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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Supporters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with other groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with other groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leave.EU_and_Grassroots_Out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leave.EU_and_Grassroots_Out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leave.EU and Grassroots Out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leave.EU_and_Grassroots_Out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economists_for_Brexit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economists_for_Brexit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Economists for Brexit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economists_for_Brexit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Charities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_referendum_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_referendum_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Post referendum campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_referendum_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_law_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_law_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Electoral law violations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_law_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Campaign for UK withdrawal from the EU</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Vote Leave</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_Leave,_take_control_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg/220px-Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg/330px-Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg/440px-Vote_Leave%2C_take_control_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">8 October 2015<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-10-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union">UK withdrawal from the EU</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Westminster Tower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">chair</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Campaign_manager" title="Campaign manager">campaign director</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodcock" title="Victoria Woodcock">Victoria Woodcock</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">operations director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Company_secretary" title="Company secretary">company secretary</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Borwick" title="Thomas Borwick">Thomas Borwick</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">CTO</a>)</small><br />Henry de Zoete <small>(<a href="/wiki/Digital_strategy_manager" title="Digital strategy manager">digital director</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a>,<br />Students for Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">51–200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/">www<wbr />.voteleavetakecontrol<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/75px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/113px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/150px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <p><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </p> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Glossary of terms</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">European Union (Amendment) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">European Union Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union">UK opinion polling on EU membership</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns for a referendum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Pledge" title="People's Pledge">People's Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum" title="Labour for a Referendum">Labour for a Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill</a> (unsuccessful)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"> 2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 UK Parliament by-elections</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">Clacton</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">Heywood and Middleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">Rochester and Strood</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 EU membership renegotiation</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">EU Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">UK Government pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaigns</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Leave campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vote Leave</a></b> (official) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bpoplive" title="Bpoplive">Bpoplive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Remain campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></b> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Europe" title="Britain in Europe">Britain in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Influence" title="British Influence">British Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe" title="Business for New Europe">Business for New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(advocacy_group)" title="Nucleus (advocacy group)">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Outcome</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit" title="Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit">Causes for result</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Immediate aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016 Conservative Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016 Labour Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">2016 UKIP election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade" title="Department for International Trade">Department for International Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Allegations of unlawful campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Alleged Russian interference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notice of withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller</i> case (Article 50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Negotiation positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit" title="European Union negotiating directives for Brexit">EU negotiation mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">Northern Ireland Protocol Bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Legislation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">Public Vote Bill</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal Bills</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill">Scottish EU Continuity Bill</a> (blocked)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021"> Scottish EU Continuity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">Internal Market Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">EU (Future Relationship) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_(Revocation_and_Reform)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill">Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on the Irish border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">Impact on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">Effects on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Scientific cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Effects on popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute" title="2021 Jersey dispute">2021 Jersey dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">Relations pre- and post-Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">EU–UK trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> (TCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly" title="EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly">Partnership Assembly</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Relations with EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Austria–United Kingdom relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Croatia–United Kingdom relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Estonia–United Kingdom relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Greece–United Kingdom relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hungary–United Kingdom relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Ireland–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Lithuania–United Kingdom relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Romania–United Kingdom relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Slovakia–United Kingdom relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sweden–United Kingdom relations">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area">Conjectured EEA membership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)">Post-referendum opinion polling</a></li> <li>New initiatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_to_Remain" title="Unite to Remain">Unite to Remain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Revoke Article 50 petition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Calls for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">second referendum</a></b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain for Europe">Britain for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake" title="For our Future's Sake">For our Future's Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthier IN the EU">Healthier IN the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFacts" class="mw-redirect" title="InFacts">InFacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice" title="Our Future Our Choice">Our Future Our Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists for EU">Scientists for EU</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_for_Britain" title="Best for Britain">Best for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)#Opposing_Brexit_(2015–present)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Vote" title="Right to Vote">Right to Vote</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">Referendum Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jan 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Renegotiation begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Referendum Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a> concluded</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> held</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Article 50 judgement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Feb 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 50</a> invoked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations begin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jun 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Withdrawal agreement plan</a> presented</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> July 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> released</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Nov 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">Scottish Continuity Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Dec 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Meaningful votes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan–Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_(14_March_2019)" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Brexit delayed until 12 April</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 October</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Theresa May resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">annulment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Aug–Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Withdrawal agreement <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">revised</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019#Outcome" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 January</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Agreement Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK leaves the European Union</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">UK–EU trade deal agreed</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021">Scottish Continuity Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period ends</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap">New EU–UK relationship begins</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK–EU trade deal ratified</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a> released</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Windsor framework adopted</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template talk:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:United Kingdom and the European Union">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><br />(1973–2020)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/120px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/180px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/240px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Accession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">Treaty of Accession 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">1972 EC Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 enlargement of the EC</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975" title="Referendum Act 1975">Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">results</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaty</a> amendments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, 1986</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, 1992</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a>, 1997</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a>, 2001</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, 2007</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><b>Related:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">EU-related British Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Constitution_referendum" title="United Kingdom European Constitution referendum">Proposed European Constitution referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–2005</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">MEPs</a> for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituencies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom">UK constituencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1973%E2%80%931979" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–1979">Members 1973–1979</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (elected by parliament)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1979%E2%80%931984" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–1984">Members 1979–1984</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1984%E2%80%931989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–1989">Members 1984–1989</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1989%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–1994">Members 1989–1994</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1994%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–1999">Members 1994–1999</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1999%E2%80%932004" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004">Members 1999–2004</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2004%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–2009">Members 2004–2009</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2009%E2%80%932014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–2014">Members 2009–2014</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2014%E2%80%932019" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–2019">Members 2014–2019</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2019%E2%80%932020" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2019–2020">Members 2019–2020</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 election</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of female members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">Women</a> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Officials and bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Committee" title="European Union Committee">House of Lords EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Scrutiny_Committee" title="European Scrutiny Committee">House of Commons EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union">Permanent EU Representatives for UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Executive_in_Brussels" title="Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels">Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_European_Union,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative of the European Union, London">EU Representative in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">UK European Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues and events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">The Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK budget rebate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–2016 membership renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU membership referendum</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vote Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notification of withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Future relationship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Template:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vote Leave</b> was<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a campaigning organisation that supported a "Leave" vote in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 April 2016 it was designated by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> as the official campaign in favour of leaving the European Union in the Referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vote Leave was founded in October 2015 by political strategists <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a> as a cross-party campaign. It involved <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the sole <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a> along with MEP <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a> and Conservative <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peer</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lord Lawson</a>. Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> served as chairman and Leader of the Vote Leave Campaign Committee as Co-Convenor with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> MP, of the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was also supported by a number of prominent politicians; including outgoing <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, who became a key figurehead for the Vote Leave campaign. A number of Vote Leave principals, including Douglas Carswell, Michael Gove, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jenkin" title="Bernard Jenkin">Bernard Jenkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Anne-Marie Trevelyan</a>, were also members of the influential <a href="/wiki/Independent_Parliamentary_Standards_Authority" title="Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority">IPSA</a> resourced <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a>. </p><p>Vote Leave co-operated with <a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a> throughout the referendum campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-voteleavetakecontrol.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteleavetakecontrol.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the referendum held on Thursday 23 June 2016, the majority of those who voted, voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, which was equivalent to a 51.9% share of the vote (a 3.8% margin); which set into motion the steps to be taken for British <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal from the European Union</a>. In September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a> was formed to act as a successor organisation. </p><p>On 23 June and over the following days, both Vote Leave and its rival organisation, "<a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a>", were excoriated by sections of the media and academia for a campaign described by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a> as "dire", which left the public seriously lacking proper information. On 17 July 2018, Vote Leave was fined £61,000 and referred to police for breaking electoral spending laws.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson MP</a> was a key figurehead for the Vote Leave campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vote Leave campaign was launched on 8 October 2015 with support from <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Kate_Hoey" title="Kate Hoey">Kate Hoey</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a>, and supporters from the business world including <a href="/wiki/CMC_Markets" title="CMC Markets">CMC Markets</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cruddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cruddas">Peter Cruddas</a>, entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Luke_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Luke Johnson (businessman)">Luke Johnson</a> and businessman <a href="/wiki/John_Mills_(businessman)" title="John Mills (businessman)">John Mills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s biggest individual donor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millionaire_donors_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millionaire_donors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a>, founder and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">chief executive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/TaxPayers%27_Alliance" title="TaxPayers' Alliance">TaxPayers' Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_Watch" title="Big Brother Watch">Big Brother Watch</a> as well as the campaign director of the successful <a href="/wiki/NOtoAV" title="NOtoAV">NOtoAV</a> campaign in 2011 was announced as the chief executive of Vote Leave. </p><p>On 2 November 2015, Vote Leave called on the <a href="/wiki/British_Polling_Council" title="British Polling Council">British Polling Council</a> to investigate "serious violations" of the Council's rules by <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">polling</a> organisation <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> in a survey conducted in 2013 for the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a> (CBI). The poll appeared to show that 8 out of 10 businesses backed Britain's continued membership of the EU. Vote Leave claimed that the poll was "wholly unrepresentative" of Britain's businesses due to skewed sampling in the poll and alleged that the research had "caused the public to be misled about the views of British businesses on the EU for nearly two years."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Polling_Council" title="British Polling Council">British Polling Council</a>'s formal response concluded that YouGov had "not provided an adequate explanation of the sampling procedures that had been used to conduct the survey" at the time of publishing the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vote Leave described the CBI as the "Voice of Brussels"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also published research allegedly showing that the CBI had received over £1million in funding from the EU over the previous six years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vote Leave submitted an official statement in November in response to a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> inquiry on the relationship between EU membership and UK science, calling for science research to "replace EU membership as a fundamental priority for national policy."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis by Vote Leave, published in December 2015, found that the costs of EU membership outweighed the benefits of the EU's single market as reported in the European Commission's own figures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_Leave_poster,_Omagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg/220px-Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg/330px-Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg/440px-Vote_Leave_poster%2C_Omagh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A "Vote Leave" poster in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a> saying "We send the EU £50 million every day. Let's spend it on our NHS instead."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg/220px-Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg/330px-Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg/440px-Vote_Leave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5002468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Vote Leave campaign material</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 February 2016, Vote Leave announced that former Conservative <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lord Lawson</a> would be taking over as interim chairman of the Vote Leave board. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Forsyth,_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean" title="Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean">Lord Forsyth</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a>, was also appointed to the board at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February 2016, following David Cameron's announcement that the EU referendum would take place on 23 June 2016, five <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet ministers</a> publicly declared their support for Vote Leave: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Justice Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Chris Grayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Secretary of State for Work and Pensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whittingdale" title="John Whittingdale">John Whittingdale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Culture_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture Secretary">Culture Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Villiers" title="Theresa Villiers">Theresa Villiers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, as well cabinet-attending minister Priti Patel, the Minister of State for Employment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by an announcement on 21 February by the then-<a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> MP, that he would also be backing the Vote Leave campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boris Johnson subsequently became one of the key figureheads for Vote Leave throughout the referendum campaign. </p><p>On 15 June 2016, Vote Leave presented its roadmap to lay out what would happen if Britain left the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-BNRPBM15Jun2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNRPBM15Jun2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blueprint suggested that Parliament would pass laws: Finance Bill to scrap VAT on <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a> and household energy bills; Asylum and Immigration Control Bill to end the automatic right of EU citizens to enter Britain; National Health Service (Funding Target) Bill to get an extra 100 million pounds a week; European Union Law (Emergency Provisions) Bill; Free Trade Bill to start to negotiate its own deals with non-EU countries; and European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill to end the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>'s jurisdiction over Britain and stop making contributions to the EU budget.<sup id="cite_ref-BNRPBM15Jun2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNRPBM15Jun2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_Committee">Campaign Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 March 2016 Vote Leave announced the Vote Leave Campaign Committee, the public facing governing body that meets weekly to set the campaign strategy for Vote Leave.<sup id="cite_ref-voteleavetakecontrol.org1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteleavetakecontrol.org1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with the announcement of Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> as the new chairman of Vote Leave (replacing Lord Lawson) along with Gisela Stuart and Michael Gove as Co-Conveners of the Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vote Leave Campaign Committee was </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> (Co-Convener), <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Surrey Heath (UK Parliament constituency)">Surrey Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Secretary of State for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> (Co-Convener), <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a> (chief executive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a> (Campaign Director), former government adviser<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Baker_(politician)" title="Steve Baker (politician)">Steve Baker</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)">High Wycombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/UKIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Clacton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Clacton (UK Parliament constituency)">Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Davidson (British politician)">Ian Davidson</a>, former Labour MP for <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glasgow South West (UK Parliament constituency)">Glasgow South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Dodds" title="Nigel Dodds">Nigel Dodds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast North</a>, Deputy Leader of the DUP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Chingford_and_Woodford_Green_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chingford and Woodford Green (UK Parliament constituency)">Chingford and Woodford Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a>, Labour MP for <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency)">Birkenhead</a>, former Minister of Welfare Reform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Forsyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Forsyth">Lord Forsyth</a>, former Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Stirling_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)">Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)">North Somerset</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Chris Grayling</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)">Epsom and Ewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a>, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a> for <a href="/wiki/South_East_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="South East England (European Parliament constituency)">South East England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keetch" title="Paul Keetch">Paul Keetch</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democrat (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Hereford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hereford (UK Parliament constituency)">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lord Lawson</a>, former Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Blaby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blaby (UK Parliament constituency)">Blaby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">South Northamptonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change">Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Longworth_(businessman)" title="John Longworth (businessman)">John Longworth</a>, former director-general of the <a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a> (BCC). Longworth was suspended from his role at the BCC following his public comments in support of Brexit on 3 March.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Owen">Lord Owen</a>, former Labour and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democrat Party (UK)">SDP</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Devonport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Witham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Witham (UK Parliament constituency)">Witham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Minister of State for Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Esher_and_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Esher and Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Esher and Walton</a>, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Stringer" title="Graham Stringer">Graham Stringer</a>, Labour MP for <a href="/wiki/Blackley_and_Broughton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blackley and Broughton (UK Parliament constituency)">Blackley and Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Villiers" title="Theresa Villiers">Theresa Villiers</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Barnet_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chipping Barnet (UK Parliament constituency)">Chipping Barnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whittingdale" title="John Whittingdale">John Whittingdale</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Maldon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)">Maldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board">Board</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vote Leave board was legally responsible for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-voteleavetakecontrol.org1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteleavetakecontrol.org1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> (chairman), <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills_(businessman)" title="John Mills (businessman)">John Mills</a> (Deputy chairman), founder and chairman, <a href="/wiki/JML_(John_Mills_Limited)" class="mw-redirect" title="JML (John Mills Limited)">JML</a></li> <li>Arabella Arkwright</li> <li>Martin Bellamy, CEO, Salamanca Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cruddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cruddas">Peter Cruddas</a>, founder, <a href="/wiki/CMC_Markets" title="CMC Markets">CMC Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Evans" title="Suzanne Evans">Suzanne Evans</a>, UKIP spokeswoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Forsyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Forsyth">Lord Forsyth</a>, former Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Stirling_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)">Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li>Alan Halsall, former chairman, Silver Cross</li> <li>Daniel Hodson, former chief executive, LIFFE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jenkin" title="Bernard Jenkin">Bernard Jenkin</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Harwich_and_North_Essex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Harwich and North Essex (UK Parliament constituency)">Harwich and North Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Moynihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Moynihan">Jon Moynihan</a>, former executive chairman, PA Consulting Group<sup id="cite_ref-voteleavetakecontrol.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteleavetakecontrol.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Stringer" title="Graham Stringer">Graham Stringer</a>, Labour MP for <a href="/wiki/Blackley_and_Broughton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blackley and Broughton (UK Parliament constituency)">Blackley and Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Anne-Marie Trevelyan</a>, Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed (UK Parliament constituency)">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wheeler" title="Stuart Wheeler">Stuart Wheeler</a>, founder, <a href="/wiki/IG_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="IG Index">IG Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodcock" title="Victoria Woodcock">Victoria Woodcock</a> (company secretary)</li> <li>Christopher Montgomery, former Westminster <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staff">Staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Stephenson, Communications Director <sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Parkinson,_Baron_Parkinson_of_Whitley_Bay" title="Stephen Parkinson, Baron Parkinson of Whitley Bay">Stephen Parkinson</a>, Organiser of the ground campaign<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alex Hickman, Outreach Director<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Oxley" title="Rob Oxley">Robert Oxley</a>, Head of Media</li> <li>James Starkie, Head of PR and Regional Press<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lee Rotherham, Director of special projects<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oliver Lewis, Director of Research<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gurjit Kaur Bains, Outreach Assistant<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hugh Bennett, Correspondence Officer<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Borwick" title="Thomas Borwick">Thomas Borwick</a>, Chief Technical Officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Ian Davidson</a>, Labour Co-ordinator</li> <li>Nic Conner, Event Liaison Co-ordinator<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mark Hamilton, Head of Major Events<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Richard Howell, Policy Analyst<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporters">Supporters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supporters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a></div> <ul><li>JCB chairman <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bamford" title="Anthony Bamford">Anthony Bamford</a> donated £100,000 to Vote Leave<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-10Oct2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10Oct2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neville Baxter, director, RH Development<sup id="cite_ref-expert_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expert-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caudwell" title="John Caudwell">John Caudwell</a>, entrepreneur and philanthropist<sup id="cite_ref-launches_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launches-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Joe Foster, founder of <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a><sup id="cite_ref-launches_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launches-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Michael Freeman, co-founder, Argent Group<sup id="cite_ref-Millionaire_donors_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millionaire_donors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hemsley" title="Oliver Hemsley">Oliver Hemsley</a>, CEO, Numis Securities<sup id="cite_ref-launches_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launches-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hiscox" title="Robert Hiscox">Robert Hiscox</a>, honorary president, Hiscox Insurance<sup id="cite_ref-expert_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expert-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alexander Hoare, managing partner, C. Hoare & Co<sup id="cite_ref-Millionaire_donors_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millionaire_donors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Hoerner, former chief executive of Central European Clothing, Tesco<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Luke Johnson (businessman)">Luke Johnson</a>, chairman, <a href="/wiki/Patisserie_Valerie" title="Patisserie Valerie">Patisserie Valerie</a><sup id="cite_ref-launches_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launches-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Odey" title="Crispin Odey">Crispin Odey</a>, founding partner, <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Odey" title="Crispin Odey">Odey Asset Management</a><sup id="cite_ref-voteleavetakecontrol.org_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteleavetakecontrol.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>, historian<sup id="cite_ref-Millionaire_donors_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millionaire_donors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Members of Parliament supporting the organisation include UKIP MP <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a>, Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Kelvin Hopkins</a>, Conservative MPs <a href="/wiki/Steve_Baker_(politician)" title="Steve Baker (politician)">Steve Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jenkin" title="Bernard Jenkin">Bernard Jenkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson" title="Owen Paterson">Owen Paterson</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Lord_Trimble" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Trimble">Lord Trimble</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_groups">Relationship with other groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leave.EU_and_Grassroots_Out">Leave.EU and Grassroots Out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leave.EU and Grassroots Out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Project_Fear_(British_politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Fear (British politics)">Project Fear (British politics)</a></div> <p>Vote Leave focused on economic arguments against the European Union, while Leave.EU made more of immigration-related issues. This led to situations where Vote Leave and Leave.EU statements have contradicted each other, and sometimes to direct attacks by one pro-Brexit group against the other.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infighting within Vote Leave and <a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a>, as well as disillusion with Cummings, led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a> (GO).<sup id="cite_ref-PEye1411_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEye1411-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> was a key member of the organisation and of Leave.EU and UKIP donor <a href="/wiki/Arron_Banks" title="Arron Banks">Arron Banks</a> was a major donor to GO,<sup id="cite_ref-PEye1411_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEye1411-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Vote Leave was a mainly Conservative campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-PEye1419_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEye1419-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the groups had pledged to work together, relations between them was difficult, with some sources saying that "the loathing within the Brexit camp surpasses even that between Remain and Leave".<sup id="cite_ref-PEye1419_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEye1419-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farage said that Vote Leave is headed by "<a href="/wiki/Apparatchiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparatchiks">apparatchiks</a>" and "cretins", saying that the organisation "brief[s] every day that I'm toxic, I put voters off, and there is absolutely no statistical evidence to back that up at all. ... It's crackers to think that you can win a referendum campaign with Boris [Johnson] and the likes of the cabinet", and became irritated when UKIP's sole MP <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carswell" title="Douglas Carswell">Douglas Carswell</a> joined Vote Leave.<sup id="cite_ref-Aitkenhead2016_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitkenhead2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andy Wigmore, Leave.EU's director of communications, told <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i> that "our private polling shows Remain will win if we carry on as we are".<sup id="cite_ref-PEye1419_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEye1419-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Nigel Farage was selected for an interview with ITV's <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peston" title="Robert Peston">Robert Peston</a> instead of a Vote Leave representative, Vote Leave issued a statement accusing Peston of bias and threatening "consequences" for the broadcaster if Vote Leave members formed a government post-referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Peston_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grade" title="Michael Grade">Michael Grade</a>, Conservative life peer and former head of both the BBC and ITV, accused Vote Leave of using "unacceptable" "bullying tactics".<sup id="cite_ref-Peston_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Farage said that "I'm not going to compare myself to any of the others. ... But I do know the subject well. I've been doing this for a long time."<sup id="cite_ref-Aitkenhead2016_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitkenhead2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labour MPs who want to exit the European Union on left-wing grounds have expressed their concern over being marginalised by <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a> domination of the Vote Leave campaign. Labour donor John Mills was replaced by Conservative peer <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lord Lawson</a> as chairman of the group on 5 February 2016, which prompted a source close to the campaign to tell <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">The Morning Star</a></i> that "Given that we need to win over Labour and socialist voters to win, how can we have a Tory grandee leading the campaign? <a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a>'s position in the campaign is very difficult after this."<sup id="cite_ref-MornStar_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MornStar-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a>'s representative in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Jones_of_Moulsecoomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb">Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb</a>, previously supported Vote Leave<sup id="cite_ref-Millionaire_donors_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millionaire_donors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but withdrew her support for the organisation following its decision to appoint Lawson as its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweeting</a> that she "Will vote to Leave EU but can't work with an organisation with so little judgement as to put Lawson at its head."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in mid-March Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Stuart" title="Gisela Stuart">Gisela Stuart</a> replaced Lawson as chair of Vote Leave.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economists_for_Brexit">Economists for Brexit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economists for Brexit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leave vote campaign maintained close ties with the lobbying group Economists for Brexit, now called <a href="/wiki/Economists_for_Free_Trade" title="Economists for Free Trade">Economists for Free Trade</a>, going so far as to share the same phone number.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charities">Charities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Elliott (politics)">Matthew Elliott</a>, the chief executive of Vote Leave, was former chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/TaxPayers%27_Alliance" title="TaxPayers' Alliance">TaxPayers' Alliance</a> (TPA) and founded Politics and Economics Research Trust (PERT) in 2004. Labour MP and former <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for Europe">Shadow Minister for Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Reynolds" title="Emma Reynolds">Emma Reynolds</a>, questioned the affairs of the TPA and PERT, writing to the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a> that "Pert may be in breach of charities legally binding commitments to preserve their independence, specifically regarding political activity and the delivery of charitable objectives". Of £532,000 PERT paid out in grants in 2014, £300,000 went to the TPA and £205,000 to <a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a>, both of which are Eurosceptic. £10,000 went to Global Britain, which has campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. Charitable trusts are not allowed to be used for political purposes under British charity law.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2015, the group established a fake company<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to gain entry to a speech being given by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a> where they heckled him and held banners stating "CBI = voice of Brussels". Cummings subsequently stated: "You think it is nasty? You ain’t seen nothing yet. These guys have failed the country, they are going to be under the magnifying glass. Tough shit ... It is going to be tough".<sup id="cite_ref-Pickles_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickles-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign also stated their intention to target and disrupt meetings of pro-EU organisations and companies.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Eric Pickles</a>, the former Conservative cabinet minister, said he believed Vote Leave had disqualified itself from lead status in the referendum (which entitles the campaign to public funding) after it pledged to run a "nasty" campaign against opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickles_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickles-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism emerged in 2018 of their relationship with their 'Outreach Groups' such as BeLeave<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as claims emerged that they were puppet organisations through which Vote Leave channelled money<sup id="cite_ref-'Vote_Leave_committed_crime_on_Brexit_campaign'_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'Vote_Leave_committed_crime_on_Brexit_campaign'-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to circumvent spending restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-BeLeave_revelations_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeLeave_revelations-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Eaton_(journalist)" title="George Eaton (journalist)">George Eaton</a> wrote, “[The] allegations bear the imprimatur of three senior barristers (<a href="/wiki/Clare_Montgomery" title="Clare Montgomery">Clare Montgomery</a> QC, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mountfield" title="Helen Mountfield">Helen Mountfield</a> QC and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Silverstone" title="Ben Silverstone">Ben Silverstone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matrix_Chambers" title="Matrix Chambers">Matrix Chambers</a>) who concluded that Vote Leave may have 'spent huge sums unlawfully', that there are 'grounds to suspect' that campaign director and former Michael Gove aide <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a> “conspired to break the law” and that <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Parkinson_(adviser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Parkinson (adviser)">Stephen Parkinson</a> and fellow No. 10 aide <a href="/wiki/Cleo_Watson" title="Cleo Watson">Cleo Watson</a> may have 'conspired with others to commit offences'”.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BeLeave was based inside the Vote Leave headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> found against the Electoral Commission, stating that its advice to Vote Leave and Darren Grimes had been incorrect, but confirming that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave, which claimed they would not have paid BeLeave without the advice, initially appealed against their fine, but withdrew the appeal in March 2019.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_referendum_campaign">Post referendum campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post referendum campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noting the absence of post-victory celebrations, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Nick Cohen</a> wrote in a <i>Guardian</i> newspaper article that it reflected the fear of the two main leaders Johnson and Gove, both journalists, that they would be “found out.” He said that the Leave camp had no plan and provided a single simplistic answer to EU problems condemning the UK Statistics Authority as “stooges” and other experts as “corrupt liars in Brussels' pocket.” The campaign - a cross-party alliance of left and right-wing campaigners - had made promises on <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> on which some politicians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> were backtracking.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Michael Dougan</a>, Professor of European Law and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Monnet Chair">Jean Monnet Chair</a> in EU Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, described the Vote Leave and other Leave campaigns as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country [the UK] has ever seen".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2016, the Electoral Reform Society published a highly critical report and called for a review of how such future events are run. Contrasting it unfavourably with the "well-informed grassroots" campaign for <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scottish independence</a>, Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Katie_Ghose" title="Katie Ghose">Katie Ghose</a> described it as "dire" with “glaring democratic deficiencies” which left voters bewildered. She noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> made them more likely to vote Leave whilst only 14% said he made them want to vote Remain. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> to define the role broadcasters are expected to play.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_law_violations">Electoral law violations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral law violations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2017, the Electoral Commission announced that it was reopening its investigation of Vote Leave's EU referendum spending.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July 2018, it was announced that Vote Leave had been found guilty of breaking electoral law by overspending<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following testimony from three whistleblowers. Vote Leave was fined £61,000 and referred to the police.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018, an article appeared on the political website <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a> claiming that the criminal investigations into Vote Leave and <a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a> had not progressed, with a spokesman for a <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> admitting that "there were issues and “political sensitivities” that had to be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 September 2018, the High Court ruled that the advice given by the Electoral Commission to Vote Leave as requested misinterpreted EU referendum spending laws. An Electoral Commission spokesperson said it welcomed the court's "consideration of this aspect of electoral law" and said it had reached the same conclusion as a subsequent commission investigation, which resulted in fines being issued to Vote Leave and <a href="/wiki/Darren_Grimes" title="Darren Grimes">Darren Grimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vote Leave appealed against the fine, maintaining that the donation to Grimes had been appropriately signed off by the Electoral Commission, but on 29 March 2019 they announced that the appeal had been dropped, citing a lack of financial resources as the reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Pegg-2019_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pegg-2019-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in July 2019, Grimes, having crowdfunded £90,000 for legal costs, won an appeal against the Electoral Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Movement">Democracy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a> (GO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=Police+still+not+investigating+Leave+campaigns%2C+citing+%27political+sensitivities%27&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.au=James+Cusick+%26+Adam+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendemocracy.net%2Fuk%2Fbrexitinc%2Fjames-cusick-adam-ramsay%2Fmet-police-stall-brexit-campaign-investigations-claiming-polit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2018" class="citation web cs1">Curtis, Joe (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityam.com/263065/electoral-commission-allowed-vote-leave-break-eu-referendum">"Electoral Commission allowed Vote Leave to break EU referendum spending law"</a>. <i>www.cityam.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cityam.com&rft.atitle=Electoral+Commission+allowed+Vote+Leave+to+break+EU+referendum+spending+law&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityam.com%2F263065%2Felectoral-commission-allowed-vote-leave-break-eu-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45519676">"Brexit vote watchdog 'got law wrong'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brexit+vote+watchdog+%27got+law+wrong%27&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-45519676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/14/electoral-commission-misinterpreted-law-vote-leave-high-court">"Elections watchdog got law wrong on Brexit donations, court rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 14 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Elections+watchdog+got+law+wrong+on+Brexit+donations%2C+court+rules&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2Fsep%2F14%2Felectoral-commission-misinterpreted-law-vote-leave-high-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pegg-2019-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pegg-2019_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPegg2019" class="citation news cs1">Pegg, David (29 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/29/vote-leave-drops-appeal-against-fine-for-electoral-offences">"Vote Leave drops appeal against fine for electoral offences"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vote+Leave+drops+appeal+against+fine+for+electoral+offences&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fmar%2F29%2Fvote-leave-drops-appeal-against-fine-for-electoral-offences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49048431">"Brexit campaigner wins appeal against £20,000 fine"</a>. 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brexit+campaigner+wins+appeal+against+%C2%A320%2C000+fine&rft.date=2019-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-49048431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVote+Leave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/brexit/2016">Examples of Vote Leave campaign leaflets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_referendum_on_the_United_Kingdom&#039;s_membership_of_the_European_Union,_and_Brexit1246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics" title="Template talk:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_referendum_on_the_United_Kingdom&#039;s_membership_of_the_European_Union,_and_Brexit1246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland protocol">Northern Ireland protocol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972 Accession Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> <ul><li>Amendments: <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993" title="European Economic Area Act 1993">European Economic Area Act 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed bills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Repeal)_Bills" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills">European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">2014 Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">2014 Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">UK accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 EC enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">The European Union: In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Unlawful campaigning allegations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">Pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaign<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Remain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vote Leave</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Aftermath of<br />referendum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political party<br />leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conservative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election" title="February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election">Scottish, February 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">UKIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition to Brexit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Petition to revoke Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2017 United Kingdom local elections">2017 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">2018 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2019 United Kingdom local elections">2019 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election" title="2016 Witney by-election">2016 Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election" title="2016 Richmond Park by-election">2016 Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election" title="2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election">2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election" title="2017 Copeland by-election">2017 Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election" title="2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election">2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election" title="2019 Peterborough by-election">2019 Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election" title="2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election">2019 Brecon and Radnorshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_Leave" class="mw-redirect" title="March to Leave">March to Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Alliance" title="Brexit Alliance">Brexit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Independent Alliance for Reform">Independent Alliance for Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller I</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Invocation of Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer" title="Operation Yellowhammer">Operation Yellowhammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland"><i>Miller II / Cherry</i> case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit<br />and<br />potential effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on Northern Ireland and<br />the Republic of Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation" title="2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation">2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">proposed changes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations after Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Brexit withdrawal agreement plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"> Internal Market Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_(Revocation_and_Reform)_Act_2023" title="Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023">Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin" title="Brexit 50p coin">Brexit 50p coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband" title="Chaos with Ed Miliband">Chaos with Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">Enemies of the People</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit" title="Rue du Brexit">Rue du Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Terminology (Glossary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Street" title="Tufton Street">Tufton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy" title="2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy">2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Media depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Remainiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Remainiacs">Remainiacs</a> </i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Tonight_(video_game)" title="Not Tonight (video game)">Not Tonight</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorderIrish" title="BorderIrish">@BorderIrish</a> (2018–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&oldid=1269454018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vote_Leave&oldid=1269454018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:2015 establishments in the United Kingdom">2015 establishments in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Category:2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a></li><li><a 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