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searchaux" style="display:none">Crystallographic defect affecting the electrical properties of ice</div> <p>A <b>Bjerrum defect</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">crystallographic defect</a> which is specific to <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bjerrum" title="Niels Bjerrum">Niels Bjerrum</a> in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bond</a> normally has one <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, but a hydrogen bond with a Bjerrum defect will have either two protons (D defect, from "doppel" in German, meaning "double"<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35857600_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35857600-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or no proton (L defect, from "leer" in German, meaning "empty"<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35857600_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35857600-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). D-defects are more energetically favorable than L-defects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20615938_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20615938-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unfavorable <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">defect strain</a> is resolved when a water molecule pivots about an oxygen atom to produce hydrogen bonds with single protons. Dislocations of <a href="/wiki/Ice_Ih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Ih">ice Ih</a> along a slip plane create pairs of Bjerrum defects, one D defect and one L defect.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate">clathrate hydrates</a> with water, especially under high pressure. Although there is no <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> of water molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, guest-host hydrogen bonding often forms with guest molecules in clathrates of many larger organic molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinacolone" title="Pinacolone">pinacolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a>. In such cases the guest-host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L-type Bjerrum defect in the clathrate lattice.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen atoms (in alcohol or carbonyl functional groups) and nitrogen atoms (in amine functional groups) in the guest molecules lead to transient hydrogen bonds and misoriented water molecules in the hydrate lattice.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjerrum_defect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rules" title="Ice rules">Ice rules</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjerrum_defect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._StillmanRobert_E._Grimm2008" class="citation web cs1">David E. Stillman & Robert E. Grimm (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/2277.pdf">"Electrical properties of ice and implications for solar system exploration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>XXXIX</i>. Lunar and Planetary Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XXXIX&rft.atitle=Electrical+properties+of+ice+and+implications+for+solar+system+exploration.&rft.date=2008&rft.au=David+E.+Stillman&rft.au=Robert+E.+Grimm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2008%2Fpdf%2F2277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjerrum+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjerrum1952" class="citation journal cs1">Bjerrum, N. (11 April 1952). "Structure and Properties of Ice". <i>Science</i>. <b>115</b> (2989): 385–390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952Sci...115..385B">1952Sci...115..385B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.115.2989.385">10.1126/science.115.2989.385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17741864">17741864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Properties+of+Ice&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2989&rft.pages=385-390&rft.date=1952-04-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17741864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.115.2989.385&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952Sci...115..385B&rft.aulast=Bjerrum&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjerrum+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35857600-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid35857600_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid35857600_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugimoto_Y2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sugimoto Y (2022). 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