcription<sup id="cite_ref-transcription_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcription-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nonverbal details are often transcribed according to <i>Mondadan</i> conventions by Lorenza Mondada.<sup id="cite_ref-mondada2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondada2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After transcription, the researchers perform inductive data-driven <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a> aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the analysis, the researchers identify regularities, rules or models to describe these patterns, enhancing, modifying or replacing initial hypotheses. While this kind of inductive analysis based on collections of data exhibits is basic to fundamental work in CA, it has been more common in recent years to also use statistical analysis in applications of CA to solve problems in medicine and elsewhere. </p><p>While conversation analysis provides a method of analysing conversation, this method is informed by an underlying theory of what features of conversation are meaningful and the meanings that are likely implied by these features. Additionally there is a body of theory about how to interpret conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-BaxterBraithwaite2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaxterBraithwaite2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_structures">Basic structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conversation analysis provides a model that can be used to understand interactions, and offers a number of concepts to describe them. The following section contains important concepts and phenomena identified in the conversation analytical literature, and will refer to articles that are centrally concerned with the phenomenon. A conversation is viewed as a collection of turns of speaking; errors or misunderstandings in speech are addressed with repairs, and turns may be marked by the delay between them or other linguistic features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn-taking_organization">Turn-taking organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turn-taking organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turn-taking" title="Turn-taking">Turn-taking</a></div> <p>The analysis of turn-taking started with the description in a model in the paper known as the <i>Simplest Systematics</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sacks1974_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacks1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was very programmatic for the field of Conversation analysis and one of the most cited papers published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)"><i>Language</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model is designed to explain that when people talk in conversation, they do not always talk all at the same time, but generally, one person speaks at a time, and then another person can follow.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacks1974_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacks1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a contribution to a conversation by one speaker is then a <i>turn</i>. A turn is created through certain forms or units that listeners can recognize and count on, called <i><a href="/wiki/Turn_construction_unit" title="Turn construction unit">turn construction units</a></i> (TCUs), and speakers and listeners will know that such forms can be a word or a clause, and use that knowledge to predict when a speaker is finished so that others can speak, to avoid or minimize both overlap and silence. A listener will look for the places where they can start speaking - so-called <i>transition relevant places</i> (TRPs) - based on how the units appear over time. Turn construction units can be created or recognized via four methods, i.e. types of unit design:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammatical</a> methods, i.e. morphosyntactic structures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosodic</a> methods, e.g. pitch, speed and changes in pronunciation.</li> <li>Pragmatic methods: turns perform actions, and at the point where listeners have heard enough and know enough, a turn can be pragmatically complete.</li> <li>Visual methods: Gesture, gaze and body movement is also used to indicate that a turn is over. For example, a person speaking looks at the next speaker when their turn is about to end.</li></ul> <p>Each time a turn is over, speakers also have to decide who can talk next, and this is called turn allocation. The rules for turn allocation is commonly formulated in the same way as in the original Simplest Systematics paper, with 2 parts where the first consists of 3 elements: </p> <ol><li><ul><li>a. If the current speaker selects a next one to speak at the end of current TCU (by name, gaze or contextual aspects of what is said), the selected speaker has the right and obligation to speak next.</li> <li>b. If the current speaker does not select a next speaker, other potential speakers have the right to self-select (the first starter gets the turn)</li> <li>c. If options 1a and 1b have not been implemented, current speaker may continue with another TCU.</li></ul></li> <li>At the end of that TCU, the option system applies again.</li></ol> <p>Based on the turn-taking system, three types of silence may be distinguished: </p> <ul><li>Pause: A period of silence within a speaker's TCU, i.e. during a speaker's turn when a sentence is not finished.</li> <li>Gap: A period of silence between turns, for example after a question has been asked and not yet answered</li> <li>Lapse: A period of silence when no sequence or other structured activity is in progress: the current speaker stops talking, does not select a next speaker, and no one self selects. Lapses are commonly associated with visual or other forms of disengagement between speakers, even if these periods are brief.</li></ul> <p>Some types of turns may require extra work before they can successfully take place. Speakers wanting a long turn, for example to tell a story or describe important news, must first establish that others will not intervene during the course of the telling through some form of preface and approval by the listener (a so-called <i>go-ahead</i>). The preface and its associated go-ahead comprise a <i>pre-sequence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversations cannot be appropriately ended by 'just stopping', but require a special closing sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff1973_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff1973-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model also leaves puzzles to be solved, for example concerning how turn boundaries are identified and projected, and the role played by gaze and body orientation in the management of turn-taking. It also establishes some questions for other disciplines: for example, the split second timing of turn-transition sets up a cognitive 'bottle neck' in which potential speakers must attend to incoming speech while also preparing their own contribution - something which imposes a heavy load of human processing capacity, and which may impact the structure of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the original formulation in Sacks et al.1974 is designed to model turn-taking only in ordinary and informal conversation, and not interaction in more specialized, institutional environments such as meetings, courts, news interviews, mediation hearings, which have distinctive turn-taking organizations that depart in various ways from ordinary conversation. Later studies have looked at institutional interaction and turn-taking in institutional contexts. Interruptions have also been examined and analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_organization">Sequence organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sequence organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjacency_pairs">Adjacency pairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adjacency pairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adjacency_pairs" title="Adjacency pairs">Adjacency pairs</a></div> <p>Talk tends to occur in responsive pairs; however, the pairs may be split over a sequence of turns. Adjacency pairs divide utterance types into <i>first pair parts</i> and <i>second pair parts</i> to form a <i>pair type</i>. There are many examples of adjacency pairs including Questions-Answers, Offer-Acceptance/Refusal and Compliment-Response.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff1973_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff1973-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sequence_expansion">Sequence expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sequence expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sequence expansion allows talk which is made up of more than a single adjacency pair to be constructed and understood as performing the same basic action and the various additional elements are as doing interactional work related to the basic action underway.<br />Sequence expansion is constructed in relation to a base sequence of a <i>first pair part</i> (FPP) and a <i>second pair part</i> (SPP) in which the core action underway is achieved. It can occur prior to the base FPP, between the base FPP and SPP, and following the base SPP. </p> <ul><li><b>Pre-expansion</b>: an adjacency pair that may be understood as preliminary to the main course of action. A generic pre-expansion is a summon-answer adjacency pair, as in "Mary?"/ "Yes?".It is generic in the sense that it does not contribute to any particular types of base adjacency pair, such as request or suggestion. There are other types of pre-sequence that work to prepare the interlocutors for the subsequent speech action. For example, "Guess what!"/"What?" as preliminary to an announcement of some sort, or "What are you doing?"/"Nothing" as preliminary to an invitation or a request.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Insert expansion</b>: an adjacency pair that comes between the FPP and SPP of the base adjacency pair. Insert expansions interrupt the activity under way, but are still relevant to that action.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insert expansion allows a possibility for a second speaker, the speaker who must produce the SPP, to do interactional work relevant to the projected SPP. An example of this would be a typical conversation between a customer and a shopkeeper:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Customer: I would like a turkey sandwich, please. (FPP base)</dd> <dd>Server: White or wholegrain? (Insert FPP)</dd> <dd>Customer: Wholegrain. (Insert SPP)</dd> <dd>Server: Okay. (SPP base)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Post-expansion</b>: a turn or an adjacency pair that comes after, but is still tied to, the base adjacency pair. There are two types: minimal and non-minimal. Minimal expansion is also termed <i>sequence closing thirds</i>, because it is a single turn after the base SPP (hence <i>third</i>) that does not project any further talk beyond their turn (hence <i>closing</i>). Examples of sequence closing thirds include "oh", "I see", "<a href="/wiki/OK" title="OK">okay</a>", etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preference_organization">Preference organization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preference organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CA may reveal structural (i.e. practice-underwritten) preferences in conversation for some types of actions (within sequences of action) over others, as responses in certain sequential environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz1978_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz1978-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, responsive actions which agree with, or accept, positions taken by a first action tend to be performed more straightforwardly and faster than actions that disagree with, or decline, those positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz1984_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz1984-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is termed a preferred turn shape, meaning the turn is not preceded by silence nor is it produced with delays, mitigation and accounts. The latter is termed a dispreferred turn shape, which describes a turn with opposite characteristics. One consequence of this is that agreement and acceptance are promoted over their alternatives, and are more likely to be the outcome of the sequence. Pre-sequences are also a component of preference organization and contribute to this outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair">Repair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Repair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Repair organization describes how parties in conversation deal with problems in speaking, hearing, or understanding, and there are various mechanisms through which certain "troubles" in interaction are dealt with. Repair segments are classified by who initiates repair (self or other), by who resolves the problem (self or other), and by how it unfolds within a turn or a sequence of turns. The organization of repair is also a self-righting mechanism in social interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff1977_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff1977-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants in conversation seek to correct the trouble source by initiating and preferring self repair, the speaker of the trouble source, over other repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff1977_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff1977-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self repair initiations can be placed in three locations in relation to the trouble source, in a first turn, a transition space or in a third turn.<sup id="cite_ref-Schegloff1977_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schegloff1977-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_formation">Action formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Action formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turns in interaction implement actions, and a specific turn may perform one (or more) specific actions.<sup id="cite_ref-levinson2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levinson2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of action focuses on the description of how turns at talk are composed and positioned so as to realize one or more actions. This could include questions, assessments, storytelling, and complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focus is both on how those actions are formed through linguistic or other activity (the <i>formation</i> of action) and how they are understood (the <i>ascription</i> of action to turns). The study of action also concerns the ways in which the participants’ knowledge, relations, and stances towards the ongoing interactional projects are created, maintained, and negotiated, and thus the <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a> of how people interact. The concept of <i>action</i> within CA resembles, but is different from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech act</a> in other fields of pragmatics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jeffersonian_transcription">Jeffersonian transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jeffersonian transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gail_Jefferson" title="Gail Jefferson">Gail Jefferson</a> developed a system of transcription while working with <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sacks" title="Harvey Sacks">Harvey Sacks</a>. In this system, speakers are introduced with a name followed by a colon, as conventionally used in scripts. It is designed to use typographical and orthographical conventions used elsewhere, rather than a strict phonetic system such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. The transcription conventions take into account overlapping speech, delays between speech, pitch, volume and speed based on research showing that these features matter for the conversation in terms of action, turn-taking and more.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson2004transcript_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson2004transcript-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcripts are typically written in a <a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced font</a> to ease the alignment of overlap symbols. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Partial table of annotations added in Jeffersonian Transcription </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature</th> <th>Symbol Used</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Very quietly spoken</td> <td>°°...°°</td> <td> <pre>Matt: Shoes °°I love shoes°°_ </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quietly spoken</td> <td>°...°</td> <td> <pre>Sue: Have you had any °symptoms°,? </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loudly spoken</td> <td>Capital letters</td> <td> <pre>Sara: Why can't you JUST STOP? </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling pitch</td> <td>.</td> <td> <pre>Fred: That's a good idea. </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unchanging (level) pitch</td> <td>_</td> <td> <pre>Matt: That's a good idea_ </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slightly rising pitch</td> <td>,</td> <td> <pre>Matt: We like to shop, and to eat fish, </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intermediately rising pitch</td> <td>,?</td> <td> <pre>Alex: We're buying shoes,? </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising pitch</td> <td>?</td> <td> <pre>Bill: Should we open the door? </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stressed syllables</td> <td><u>Underlined letters</u></td> <td> <pre>Dave: <u>That</u> is a good idea. </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Absence of normal pauses</td> <td>=</td> <td> <pre>Lucy: Perhaps we should leave= William: =I don't think that's a good idea_ </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noticeable pauses</td> <td>(.)</td> <td> <pre>Lucy: James (.) we need to talk. </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pauses of a specific duration</td> <td>(Duration)</td> <td> <pre>Lucy: James (1.0) we need to talk. </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rushed speech</td> <td>><</td> <td> <pre>Alex: What are you doing? Jack: >I need to buy the shoes< </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slowed speech</td> <td><></td> <td> <pre>Fred: <That's a good idea,> I think </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overlapping speech</td> <td>[...]</td> <td> <pre>Dave: Perhaps we should [leave.] Tom: [Go inside,?] </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prolonged sounds (non-phonemic)</td> <td>:</td> <td> <pre>Dave: O:h wo::w. </pre> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky voice</a></td> <td>*...*</td> <td> <pre>Lucy: Do you want to talk? James: *No* (.) Sorry. </pre> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are various transcription systems based on the jeffersonian conventions with slight differences. Galina Bolden has designed a system for transcribing <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> conversations<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Samtalegrammatik.dk uses their own system for <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GAT2 (<i>Gesprächsanalytisches Transskriptionssystem 2</i>) was also designed originally for <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and to systematize the way some of the prosodic features are handled.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/TalkBank" title="TalkBank">TalkBank</a> also has its own system designed for use with its <a href="/wiki/CLAN_program" title="CLAN program">CLAN (CHILDES Language Analyzer)</a> software.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_approaches">Different approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Different approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactional_linguistics">Interactional linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interactional linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></div> <p>Interactional linguistics (IL) is Conversation analysis when the focus is on linguistic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-cks2018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cks2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While CA has worked with language in its data since the beginning,<sup id="cite_ref-Sacks1974_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacks1974-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the interest in the structure of it, and possible relations to grammatical theory, was sometimes secondary to sociological (or ethnomethodological) research questions. The field developed during the 90's and got its name with the publication of the 2001 <i>Studies in Interactional Linguistics</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is inspired by West Coast <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functional grammar</a> which is sometimes considered to have effectively merged with IL since then,<sup id="cite_ref-cks2018_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cks2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has also gained inspiration from British phoneticians doing prosodic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Levinson" title="Stephen Levinson">Levinson's</a> former department on Language and Cognition at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psycholinguistics" title="Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics">Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</a> has been important in connecting CA and IL with <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cks2018_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cks2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Interactional linguistics has studied topics within syntax, phonetics and semantics as they relate to e.g. action and turn-taking. There is a journal called <i>Interactional Linguistics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discursive_psychology">Discursive psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Discursive psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discursive_psychology" title="Discursive psychology">Discursive psychology</a></div> <p>Discursive psychology (DP) is the use of CA on <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> themes, and studies how psychological phenomena are attended to, understood and construed in interaction. The subfield formed through studies by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Potter" title="Jonathan Potter">Jonathan Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wetherell" title="Margaret Wetherell">Margaret Wetherell</a>, most notably their 1987 book <i>Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_categorization_analysis">Membership categorization analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Membership categorization analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Membership categorization analysis (MCA) was influenced by the work of Harvey Sacks and his work on Membership Categorization Devices (MCD). Sacks argues that members' categories comprise part of the central machinery of organization and developed the notion of MCD to explain how categories can be hearably linked together by native speakers of a culture. His example that is taken from a children's storybook (<i>The baby cried. The mommy picked it up</i>) shows how "mommy" is interpreted as the mother of the baby by speakers of the same culture. In light of this, categories are inference rich – a great deal of knowledge that members of a society have about the society is stored in terms of these categories.<sup id="cite_ref-sacks1992_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks1992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stokoe" title="Elizabeth Stokoe">Stokoe</a> further contends that members’ practical categorizations form part of ethnomethodology's description of the ongoing production and realization of ‘facts’ about social life and including members’ gendered reality analysis, thus making CA compatible with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_to_other_fields">Relations to other fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations to other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrasts_to_other_theories_about_language">Contrasts to other theories about language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contrasts to other theories about language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the use of <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a> in linguistics, conversation analysis studies naturally-occurring talk in a strongly empirical fashion through the use of recordings<sup id="cite_ref-sacks1984_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks1984-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the theory developed by <a href="/wiki/John_J._Gumperz" title="John J. Gumperz">John Gumperz</a>, CA maintains it is possible to analyze talk-in-interaction by examining its recordings alone (audio for telephone, video for copresent interaction). CA researchers do not believe that the researcher needs to consult with the talk participants or members of their <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech community</a>. </p><p>It is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a> in focus and method. (i) Its focus is on processes involved in social interaction and does not include written texts or larger sociocultural phenomena (for example, 'discourses' in the Foucauldian sense). (ii) Its method, following Garfinkel and Goffman's initiatives, is aimed at determining the methods and resources that the <i>interacting participants</i> use and rely on to produce interactional contributions and make sense of the contributions of others. Thus CA is neither designed for, nor aimed at, examining the production of interaction from a perspective that is external to the participants' own reasoning and understanding about their circumstances and communication. Rather the aim is to model the resources and methods by which those understandings are produced. </p><p>In considering methods of qualitative analysis, Braun and Clarke distinguish <a href="/wiki/Thematic_analysis" title="Thematic analysis">thematic analysis</a> from conversation analysis and <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a>, viewing thematic analysis to be theory agnostic while conversation analysis and discourse analysis are considered to be based on theories.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_conversation_analysis">Applied conversation analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applied conversation analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conversation analysis is used in various contexts leading to a number of different fields benefitting from conversation analytic findings. This includes the study of doctor-patient interactions, media interviews, <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second-language acquisition</a>, and various institutional settings.<sup id="cite_ref-antaki2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antaki2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Tanya Stivers studied the pressures that lead to doctors prescribing antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A focus on interaction in professional contexts was established by the 1992 book <i>Talk at Work</i> by Paul Drew and <a href="/wiki/John_Heritage" title="John Heritage">John Heritage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but earlier studies had also focused on specific institutional contexts, mostly one at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, conversation analysis has also been used in the development of <a href="/wiki/Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">conversational user interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conversation analysis has been criticized for not being able to address issues of power and inequality in society at large.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another point of critique is the focus on single-case analysis and the generalizability of collection-based descriptions has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1024">: 1024 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlick2009" class="citation book cs1">Flick, Uwe (2009). <i>An introduction to qualitative research</i> (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-323-1"><bdi>978-1-84787-323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+qualitative+research&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84787-323-1&rft.aulast=Flick&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2022) <i>An Introduction to Conversation Analysis</i>, 3. ed. Bloomsbury Academic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lectures-intro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lectures-intro_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchegloff1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schegloff" title="Emanuel Schegloff">Schegloff, Emanuel</a> (1992). Introduction. <i>Lectures on Conversation (Vol. 1)</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sacks" title="Harvey Sacks">Sacks, Harvey</a>. Jefferson, Gail (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. pp. ix–lxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444328301" title="Special:BookSources/9781444328301"><bdi>9781444328301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Conversation+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ix-lxiii&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781444328301&rft.aulast=Schegloff&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidnell2015" class="citation book cs1">Sidnell, Jack (2015). "Conversation Analysis". 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(1997). "Conversation analysis: an approach to the study of social action as sense making practices". In Van Dijk, Teun A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21784484"><i>Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction II - Discourse as Social Interaction</i></a> (1 ed.). 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Milton Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 110ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-10414-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-10414-2"><bdi>0-335-10414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk%3A+An+Analysis+of+Speech+and+Non-Verbal+Behaviour+in+Conversation&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=110ff&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-335-10414-2&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerasaki2004" class="citation book cs1">Terasaki, Alene Kiku (2004). 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511939037" title="Special:BookSources/9780511939037"><bdi>9780511939037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+methodology&rft.btitle=Structures+of+Social+Action%3A+Studies+in+Conversation+Analysis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=21-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780511939037&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunClarke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Virginia; Clarke, Victoria (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa">"Using thematic analysis in psychology"</a>. <i>Qualitative Research in Psychology</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 77–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F1478088706qp063oa">10.1191/1478088706qp063oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F138221">2027.42/138221</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0887">1478-0887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075179">10075179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Research+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Using+thematic+analysis+in+psychology&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-101&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F138221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10075179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-0887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F1478088706qp063oa&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1191%2F1478088706qp063oa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antaki2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antaki2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntaki2011" class="citation book cs1">Antaki, Charles (2011). "Six Kinds of Applied Conversation Analysis". <i>Applied Conversation Analysis</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230316874_1">10.1057/9780230316874_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-22996-9"><bdi>978-0-230-22996-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Six+Kinds+of+Applied+Conversation+Analysis&rft.btitle=Applied+Conversation+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-14&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230316874_1&rft.isbn=978-0-230-22996-9&rft.aulast=Antaki&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStivers2007" class="citation book cs1">Stivers, Tanya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/11430"><i>Prescribing under pressure: parent-physician conversations and antibiotics</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prescribing+under+pressure%3A+parent-physician+conversations+and+antibiotics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199870837&rft.aulast=Stivers&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F11430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSormani2019" class="citation book cs1">Sormani, Philippe (2019). "Ethnomethodological Analysis". In Atkinson, Paul; Delamont, Alexandru Cernat; Sakshaug, Joseph W.; Williams, Richard A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://methods.sagepub.com/foundations/ethnomethodological-analysis"><i>SAGE Research Methods Foundations</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781526421036788330">10.4135/9781526421036788330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnomethodological+Analysis&rft.btitle=SAGE+Research+Methods+Foundations&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781526421036788330&rft.aulast=Sormani&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmethods.sagepub.com%2Ffoundations%2Fethnomethodological-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drew, Paul and Heritage, John (1992) "Analyzing talk at work: an introduction". In Drew, Paul; Heritage, John (eds.) <i>Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokoeFloodVieira2024" class="citation web cs1">Stokoe, Elizabeth; Flood, Helen; Vieira, Helena (2024-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2024/01/29/elizabeth-stokoe-conversation-analysis-has-many-applications-from-silicon-valley-to-medicine/">"Elizabeth Stokoe: "Conversation analysis has many applications, from Silicon Valley to medicine"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LSE Business Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+Stokoe%3A+%22Conversation+analysis+has+many+applications%2C+from+Silicon+Valley+to+medicine%22&rft.date=2024-01-29&rft.aulast=Stokoe&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Flood%2C+Helen&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fbusinessreview%2F2024%2F01%2F29%2Felizabeth-stokoe-conversation-analysis-has-many-applications-from-silicon-valley-to-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFten_Have2006" class="citation journal cs1">ten Have, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/100">"Review Essay: Conversation Analysis Versus Other Approaches to Discourse"</a>. <i>Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research</i>. <b>7</b> (2: Special Issue: FQS Reviews IV). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17169%2FFQS-7.2.100">10.17169/FQS-7.2.100</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+Qualitative+Sozialforschung+%2F+Forum%3A+Qualitative+Social+Research&rft.atitle=Review+Essay%3A+Conversation+Analysis+Versus+Other+Approaches+to+Discourse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2%3A+Special+Issue%3A+FQS+Reviews+IV&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17169%2FFQS-7.2.100&rft.aulast=ten+Have&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualitative-research.net%2Findex.php%2Ffqs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkee2007" class="citation book cs1">Markee, Numa (2007). "Conversation Analysis: Issues and Problems". <i>International Handbook of English Language Teaching</i>. Vol. 15. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1017–1032. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-46301-8_68">10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-46300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-46300-1"><bdi>978-0-387-46300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversation+Analysis%3A+Issues+and+Problems&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+English+Language+Teaching&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=1017-1032&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-46301-8_68&rft.isbn=978-0-387-46300-1&rft.aulast=Markee&rft.aufirst=Numa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beattie, Geoffrey (1983) <i>Talk: An Analysis of Speech and Non-Verbal Behaviour in Conversation</i>. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heritage" title="John Heritage">Heritage, John</a> (1984) <i>Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press.</li> <li>Heritage, John and Steven E. Clayman (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGf6PWNKADsC">Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities and Institutions</a>. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Hutchby, Ian and Wooffitt, Robin (1988) <i>Conversation Analysis</i>. Polity Press.</li> <li>Levinson, Stephen C. (1983) <i>Pragmatics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp 284–370. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29414-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29414-2">0-521-29414-2</a>.</li> <li>Pain, Jean. (2008) <i>Not Just Talking: Conversational Analysis and Psychotherapy</i>. Karnac. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-689-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-689-2">978-1-85575-689-2</a></li> <li>Psathas, George (1995) <i>Conversation Analysis</i>. Thousand Oaks: Sage.</li> <li>Ten Have, Paul (1999) <i>Doing Conversation Analysis. A Practical Guide</i>, Thousand Oaks: Sage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conversationanalysis.org/">ISCA - The International Society for Conversation Analysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205224948/http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~ssca1/sitemenu.htm">An Introduction to Conversation Analysis</a> (by Discourse and Rhetoric Group, Loughborough University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emcawiki.net/EMCA_bibliography_database">Online bibliography database of CA literature</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&oldid=1259355111">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversation_analysis&oldid=1259355111</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_linguistics" title="Category:Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discourse_analysis" title="Category:Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 18:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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