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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Lebanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan_prezidenti" title="Livan prezidenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livan prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρόεδρος του Λιβάνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος του Λιβάνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رئیس‌جمهور لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_libanaise" title="Président de la République libanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de la République libanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EB%85%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="레바논의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레바논의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رئيس لبنان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس لبنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Lubnan" title="Presiden Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanonin_presidentti" title="Libanonin presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libanonin presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbnan_devlet_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Lübnan devlet başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lübnan devlet başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state of Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of officeholders, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lebanon" title="List of presidents of Lebanon">List of presidents of Lebanon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the<br />Lebanese Republic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png/240px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Lebanon.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon" title="Coat of arms of Lebanon">Presidential Seal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br />Vacant<br /></div>since 31 October 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baabda_Palace" title="Baabda Palace">Baabda Palace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Beiteddine_Palace" title="Beiteddine Palace">Beiteddine Palace</a> (summer)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 years,<br />non-renewable immediately but renewable non-consecutively</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Debbas" title="Charles Debbas">Charles Debbas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">£L</a>225,000,000 annually</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.gov.lb/">Official website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president</b> <b>of the Lebanese Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ra’īs al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The president is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">parliament</a> for a term of six years, which cannot be renewed immediately because they can only be renewed non-consecutively. By convention, the president is always a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a> who fulfills the same requirements as a candidate for the house of representatives, as per article 49 of the Lebanese constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebanese_Constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanese_Constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest holder of the position is <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> from October 31, 2016 until October 31, 2022. On the eve of the end of his mandate, he left the presidency and returned to his private residence, while Parliament was unable to nominate a candidate with enough votes to succeed him and so the position has been vacant since. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History of Lebanon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_mandate">French mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg/220px-%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg/330px-%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg/440px-%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9_Official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a> during the French mandate</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanese constitution</a> was promulgated on 23 May 1926, and subsequently amended several times. Modeled after that of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, it provided for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> parliament with Chamber of Deputies and a Senate (although the latter was eventually dropped), a president, and a Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The president was to be elected by the Chamber of Deputies for one six-year term and could not be reelected until a six-year period had elapsed; deputies were to be popularly elected along confessional lines. </p><p>A custom of selecting major political officers, as well as top ranks within the public administration, according to the proportion of the principal sects in the population was strengthened during this period. Thus, for example, the president ought to be a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a>, the prime minister a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a>, and the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia Muslim</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> would always be present in the cabinet. This practice increased sectarian tension by providing excessive power to the Maronite president (such as the ability to choose the prime minister), and hindered the formation of a Lebanese national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Constitution, the French high commissioner still exercised supreme power, an arrangement that initially brought objections from the Lebanese nationalists. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Debbas" title="Charles Debbas">Charles Debbas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox</a>, was elected the first president of Lebanon three days after the adoption of the Constitution. </p><p>At the end of Debbas's first term in 1932, <a href="/wiki/Bishara_al-Khuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishara al-Khuri">Bishara al-Khuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a> competed for the office of president, thus dividing the Chamber of Deputies. To break the deadlock, some deputies suggested <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Muhammad_al_Jisr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Muhammad al Jisr (page does not exist)">Shaykh Muhammad al Jisr</a>, who was chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Muslim leader of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, as a compromise candidate. However, French high commissioner <a href="/wiki/Henri_Ponsot" title="Henri Ponsot">Henri Ponsot</a> suspended the constitution on 9 May 1932, and extended the term of Debbas for one year; in this way he prevented the election of a Muslim as president. Dissatisfied with Ponsot's conduct, the French authorities replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/Damien_de_Martel" title="Damien de Martel">Damien de Martel</a>, who, on 30 January 1934, appointed <a href="/wiki/Habib_Pacha_Es-Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib Pacha Es-Saad">Habib Pacha Es-Saad</a> as president for a one-year term (later extended for an additional year). </p><p>Émile Eddé was elected president on 30 January 1936. A year later, he partially reestablished the Constitution of 1926 and proceeded to hold elections for the Chamber of Deputies. However, the Constitution was again suspended by the French high commissioner in September 1939, at the outbreak of World War II. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> assumed power over French territory in 1940, General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dentz" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Fernand Dentz</a> was appointed as high commissioner of Lebanon. This new turning point led to the resignation of Lebanese president <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a> on 4 April 1941. After five days, Dentz appointed <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Naqqache" title="Alfred Naqqache">Alfred Naqqache</a> for a presidency period that lasted only three months. The Vichy authorities allowed <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">sent its army into Syria and Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941, General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a> announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943, the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. The High Commissioner installed Eddé as president. Ten days later, however, under pressure from France's Allies in World War II, the French removed Eddé from office and restored the government of <a href="/wiki/Bechara_El_Khoury" title="Bechara El Khoury">Bechara El Khoury</a> on 21 November. Parliamentary elections were held in May 1947 but many protested claiming that it was rigged deeming the parliament as illegitimated. However El Khoury was then also re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1948_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1948 Lebanese presidential election">1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El-Khoury faced significant opposition from traditional <a href="/wiki/Za%27im_system" title="Za'im system">Za'im</a> leaders on whose powers his policies were beginning to impinge. In 1951 an alliance was formed between Camille Chamoun, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel" title="Pierre Gemayel">Pierre Gemayel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edd%C3%A9" title="Raymond Eddé">Raymond Eddé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Kamal Jumblatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Phalange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian National Party">Syrian National Party</a>. On 18 September 1952, amidst widespread demonstrations, El Khoury was forced into resigning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence">Post-Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Fouad Chehab refused to allow the army to interfere in the uprising that forced Lebanese President <a href="/wiki/Bechara_El_Khoury" title="Bechara El Khoury">Bechara El Khoury</a> to resign. Chehab became the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Lebanon">prime minister of Lebanon</a> in September 1952, and hold the additional portfolio of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Lebanon)">defense minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chehab was then appointed president with the duty to ensure an emergency democratic presidential election. Four days later, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a> was elected to succeed El Khoury. During Chamoun's presidency, Lebanon experienced an economic boom, in particular in the construction, banking and tourism sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He implemented a 1954 law on the creation of joint-stock companies and a 1956 law on banking secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fawwaz Traboulsi, Chamoun concentrated power into his hands, blurring the limits of democracy and autocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, President <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a> was forced to resign after he attempted to amend the constitution to allow for his reelection. Pan-Arabists and other groups backed by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, with considerable support in Lebanon's Muslim (particularly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a>) community attempted to overthrow Chamoun's government in June 1958. <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">Clashes then ensued</a> between Sunni Arab Nationalists and pro-government Christians. This led to American intervention with Operation Blue Bat on 15 July 1958 by president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in the first application of the Eisenhower Doctrine in which the US announced that it would intervene to protect regimes that it considered to be threatened by international communism. </p><p>The president of Lebanon is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lead up to the election, parliament was divided into factions, namely those who supported western nations and Chamoun and those favoring Nasser and the United Arab Republic. Chehab was viewed as a compromise candidate;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was not interested in the presidency until "it became clear that he was the only candidate who had any hope of wide acceptance." As a result, he consented to be nominated on 28 July, only three days before the election.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a path of moderation and co-operating closely with the various religious groups, and with both secular and religious forces, Chehab was able to cool tensions and bring stability back to the nation. His ideology inspired the presidencies of two other presidents. </p><p>Michel Helou was then elected as the 4th president in 1964. Helou's lack of political affiliation gave him the appearance of a leader able to unite Lebanon and he <a href="/wiki/1964_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1964 Lebanese presidential election">was chosen</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Chehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuad Chehab">Fuad Chehab</a> as president by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Lebanon">National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> of 1967, strained sectarian relations in Lebanon. Many <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> wanted Lebanon to join the Arab war effort, while many Christians wished to eschew participation. Helou managed to keep Lebanon from entanglement, apart from a brief air strike, but found it impossible to put the lid on the tensions that had been raised. Parliamentary elections in 1968 revealed an increasing polarization in the country, with two major <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalitions</a>, one pro-Arab Nationalism, led by Rashid Karami and the other pro-Western, led jointly by former president <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel" title="Pierre Gemayel">Pierre Gemayel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edd%C3%A9" title="Raymond Eddé">Raymond Eddé</a>, both made major gains and won 30 of the 99 seats each. </p><p>In addition, government authority was challenged by the presence of armed <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> guerrillas in the south of the country, and clashes between the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Lebanon">army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) became increasingly frequent. For a long time, Helou resisted their demands, but in 1969, after failing to end the rebellion militarily, he finally gave in, hoping that the Palestinian guerrillas would confine their operations to cross-border attacks against Israel and would stop challenging the Lebanese government. As it turned out, the clashes only intensified. </p><p>In 1970, Helou endorsed <a href="/wiki/Elias_Sarkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Sarkis">Elias Sarkis</a> as his chosen successor,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the latter lost the election in the National Assembly by one vote to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Frangieh" title="Suleiman Frangieh">Suleiman Frangieh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil war</a> in Lebanon began on 13 April 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-khazen04_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazen04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frangieh as the Lebanese President declared the Constitutional Document on 14 February 1976 that was the first serious initiative to end the conflict and reach a consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-khazen04_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazen04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document empowered prime minister and suggested a "parity between Christians and Muslims in Parliament", reducing the power of Maronites.<sup id="cite_ref-khazen04_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazen04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rab1sep_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rab1sep-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was supported by major politicians and religious leaders, it could not achieve its objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-khazen04_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazen04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Élias Sarkis, the Chehabist nominee in the 1970 election - who lost the vote by a margin of only 1 vote - was elected on the second round of voting with 66% of the votes. He was the only person to receive a vote during the election, all other ballots containing blank votes. Almost a third of MPs were absent from the parliamentary session. As outgoing President Frangieh's term expired on 23 September of that year, he was therefore sworn on multiple months after the election. It was hoped that Sarkis would be able to unite the warring factions and end the emerging civil war; by September 1976, however, the situation had grown past the government's control as <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and other countries began interfering and complicating the situation. On 5 March 1980, Sarkis developed his policy as part of his attempts to create national accord: unity, independence, parliamentarian democracy, rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> between Egypt and Israel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg/220px-Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg/330px-Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg/440px-Michel_Aoun_-_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Michel Aoun in his military uniform in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>During the peaks of the civil war, an election was held in the Parliament of Lebanon on 23 August 1982, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> leader Bachir Gemayel being elected President of the Lebanese Republic after being the sole contender.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest president to be elected. He notably has close relations with Israel, which lead to his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Bachir_Gemayel" title="Assassination of Bachir Gemayel">assassination</a> in an explosion that killed more than thirty people by SSNP member <a href="/wiki/Habib_Shartouni" title="Habib Shartouni">Habib Shartouni</a>. He was assassinated before officially taking office. He was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a>. On 22 September 1988, 15 minutes before the expiration of his term, the outgoing president <a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a> appointed Aoun as Prime Minister notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim, heading a military government to be formed by six members of the Martial Court, three of which are Christian and three are Muslims. He also dismissed the civilian administration of acting Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Selim_Hoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Selim Hoss">Selim Hoss</a>. The Muslims refused to serve, and submitted their resignations on the next day. Gemayel accuses Syria of forcing them to do so, claiming that they accepted their roles when he contacted them.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace at <a href="/wiki/Baabda" title="Baabda">Baabda</a>, al-Huss established his own office in Muslim-dominated <a href="/wiki/West_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="West Beirut">West Beirut</a>. In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Lebanon">Lebanese</a> military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Karami" title="Omar Karami">Omar Karami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lat19nov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat19nov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Civil_War">Post-Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">civil war</a>, the National Assembly met on 5 November 1989 at the <a href="/wiki/Rene_Mouawad_Air_Base" title="Rene Mouawad Air Base">Qoleiat air base</a> in North Lebanon and elected Moawad as President of Lebanon. The post had been vacant since the expiration of <a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a>’s term in 1988. The National Assembly had failed to elect a successor at that time. Seventeen days after being elected, as he was returning from Lebanon's Independence Day celebrations on November 22, 1989, a 250 kg <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> was detonated next to Moawad's motorcade in West <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, killing him and 23 others.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidential powers were handed over to the cabinet for two days until Hrawi was elected at the Park Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Chtoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chtoura">Chtoura</a> by 47 out of 53 members of parliament on 24 November 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-tds06_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tds06-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Baabda_Palace" title="Baabda Palace">Baabda Palace</a>, the president's residence, was destroyed and bombed by Syrian troops in October 1990 to drive out General <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a>, Hrawi lived in future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a>'s Beirut apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-ras1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ras1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emile Lahoud then ran for the presidency in 1998 after having the constitution amended to allow the army commander-in-chief to run for office. This amendment is believed to have been backed by <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lebtod_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lebtod-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His presidency was secured following the receipt of 118 votes from the 128-member Lebanese Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-jvl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he became Lebanon's president in 1998, he aligned himself with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, and picked his own man as prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Selim_al-Hoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Selim al-Hoss">Selim al-Hoss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rbosco_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbosco-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to heightened tensions between <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq Hariri">Rafiq Hariri</a> and Lahoud.<sup id="cite_ref-jyun_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyun-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his term, he exerted more control over government decision-making than Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri or Parliament Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mforum_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mforum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, his presidential term ended. However, a new president was not immediately elected. Following a political deadlock which lasted for six months, the Lebanese parliament elected former army chief <a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the expiration of the term of President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a> in May 2014 until 31 October 2016, the parliament was unable to obtain the majority required to elect a president, and the office was vacant for almost two and a half years, despite more than 30 votes being held. On 31 October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> was elected as president, serving until 30 October 2022. The presidency has remained vacant since, for similar reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office">Office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/115px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/173px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/230px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of 1926</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Lebanon">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lebanon" title="List of presidents of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd>vacant</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Lebanon" title="List of prime ministers of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cabinets_of_Lebanon" title="List of Cabinets of Lebanon">Past Cabinets</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Lebanon">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a></span></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Lebanon">Municipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Lebanese presidential election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2014–2016 Lebanese presidential election">2014–2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Lebanese_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Lebanese presidential election"><i>2022–2023</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Bou_Habib" title="Abdallah Bou Habib">Abdallah Bou Habib</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_passport" title="Lebanese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Lebanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Lebanon" title="Visa policy of Lebanon">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution requires the president hold the same qualifications as a member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> (also called the Chamber of Deputies), which are <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese citizenship</a> and attainment of the age of twenty-one years.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not specifically stated in the constitution, an <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">understanding</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, agreed in 1943, customarily limits the office to members of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usip_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usip-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based on a gentlemen's agreement between Lebanon's Maronite Christian president <a href="/wiki/Bechara_El_Khoury" title="Bechara El Khoury">Bechara El Khoury</a> and his Sunni Muslim prime minister <a href="/wiki/Riad_Al_Solh" title="Riad Al Solh">Riad Al Solh</a>, which was reached in 1943, when Lebanon became independent of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and described that the president of the Republic was to be a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">prime minister</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">speaker of Parliament</a> a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usip_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usip-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 50 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">constitution of Lebanon</a> requires the president to take an oath upon assuming office, which is prescribed thus:<sup id="cite_ref-icl_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Lebanese Nation and to maintain the independence of Lebanon and its territorial integrity.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_and_responsibilities">Role and responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As described in the constitution, the president is <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Armed Forces</a> and security forces; may appoint and dismiss the prime minister and cabinet; promulgates laws passed by Parliament; may also veto bills; and may <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve</a> Parliament. In addition, he may also issue "emergency" legislation by decree.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, Lebanon being a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>, the president is essentially the repository of <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> and the office is largely symbolic.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the president remains by and large the most important member of the executive.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is despite his powers having been somewhat moderated under Ta'if, notably with the increase in the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Cabinet</a>; nevertheless, these reforms have not substantially altered the president's power, as he is still the sole person who can nominate and fire the prime minister and the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His major responsibilities (following Ta'if) include:<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Issue the decree appointing the prime minister (by convention Sunni Muslim) independently.</li> <li>Issue the decree forming the government (i.e. the cabinet), co-signed by the prime minister. The government must then receive a vote-of-confidence by parliament (51%) in order to become active.</li> <li>Fire the prime minister (at will, no confirmation needed). This automatically fires the entire government, meaning every minister.</li> <li>Fire an individual minister. Requires confirmation of 2/3 of the cabinet and the signature of the PM. If more than 1/3 of the ministers constituting the initial government are fired/resign, then the entire government is considered resign.</li> <li>Sign into law and promulgate laws (countersigned by the PM).</li> <li>Sign decrees concerning a specific ministry(ies). Countersigned by the PM and ministers involved.</li> <li>Negotiate and ratify international treaties. All treaties must be approved by 2/3 of the cabinet and countersigned by the PM before entering into force. Treaties involving spending that cannot be cancelled every new year must also be approved by Parliament (51%).</li> <li>Dissolve the parliament. Must be countersigned by the PM and requires a 2/3 approval of the cabinet.</li> <li>Pass "emergency decrees" without the parliament's approval (article 58).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requires a simple majority of the ministers. To pass emergency decrees without the parliament's approval, the parliament must spend 40 days without taking any action on a bill that was previously declared urgent by the president.</li></ul> <p>Previously to Ta'if, the president only needed the "favourable advice" of his ministers, rather than a clear consensus/majority. Nevertheless, while it may seem that the president is a "symbolic role" or significantly subjected to the will of his ministers, constitutionally, it is not so. The president retains the right to fire the entire government at will and is still the person who nominates every minister - thereby effectively ensuring that they will all be favorable to him. In practice, the president's office has been weakened because of a) no clear majorities of parties and blocs in Parliament, b) the election of "consensus" (meaning generally weak, or different<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What was this meant to say in English? (April 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), presidents, and c) the formation of divided cabinets. The perceived weakness of the president is thus rooted in political, rather than constitutional, issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_roles_and_duties">Symbolic roles and duties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbolic roles and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the ratification of the Ta'if Accord, the Constitution laid out a preamble for the three "key" executive posts: the president, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The preamble states the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The President of the Republic is the Chief of State, and the symbol of the unity of the Homeland. He ensures the respect of the Constitution, and the maintenance of Lebanon's independence, its unity, and its territorial integrity in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. He chairs the Higher Defence Council. He is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces which are subject to the authority of the Council of Ministers.</p></blockquote> <p>The posts that come with the presidency are as follow: </p> <ul><li>Chair of the Supreme Defense Council.</li> <li>Commander in chief of the armed forces.</li> <li>State President of Lebanon (the head of state).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg/220px-Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg/330px-Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg/440px-Bayt_al-D%C4%ABn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Beiteddine Palace is the official summer residence of the president</figcaption></figure> <p>The Presidential Residence was first located in Beirut and then moved to Sin el-Fil and Jounieh. In 1960s the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">residence</a> was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Baabda_Palace" title="Baabda Palace">Baabda Palace</a> after its construction, located southeast of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Charles_Helou" title="Charles Helou">Charles Helou</a> was the first to serve in.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943 the <a href="/wiki/Beiteddine_Palace" title="Beiteddine Palace">Beittedinne Palace</a> was declared as the official summer residence of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_state_car">Official state car</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Official state car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president's car is a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W221)#S_600_Guard_(2006–2013)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)">W221 Mercedes-Benz S 600 Guard</a> armoured limousine and it is escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Lebanon)" title="Republican Guard (Lebanon)">Republican Guard</a>'s SUVs and other security vehicles including the preceding official state car, an armoured <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W140" title="Mercedes-Benz W140">W140 S 600</a> now possibly used as a backup limo.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_and_vacancy">Election and vacancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election and vacancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thirty to sixty days before the expiration of a president's term, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies calls for a special session to elect a new president, which selects a candidate for a six-year term on a secret ballot in which a two-thirds majority is required to elect. If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, a second ballot is held in which only a majority is required to elect. An individual cannot be reelected president until six years have passed from the expiration of his or her first term.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quorum_for_an_election">Quorum for an election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quorum for an election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution is silent on the issue of the quorum needed to call to order a parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. In the absence of a clear provision designating the quorum needed to elect the president, the constitution is open to differing interpretations. According to one view on the issue, a quorum constituting a majority of fifty-percent plus one (that required for any meeting of Parliament) is sufficient for a parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. Another view on the issue argues that the quorum is a two-thirds majority of the total members of Parliament as Article 49 of the constitution requires a two-thirds voting majority to elect the president in the first round and, if the quorum were half plus one, there would have been no need to require the two-thirds voting majority when the number of deputies present at the meeting does not exceed the quorum.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacancy">Vacancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vacancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A recurrent theme in Lebanese politics is the vacancy in the Lebanese presidency which has occurred for three consecutive times; no Lebanese president has directly transferred power to a successor without vacancy since <a href="/wiki/Elias_Hrawi" title="Elias Hrawi">Elias Hrawi</a> was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud" title="Émile Lahoud">Emile Lahoud</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike several other countries, the Lebanese constitution does not mention an "interim/acting" president. The constitution specifically states that the post of the presidency remains vacant, and some powers of the presidency are transferred to the council of ministers. Article 62 in the Lebanese constitution specifically states this: <i>"Should there be a vacancy in the Presidency for any reason whatsoever, the Council of Ministers shall exercise the authorities of the President by delegation."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Lebanese_Constitution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanese_Constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> left the presidency in 2022 to vacancy, prime minister <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a> said that he did not personally assume the powers of the presidency, as they will be delegated to the council of ministers as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lebanese_Constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanese_Constitution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanese_Constitution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf">"The Lebanese Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lebanese Presidency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanese+Presidency&rft.atitle=The+Lebanese+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.gov.lb%2FEnglish%2FLebaneseSystem%2FDocuments%2FLebanese%2520Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansfield-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Mansfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Peter Mansfield (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlee00mans_1"><i>A History of the Middle East</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlee00mans_1/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670815159" title="Special:BookSources/9780670815159"><bdi>9780670815159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780670815159&rft.au=Peter+Mansfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmiddlee00mans_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddenLuce1945" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Briton; Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-ELAQAAIAAJ"><i>Time</i></a>. Time Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=Briton&rft.au=Luce%2C+Henry+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-ELAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddenLuce1945" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Briton; Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-ELAQAAIAAJ"><i>Time</i></a>. Time Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=Briton&rft.au=Luce%2C+Henry+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-ELAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlymagazine.com/article-desc_1350_">"Election of the Presidents of the Lebanese Republic"</a>. <i>monthlymagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monthlymagazine.com&rft.atitle=Election+of+the+Presidents+of+the+Lebanese+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlymagazine.com%2Farticle-desc_1350_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle East International No 132, 29 August 1980; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP, David Gilmour, pp. 11-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/subpg.aspx?pageid=2017">"الوزراء المتعاقبون على وزارة الدفاع الوطني"</a> [Successive ministers of the Ministry of National Defense]. <i>pcm.gov.lb</i> (in Arabic). Government of Lebanon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcm.gov.lb&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcm.gov.lb%2Farabic%2Fsubpg.aspx%3Fpageid%3D2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraboulsi2012" class="citation cs2">Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p4f5.14">"The Pro-Western Authoritarianism of Kamil Sham'un (1952–1958)"</a>, <i>A History of Modern Lebanon</i>, Pluto Press, pp. 129–138, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p4f5.14">10.2307/j.ctt183p4f5.14</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3274-1"><bdi>978-0-7453-3274-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p4f5.14">j.ctt183p4f5.14</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Modern+Lebanon&rft.atitle=The+Pro-Western+Authoritarianism+of+Kamil+Sham%27un+%281952%E2%80%931958%29&rft.pages=129-138&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183p4f5.14%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p4f5.14&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3274-1&rft.aulast=Traboulsi&rft.aufirst=Fawwaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183p4f5.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1958" class="citation news cs1">Brewer, Sam Pope (1 August 1958). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1958/08/01/archives/lebanon-elects-a-new-president-chehab-is-chosen-parliaments-2d-vote.html">"Lebanon Elects a New President"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lebanon+Elects+a+New+President&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1958-08-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Sam+Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1958%2F08%2F01%2Farchives%2Flebanon-elects-a-new-president-chehab-is-chosen-parliaments-2d-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1958" class="citation news cs1">Brewer, Sam Pope (September 24, 1958). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/24/archives/chehab-assumes-office-in-beirut-new-president-promises-to-work-for.html">"Cehab Assumes Office in Beirut"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cehab+Assumes+Office+in+Beirut&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1958-09-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Sam+Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1958%2F09%2F24%2Farchives%2Fchehab-assumes-office-in-beirut-new-president-promises-to-work-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Khoon_Choy" title="Lee Khoon Choy">Lee, Khoon Choy</a> (1993) <i>Diplomacy of a Tiny State</i> World Scientific, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-1219-4" title="Special:BookSources/981-02-1219-4">981-02-1219-4</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHijazi1976" class="citation news cs1">Hijazi, Ihsan A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Lebanese+Who+Shuns+Publicity+Elias+Sarkis&rft.date=1976-05-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hijazi&rft.aufirst=Ihsan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F05%2F10%2Farchives%2Fa-lebanese-who-shuns-publicity-elias-sarkis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khazen04-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khazen04_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khazen04_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khazen04_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khazen04_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Khazen2004" class="citation journal cs1">El Khazen, Farid (2004). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheikh+Bachir+Gemayel+-+Presidency+of+the+Republic+of+Lebanon&rft.pub=Presidency.gov.lb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.gov.lb%2FEnglish%2FPresidentoftheRepublic%2FFormerPresidents%2FPages%2FCheikhBachirGemayel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Timeline-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14649284">"Timeline: Lebanon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2008</span>. <q>Lebanon now has two governments – one mainly Muslim in West Beirut, headed by Al Huss, the other, exclusively Christian, in East Beirut, led by the Maronite Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Gen Michel Aoun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline%3A+Lebanon&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14649284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat19nov-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat19nov_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-19-mn-6434-story.html">"Hoss Resigns as Premier of Lebanon"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=elnashra&rft.atitle=Mikati%3A+The+powers+of+the+presidency+will+be+delegated+to+the+council+of+ministers&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnashra.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F1597503%2F%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoussari2022" class="citation news cs1">Houssari, Najia (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2191511/amp">"Mikati's makeshift Lebanese government to assume presidential powers"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Mikati%27s+makeshift+Lebanese+government+to+assume+presidential+powers&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Houssari&rft.aufirst=Najia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2191511%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="List of presidents of Lebanon">List</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French Mandate</a><br />(1918–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Debbas" title="Charles Debbas">Charles Debbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privat-Antoine_Aubouard" title="Privat-Antoine Aubouard">Privat-Antoine Aubouard</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Pacha_Es-Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib Pacha Es-Saad">Habib Pacha Es-Saad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Georges_Arlabosse" title="Pierre-Georges Arlabosse">Pierre-Georges Arlabosse</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Naqqache" title="Alfred Naqqache">Alfred Naqqache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayoub_Tabet" title="Ayoub Tabet">Ayoub Tabet</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Trad" title="Petro Trad">Petro Trad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese Republic</a><br />(since 1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bechara_El_Khoury" title="Bechara El Khoury">Bechara El Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9" title="Émile Eddé">Émile Eddé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechara_El_Khoury" title="Bechara El Khoury">Bechara El Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Chehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuad Chehab">Fuad Chehab</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Chehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuad Chehab">Fuad Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Helou" title="Charles Helou">Charles Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Frangieh" title="Suleiman Frangieh">Suleiman Frangieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lias_Sarkis" title="Élias Sarkis">Élias Sarkis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a></i>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_Hoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Selim Hoss">Selim Hoss</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moawad" title="René Moawad">René Moawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_Hoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Selim Hoss">Selim Hoss</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hrawi" title="Elias Hrawi">Elias Hrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud" title="Émile Lahoud">Émile Lahoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_Lebanese_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 Lebanese presidential election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_Lebanese_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 Lebanese presidential election (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1936 Lebanese presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1943 Lebanese presidential election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1948 Lebanese presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1952 Lebanese presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1958 Lebanese presidential election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1964 Lebanese presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1970 Lebanese presidential election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1976 Lebanese presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1982_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="August 1982 Lebanese presidential election">1982 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1982_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="September 1982 Lebanese presidential election">1982 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_November_1989_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="5 November 1989 Lebanese presidential election">1989 (5 Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_November_1989_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="24 November 1989 Lebanese presidential election">1989 (24 Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="1998 Lebanese presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Lebanese presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2014–2016 Lebanese presidential election">2014–2016</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932024_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2022–2024 Lebanese presidential election">2022–2024</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <small>Acting</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lebanon_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanon_topics" title="Template talk:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Arab_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Arab era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Crusader_kingdoms" title="History of Lebanon">Crusader era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Mamluk_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Mamluk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Timor" title="President of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="President of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="President of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bhutan" title="List of prime ministers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. <sup><small>2</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&oldid=1254680100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Lebanon&oldid=1254680100</a>"</div></div> <div 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